{"pageNumber":"252","pageRowStart":"6275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":36989,"records":[{"id":50552,"text":"ofr02418 - 2002 - Policy, a factor shaping minerals supply and demand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr02418","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-418","title":"Policy, a factor shaping minerals supply and demand","docAbstract":"Valuable insights about the future availability of minerals for the U.S. economy can be gained from a study of the history of U.S. mineral development. From the beginning, first as corporate ventures, next as colonies, then as States united, American governments have pursued policies that had the effect to encourage development of mineral and other resources. \r\n\r\nDuring the frontier period, 1781-1890, all levels of government in the United States spent public money for infrastructure development (canals, forts, ports, railroads, roads, and other), and the Federal government was particularly active in land acquisition, land surveys, and resource title transfer to private interests. These activities were effective support for the development of the nation?s mineral resources. This was a period of rapid growth, wealth building, and substantial land disturbance. \r\n\r\nDuring the post-frontier period, 1891-present, the consequences of resource development helped to move values for ecology and culture to the forefront of public policy, making them more competitive with development values. To date, American history?s lesson has been that policy is very important with regard to where and how minerals are placed into the service of human needs. This is also the history of global mining, as mining capital has moved to friendly policy environments. Although policy can create regional dislocations of mining, it has had little effect on the long-term global availability of minerals at continuously decreasing prices.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02418","usgsCitation":"Goonan, T.G., and introduction by Rodenburg, E., 2002, Policy, a factor shaping minerals supply and demand (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-418, 83 p., illus. incl. 8 tables, 120 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02418.","productDescription":"83 p., illus. incl. 8 tables, 120 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4362,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-418/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goonan, Thomas G. goonan@usgs.gov","contributorId":2761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goonan","given":"Thomas","email":"goonan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"introduction by Rodenburg, Eric","contributorId":81554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"introduction by Rodenburg","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50477,"text":"ofr0245 - 2002 - Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ORGN00005, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 15 February-2 March 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T15:54:46","indexId":"ofr0245","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-45","title":"Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ORGN00005, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 15 February-2 March 2000","docAbstract":"

In 1999, the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council recommended that NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service establish two approximately 11-square-mile areas on the shelf edge in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico as no-fishing areas. One of the areas, the Madison-Swanson Marine Protected Area (MPA) lies about 100 km south of Panama City, Florida. The second area, Steamboat Lumps MPA lies about 150 km SSE of Madison-Swanson. The high-resolution seismic-reflection data contained herein were collected as part of a larger study of the effectiveness of no-fishing reserves in protecting grouper spawning aggregations. These subbottom profiles will be used in conjunction with other data to map the seafloor geology and the character and extent of benthic habitats within and surrounding the two MPAs. They show the shape and acoustic impedence of the seafloor and the thicknesses and orientations of shallow subsurface horizons. These data may be helpful in the following applications:

