Wild hybrid birds are always of interest with regard to our understanding of the variation encountered in nature. They may also be of ore or less taxonomic significance, depending on the frequency of their occurrence and other factors. We herein report and describe an apparent hybrid Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis) x Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata) taken by Robbins at Ocean City, Maryland, on 17 September 1965. The bird (U.S. National Museum, no. 481595), an immature male with no fat, weighed 13.7 g and had apparently normal testes, each measuring 2.0 x 0.5 mm. The hybrid was taken in a net situated close to the ground, inland from the beach north of Ocean City; both Northern Waterthrushes and Blackpoll Warblers were caught the same day in the same net.
The hybrid has the general appearance of a large, dark, immature wood warbler of the genus Dendroica. It shows a peculiar color pattern – it is streaked on its breast somewhat like a Cape May Warbler (D. tigrine), is dark olive with indistinct streaks on its back, and has distinct buffy superciliary stripes, narrowly barred wings, a yellowish white abdomen, long white under tail coverts, and an almost unmarked dark tail. The specimen resembles a Blackpoll Warbler in the length of its wings, tail, and bill, but it has longer legs and toes than members of that species.
We are indebted to Mrs. Roxie C. Laybourne, David Bridge, and Paul Slud for useful suggestions, and to Kenneth C. Parkes for a helpful reading of the manuscript. The birds were banded at the Operation Recovery banding station by Robbins, Mrs. Richard D. Cole, Mrs. Herbert M. Church, William S. Clark, Mr. and Mrs. Herman F. Kuch, and Mr. and Mrs. Aldridge pepper.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4083334","usgsCitation":"Short, L., and Robbins, C.S., 1967, An intergeneric hybrid wood warbler (Seiurus x Dendroica): The Auk, v. 84, no. 4, p. 534-543, https://doi.org/10.2307/4083334.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"534","endPage":"543","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480339,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4083334","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Short, L.L. Jr.","contributorId":41097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"L.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, Chandler S. crobbins@usgs.gov","contributorId":4275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Chandler","email":"crobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":331459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220431,"text":"5220431 - 1967 - Effects of elimination of alligatorweed on certain aquatic plants and the value of these plants as waterfowl foods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5220431","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:37","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3140,"text":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of elimination of alligatorweed on certain aquatic plants and the value of these plants as waterfowl foods","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"McGilvrey, F., 1967, Effects of elimination of alligatorweed on certain aquatic plants and the value of these plants as waterfowl foods: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, v. 18, p. 73-79.","productDescription":"73-79","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db615a3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGilvrey, Frank B.","contributorId":14908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGilvrey","given":"Frank B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223206,"text":"5223206 - 1967 - Recent records of water birds in the desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:42","indexId":"5223206","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:36","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1136,"text":"Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent records of water birds in the desert","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1967, Recent records of water birds in the desert: Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, v. 66, no. 2, p. 125-128.","productDescription":"125-128","startPage":"125","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644b7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, R.C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220514,"text":"5220514 - 1967 - Occurrence of the saw-whet owl in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T12:54:23","indexId":"5220514","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:36","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of the saw-whet owl in Florida","docAbstract":"On 31 October 1965 at 1000 hours we observed and collected a Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus) in adult plumage and in apparently good physical condition at Ponte Vedra, St. Johns County, Florida. The bird flew from beneath a truck to a cross beam in a garage adjoining a large, fresh-water, wooded swamp dominated by cabbage palms (Sabal palmetto). We found a regurgitated pellet and a freshly killed, partially eaten cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) beneath the truck. The bird was sent to Henry M. Stevenson for deposit in Florida State University Museum, Tallahassee (specimen no. 4092b). Dr. Stevenson found that the skull had been shattered and the gonads destroyed in collecting. Total length (before skinning) was 210 mm.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4083095","usgsCitation":"Lesser, F., and Stickley, A., 1967, Occurrence of the saw-whet owl in Florida: The Auk, v. 84, no. 3, p. 425-425, https://doi.org/10.2307/4083095.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"425","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4083095","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":194362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db692104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lesser, F.H.","contributorId":35830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesser","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickley, A.R.","contributorId":16519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickley","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220693,"text":"5220693 - 1967 - Recent observations of Eurasian watermilfoil in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, and other coastal southeastern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:42","indexId":"5220693","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:36","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3448,"text":"Southern Weed Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent observations of Eurasian watermilfoil in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, and other coastal southeastern states","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southern Weed Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Crowell, T., Steenis, J., and Sincock, J., 1967, Recent observations of Eurasian watermilfoil in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, and other coastal southeastern states: Southern Weed Conference, v. 20, p. 348-352.","productDescription":"348-352","startPage":"348","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowell, T.E.","contributorId":82018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowell","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steenis, J.H.","contributorId":73694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenis","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sincock, J.L.","contributorId":89994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sincock","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221278,"text":"5221278 - 1967 - Residues in fish, wildlife, and estuaries. Indicator