The largest living component of San Francisco Bay is the phytoplankton, a suspension of microscopic cells that convert sunlight energy into new living biomass through the same process of photosynthesis used by land plants. This primary production is the ultimate source of food for clams, zooplankton, crabs, sardines, halibut, sturgeon, diving ducks, pelicans, and harbor seals. From measurements made in 1980, we estimated that phytoplankton primary production in San Francisco Bay was about 200,000 tons of organic carbon per year (Jassby et al. 1993). This is equivalent to producing the biomass of 5500 adult humpback whales, or the calories to feed 1.8 million people. These numbers may seem large, but primary production in San Francisco Bay is low compared to many other nutrient-enriched estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J., Jassby, A., Schraga, T., and Dallas, K., 2006, What is causing the phytoplankton increase in San Francisco Bay?, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/documents/pulse-estuary-monitoring-and-managing-water-quality-san-francisco-estuary-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.244873046875,\n 38.048091067457236\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 38.11943249695316\n ],\n [\n -122.40829467773436,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -122.49343872070312,\n 38.11403028044574\n ],\n [\n -122.49755859375,\n 38.06322991452765\n ],\n [\n -122.47970581054688,\n 38.002655740556705\n ],\n [\n -122.50579833984375,\n 37.933366792504366\n ],\n [\n -122.5140380859375,\n 37.871601285073424\n ],\n [\n -122.45498657226561,\n 37.80001858607365\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.80978395301097\n ],\n [\n -122.38357543945312,\n 37.75877280300828\n ],\n [\n -122.36434936523439,\n 37.71967662525055\n ],\n [\n -122.40142822265625,\n 37.693601037244406\n ],\n [\n -122.37945556640624,\n 37.63380988687157\n ],\n [\n -122.37396240234375,\n 37.59573590243413\n ],\n [\n -122.310791015625,\n 37.57723579111111\n ],\n [\n -122.25723266601562,\n 37.55764242679524\n ],\n [\n -122.19406127929688,\n 37.51190453731693\n ],\n [\n -122.12127685546875,\n 37.47921744485059\n ],\n [\n -122.091064453125,\n 37.437793259976544\n ],\n [\n -122.00729370117188,\n 37.421435292172944\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 37.438883664067525\n ],\n [\n -121.93450927734375,\n 37.4530574713902\n ],\n [\n -121.99493408203125,\n 37.48575600784828\n ],\n [\n -122.07183837890625,\n 37.528242717975054\n ],\n [\n -122.13088989257814,\n 37.604440246103614\n ],\n [\n -122.16384887695312,\n 37.6968609874419\n ],\n [\n -122.21878051757811,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -122.29705810546874,\n 37.80544394934274\n ],\n [\n -122.30117797851561,\n 37.8553385894982\n ],\n [\n -122.32452392578125,\n 37.91495092582022\n ],\n [\n -122.398681640625,\n 37.9593578107923\n ],\n [\n -122.3712158203125,\n 37.990751356571195\n ],\n [\n -122.30392456054688,\n 38.010230251583245\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 38.05025395161286\n ],\n [\n -122.244873046875,\n 38.048091067457236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7c1e4b0d27deb387060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":172874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schraga, T.S.","contributorId":107480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schraga","given":"T.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dallas, K.L.","contributorId":85013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dallas","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029173,"text":"70029173 - 2006 - Invasion patterns along elevation and urbanization gradients in Hawaiian streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029173","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invasion patterns along elevation and urbanization gradients in Hawaiian streams","docAbstract":"Hawaii's extreme isolation has resulted in a native stream fauna characterized by high endemism and unusual life history characteristics. With the rapid increase in the human population, the viability of Hawaiian stream ecosystems is threatened by development and the associated habitat alteration. Thirty-eight sites on three islands (Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii) were sampled to determine how habitat alteration resulting from urbanization and development was associated with the establishment of introduced species. Undeveloped sites had higher streamflow velocities, more riffles, lower embeddedness, deeper water, larger substrate, and lower water temperature than developed sites. Developed sites additionally had more pools and greater sparseness of riparian canopy cover. Overall, 23 fish species from 11 families and 5 crustacean species from 3 families were collected. Of these, 16 fish species and 3 crustacean species were introduced. Developed sites had on average almost twice as many species as undeveloped sites and were dominated by introduced species. Low-elevation sites were the most developed and supported the highest number of introduced species. However, species composition at some relatively undeveloped sites was impacted by downstream habitat alteration, since all native species must pass through the lower reaches to complete their life cycles. With increasing urbanization and development, the habitat features required by native species are disappearing and streams are becoming more suitable for generalist introduced species, which are typically better adapted for altered habitats than are native species. As development pressures in tropical island ecosystems increase worldwide, this will become an increasingly important issue globally. An understanding of which habitats are most likely to support nonnative species provides information necessary for developing a management strategy to protect aquatic ecosystems from invasive nonnative species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T05-083.