\n
    \n
  1. choosing biological monitoring sites
    2. \n
  2. management decisions in the MPAs
    3. \n
  3. choosing sites for future MPAs
    4. \n
  4. studies of paleo-sealevel
    5. \n
  5. studies of the inter-relationships between seafloor geology and benthic ecology
    6. \n
  6. studies of sedimentary geology and geologic framework of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico
    7. \n
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0245","usgsCitation":"Capone, M.K., Swift, B.A., and Scanlon, K.M., 2002, Archive of chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise ORGN00005, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 15 February-2 March 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-45, HTML Document; 2 DVD-ROMs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0245.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 2 DVD-ROMs","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/openfile/of2002-045/htmldocs/intro.htm"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capone, Mark K.","contributorId":16903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capone","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swift, B. Ann","contributorId":92685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scanlon, Kathryn M.","contributorId":6816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50281,"text":"ofr99506 - 2002 - West-central Florida coastal transect # 2: Caladesi Island - Clearwater Beach Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T19:37:50.013067","indexId":"ofr99506","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-506","title":"West-central Florida coastal transect # 2: Caladesi Island - Clearwater Beach Island","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99506","isbn":"0607971592","usgsCitation":"Locker, S.D., Davis, R.A., Brooks, G.R., Hine, A.C., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2002, West-central Florida coastal transect # 2: Caladesi Island - Clearwater Beach Island (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-506, HTML Document: 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99506.","productDescription":"HTML Document: 1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54125.htm"},{"id":4101,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-506/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Caladesi Island, Clearwater Beach Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.3444,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -82.7833,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -82.7833,\n 28.075\n ],\n [\n -83.3444,\n 28.075\n ],\n [\n -83.3444,\n 28\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locker, Stanley D. 0000-0002-8008-0279 slocker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-0279","contributorId":63061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"Stanley","email":"slocker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, R. A.","contributorId":83488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, G. R.","contributorId":96312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50285,"text":"ofr99510 - 2002 - West-central Florida coastal transect #6: Anna Maria Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T22:49:27.342876","indexId":"ofr99510","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-510","title":"West-central Florida coastal transect #6: Anna Maria Island","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99510","isbn":"0607971630","usgsCitation":"Locker, S.D., Brooks, G.R., Davis, R.A., Hine, A.C., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2002, West-central Florida coastal transect #6: Anna Maria Island: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-510, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99510.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4105,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-510/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":393486,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54129.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Anna Maria Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.15,\n 27.475\n ],\n [\n -82.6944,\n 27.475\n ],\n [\n -82.6944,\n 27.6167\n ],\n [\n -83.15,\n 27.6167\n ],\n [\n -83.15,\n 27.475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locker, Stanley D. 0000-0002-8008-0279 slocker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-0279","contributorId":63061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"Stanley","email":"slocker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, G. R.","contributorId":96312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, R. A.","contributorId":83488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50287,"text":"ofr99512 - 2002 - West-central Florida coastal transect #8: Siesta Key","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T19:11:47.263166","indexId":"ofr99512","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-512","title":"West-central Florida coastal transect #8: Siesta Key","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99512","isbn":"0607971657","usgsCitation":"Locker, S.D., Brooks, G.R., Davis, R.A., Hine, A.C., and Twichell, D., 2002, West-central Florida coastal transect #8: Siesta Key (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-512, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99512.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393532,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54131.htm"},{"id":4107,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-512/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Siesta Key","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.9333,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -82.5667,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -82.5667,\n 27.2889\n ],\n [\n -82.9333,\n 27.2889\n ],\n [\n -82.9333,\n 27\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locker, Stanley D. 0000-0002-8008-0279 slocker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-0279","contributorId":63061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locker","given":"Stanley","email":"slocker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, G. R.","contributorId":96312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, R. A.","contributorId":83488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hine, A. C.","contributorId":21197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50528,"text":"ofr02366 - 2002 - Rationale and operational plan for a U.S. high-altitude magnetic survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:59:08.949552","indexId":"ofr02366","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-366","title":"Rationale and operational plan for a U.S. high-altitude magnetic survey","docAbstract":"

On August 8, 2002, twenty-one scientists from the federal, private and academic sectors met at a workshop in Denver, Co., to discuss the feasibility of collecting magnetic anomaly data on a Canberra aircraft (Figure 1). The need for this 1-day workshop arose because of an exciting and cost-effective opportunity to collect invaluable magnetic anomaly data during a Canberra mission over the U.S. in 2003 and 2004. High Altitude Mapping Missions (HAMM) is currently planning a mission to collect Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) imagery at an altitude of about 15 km and with a flight-line spacing of about 18 km over the conterminous U.S. and Alaska. The additional collection of total and vector magnetic field data would represent a secondary mission objective (i.e., a \"piggy-back\" magnetometer system). Because HAMM would fund the main flight costs of the mission, the geomagnetic community would obtain invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These unique data would provide new insights on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and possibly the upper mantle.

\n
\n

This document highlights: (1) the reasons to conduct this national survey and (2) a preliminary operational plan to collect high-altitude magnetic data of a desired quality and for the expected resources. Although some operational plan issues remain to be resolved, the important conclusions of the workshop are that the Canberra is a very suitable platform to measure the magnetic field and that the planned mission will result in quality high-altitude magnetic data to greatly expand the utility of our national magnetic database.