species near top of food chain chosen for assessment of pesticide base levels in fish and wildlife--clams, oysters, and sediment in estuarine environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T16:45:58","indexId":"5221278","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:36","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3038,"text":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","onlineIssn":" 0031-615","printIssn":" 0031-615","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residues in fish, wildlife, and estuaries. Indicator species near top of food chain chosen for assessment of pesticide base levels in fish and wildlife--clams, oysters, and sediment in estuarine environment","docAbstract":"Federal efforts to determine pesticide levels in fish and wildlife are being carried out by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U. S. Department of the Interior. Monitoring estuarine pesticide levels in clams, oysters, and sediments is a joint endeavor of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, and the Water Supply and Sea Resources Program of the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R., Carver, T., and Dustman, E.H., 1967, Residues in fish, wildlife, and estuaries. Indicator species near top of food chain chosen for assessment of pesticide base levels in fish and wildlife--clams, oysters, and sediment in estuarine environment: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 1, no. 1, p. 7, 10-13.","productDescription":"7, 10-13","startPage":"7, 10","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b0a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R.E.","contributorId":77218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, T.C.","contributorId":32259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dustman, E. H.","contributorId":12579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dustman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230046,"text":"5230046 - 1967 - Retention of extra-wide, lock-on, and regular bands on waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5230046","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"108","title":"Retention of extra-wide, lock-on, and regular bands on waterfowl","docAbstract":"In tests of three types of bands -- extra-wide bands, lock-on bands, and regular U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service bands -- little difference was noted in the retention qualities of the three types on waterfowl. Therefore, there appeared to be no advantage in using either the extra-wide or the lock-on type of band rather than the regular band now in use by waterfowl banders on this continent. Waterfowl banded with two bands provided recovery data that were difficult to analyze but suggested that it might be worthwhile to identify banded birds with another type of mark and evaluate the retention of bands through subsequent recapture of the birds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Martinson, R.K., and Henny, C.J., 1967, Retention of extra-wide, lock-on, and regular bands on waterfowl: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 108, iv, 19.","productDescription":"iv, 19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94681,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822009785114?urlappend=%3Bseq=5"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60450b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinson, R. K.","contributorId":106983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230045,"text":"5230045 - 1967 - Factors influencing waterfowl counts on aerial surveys, 1961-66","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5230045","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"105","title":"Factors influencing waterfowl counts on aerial surveys, 1961-66","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Martinson, R.K., and Kaczynski, C., 1967, Factors influencing waterfowl counts on aerial surveys, 1961-66: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 105, 78.","productDescription":"78","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94680,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822009785056?urlappend=%3Bseq=3"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7d4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinson, R. K.","contributorId":106983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaczynski, C.F.","contributorId":76804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaczynski","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2356,"text":"wsp1846 - 1967 - Ground water in the vicinity of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-21T14:50:07","indexId":"wsp1846","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1846","title":"Ground water in the vicinity of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho","docAbstract":"Analysis of ground- and surface-water relationships suggests that increasing\nthe capacity of the American Falls Reservoir by raising the height of the\ndam 15 feet would increase leakage from the reservoir by less than 0.2 percent\nof the average inflow to the reservoir, or less than 10,000 acre feet per year.\nThis amount is less than one-tenth of the evaporation rate from the reservoir.\nThe American Falls Reservoir lies near the south margin of the Snake\nRiver Plain in southeastern Idaho. The Snake River Plain is about 200 miles\nlong and averages nearly 60 miles in width. It is underlain by a thick sequence\nof basaltic lava flows, interbedded pyroclasties, and sedimentary deposits. The\nuppermost few thousand feet of this sequence is the Snake Plain aquifer, one of\nthe great aquifers of the United States.\nRecharge to the aquifer is chiefly by water percolating from the Snake River, its\ntributaries, and irrigated tracts, and by underflow from surrounding areas.\nGround water moves generally southwestward and discharges to the Snake River\nthrough springs in the American Falls Reservoir reach and in the Hagerman\nValley reach (between Twin Falls and Bliss). Total discharge from the aquifer\nis about 9,000 cfs (cubic feet per second).\nThe occurrence and movement of ground water in the viscinity of American\nFalls Reservoir are controlled by the local geology. Silt and tuff in the Neeley\nFormation and the Walcott Tuff and silt and fine sand in the FT ft Formation\nand American Falls Lake Beds have a low permeability. These rocks transmit\nlittle ground water compared with the basalt and intercalated pyroclasties and\ngravels of the Snake Plain aquifer. The less permeable deposits underlie the\nreservoir area and act as a barrier to the movement of ground water.\nUnder present conditions the water table on the periphery of the reservoir\nslopes toward the reservoir, except within 3 or 4 miles of the dam, where the\nwater table slopes away from the reservoir. Most of the springs discharge at\naltitudes above 4,370 feet, some 15 feet above the maximum reservoir stage.\nThus, reservoir stage has little effect on ground-water inflow to the reservoir.\nA fairly close relationship exists between the annual amount of surface water\ndiverted for irrigation of lands up the Snake River from the reservoir and the\nannual ground-water discharge through springs for the period 1911-60. After\nabout 1952, greatly increased ground-water withdrawals from wells, which increased\nconsumptive use, virtually balanced increased diversions from the surface-\nwater system for irrigation, so that ground-water inflow to the reservoir\nremained about constant.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1846","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Mundorff, M.J., 1967, Ground water in the vicinity of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1846, Report: iv, 58 p.; Plate 1: 15 inches x 12.39 inches; Plate 2: 39 inches x 29.85 inches; Plate 3: 30 inches x 18.71 inches; Plate 4: 27 inches x 18.24 inches; Plate 5: 39 inches x 29.87, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1846.