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Brasher, A., Luton, C., Goodbred, S.L., and Wolff, R., 2006, Invasion patterns along elevation and urbanization gradients in Hawaiian streams: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 135, no. 4, p. 1109-1129, https://doi.org/10.1577/T05-083.1.","startPage":"1109","endPage":"1129","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210743,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T05-083.1"},{"id":237760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e1ee4b0c8380cd63b06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brasher, A.M.D.","contributorId":8213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brasher","given":"A.M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luton, C.D.","contributorId":93269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luton","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodbred, S. L.","contributorId":58232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolff, R.H.","contributorId":23736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187768,"text":"70187768 - 2006 - Genetic characterization of brown bears of the Kodiak Archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:18:38","indexId":"70187768","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Genetic characterization of brown bears of the Kodiak Archipelago","docAbstract":"Here we examine genetic characteristics of brown bears of Kodiak and Afognak islands, using 14 variable nuclear microsatellite loci and nucleotide sequence information including the hypervariable domain I of the mtDNA control region (Wakely 1993). Because these markers, or a subset of them, have been used to characterize brown bears of the Kenai Peninsula (Jackson et al. 2005), Katmai National Park, Seward Peninsula, and nine other populations in Alaska (Talbot, unpublished data), we compared levels of genetic diversity and relationships among populations when possible. In addition, we obtained preliminary comparative information from class II DQA and DQB genes of the brown bear MHC, to examine levels of variation at this important immunology-mediating supergene. These data were used to answer the following questions: 1) are earlier findings of extremely low levels of variability at nuclear (biparentallyinherited) microsatellite loci from a small geographic area (Paetkau et al. 1998b) representative of Kodiak Archipelago populations as a whole? 2) Is the level and type of variation at the maternally-inherited mtDNA lower, or similar to, levels found in other populations in Alaska? 3) Is there concordance between low levels of genetic variation observed at neutral markers with levels of variation observed at functional genes? 4) Is there population substructuring within Kodiak and Afognak islands? 5) What is the connectivity between populations on Afognak Island and Kodiak Island? 6) What are the phylogeographic relationships between bears of the Kodiak Archipelago with brown bears on mainland Alaskan and other western Beringian populations? We also test whether these markers will provide an appropriate baseline for designing genetic tagging studies for use in future research and management activities, such as mark-recapture efforts, on the Refuge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ","publisherLocation":"Bethel, AK","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S.L., Gust, J.R., Sage, G.K., Fischbach, A.S., Amstrup, K.S., Leacock, W., and Van Daele, L., 2006, Genetic characterization of brown bears of the Kodiak Archipelago, 87 p.","productDescription":"87 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Archipelago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.09326171875,\n 56.0965557505683\n ],\n [\n -156.2255859375,\n 54.91451400766527\n ],\n [\n -149.8974609375,\n 58.52812515905843\n ],\n [\n -152.4462890625,\n 59.22093407615045\n ],\n [\n -158.09326171875,\n 56.0965557505683\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e3559e4b0764e6c61b7f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gust, Judy R.","contributorId":62458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gust","given":"Judy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sage, George K. 0000-0003-1431-2286 ksage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2286","contributorId":87833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"George","email":"ksage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischbach, Anthony S. 0000-0002-6555-865X afischbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X","contributorId":2865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischbach","given":"Anthony","email":"afischbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amstrup, Kristin S.","contributorId":415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leacock, William","contributorId":192123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leacock","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Van Daele, Larry","contributorId":192124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Daele","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70273211,"text":"70273211 - 2006 - Coastal wetlands of the northern Gulf of California: Inventory and conservation status","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-19T15:32:10.082696","indexId":"70273211","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-22T09:21:01","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":862,"text":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal wetlands of the northern Gulf of California: Inventory and conservation status","docAbstract":"Above 28°N, the coastline of the northern Gulf of California is indented at frequent intervals by negative or inverse estuaries that are saltier at their backs than at their mouths due to the lack of freshwater inflow. These ‘esteros’ total over 215 000 ha in area and encompass mangrove marshes below 29°N and saltgrass (Distichlis palmeri) marshes north of 29°N. An additional 6000 ha of freshwater and brackish wetlands are found in the Colorado River delta where fresh water enters the intertidal zone.
The mangrove marshes in the Gulf of California have been afforded some degree of protected status in Mexico, but the northern saltgrass esteros do not have priority conservation status and are increasingly becoming development targets for resorts, vacation homes and aquaculture sites.
We conducted an inventory of the marshes using aerial photography and satellite images, and evaluated the extent and type of development on each marsh. We reviewed the available literature on the marshes to document their vegetation types and ecological functions in the adjacent marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
Over 95% of the mangrove marshes have been developed for shrimp farming. However, the farms are built adjacent to, rather than in, the marshes, and the mangrove stands are still mostly intact.
The majority of saltgrass marshes above the mangrove line are still relatively unspoiled. However, resort and vacation home development is taking place on land surrounding them.
We recommend a system of protected reserves incorporating the pristine wetlands, along with water quality management and buffer zones for the more developed esteros. The saltgrass marshes should be considered for conservation protection, similar to the protection given to the southern mangrove marshes whose value has already been recognized.