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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-412","title":"Abstracts of the annual meeting of Planetary Geologic Mappers: June 21-22, 2002, Tempe, Arizona","docAbstract":"

The annual meeting of planetary geologic mappers allows mappers the opportunity to exchange ideas, experiences, victories, and problems. In addition, presentations are reviewed by the Geologic Mapping Subcommittee (GEMS) to provide input to the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Mapping Program review panel’s consideration of new proposals and progress reports that include mapping tasks. Funded mappers bring both oral presentation materials (slides or viewgraphs) and map products to post for review by GEMS and fellow mappers. Additionally, the annual meetings typically feature optional field trips that offer Earth analogs and parallels to planetary mapping problems or workshops that provide information and status of current missions.

\n
\n

The 2002 meeting of planetary geologic mappers was held June 21-22 at the Mars Flight Facility, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Dr. Phil Christensen graciously offered the use of the newly renovated facility, and Ms. Kelly Bender not only proved to be a courteous hostess, but also arranged a short workshop on June 23 regarding TES and THEMIS data.

\n
\n

Approximately 30 people attended each day of the 2-day meeting, although not the same 30—some attended only on Thursday and others only on Friday. On Thursday, eight mappers gave oral presentations of Mars mapping, and an additional two presentations were presented as posters only. Eight oral presentations on Venus mapping were given on Friday, and an additional four presentations were posters only. Twelve people attended the TES/THEMIS workshop. Presentations of Ganymede mapping and Europa mapping (the latter not yet financially sponsored by PG&G mapping program) were also given on Friday. Aside from the regular presentations of maps-in-progress, there were some additional talks. Lisa Gaddis (USGS) presented a proposal seeking support for a new lunar mapping program in light of all the new data available; she made a good case that the GEMS panel discussed. Jim Skinner (USGS) gave a short presentation on free (or nearly so) software available for 3D viewing of planetary surfaces.

\n
\n

Healthy discussions focused on the review time for some maps and the use of different styles of correlation charts observed on the presented maps. Next year’s meeting will be held June 19-20 at Brown University, Providence, RI.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02412","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., and Senske, D.A., 2002, Abstracts of the annual meeting of Planetary Geologic Mappers: June 21-22, 2002, Tempe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-412, Report: PDF, 55 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02412.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 55 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"59","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02412.jpg"},{"id":4540,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0412/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283905,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0412/pdf/of02-412.pdf"},{"id":283906,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0412/of04-412.txt"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europa;Ganymede;Mars;Moon;Venus","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a39ca","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gregg, Tracy","contributorId":98408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Tracy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745710,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":243004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senske, David A.","contributorId":32975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senske","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50568,"text":"ofr02458 - 2002 - Tabulation of asbestos-related terminology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:12","indexId":"ofr02458","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-458","title":"Tabulation of asbestos-related terminology","docAbstract":"The term asbestos has been defined in numerous publications including many State and Federal regulations. The definition of asbestos often varies depending on the source or publication in which it is used. Differences in definitions also exist for the asbestos-related terms acicular, asbestiform, cleavage, cleavage fragment, fiber, fibril, fibrous, and parting. An inexperienced reader of the asbestos literature would have difficulty understanding these differences and grasping many of the subtleties that exist in the literature and regulatory language. Disagreement among workers from the industrial, medical, mineralogical, and regulatory communities regarding these definitions has fueled debate as to their applicability to various morphological structures and chemical compositions that exist in the amphibole and serpentine groups of minerals. This debate has significant public health, economic and legal implications. This report summarizes asbestos-related definitions taken from a variety of academic, industrial, and regulatory sources. This summary is by no means complete but includes the majority of significant definitions currently applied in the discipline.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02458","usgsCitation":"Lowers, H., and Meeker, G., 2002, Tabulation of asbestos-related terminology (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-458, 70 p., 9 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02458.","productDescription":"70 p., 9 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4378,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-458/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db68735c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":52609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meeker, Greg","contributorId":20802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Greg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50557,"text":"ofr02425 - 2002 - Comments on potential geologic and seismic hazards affecting Mare Island, Solano County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T09:31:59","indexId":"ofr02425","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-425","title":"Comments on potential geologic and seismic hazards affecting Mare Island, Solano County, California","docAbstract":"