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 58 p.; Plate 1: 15 inches x 12.39 inches; Plate 2: 39 inches x 29.85 inches; Plate 3: 30 inches x 18.71 inches; Plate 4: 27 inches x 18.24 inches; Plate 5: 39 inches x 29.87","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1846/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28286,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1846/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28287,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1846/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28288,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1846/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28289,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1846/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28290,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1846/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1846/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"American Falls Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mundorff, Maurice John","contributorId":41404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mundorff","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38815,"text":"pp543F - 1967 - Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38815,"text":"pp543F - 1967 - Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake","indexId":"pp543F","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T20:13:03.475534","indexId":"pp543F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"543","chapter":"F","title":"Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake","docAbstract":"The great 1964 Alaska earthquake caused considerable ground breakage in the Cook Inlet area of south-central Alaska. The breakage occurred largely in thick deposits of unconsolidated sediments. The most important types of ground breakage were (1) fracturing or cracking and the extrusion of sand and gravel with ground water along fractures in various types of landforms, and (2) slumping and lateral extension of unconfined faces, particularly along delta fronts.\n\nThe principal concentration of ground breakage within the area covered by this report was in a northeast-trending zone about 60 miles long and 6 miles wide in the northern part of the Kenai Lowland. The zone cut across diverse topography and stratigraphy. Cracks were as much as 30 feet across and 25 feet deep. Sand, gravel, and pieces of coal and lignite were extruded along many fissures. It is suggested that the disruption in this zone may be due to movement along a fault in the underlying Tertiary rocks.\n\nThe outwash deltas of Tustumena and Skilak Lakes in the Kenai Lowland, of Eklutna Lake and Lake George in the Chugach Mountains, of Bradley Lake in the Kenai Mountains, and at the outlet of upper Beluga Lake at the base of the Alaska Range showed much slumping, as did the delta of the Susitna River. Parts of the flood plains of the Skilak River, Fox River, and Eagle River were extensively cracked.\n\nA few avalanches and slumps occurred along the coast of Cook Inlet in scattered localities. Some tidal flats were cracked. However, in view of the many thick sections of unconsolidated sediments and the abundance of steep slopes, the cracking was perhaps less than might have been expected.\n\nObservations along the coasts indicated changes in sea level which, although caused partly by compaction of unconsolidated sediments, may largely be attributed to crus1tal deformation accompanying the earthquake. Most of the Cook Inlet area was downwarped, although the northwest side of Cook Inlet may have been slightly unwarped. Maximum change in the Cook Inlet area was probably less than 6 feet. Little or no regional tilting was detected in the lake basins of Tustumena and Skilak Lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Regional effects (Professional Paper 543)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp543F","usgsCitation":"Foster, H.L., and Karlstrom, T., 1967, Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 543, Report: v, 28 p.; 3 Plates: 19.81 x 30.95 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp543F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; 3 Plates: 19.81 x 30.95 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":65737,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65736,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_plate3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65735,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396180,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4591.htm"},{"id":104506,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4591"},{"id":65734,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -154.33,58.78 ], [ -154.33,61.56 ], [ -148.94,61.56 ], [ -148.94,58.78 ], [ -154.33,58.78 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dcf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlstrom, Thor N. V.","contributorId":77929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlstrom","given":"Thor N. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38847,"text":"pp542F - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38847,"text":"pp542F - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","indexId":"pp542F","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:39:34.466499","indexId":"pp542F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"F","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","docAbstract":"The great earthquake (Richter magnitude of 8.4–8.5) that struck south-central Alaska at 5:36 p.m., Alaska standard time, on March 27, 1964 (03:36, March 28, Greenwich mean time), was felt in every community on Kodiak Island and the nearby islands. It was the most severe earthquake to strike this part of Alaska in modern time, and took the lives of 18 persons in the area by drowning; this includes two in Kodiak and three at Kaguyak. Property damage and loss of income to the communities is estimated at more than $45 million.
\n\nThe largest community, Kodiak, had the greatest loss from the earthquake. Damage was caused chiefly by 5.6 feet of tectonic subsidence and a train of 10 seismic sea waves that inundated the low-lying areas of the town. The seismic sea waves destroyed all but one of the docking facilities and more than 215 structures; many other structures were severely damaged. The waves struck the town during the evening hours of March 27 and early morning hours of March 28. They moved from the southwest and northeast: and reached their maximum height of 20–30 feet above mean lower low water at Shahafka Cove between 11:00 and 11:45 p.m., March 27. The violently destructive seismic sea waves not only severely damaged homes, shops, and naval-station structures but also temporarily crippled the fishing industry in Kodiak by destroying the processing plants and most of the fishing vessels. The waves scoured out 10 feet of sediments in the channel between Kodiak Island and Near Island and exposed bedrock. This bedrock presented a major post-earthquake construction problem because no sediments remained into which piles could be driven for foundations of waterfront facilities.
\n\nBecause of tectonic subsidence, high tides now flood Mission and Potatopatch Lakes which, before the earthquake, had not been subject to tidal action. The subsidence also accelerated erosion of the unconsolidated sediments along the shoreline in the city of Kodiak.
\n\nSeismic shaking lasted 4½–5½ minutes at Kodiak and had a rolling motion. Inasmuch as most of Kodiak is underlain by bedrock or by only a thin veneer of unconsolidated sediments, very little if any damage occurred from ground motion or seismic shaking. The ground motion, however, did cause a massive short circuit and power failure at Kodiak.