We developed a standardized protocol for comparing the sensitivities of the embryos of different bird species to methylmercury when methylmercury was injected into their eggs. During the course of developing this protocol, we investigated the effects of various factors on the toxicity of the injected methylmercury. Most of our experiments were done with chicken (Gallus domesticus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) eggs, all of which were purchased in large numbers from game farms. A smaller amount of work was done with double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs collected from the wild. Several solvents were tested, and corn oil at a rate of 1 μl/g egg contents was selected for the final standardized protocol because it had minimal toxicity to embryos and because methylmercury dissolved in corn oil yielded a dose–response curve in a range of egg concentrations that was similar to the range that causes reproductive impairment when the mother deposits methylmercury into her own eggs. The embryonic stage at which eggs were injected with corn oil altered mercury toxicity; at early stages, the corn oil itself was toxic. Therefore, in the final protocol we standardized the time of injection to occur when each species reached the morphologic equivalent of a 3-day-old chicken embryo. Although solvents can be injected directly into the albumen of an egg, high embryo mortality can occur in the solvent controls because of the formation of air bubbles in the albumen. Our final protocol used corn oil injections into the air cell, which are easier and safer than albumen injections. Most of the methylmercury, when dissolved in corn oil, injected into the air cell passes through the inner shell membrane and into the egg albumen. Most commercial incubators incubate eggs in trays with the air cell end of the egg pointing upward, but we discovered that mercury-induced mortality was too great when eggs were held in this orientation. In addition, some species of bird eggs require incubation on their sides with the eggs being rolled 180° for them to develop normally. Therefore, we adopted a procedure of incubating the eggs of all species on their sides and rolling them 180° every hour. Little has been published about the conditions of temperature, humidity, and the movements to which eggs of wild birds need to be subjected for them to hatch optimally under artificial incubation. Not unexpectedly, hatching success in an artificial incubator is generally less than what natural incubation by the parents can achieve. However, the survival of control embryos of most wild bird species was good (generally ≥ 80%) up to within 1 or 2 days of hatching when we incubated the eggs at 37.5°C (or 37.6°C for gallinaceous species) at a relative humidity that resulted in an approximate 15% to 16% loss in egg weight by the end of incubation and by incubating the eggs on their sides and rolling them 180°/h. To improve statistical comparisons, we used survival through 90% of incubation as our measurement to compare survival of controls with survival of eggs injected with graded concentrations of mercury.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-005-1002-y","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G.H., Hoffman, D.J., Kondrad, S., and Erwin, C.A., 2006, Factors affecting the toxicity of methylmercury injected into eggs: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 50, no. 2, p. 264-279, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-1002-y.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"279","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdeb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kondrad, S. L.","contributorId":57574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kondrad","given":"S. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erwin, C. A.","contributorId":104193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70175210,"text":"wdrNY053 - 2006 - Water resources data New York water year 2005, volume 3: Western New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T11:03:56","indexId":"wdrNY053","displayToPublicDate":"2005-11-06T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-05-3","title":"Water resources data New York water year 2005, volume 3: Western New York","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2005 water year for Western New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; ground-water levels and water quality; and quantity and chemical quality of precipitation. This volume contains records for water discharge at 71 gaging stations; stage only at 15 gaging stations; stage and contents at 6 gaging stations; water quality at 12 gaging stations, 29 wells, and 22 partial-record stations; water levels at 29 observation wells; daily precipitation totals at 1 site, and chemical quality of precipitation at 1 site. Also included are data for 38 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of these sites are shown on figure 1. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as measurements made at miscellaneous sites. Surface-water, ground-water, and water-quality data at all sites are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST), unless otherwise noted. These data together with the data in Volumes 1 and 2 represent that part of the National Water Information System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Szabo, C.O., Grover, J.S., and McInnes, S., 2006, Water resources data New York water year 2005, volume 3: Western New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-05-3, Summary: 12 p.; Data: v, 454 p.; Discontinued Sites: 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY053.","productDescription":"Summary: 12 p.; Data: v, 454 p.; Discontinued Sites: 9 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325990,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-ny-05-3/ithaca_annualrpt2005.pdf","text":"Surface-water, Water-quality, and Ground-water Data","size":"13.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR NY-05-3"},{"id":325989,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-ny-05-3/ithaca_rept.sum05.pdf","text":"Summary of Hydrologic Conditions","size":"309 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR NY-05-3"},{"id":325991,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-ny-05-3/ithaca_disc05.pdf","text":"Discontinued Sites","size":"32.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WDR NY-05-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.11328125,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -76.31103515625,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -76.234130859375,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -76.212158203125,\n 43.628123412124616\n ],\n [\n -76.2451171875,\n 43.55651037504758\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 43.54854811091288\n ],\n [\n -76.552734375,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -76.739501953125,\n 43.36512572875844\n ],\n [\n -76.937255859375,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -77.135009765625,\n 43.28520334369384\n ],\n [\n -77.49755859375,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -77.640380859375,\n 43.30919109985686\n ],\n [\n -77.838134765625,\n 43.33316939281735\n ],\n [\n -78.0908203125,\n 43.381097587278596\n ],\n [\n -78.431396484375,\n 43.381097587278596\n ],\n [\n -78.64013671875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -78.98071289062499,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -79.068603515625,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -79.07958984375,\n 43.141078106345844\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 43.04480541304369\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -78.958740234375,\n 42.91620643817353\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -79.244384765625,\n 42.5611728553181\n ],\n [\n -79.4970703125,\n 42.407234661551875\n ],\n [\n -79.62890625,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -79.8046875,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -79.73876953125,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -75.35522460937499,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -75.4541015625,\n 42.13896840458089\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 42.36666166373274\n ],\n [\n -75.333251953125,\n 42.65820178455667\n ],\n [\n -75.2783203125,\n 42.83569550641454\n ],\n [\n -75.223388671875,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -75.465087890625,\n 43.42898792344157\n ],\n [\n -75.750732421875,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -76.11328125,\n 43.929549935614595\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Water resources data for the 2005 water year for Long Island New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; stage and water quality of estuaries; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This volume contains records for water discharge at 15 gaging stations; lake stage at 7 gaging stations; tide stage at 6 gaging stations; and water levels at 478 observation wells. Also included are data for 10 low-flow partial record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data, together with the data in volumes 1 and 3 represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Federal, and other agencies in New York.