This report was prepared in response to a written request from the City of Vallejo, California, to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). By letter of October 4, 2002, the City requested that the USGS \"provide advice to the City’s LNG Health and Safety Committee on its review of a potential liquid natural gas project\" on the southern portion of Mare Island. The City specifically requested that the USGS advise the committee on potential hazards including fault rupture, earthquake ground motion, soil failure during earthquakes, tsunami and seiche, and landslides. The City requested that the USGS: (1) comment on these hazards, (2) describe its degree of confidence in its opinions, and (3) describe the scope of additional studies that will be needed if the City enters into an agreement with project sponsors. Advice was also requested on the selection of the safe shutdown and operating basis earthquakes as specified in the NFPA 59A standard (NFPA, 2001).

\n
\n

This review of published reports and other publicly available information indicates that all of the hazards on which the USGS was asked to comment should be considered for the proposed project on the southern portion of Mare Island. Available information differs greatly for each of these potential hazards, and adequate understanding for design will require detailed site-specific investigations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02425","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T., Wentworth, C., Bakun, W.H., Boatwright, J., Brocher, T., Çelebi, M., Ellsworth, W., Fletcher, J., Geist, E., Graymer, R., Kayen, R.E., Keefer, D.K., Oppenheimer, D.H., Savage, W., Schwartz, D.P., and Simpson, R., 2002, Comments on potential geologic and seismic hazards affecting Mare Island, Solano County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-425, Report: PDF, 23 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02425.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 23 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"23","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02425.jpg"},{"id":4367,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0425/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283907,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0425/pdf/of02-425.pdf"},{"id":283908,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0425/OFR02-425.txt"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Solano County","otherGeospatial":"Mare Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.3971,36.4991 ], [ -123.3971,38.7005 ], [ -121.1984,38.7005 ], [ -121.1984,36.4991 ], [ -123.3971,36.4991 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae68d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, T.L.","contributorId":35739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wentworth, C. M. 0000-0003-2569-569X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":106466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brocher, T.E.","contributorId":8376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fletcher, J.P.B.","contributorId":96936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"J.P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Oppenheimer, D. H.","contributorId":18395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Savage, W.U.","contributorId":25258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":51160,"text":"ofr02392 - 2002 - Mineralogical characterization of weathered and less weathered strata of the Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Measured sections E and F, Rasmussen Ridge, and measured sections G and H, Sage Creek area of the Webster Range, Caribou County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:04:28.971879","indexId":"ofr02392","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-392","title":"Mineralogical characterization of weathered and less weathered strata of the Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Measured sections E and F, Rasmussen Ridge, and measured sections G and H, Sage Creek area of the Webster Range, Caribou County, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Permian Phosphoria Formation of the western U.S. includes one of the largest\nphosphate deposits in the world. Despite the economic significance of this formation, its\nfine-grained nature has discouraged detailed mineralogical characterization and\nquantitative studies. Recently, selenium and other potentially hazardous trace elements\nin mine wastes have drawn increased attention to these rocks and motivated more\nextensive study. Part of this effort has focused on a more detailed geological and\nmineralogical characterization of the rocks. This study uses powder X-ray diffraction\n(XRD) with Rietveld quantification software to characterize the mineralogy of channel\nsamples from stratigraphic sections measured by the U.S. Geological Survey in the\nMeade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation. Measured\nsections are at the Rasmussen Ridge mine and at the Smoky Canyon mine approximately\n15 and 25 miles, respectively, northeast of Soda Springs, Idaho.\nThe dominant minerals present in these samples are carbonate-fluorapatite, which\nis the most common phosphatic ore mineral in this and other marine phosphorites, quartz,\nmuscovite, albite, orthoclase, the ammonium feldspar buddingtonite (NH4AlSi3O8),\ndolomite, and calcite. Because of their potential for hosting trace elements such as Se,\nthe presence of minor pyrite and sphalerite is also noteworthy. Analysis of the carbonate\ncontent in the carbonate-fluorapatite by Rietveld refinement shows relatively low\ncarbonate contents, generally between 2 ? 