\n\nThe Kodiak Naval Station, 5 miles southwest of Kodiak, was also severely damaged by the earthquake. The station was inundated by at least 10 seismic sea waves which reached a maximum height of 25 feet above post-earthquake mean lower low water between 11:16 and 11:34 p.m. on March 27, 1964. The first seismic sea wave that inundated the station did not do severe damage because it behaved much like a rapid rise of tide, but the subsequent and more violent waves destroyed most of the docking facilities and several other shoreline structures. The waves struck the station from the southwest and from the east.
\n\nThe shoreline structures that were not destroyed required rehabilitation because the 5.6 feet of tectonic subsidence put them under water during the highest tides. Furthermore the subsidence accelerated erosion during high tide of the soft unconsolidated sediments and fill in the low-lying areas of the station.
\n\nSeismic shaking did little damage to the station housing facility, but it was responsible for compaction of sediments, lateral displacement of a seawall, and the development of fissures in the aircraft parking area. The ground motion was as south-southeast–north-northwest to north-south in direction.
\n\nAn unusual case of radioactive contamination was reported at the naval station. The inundating seismic sea waves entered a building in which radionuclides were stored. The contamination was restricted to the building only, however, and did not spread throughout the station.
\n\nAfognak was abandoned because of the extensive damage incurred from tectonic subsistence and seismic sea waves. The seismic effects, estimated Mercalli intensity VI-VII, did not directly cause any significant property damage at Afognak Serious long-term damage, however, resulted from tectonic subsidence estimated to be from 3½ to 5½ feet. The subsidence has resulted in rapid erosion of the coast, landward shift and building up of bench berms to the new higher sea levels, and flooding of extensive low-lying areas behind the barrier beaches. Inundation of low-lying parts of the village by a train of seismic sea waves having maximum heights of 10.8 feet above post-earthquake tide level (14.5 ft above post-earthquake mean lower low water) caused losses of about half a million dollars to homes, vehicles, bridges, and personal possessions.
\n\nUzinki was damaged by tectonic subsidence and seismic sea waves. No significant damage resulted from the ground motion during the earthquake; the Mercalli intensity was about VI. However, tectonic subsidence, estimated to be 5 feet, caused inundation of a narrow zone along the waterfront. Structures and vessels were damaged as a result of the seismic sea waves that repeatedly flooded the waterfront area after the earthquake.
\n\nOld Harbor was damaged by seismic shock, subsidence, and seismic sea waves. The tremors, which had a Mercalli intensity estimated at VII-VIII, toppled two concrete-block chimneys, cracked interior walls, and caused minor breakage of personal property in the homes. Regional tectonic subsidence and superficial subsidence of the unconsolidated deposits on which the village is situated apparently caused incursion of salt water into the school well. A quarter of million yards of fill was required to raise the waterfront areas to their pre-earthquake elevations relative to sea level. Seismic sea waves having a maximum runup of about 12 feet above tide level (16 ft above post-earthquake mean lower low water) destroyed 34 of the 35 residences in the village and presumably drowned one man who lived immediately across the strait from Old Harbor.
\n\nAt Kaguyak, seismic sea waves having a maximum runup of about 25 feet above mean lower low water carried away all 10 buildings in the village, took three lives, and damaged an unknown number of fishing vessels. The village site has been abandoned. The communities of Akhiok, Karluk, and Larsen Bay were virtually undamaged by the earthquake tremors, which had estimated Mercalli intensities of VI-VII, but tectonic subsidence of about 2–2½ feet at Larsen Bay made it necessary to raise the cannery dock level at an estimated cost of $80,000.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542F","usgsCitation":"Kachadoorian, R., and Plafker, G., 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: vi, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 20.53 x 16.53 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542F.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 20.53 x 16.53 inches","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396001,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4588.htm"},{"id":170406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113270,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/pp542f_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/pp542f_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":111458,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 57.671848402248166\n ],\n [\n -152.10296630859375,\n 57.671848402248166\n ],\n [\n -152.10296630859375,\n 58.1793925460941\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 58.1793925460941\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 57.671848402248166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kachadoorian, Reuben","contributorId":24336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kachadoorian","given":"Reuben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38846,"text":"pp542E - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38846,"text":"pp542E - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska","indexId":"pp542E","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-31T18:47:27.868901","indexId":"pp542E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska","docAbstract":"Seward, in south-central Alaska, was one of the towns most devastated by the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964. The greater part of Seward is built on an alluvial fan-delta near the head of Resurrection Bay on the southeast coast of the Kenai Peninsula. It is one of the few ports in south-central Alaska that is ice free all year, and the town’s economy is almost entirely dependent upon its port facilities.
\n\nThe Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, magnitude approximately 8.3–8.4, began at 6:36 p.m. Its epicenter was in the northern part of the Prince William Sound area; focal depth was 20–50 km.
\n\nStrong ground motion at Seward lasted 3–4 minutes. During the shaking, a strip of land 50–400 feet wide along the Seward waterfront, together with docks and other harbor facilities, slid into Resurrection Bay as a result of large-scale submarine landsliding. Fractures ruptured the ground for'severa1 hundred feet back from the landslide scarps. Additional ground was fractured in the Forest Acres subdivision and on the alluvial floor of the Resurrection River valley; fountaining and sand boils accompanied the ground fracturing. Slide-generated wares, possibly seiche waves, and seismic sea waves crashed onto shore; ware runup was as much as 30 feet above mean lower low water and caused tremendous damage; fire from burning oil tanks added to the destruction. Damage from strong ground motion itself was comparatively minor. Tectonic subsidence of about 3.6 feet resulted in low areas being inundated at high tide.