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U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
The Safe Water Drinking Act of 1974 as amended in 1996 gave each State the responsibility of developing a Source-Water Assessment Plan (SWAP) that is designed to protect public-water supplies from contamination. Each SWAP must include three elements: (1) a delineation of the source-water protection area, (2) an inventory of potential sources of contaminants within the area, and (3) a determination of the susceptibility of the public-water supply to contamination from the inventoried sources. The Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) was responsible for preparing a SWAP for all public-water supplies in Indiana, including about 2,400 small public ground-water supplies that are designated transient, non-community (TNC) supplies. In cooperation with IDEM, the U.S. Geological Survey compiled information on conditions near the TNC supplies and helped IDEM complete source-water assessments for each TNC supply. The delineation of a source-water protection area (called the assessment area) for each TNC ground-water supply was defined by IDEM as a circular area enclosed by a 300-foot radius centered at the TNC supply well. Contaminants of concern (COCs) were defined by IDEM as any of the 90 contaminants for which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established primary drinking-water standards. Two of these, nitrate as nitrogen and total coliform bacteria, are Indiana State-regulated contaminants for TNC water supplies. IDEM representatives identified potential point and nonpoint sources of COCs within the assessment area, and computer database retrievals were used to identify potential point sources of COCs in the area outside the assessment area. Two types of methods-subjective and subjective hybrid-were used in the SWAP to determine susceptibility to contamination. Subjective methods involve decisions based upon professional judgment, prior experience, and (or) the application of a fundamental understanding of processes without the collection and analysis of data for a specific condition. Subjective hybrid methods combine subjective methods with quantitative hydrologic analyses. The subjective methods included an inventory of potential sources and associated contaminants, and a qualitative description of the inherent susceptibility of the area around the TNC supply. The description relies on a classification of the hydrogeologic and geomorphic characteristics of the general area around the TNC supply in terms of its surficial geology, regional aquifer system, the occurrence of fine- and coarse-grained geologic materials above the screen of the TNC well, and the potential for infiltration of contaminants. The subjective hybrid method combined the results of a logistic regression analysis with a subjective analysis of susceptibility and a subjective set of definitions that classify the thickness of fine-grained geologic materials above the screen of a TNC well in terms of impedance to vertical flow. The logistic regression determined the probability of elevated concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen (greater than or equal to 3 milligrams per liter) in ground water associated with specific thicknesses of fine-grained geologic materials above the screen of a TNC well. In this report, fine-grained geologic materials are referred to as a geologic barrier that generally impedes vertical flow through an aquifer. A geologic barrier was defined to be thin for fine-grained materials between 0 and 45 feet thick, moderate for materials between 45 and 75 feet thick, and thick if the fine-grained materials were greater than 75 feet thick. A flow chart was used to determine the susceptibility rating for each TNC supply. The flow chart indicated a susceptibility rating using (1) concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen and total coliform bacteria reported from routine compliance monitoring of the TNC supply, (2) the presence or absence of potential sources of regulated contaminants (nitrate as nitrogen and coliform bac
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., and Cohen, D.A., 2006, Methods Used to Assess the Susceptibility to Contamination of Transient, Non-Community Public Ground-Water Supplies in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5059, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055059.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055059.GIF"},{"id":6760,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a051","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arihood, Leslie D. 0000-0001-5792-3699 larihood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":2357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"Leslie","email":"larihood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":283586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, David A.","contributorId":30198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205401,"text":"70205401 - 2006 - Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T11:30:55","indexId":"70205401","displayToPublicDate":"2005-08-22T11:27:32","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis","docAbstract":"One of the more important questions in hydrology is: if the climate warms in the future, will there be an intensification of the water cycle and, if so, the nature of that intensification? There is considerable interest in this question because an intensification of the water cycle may lead to changes in water-resource availability, an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, floods, and droughts, and an amplification of warming through the water vapor feedback. Empirical evidence for ongoing intensification of the water cycle would provide additional support for the theoretical framework that links intensification with warming. This paper briefly reviews the current state of science regarding historical trends in hydrologic variables, including precipitation, runoff, tropospheric water vapor, soil moisture, glacier mass balance, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and growing season length. Data are often incomplete in spatial and temporal domains and regional analyses are variable and sometimes contradictory; however, the weight of evidence indicates an ongoing intensification of the water cycle. In contrast to these trends, the empirical evidence to date does not consistently support an increase in the frequency or intensity of tropical storms and floods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., 2006, Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis: Journal of Hydrology, v. 319, no. 1-4, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"319","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70917,"text":"ofr20051185 - 2006 - Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Casa Grande Ruins National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:04","indexId":"ofr20051185","displayToPublicDate":"2005-07-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1185","title":"Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Casa Grande Ruins National Monument","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\r\n\r\nThis report summarizes results of the first comprehensive biological inventory of Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (NM) in southern Arizona. Surveys at the monument were part of a larger effort to inventory vascular plants and vertebrates in eight National Park Service units in Arizona and New Mexico. In 2001 and 2002 we surveyed for vascular plants and vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) at Casa Grande Ruins NM to document the presence, and in some cases relative abundance, of species. By using repeatable study designs and standardized field techniques, which included quantified survey effort, we produced inventories that can serve as the basis for a biological monitoring program.