3% (wt.) CO3\n2- in the apatite structure,\ncompared to other marine phosphorites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02392","usgsCitation":"Knudsen, A.C., Gunter, M.E., Herring, J., and Grauch, R., 2002, Mineralogical characterization of weathered and less weathered strata of the Meade Peak phosphatic shale member of the Permian Phosphoria Formation: Measured sections E and F, Rasmussen Ridge, and measured sections G and H, Sage Creek area of the Webster Range, Caribou County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-392, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02392.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02392.jpg"},{"id":389455,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52495.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283883,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0392/pdf/OF02-392.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4574,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0392/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.5,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -111.1,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -111.1,\n 42.6\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 42.6\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 42.8\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knudsen, A. C.","contributorId":46562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knudsen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunter, M. E.","contributorId":104937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunter","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herring, J. R.","contributorId":43348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grauch, R. I. 0000-0002-1763-0813","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":107698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"R. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50536,"text":"ofr02396 - 2002 - Cruise report RV Moana Wave Cruise M-1-02-GM bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of the mid and outer continental shelf, head of De Soto Canyon, northeastern Gulf of Mexico June 17, through July 9, 2002 Pensacola, FL to Pensacola, FL","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-21T18:25:42.01172","indexId":"ofr02396","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-396","title":"Cruise report RV Moana Wave Cruise M-1-02-GM bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of the mid and outer continental shelf, head of De Soto Canyon, northeastern Gulf of Mexico June 17, through July 9, 2002 Pensacola, FL to Pensacola, FL","docAbstract":"The mid to outer continental shelf off Mississippi-Alabama and off northwest Florida were the focus of US Geological Survey (USGS) multibeam echosounder (MBES) mapping cruises in 2000 and 2001, respectively. These areas were mapped to investigate the extent of \"deep-water reefs\" first suggested by Ludwick and Walton (1957). The reefs off Mississippi and Alabama were initially described in water depths of 60 to 120 m (Ludwick and Walton, 1957) but the 2000 mapping found reef and hardgrounds to be much more extensive than previously thought (Gardner et al., 2001). The persistent trend of reef-like features along the outer shelf of Mississippi-Alabama suggested the trend might continue along the northwest Florida mid and outer shelf so a MBES-mapping effort was mounted in 2001 to test this suggestion. It is critical to determine the accurate location, geomorphology, and types of the ridges and reefs that occur in this region to understand the Quaternary history of the area and to assess their importance as benthic habitats for fisheries. The 2001 survey found a series of shelf-depth platforms with ridges (possibly reefs) constructed on their surfaces (Gardner et al., 2002).\n\nThe area known as the \"head of De Soto Canyon\" is the large unmapped region between the 2000 and 2001 mapped areas. The head of De Soto Canyon is an outer shelf zone with a relatively steep western wall and a much gentler eastern wall. It was unknown prior to this cruise whether the reefs of the Mississippi-Alabama shelf continue eastward into the head of De Soto Canyon and connect with the ridges and reefs mapped on the northwest Florida outer shelf. The existence of carbonate-cemented latest Quaternary to Holocene sandstones along the western wall of the head of De Soto Canyon (Shipp and Hopkins, 1978; Benson et al., 1997; W.W. Schroeder, personnel comm., 2002) is of interest because of the potential benthic habitats they may represent. \n\nPrecisely georeferenced high-resolution mapping of bathymetry is a fundamental first step in the study of an area suspected to be critical benthic habitats. Morphology is thought to be critical to define the distribution of dominant demersal plankton/planktivores communities. Community structure and trophodynamics of demersal fishes of the outer continental shelf of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico presently are focuses of a major USGS research project. A goal of the project is to answer questions concerning the relative roles played by morphology and surficial geology in controlling biological differentiation. Deep-water ridges, reefs, and outcrops are important because they are fish havens and key spawning sites, and are critical habitats for larval, juvenile, and economically important sport/food fishes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02396","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J.V., Hughes Clarke, J.E., and Meyer, L.A., 2002, Cruise report RV Moana Wave Cruise M-1-02-GM bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of the mid and outer continental shelf, head of De Soto Canyon, northeastern Gulf of Mexico June 17, through July 9, 2002 Pensacola, FL to Pensacola, FL: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-396, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02396.