\n\nThirteen people were killed and five were injured as a result of the earthquake. Eighty-six houses were totally destroyed and 260 were heavily damaged. The harbor facilities were almost completely destroyed, and the entire economic base of the town was wiped out. The total cost to replace the destroyed public and private facilities was estimated at $22 million.
\n\nSeward lies on the axis of the Chugach Mountains geosyncline. The main structural trend in the mapped area, where the rocks consist almost entirely of graywacke and phyllite, is from near north to N. 20° E. Beds and cleavage of the rocks commonly dip 70° W. or NW. to near vertical. Locally, the rocks are complexly folded or contorted. So major faults were found in the mapped area, but small faults, shear zones, and joints are common.
\n\nSurficial deposits of the area hare been divided for mapping into the following units: drift deposits, alluvial fan deposits, valley alluvium, intertidal deposits, landslide deposits, and artificial fill. Most of these units intergrade and were deposited more or less contemporaneously.
\n\nThe drift deposits consist chiefly of till that forms moraines along the lower flanks of the Resurrection River valley and up tributary valleys. The till is predominantly silt and sand and lesser amounts of clay-size particles, gravel, cobbles, and boulders. Glacial outwash and stratified ice-contact deposits constitute the remainder of the drift deposits.
\n\nFans and fan-deltas have been deposited at the valley mouths of tributary streams. Some, including the one upon which Seward built, project into Resurrection Bay, and deltaic-type deposits form their distal edges. The larger fans—composed chiefly of loosely compacted and poorly sorted silt, sand, and gravel—form broad aprons having low gradients. The fan deposits range in thickness from about 100 feet to possibly several hundred feet and, at least in some places, lie on a platform of compact drift. Smaller fans at the mouths of several canyons have steep gradients and considerable local relief.
\n\nValley alluvium, deposited chiefly by the Resurrection River, consists mostly of coarse sand and fine to medium gravel. In the axial part of the valley it is probably more than 100 feet thick. Near the head of Resurrection Bay, the alluvium is underlain by at least 75 feet of marine deltaic sediments, which are in turn underlain by 600 or more feet of drift in the deepest part of the bedrock valley.
\n\nBeach, deltaic, and estuarine sediments, deposited on intertidal flats at the head of the bay and along far1 margins that extend into the bay, arc mapped as intertidal deposits. They consist mostly of silt, sand, and fine gravel, and lesser amounts of clay-size particles.
\n\nThe earthquake reactivated old slides and trigged new ones in the mountains. Rock and snow avalanches, debris flows, and creep of talus deposits characterized slide activity on the steeper slops. The Seward waterfront had been extended before the earthquake by adding artificial fill consisting of loose sand and gravel; part of the lagoon area had been filled with refuse. After the earth- quake, fill, consisting of silt and sand dredged from the head of the bay, was pumped onto part of the lagoon area and also on land at the northwest corner of the bay.
\n\nResponse to the disaster was immediate and decisive. City, State, and Federal agencies, as well as other organizations and individuals, gave unstintingly of their time and facilities. Within a few days, there was temporary restoration of water, sewerage, and electrical facilities.
\n\nThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was authorized to select sites and construct a new dock for the Alaska Railroad, a new small-boat basin, and related facilities. The firm of Shannon and Wilson, Inc., under contract to the Corps of Engineers, investigated subsurface soils extensively to determine the factors responsible for the sliding along the Seward waterfront and to assist in site selection for reconstruction of the destroyed harbor facilities. Borings also made along the Seward waterfront and at the head of the bay, and laboratory tests were conducted on pertinent samples. These studies were augmented by geophysical studies both on land and in the bay. In addition, the Corps of Engineers made shallow borings on the intertidal flats at the head of the bay and performed pile-driving and load tests. Borings also were drilled and test pits were dug in the subdivision of Forest Acres.
\n\nSliding along the Seward waterfront markedly deepened the water along the former shoreline. Post-earthquake slopes of the bay floor immediately offshore also are steeper in places than before the earthquake. The strong ground motion of the earthquake triggered the landsliding, but several factors may have contributed to the magnitude and characteristics of the slides. These factors are: (1) the long duration of strong ground motion, (2) the grain size and texture of the material involved in the sliding, (3) the probability that the finer grained materials liquefied and flowed seaward, and (4) the added load of manmade facilities built on the edge of the shore, Secondary effects of the slides themselves—sudden drawdown of water, followed by the weight of returning waves—also may have contributed to the destruction.
\n\nSubmarine sliding at the northwest corner of the bay occurred in fine-grained deltaic deposits whose frontal slopes probably were in metastable equilibrium under static conditions. Uplift pressures from aquifers under hydrostatic head, combined with the probable liquefaction characteristics of the sediments when vibrated by strong ground motion, probably caused the material to slide and flow seaward as a heavy slurry.