\r\n\r\nOf the National Park Service units in the region, no other has experienced as much recent ecological change as Casa Grande Ruins NM. Once situated in a large and biologically diverse mesquite bosque near the perennially flowing Gila River, the monument is now a patch of sparse desert vegetation surrounded by urban and commercial development that is rapidly replacing agriculture as the dominant land use in the area. Roads, highways, and canals surround the monument. Development, and its associated impacts, has important implications for the plants and animals that live in the monument. The plant species list is small and the distribution and number of non-native plants appears to be increasing. Terrestrial vertebrates are also being impacted by the changing landscape, which is increasing the isolation of these populations from nearby natural areas and thereby reducing the number of species at the monument. These observations are alarming and are based on our review of previous studies, our research in the monument, and our knowledge of the biogeography and ecology of the Sonoran Desert. Together, these data suggest that the monument has lost a significant portion of its historic complement of species and these changes will likely intensify as urbanization continues.\r\n\r\nDespite isolation of the monument from nearby natural areas, we recorded noteworthy species or observations for all taxonomic groups:\r\n\r\n* Plants: night-blooming cereus \r\n* Amphibians: high abundance of Couch's spadefoot toads \r\n* Reptiles: high abundance of long-nosed snakes \r\n* Birds: 10 species of diurnal raptors including 4 species of falcons \r\n* Mammals: American badger\r\n\r\nThis study is a first step in the process of compiling information about the biological resources of Casa Grande Ruins NM and surrounding areas. We recommend additional inventory and research studies, and we identify aspects of our effort that could be improved upon through application of new techniques or by extending the temporal (and possibly spatial) scope of our work.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources\r\nThis report supersedes results reported in Powell et al. (2002, 2003, 2004).","usgsCitation":"Powell, B., Albrecht, E.W., Schmidt, C., Halvorson, W., Anning, P., and Docherty, K., 2006, Vascular Plant and Vertebrate Inventory of Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1185, xiv, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051185.","productDescription":"xiv, 72 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10284,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6028d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Brian F.","contributorId":25644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Brian F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albrecht, Eric W.","contributorId":8568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albrecht","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Cecilia A.","contributorId":25645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Cecilia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Halvorson, William L.","contributorId":97194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halvorson","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anning, Pamela","contributorId":45789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"Pamela","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Docherty, Kathleen","contributorId":100488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70461,"text":"ds85 - 2006 - The Massachusetts Bay internal wave experiment, August 1998: Data report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T18:40:08.869595","indexId":"ds85","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85","title":"The Massachusetts Bay internal wave experiment, August 1998: Data report","docAbstract":"This data report presents oceanographic observations made in Massachusetts Bay (fig. 1) in August 1998 as part of the Massachusetts Bay Internal Wave Experiment (MBIWE98). MBIWE98 was carried out to characterize large-amplitude internal waves in Massachusetts Bay and to investigate the possible resuspension and transport of bottom sediments caused by these waves. This data report presents a description of the field program and instrumentation, an overview of the data through summary plots and statistics, and the time-series data in NetCDF format. The objective of this report is to make the data available in digital form and to provide summary plots and statistics to facilitate browsing of the data set.
\nThe existence of large-amplitude internal waves in Massachusetts Bay was first described by Halpern (1971). In summer when the water is stratified, packets of waves propagate westward into the bay on the flood (westward flowing) tide at about 0.5 m/s. The internal waves are observed in packets of 5-10 waves, have periods of 5-10 minutes and wavelengths of 200-400 m, and cause downward excursions of the thermocline of as much as 30 m. The waves are generated by interaction of the barotropic tide with Stellwagen Bank (Haury and others (1979).
\nSeveral papers present analyses and interpretations of the data collected during the MBIWE98. Grosenbaugh and others (2002) report on the results of the horizontal array, Scotti and others (2005) describe a strategy for processing observations made by Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) in the presence of short-wavelength internal waves, Butman and others (in press) describe the effect of these waves on sediment transport, and Scotti and others (in press) describe the energetics of the internal waves.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds85","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Alexander, P., Anderson, S.P., Lightsom, F.L., Scotti, A., and Beardsley, R.C., 2006, The Massachusetts Bay internal wave experiment, August 1998: Data report (Version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 85, HTML Document; Spatial Data; Meta Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds85.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Spatial Data; Meta Data","temporalStart":"1998-08-01","temporalEnd":"1998-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8592,"rank":5,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/ds-85/WEBPAGES/dig_data_files.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8591,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/ds-85/WEBPAGES/metadata.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":295183,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/ds-85/WEBPAGES/title_page.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds85.PNG"},{"id":8590,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/85/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415269,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.8333,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -70.8333,\n 42.0833\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 42.0833\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -70.8333,\n 42.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aeca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, P. Soupy sdalyander@usgs.gov","contributorId":82780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"P. Soupy","email":"sdalyander@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Steven P.","contributorId":95148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lightsom, Frances L. 0000-0003-4043-3639 flightsom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-3639","contributorId":1535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lightsom","given":"Frances","email":"flightsom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scotti, Alberto","contributorId":86852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scotti","given":"Alberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beardsley, Robert C.","contributorId":8560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beardsley","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":282481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70440,"text":"sir20045143 - 2006 - Evaluation of metal loading to streams near Creede, Colorado, August and September 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T11:13:33","indexId":"sir20045143","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5143","title":"Evaluation of metal loading to streams near Creede, Colorado, August and September 2000","docAbstract":"Decisions about remediation of mine drainage on the watershed scale require an understanding of metal contributions from all sources to be able to choose the best sites for remediation. A