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389557,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52492.htm"},{"id":283871,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0396/intro.html"},{"id":178428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02396.jpg"},{"id":4348,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0396/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, head Of De Soto Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.333333,23.716667 ], [ -92.333333,31.25 ], [ -79.683333,31.25 ], [ -79.683333,23.716667 ], [ -92.333333,23.716667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ee4b07f02db63ff7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes Clarke, John E.","contributorId":58676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hughes Clarke","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Larry A.","contributorId":12555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50537,"text":"ofr02398 - 2002 - Debris flows along the Interstate 70 corridor, Floyd Hill to the Arapahoe Basin ski area, central Colorado: A field trip guidebook","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T22:30:57.092835","indexId":"ofr02398","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-398","title":"Debris flows along the Interstate 70 corridor, Floyd Hill to the Arapahoe Basin ski area, central Colorado: A field trip guidebook","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02398","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., Godt, J.W., and Henceroth, A.J., 2002, Debris flows along the Interstate 70 corridor, Floyd Hill to the Arapahoe Basin ski area, central Colorado: A field trip guidebook (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-398, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02398.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410826,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52758.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4349,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-398/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Interstate 70 corridor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.4239,\n 39.7722\n ],\n [\n -105.8858,\n 39.7722\n ],\n [\n -105.8858,\n 39.63\n ],\n [\n -105.4239,\n 39.63\n ],\n [\n -105.4239,\n 39.7722\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672800","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henceroth, Alan J.","contributorId":68390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henceroth","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50481,"text":"ofr0283 - 2002 - Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:21","indexId":"ofr0283","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-83","title":"Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1978","docAbstract":"This arc and point data set contains streamflow-measurement sites and reaches indicating streamflow gain or loss under base-flow conditions along the Republican River and tributaries in Nebraska during October 10 to 18, 1978 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1980). The streamflow measurements were made to obtain data on ground-water/surface-water interaction. Flow was observed visually to be zero, was measured, or was estimated at 254 sites. The measurements were made on the main stem of the Republican River and all flowing tributaries that enter the Republican River between Swanson and Harlan County reservoirs in the Nebraska part of the Republican River Basin. Tributaries were followed upstream until the first road crossing where zero flow was encountered. For selected streams, points of zero flow upstream of the first zero flow site also were checked.\r\n\r\nStreamflow gain or loss for each stream reach was calculated by subtracting the streamflow values measured at the upstream end of the reach and values for contributing tributaries from the downstream value. The data obtained reflected base-flow conditions suitable for estimating streamflow gains and losses for stream reaches between sites. \r\n\r\nThis digital data set was created by manually plotting locations of streamflow measurements. These points were used to designate stream-reach segments to calculate gain/loss per river mile. Reach segments were created by manually splitting the lines from a 1:250,000 hydrography data set (Soenksen and others, 1999) at every location where the streams were measured. Each stream-reach segment between streamflow-measurement sites was assigned a unique reach number. All other lines in the hydrography data set without reach numbers were omitted.\r\n\r\nThis data set was created to archive the calculated streamflow gains and losses in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, in October 1978, and make the data available for use with geographic information systems (GIS).