\n\nUnder static conditions, no major shoreline or submarine landsliding is expected in the Seward area; in the event of another severe earthquake, however, additional sliding is likely along the Seward waterfront and also in the deltaic deposits at the northwest corner of the bay. Fractured ground in back of the present shoreline along the Seward waterfront is an area of incipient landslides that would be unstable under strong shaking. For this reason the Scientific and Engineering Task Force placed the area in a high-risk classification and recommended no repair, rehabilitation, or new construction in this area involving use of Federal funds; it was further recommended that the area should be reserved for park or other uses that do not involve large congregations of people. The deltaic deposits at the head of the bay probably also would be susceptible to sliding during another large earthquake. This sliding would result in further landward retreat of the present shoreline toward the new railroad dock. Specifications for the new dock, whose seaward end is now approximately 1,100 feet from the back scarp of the subaqueous landslide, require design pro- visions to withstand seismic shock up to certain limits.
\n\nEarthquake-induced fracturing of the ground in the subdivision of Forest Acres was confined to the lower part of a broad alluvial fan. There, sewer and water lines were ruptured and the foundations of some homes were heavily damaged. Landsliding, such as occurred along the shoreline of the bay, was not a contributing cause of the fracturing. Two hypotheses are offered to explain the fracturing:
\n\n1. Seismic energy was transformed into visible surface waves of such amplitude that the strength of surface layer was exceeded and rupturing occurred; tensional and compressional stresses alternately opened and closed the fractures and forced out water and mud.
\n\n2. Compaction by vibration of the fine-grained deposits of the fan caused ground settlement and fracturing; ground water under temporary hydrostatic head was forced to the surface as fountains and carried the finer material with it.
\n\nWater waves that crashed onto shore, while shaking was still continuing, were generated chiefly by onshore and offshore landsliding. Waves that overran the shores about 25 minutes after shaking stopped and that continued to arrive for the next several hours are believed to be seismic sea waves (tsunamis) that originated in an uplifted area in the Gulf of Alaska. During the time of seismic sea-wave activity and perhaps preceding it, seiche wares also may have been generated within Resurrection Bay and complicated the wave effects along the shoreline.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542E","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R., 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: viii, 43 p.; 2 Plates: 20.5 x 21.5 inches and 25.57 x 19.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542E.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 43 p.; 2 Plates: 20.5 x 21.5 inches and 25.57 x 19.78 inches","numberOfPages":"53","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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More than 1,450 water-level recorders, scattered throughout all the 50 States except Connecticut, Delaware, and Rhode Island, registered the earthquake. Half of the water-level records were obtained from ground-water observation wells and half at surface-water gaging stations. The earthquake is also known to have registered on water-level recorders on wells in Canada, England, Denmark, Belgium, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Philippine Islands, South-West Africa, South Africa, and Northern Territory of Australia. The Alaska earthquake is the first for which widespread surface-water effects are known. The effects were recorded at stations on flowing streams, rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and ponds. The 755 surface-water stations recording effects are spread through 38 States, but are most numerous in the south-central and southeastern States, especially in Florida and Louisiana. Most of the fluctuations recorded can be referred to more precisely as seismic seiches; however, a few stations recorded the quake as a minor change in stage. The largest recorded seiche outside Alaska was 1.83 feet on a reservoir in Michigan. The next largest was 1.45 feet on Lake Ouachita in Arkansas. The largest fluctuation in a well was 23 feet registered by a pressure recorder near Belle Fourche, S. Dak. Fluctuations of more than 10 feet were reported from wells in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, and Pennsylvania. A 3.40-foot fluctuation was recorded in a well in Puerto Rico. The Alaska earthquake was registered by about seven times as many water-level recorders as recorded the Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake of August 19, 1959.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544C","collaboration":"This report is Chapter C in The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen. For more information, see: Professional Paper 544.","usgsCitation":"Vorhis, R.C., Rexin, E.E., and Coble, R.W., 1967, Hydrologic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, outside Alaska, with sections on Hydroseismograms from the Nunn-Bush Shoe Co. well, Wisconsin, and Alaska earthquake effects on ground water in Iowa: Chapter C in The Alaska earthquakes, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, p. C1-C54, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C54","numberOfPages":"54","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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Utah [Silver Reef district, Utah]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466344,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30341.htm","text":"Silver and mercury geochemical anomalies in the Comstock, Tonopah, and Silver Reef districts, Nevada - Utah [Tonopah district, Nevada]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403307,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30340.htm","text":"Silver and mercury geochemical anomalies in the Comstock, Tonopah, and Silver Reef districts, Nevada - Utah [Comstock district, Nevada]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466347,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30344.htm","text":"Mineralized veins at Black Mountain, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466350,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30347.htm","text":"New observations on the Sheyenne delta of glacial Lake Agassiz","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466349,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30346.htm","text":"Palynological evidence for Devonian age of the Nation River Formation, east-central Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466348,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30345.htm","text":"Paleogeographic significance of two Middle Miocene basalt flows, southeastern Caliente Range, California","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466346,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30343.htm","text":"The Dalles - Umatilla syncline, Oregon and Washington","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0575b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113043,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0575b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db6877fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2011,"text":"wsp1839F - 1967 - Availability of ground water in York County, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-14T19:40:16.210882","indexId":"wsp1839F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1839","chapter":"F","title":"Availability of ground water in York County, Nebraska","docAbstract":"York County, an area of 575 square miles, is situated on an upland plain in southeast Nebraska. Although tributaries of the Big Blue River have eroded valleys into this plain, much of the original surface is still intact and is characterized by broad shallow undrained depressions. The economy is based almost wholly on agriculture, and corn is the major crop. More than 111,000 acres of cropland was irrigated in 1964 with water pumped from 1,240 wells. The upland plain is underlain to depths of 100-450 feet by unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The upper part of this depositional sequence consists largely of wind-deposited clayey silt, and the lower part consists of stream-deposited sand and gravel. In part of the county, the sequence includes some glacial till also. The unconsolidated Quaternary deposits mantle the eroded surface of marine strata of Cretaceous age. \r\n\r\nThe lower unconsolidated rocks of Quaternary age are saturated and constitute a highly productive aquifer throughout much of the county. Replenishment to this aquifer, derived principally from precipitation, is believed to average about 1.5 inches per year. As the quantity of ground water pumped per year greatly exceeds the average annual quantity of recharge, most of the. water used for irrigation is from storage. Consequently, water levels have been trending downward. A comparison of 1964 water levels in wells with water levels measured in 1953 shows that the water table declined more than 10 feet beneath 42 square miles. \r\n\r\nThe ground water is of the calcium bicarbonate type, and, though hard, is chemically suitable for irrigation use on most soils in the county.