hydrologic framework to study metal loading in the Willow Creek watershed, a tributary to the Rio Grande River, was established by conducting a series of tracer-injection studies. Each study used the tracer-dilution method in conjunction with synoptic sampling to determine the spatial distribution of discharge and concentration. Discharge and concentration data were then used to develop mass-loading curves for the metals of interest. The discharge and load profiles (1) identify the principal sources of load to the streams; (2) demonstrate the scale of unsampled, dispersed subsurface inflows; and (3) estimate the amount of natural attenuation. The greatest source of metal loads was from the Nelson Tunnel on West Willow Creek, which contributed 158 kilograms per day of zinc to the stream. Additional loading from other dispersed, subsurface inflows along West Willow Creek added substantial loads, but these were small in comparison to the loads from the Nelson Tunnel. No significant contributions of metal load from potential sources occurred along East Willow Creek. The lack of measurable loading may be a result of previous remedial actions along that stream. The lower Willow Creek section had relatively small contributions of load compared to what had been contributed upstream. This watershed approach provides a detailed snapshot of metal load for the watershed to support remediation decisions and quantifies processes that affect metal transport.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20045143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Creede, Colorado and the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R., Walton-Day, K., and Stover, B., 2006, Evaluation of metal loading to streams near Creede, Colorado, August and September 2000 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5143, viii, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045143.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"75","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-08-01","temporalEnd":"2000-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334251,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5143/PDF/SIR2004_5143.pdf"},{"id":6989,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5143/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Creede","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.95,37.81666666666667 ], [ -106.95,37.916666666666664 ], [ -106.9,37.916666666666664 ], [ -106.9,37.81666666666667 ], [ -106.95,37.81666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fafd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, K.","contributorId":14054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stover, B.K.","contributorId":67975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stover","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206631,"text":"ofr20051066 - 2006 - Project PROBE Leg I - Report and archive of multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter , CTD/XBT and GPS navigation data collected during USGS Cruise 02051 (NOAA Cruise RB0208) Puerto Rico Trench September 24, 2002 to September 30, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T20:13:39.083002","indexId":"ofr20051066","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T09:28:39","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1066","title":"Project PROBE Leg I - Report and archive of multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter , CTD/XBT and GPS navigation data collected during USGS Cruise 02051 (NOAA Cruise RB0208) Puerto Rico Trench September 24, 2002 to September 30, 2002","docAbstract":"On September 24-30, 2002, six days of scientific surveying to map a section of the Puerto Rico Trench (PRT) took place aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ship Ron Brown. The cruise was funded by NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration. Multibeam bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter data were collected over an area of about 25,000 sq. km of the Puerto Rico trench and its vicinity at water depths of 4000-8400 m. Weather conditions during the entire survey were good; there were light to moderate winds and 1-2 foot swells experiencing minor chop. The roll and pitch of the ship's interaction with the ocean were not conspicuous. Cruise participants included personnel from USGS, NOAA, and University of New Hampshire Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center. The cruise resulted in the discovery of a major active strike-slip fault system close to the trench, submarine slides on the descending North American tectonic plate, and an extinct mud volcano, which was cut by the strike-slip fault system. Another strike-slip fault system closer to Puerto Rico that was previously considered to accommodate much of the relative plate motion appears to be inactive. The seaward continuation of the Mona Rift, a zone of extension between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic that generated a devastating tsunami in 1918, was mapped for the first time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051066","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Worley, C.R., Smith, S., Stepka, T., and Williams, G.F., 2006, Project PROBE Leg I - Report and archive of multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter , CTD/XBT and GPS navigation data collected during USGS Cruise 02051 (NOAA Cruise RB0208) Puerto Rico Trench September 24, 2002 to September 30, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1066, HTML document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051066.","productDescription":"HTML document","temporalStart":"2002-09-24","temporalEnd":"2002-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369195,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1066/htmldocs/meta.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":369194,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1066/htmldocs/cruisedata.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":369192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1066/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":369193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1066/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.75,\n 18.9\n ],\n [\n -65.5,\n 18.9\n ],\n [\n -65.5,\n 20.25\n ],\n [\n -67.75,\n 20.25\n ],\n [\n -67.75,\n 18.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":775267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Worley, Charles R. cworley@usgs.gov","contributorId":3063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"Charles","email":"cworley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Shep","contributorId":77624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Shep","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stepka, Thomas","contributorId":84862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stepka","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Glynn F.","contributorId":83618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Glynn","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70187747,"text":"70187747 - 2006 - Are you prepared for the next big earthquake in Alaska?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T11:10:08","indexId":"70187747","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Are you prepared for the next big earthquake in Alaska?","docAbstract":"Scientists have long recognized that Alaska has more earthquakes than any other region of the United States and is, in fact, one of the most seismically active areas of the world. The second-largest earthquake ever recorded shook the heart of southern Alaska on March 27th, 1964.
The largest strike-slip slip earthquake in North America in almost 150 years occurred on the Denali Fault in central Alaska on November 3rd, 2002. “Great” earthquakes (larger than magnitude 8) have rocked the state on an average of once every 13 years since 1900. It is only a matter of time before another major earthquake will impact a large number of Alaskans.
Alaska has changed significantly since the damaging 1964 earthquake, and the population has more than doubled. Many new buildings are designed to withstand intense shaking, some older buildings have been reinforced, and development has been discouraged in some particularly hazardous areas.