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1966","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1839F","usgsCitation":"Keech, C.F., Dreeszen, V., and Emery, P.A., 1967, Availability of ground water in York County, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1839, Report: iii, 17 p.; 2 Plates: 35.00 × 34.61 inches and 33.00 × 16.15 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1839F.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 17 p.; 2 Plates: 35.00 × 34.61 inches and 33.00 × 16.15 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27462,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27461,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395915,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25047.htm"},{"id":27463,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"York County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.3683,41.0475],[-97.3667,40.9589],[-97.3685,40.699],[-97.7111,40.6983],[-97.8245,40.6985],[-97.8276,41.0467],[-97.7644,41.0469],[-97.5981,41.0475],[-97.5298,41.0484],[-97.4835,41.0475],[-97.3683,41.0475]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"York\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keech, Charles Franklin","contributorId":44123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keech","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dreeszen, V. 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Water quality records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-66-1-2, 228 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWI6612.","productDescription":"228 p.","numberOfPages":"228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1966/wi-66-1-2/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88321,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1966/wi-66-1-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f168f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32615,"text":"pp545A - 1967 - Effect of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Eklutna Hydroelectric Project, Anchorage, Alaska, with a section on television examination of earthquake damage to underground communication and electrical systems in Anchorage","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32615,"text":"pp545A - 1967 - Effect of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Eklutna Hydroelectric Project, Anchorage, Alaska, with a section on television examination of earthquake damage to underground communication and electrical systems in Anchorage","indexId":"pp545A","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Effect of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Eklutna Hydroelectric Project, Anchorage, Alaska, with a section on television examination of earthquake damage to underground communication and electrical systems in Anchorage"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T21:49:29.465278","indexId":"pp545A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"545","chapter":"A","title":"Effect of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Eklutna Hydroelectric Project, Anchorage, Alaska, with a section on television examination of earthquake damage to underground communication and electrical systems in Anchorage","docAbstract":"The March 27, 1964, Alaska earthquake and its associated aftershocks caused damage requiring several million dollars worth of repair to the Eklwtna Hydroelectric Project, 34 miles northeast of Anchorage. Electric service from the Eklutna powerplant was interrupted during the early phase of the March 27 earthquake, built was restored (intermittently) until May 9,1964, when the plant was closed for inspection and repair. Water for Eklutna project is transported from Eklutna Lake to the powerplant at tidewater on Knik Arm of Cook Inlet by an underwater intake connected to a 4.46-mile tunnel penstock. The primary damage caused by the earthquake was 1at the intake structure in Eklutna Lake. No damage to the power tunnel was observed. The piles-supported powerplant and appurtenant structures, Anchorage and Palmer substations, and the transmission lines suffered minor dammage. Most damage occurred to facilities constructed on un-consolidated sediments and overburden which densified and subsided during the earthquake. Structures built on bedrock experienced little or no damage. Underground communication and electrical systems in Anchorage were examined with a small-diameter television camera to locate damaged areas requiring repair. Most of the damage was concentrated at or near valley slopes. Those parts of the systems within the major slide areas of the city were destroyed.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities (Professional Paper 545)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp545A","usgsCitation":"Logan, M.H., and Burton, L.R., 1967, Effect of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Eklutna Hydroelectric Project, Anchorage, Alaska, with a section on television examination of earthquake damage to underground communication and electrical systems in Anchorage: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 545, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp545A.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60476,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545a/pp545a_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277802,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545a/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Hydroelectric Project","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.1789,\n 61.4869\n ],\n [\n -149.0944,\n 61.4869\n ],\n [\n -149.0944,\n 61.4\n ],\n [\n -149.1789,\n 61.4\n ],\n [\n -149.1789,\n 61.4869\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610250","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Logan, Malcolm H.","contributorId":42127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, Lynn R.","contributorId":103962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":90,"text":"wsp1824 - 1967 - Ground-water levels in the United States, 1960-64, south-central states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1824","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1824","title":"Ground-water levels in the United States, 1960-64, south-central states","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1824","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C.L., 1967, Ground-water levels in the United States, 1960-64, south-central states: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1824, v, 152 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1824.","productDescription":"v, 152 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1824/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1824/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66759e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, C. L.","contributorId":20313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1687,"text":"wsp1817C - 1967 - Determination of phenoxy acid herbicides in water by electron-capture and microcoulometric gas chromatography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp1817C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1817","chapter":"C","title":"Determination of phenoxy acid herbicides in water by electron-capture and microcoulometric gas chromatography","docAbstract":"A sensitive gas