Despite these precautions, future earthquakes may still cause damage to buildings, displace items within buildings, and disrupt the basic utilities that we take for granted. We must take every reasonable action to prepare for damaging earthquakes in order to lower these risks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Earthquake Information Center","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","usgsCitation":"Alaska Earthquake Information Center, 2006, Are you prepared for the next big earthquake in Alaska?, ii, 26 p.","productDescription":"ii, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aeic.alaska.edu/html_docs/nextbigeq.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcde4b0a7fdb43ddf04"} ,{"id":70175100,"text":"70175100 - 2006 - Sedimentation and bathymetry changes in south San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T15:52:52","indexId":"70175100","displayToPublicDate":"2003-10-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"Sedimentation and bathymetry changes in south San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983","conferenceTitle":"6th Biennial State of the Estuary Conference","conferenceDate":"October 21-23, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Oakland, CA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Foxgrover, A., Higgins, S., Ingraca, M., Jaffe, B.E., and Smith, R.E., 2006, Sedimentation and bathymetry changes in south San Francisco Bay: 1858-1983, 6th Biennial State of the Estuary Conference, Oakland, CA, October 21-23, 2003, p. 80-80.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"80","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb4e4b0589fa1c980d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxgrover, A.C.","contributorId":34321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxgrover","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, S.A.","contributorId":53667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingraca, M.K.","contributorId":173253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ingraca","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, R. E.","contributorId":76366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50694,"text":"ofr02372 - 2006 - Physical properties of Long Island Sound sediment cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T19:37:45.368535","indexId":"ofr02372","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-372","title":"Physical properties of Long Island Sound sediment cores","docAbstract":"This report presents data on x-radiography, water content, and sediment texture from sediment cores collected in 1996 in Long Island Sound, offshore of Connecticut and New York (Figure 1). Core locations and analytical data are presented in both graphical and numerical form. The physical properties data presented here are a subset of a larger dataset consisting of results from these cores and other sediment samples. (See Poppe and others (1998) and Mecray and others (2000) for samples collected in Long Island Sound from 1996-2001 by the USGS.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02372","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Galvin Gutierrez, E., Mecray, E.L., and Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., 2006, Physical properties of Long Island Sound sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-372, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02372.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416673,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76217.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4168,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-372/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -71.641845703125,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -71.641845703125,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 40.78054143186033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Joel","contributorId":49034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Joel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galvin Gutierrez, Erin","contributorId":78007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galvin Gutierrez","given":"Erin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mecray, Ellen L.","contributorId":50887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4910,"text":"twri09A4 - 2006 - Chapter A4. Collection of water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T11:18:13","indexId":"twri09A4","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"09-A4","displayTitle":"Chapter A4. Collection of Water Samples","title":"Chapter A4. Collection of water samples","docAbstract":"The National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data (National Field Manual) describes protocols and provides guidelines for U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) personnel who collect data that are used to assess the quality of the Nation's surface-water and ground-water resources. This chapter addresses preparations and appropriate methods for the collection of surface-water, groundwater, and associated quality-control samples. Among the topics covered are considerations and procedures to prevent sample contamination; establishing site files; instructions for collecting depth-integrated isokinetic and nonisokinetic samples at flowing- and still-water sites; and guidelines for collecting formation water from wells having various types of construction and hydraulic and aquifer characteristics. Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters will be announced on the USGS Home Page on the World Wide Web under 'New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.'
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 9","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri09A4","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Chapter A4. Collection of water samples (Version 2.0, Revised September 2006 (original version published September 1999)): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 09-A4, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri09A4.","productDescription":"166 p.","numberOfPages":"231","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a4/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":363708,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm9A0","text":"Techniques and Methods 9-A0","linkHelpText":"- General introduction for the “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data”"},{"id":653,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a4/twri9a4_Chap4_v2.pdf","text":"Report - September 2006","size":"5.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Version 2"},{"id":362110,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a4/twri9a4_chapter4.pdf","text":"Report - September 1999","size":"2.05 mB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Original"}],"edition":"Version 2.0, Revised September 2006 (original version published September 1999)","contact":"Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nfm@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"The South Caspian Basin encompasses the southern extension of the Caspian Sea, including land areas in eastern Azerbaijan, western Turkmenistan, and northern Iran. The region is endowed with abundant petroleum resources, and oil and gas production has played an important commercial role in the region for more than 150 yr, especially in Azerbaijan and to a lesser extent in Turkmenistan. Major oil reserves are concentrated in 2,500–3,500 m of shallow-marine, deltaic to lacustrine deposits of middle Pliocene age. To date, some 620 oil and gas fields have been discovered in strata ranging in age from Miocene to Quaternary; however, less than a dozen fields produce from both Miocene and Quaternary reservoirs. The principal reserves and targets for future exploration are in the middle Pliocene Productive Series.
The South Caspian Basin is unusual in several respects:
In this depositional environment, good reservoir porosities and permeabilities could be preserved to depths as great as 12 km. Analysis of source rock samples collected from outcrops, cores, and mud-volcano ejecta shows total organic carbon contents to range from 1.2 to more than 10 percent, the richest being in the middle part of the Oligocene–Miocene Maykop Series. Source rocks, with thicknesses ranging from 100 m to more than 2,500 m, form the cores of many anticlines in the basin. Reservoir rocks, consisting of fluviodeltaic clastic deposits ranging in texture from mudstone to conglomerate, are mostly in the middle Pliocene Productive Series, but some Miocene and lower Pliocene reservoirs are also present. Reservoir seals are formed by interbedded shales. Hydrocarbon traps developed mainly during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene.