chromatographic method using microcoulometric titration and electron-capture detection for the analysis of 2,4-D, silvex, 2,4,5-T, and other phenoxy acid herbicides in water is described. The herbicides are extracted from unfiltered water samples (800-1,000 ml) by use of ethyl ether ; then the herbicides are concentrated and esterilied. To allow the analyst a choice, two esterilication procedures--using either boron trifluoride-methanol or diazomethane--are evaluated. \r\n\r\nMicrocoulometric gas chromatography is specific for the detection of halogenated compounds such as the phenoxy acid herbicides whereas it does not respond to nonhalogenated components. Microcoulometric gas chromatography requires care and patience. It is not convenient for rapid screening of l-liter samples that contain less than 1 microgram of the herbicide. Although electroncapture gas chromatography is less selective and more critically affected by interfering substances, it is, nevertheless, convenient and more sensitive than microcoulometric gas chromatography. \r\n\r\nTwo different liquid phases are used in the gas chromatographic columns--DC-200 silicone in one column and QF-1 silicone in the other. The performance of both columns is improved by the addition of Carbowax 20M. The Gas Chrom Q support is coated with the liquid phases by the 'frontal-analysis' technique. The practical lower limits for measurement of the phenoxy acid herbicides in water primarily depend upon the sample size, interferences present, anal instrumentation used. With l-liter samples of water, the practical lower limits of measurement are 10 ppt (parts per trillion) for 2,4-D and 2 ppt for silvex and 2,4,5-T when electron-capture detection is used, and approximately 20 ppt for each herbicide when analyzed by microcoulometric-titration gas chromatography. Recoveries of the herbicides immediately after addition to unfiltered water samples averaged 92 percent for 2,4-D, 90 percent for silvex, and 98 percent for 2,4,5-T. Studies on the stability of herbicides added to water samples showed that 2,4-D may be rapidly degraded, especially if the samples are obtained from areas which have been repeatedly sprayed with 2,4-D. When degradation was observed, added 2,4-D rapidly decomposed within 10 days. At concentrations of about 200 ppt, however, the degradation rate was diminished. In 20 days the concentration of 2,4-D was reduced to 160-180 ppt.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1817C","usgsCitation":"Goerlitz, D., and Lamar, W.L., 1967, Determination of phenoxy acid herbicides in water by electron-capture and microcoulometric gas chromatography: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1817, 21 p. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1817C.","productDescription":"21 p. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1817c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26768,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1817c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6676a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamar, William L.","contributorId":15592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamar","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1369,"text":"wsp1594E - 1967 - Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers at the Dalles, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:33:01","indexId":"wsp1594E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1594","chapter":"E","title":"Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers at the Dalles, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1594E","usgsCitation":"Foxworthy, B., and Bryant, C.T., 1967, Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers at the Dalles, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1594, iv, 55 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1594E.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26456,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1594e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26457,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1594e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1594e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxworthy, B. L.","contributorId":45686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxworthy","given":"B. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, Charles T.","contributorId":8438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3730,"text":"cir538 - 1967 - Ground water of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces in the Southeastern States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"cir538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"538","title":"Ground water of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces in the Southeastern States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Govt. Print Off.],","doi":"10.3133/cir538","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., 1967, Ground water of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces in the Southeastern States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 538, iii, 11 p. :illus., map. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir538.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p. :illus., map. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0538/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0538/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d6ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3607,"text":"cir536 - 1967 - Are we running out of water?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-27T17:54:58","indexId":"cir536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"536","title":"Are we running out of water?","docAbstract":"Water supplies are not running out, but time is getting short to stem waste of water and destructive exploitation of the environment before harm is done that may be irreparable. Most of the world's water is oceanic brine. Of the waters on the land, most is frozen in Antarctica and Greenland. Only a small part of continental water is available for use and management. The discharge of rivers to the sea is a close measure of the availability of liquid water, but ground-water reservoirs have important functions as inexpensive equalizers of water supply. Soil moisture is a major factor in the water economy, and its function usually is overlooked in assessments of water use and future water demand. Despite outcries of water shortage, the principal use of water in advanced countries is as a medium for waste disposal. In reality, despite regional maldistribution of water, United States supplies are adequate, given rational management. Also, contrary to common belief, water pollution is primarily a problem of economics, not of health. A paramount problem in most parts of the world is the shortage of water development and management facilities, not a shortage of water. The International Hydrological Decade is a program to awaken people everywhere to the crucial importance of water in man's future and to promote rational approach to water problems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir536","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1967, Are we running out of water?: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 536, 7 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir536.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0536/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30642,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0536/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52611,"text":"ofr67162 - 1967 - Synopsis of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of T.11 S., R. 6 E, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:41","indexId":"ofr67162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-162","title":"Synopsis of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of T.11 S., R. 6 E, Pima County, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr67162","usgsCitation":"Moosburner, O., 1967, Synopsis of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of T.11 S., R. 6 E, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-162, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr67162.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moosburner, Otto","contributorId":41822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moosburner","given":"Otto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}