The Oligocene–Miocene Maykop/Diatom Total Petroleum System within the South Caspian Basin is separated into five hydrocarbon assessment units:
Changes in the area and volume of polar ice sheets are intricately linked to changes in global climate, and the resulting changes in sea level could severely impact the densely populated coastal regions on Earth. Melting of the West Antarctic part alone of the Antarctic ice sheet would cause a sea-level rise of approximately 6 meters (m). The potential sea-level rise after melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be 65 m (Lythe and others, 2001) to 73 m (Williams and Hall, 1993). In addition to its importance, the mass balance (the net volumetric gain or loss) of the Antarctic ice sheet is highly complex, responding differently to different conditions in each region (Vaughan, 2005). In a review paper, Rignot and Thomas (2002) concluded that the West Antarctic ice sheet is probably becoming thinner overall; although it is thickening in the west, it is thinning in the north. Thomas and others (2004), on the basis of aircraft and satellite laser altimetry surveys, believe the thinning may be accelerating. Joughin and Tulaczyk (2002), on the basis of analysis of ice-flow velocities derived from synthetic aperture radar, concluded that most of the Ross ice streams (ice streams on the east side of the Ross Ice Shelf) have a positive mass balance, whereas Rignot and others (2004) infer even larger negative mass balance for glaciers flowing northward into the Amundsen Sea, a trend suggested by Swithinbank and others (2003a,b, 2004). The mass balance of the East Antarctic ice sheet is thought by Davis and others (2005) to be strongly positive on the basis of the change in satellite altimetry measurements made between 1992 and 2003.
\nMeasurement of changes in area and mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet was given a very high priority in recommendations by the Polar Research Board of the National Research Council (1986), in subsequent recommendations by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) (1989, 1993), and by the National Science Foundation's (1990) Division of Polar Programs. On the basis of these recommendations, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) decided that the archive of early 1970s Landsat 1, 2, and 3 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images of Antarctica and the subsequent repeat coverage made possible with Landsat and other satellite images provided an excellent means of documenting changes in the coastline of Antarctica (Ferrigno and Gould, 1987). The availability of this information provided the impetus for carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the glaciological features of the coastal regions and changes in ice fronts of Antarctica (Swithinbank, 1988; Williams and Ferrigno, 1988). The project was later modified to include Landsat 4 and 5 MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) [and in some areas Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)], RADARSAT images, and other data where available, to compare changes that occurred during a 20- to 25- or 30-year time interval (or longer where data were available, as in the Antarctic Peninsula). The results of the analysis are being used to produce a digital database and a series of USGS Geologic Investigations Series Maps (I–2600) consisting of 23 maps at 1:1,000,000 scale and 1 map at 1:5,000,000 scale, in both paper and digital format (Williams and others, 1995; Williams and Ferrigno, 1998; Ferrigno and others, 2002).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2600A","isbn":"0607964421","collaboration":"This report is Chapter A in Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica. For more information, see: IMAP 2600. Prepared in cooperation with the British Antarctic Survey, Scott Polar Research Institute, and Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie","usgsCitation":"Ferrigno, J.G., Cook, A.J., Foley, K.M., Williams, R., Swithinbank, C., Fox, A.J., Thomson, J.W., and Sievers, J., 2006, Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Trinity Peninsula area and south Shetland Islands, Antarctica: 1843-2001: Chapter A in Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2600, 1 Plate: 45.00 x 28.00 inches; Pamphlet: iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2600A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 45.00 x 28.00 inches; Pamphlet: iv, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"36","temporalStart":"1842-12-31","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":181,"text":"Coastal Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9417,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/A/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":295719,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/A/pdf/TrinityCoast.pdf"},{"id":295720,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2600/A/pdf/I2600-A-pamphlet.pdf"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Polar stereographic projection","otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, Trinity Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67,-65 ], [ -67,-60 ], [ -52,-60 ], [ -52,-65 ], [ -67,-65 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":288586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, Alison J.","contributorId":42665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Kevin M. 0000-0003-1013-462X kfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-462X","contributorId":2543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Kevin","email":"kfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":90679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swithinbank, Charles","contributorId":26368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swithinbank","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fox, Adrian J.","contributorId":68413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thomson, Janet W.","contributorId":32212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomson","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sievers, Jorn","contributorId":101753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sievers","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":77495,"text":"i2614 - 2006 - Geologic map of the middle east rift geothermal subzone, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T21:34:34.293919","indexId":"i2614","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2614","title":"Geologic map of the middle east rift geothermal subzone, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi","docAbstract":"Kīlauea is an active shield volcano in the southeastern part of the Island of Hawai'i. The middle east rift zone (MERZ) map includes about 27 square kilometers of the MERZ and shows the distribution of the products of 37 separate eruptions during late Holocene time. Lava flows erupted during 1983-96 have reached the mapped area. The subaerial part of the MERZ is 3-4 km wide and about 18 km long. It is a constructional ridge, 50-150 m above the adjoining terrain, marked by low spatter ramparts and cones as high as 60 m. Lava typically flowed either northeast or southeast, depending on vent location relative to the topographic crest of the rift zone. The MERZ receives more than 100 in. of rainfall annually and is covered by tropical rain forest. Vegetation begins to grow on lava a few months after its eruption. Relative heights of trees can be a guide to relative ages of underlying lava flows, but proximity to faults, presence of easily weathered cinders, and human activity also affect the rate of growth. The rocks have been grouped into five basic age groups. The framework for the ages assigned is provided by eight radiocarbon ages from previous mapping by the authors and a single date from the current mapping effort. The numerical ages are supplemented by observations of stratigraphic relations, degree of weathering, soil development, and vegetative cover.
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