\r\n\r\nIf measurement sites are used separately from reaches, the maximum scale of 1:100,000 should not be exceeded. When used in conjunction with the reach segments, the maximum scale should not exceed 1:250,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0283","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M., Stanton, J.S., Cornwall, J.F., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-83, 2 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0283.","productDescription":"2 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-083/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, James F.","contributorId":74067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50517,"text":"ofr02344 - 2002 - Results of weekly chemical and isotopic monitoring of selected springs in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park during June-September, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:40:52.565165","indexId":"ofr02344","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-344","title":"Results of weekly chemical and isotopic monitoring of selected springs in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park during June-September, 1995","docAbstract":"Each year at Norris Geyser Basin, generally in August or September, a widespread hydrothermal 'disturbance' occurs that is characterized by simultaneous changes in the discharge characteristics of many springs, particularly in the Back Basin. During the summer season of 1995, water samples from eight widely distributed hot springs and geysers at Norris were collected each week and analyzed to determine whether chemical and isotopic changes also occurred in the thermal waters at the time of the disturbance. In addition, Beryl Spring in Gibbon Canyon, 5.8 km southwest of Norris Geyser Basin, was included in the monitoring program. Waters discharged by four of the monitored hot springs and geysers appear to issue from relatively deep reservoirs where temperatures are at least 270 C and possibly higher than 300 C. At the time of, and for several days after, the onset of the 1995 disturbance, the normally neutral-chloride waters discharged by these four features all picked up an acid-sulfate component and became isotopically heavier. The acid-sulfate component appears to be similar in composition to some waters discharged in 100 Spring Plain that issue from subsurface regions where temperatures are in the range 170-210 C. However, the two monitored springs that discharge acid-chloride-sulfate waters in the 100 Spring Plain region did not show any significant chemical or isotopic response to the annual disturbance. Beryl Spring, and two neutral-chloride hot springs at Norris that appear to draw their water from reservoirs where temperatures are 250 C or less, also did not show any significant chemical or isotopic response to the annual disturbance. After the start of the annual disturbance, chloride concentrations in water sampled from Double Bulger Geyser in the Back Basin increased from about 800 ppm to about 1500 ppm, nearly twice as high as any previously reported chloride concentration in a thermal water at Yellowstone. The isotopic composition of that water precludes an origin of the high chloride by evaporation at atmospheric pressure. One way to account for the unique chemical and isotopic composition of this highly concentrated wateris by recirculation of water that had gone through one cycle of adiabatic cooling during upflow (decompressional boiling) back down into the hydrothermal system, where it is reheated to greater than 220 C. This previously boiled water then undergoes additional cycles of decompressional boiling during subsequent upflow. Another way the unique chemical and isotopic composition of Double Bulger water might evolve is by excess boiling in the formation that results from a decrease in fluid pressure within the channels of upflow. The annual disturbance at Norris Geyser Basin generally appears to be triggered by a cyclic up and down movement of the boilingpoint curve within the hydrothermal system in response to changes in the potentiometric surface of the cold water that is adjacent to, and interconnected with, that hydrothermal system. Annual disturbance phenomena that are easily recognized at Norris Geyser Basin may not be easily recognized elsewhere in Yellowstone National Park because (1) the neutral-chloride waters at Norris ascend directly from higher-temperature and higherpressure reservoirs (270 to >300 C at Norris compared to 180-215C at Upper and Lower Geyser Basins) that are capable of producing massive amounts of high-pressure steam, and (2) the clay that makes hot spring and geyser waters become turbid at Norris, heralding the start of the disturbance, comes from acid altered rocks that are widely distributed at intermediate depths at Norris, and that are rare in other geyser basins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02344","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., Weltman, U., Counce, D., White, L.D., and Janik, C.J., 2002, Results of weekly chemical and isotopic monitoring of selected springs in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park during June-September, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-344, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02344.","productDescription":"49 p.","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02344.jpg"},{"id":415129,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52496.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283828,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0344/pdf/of02-344.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4329,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0344/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.7117,\n 44.7333\n ],\n [\n -110.7117,\n 44.7203\n ],\n [\n -110.6975,\n 44.7203\n ],\n [\n -110.6975,\n 44.7333\n ],\n [\n -110.7117,\n 44.7333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60460b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weltman, U.","contributorId":33379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltman","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Counce, D.","contributorId":36165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counce","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":50524,"text":"ofr02357 - 2002 - Ground-water levels and precipitation data at the Maxey Flats low-level radioactive waste disposal site near Morehead, Kentucky, October 1988-September 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr02357","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-357","title":"Ground-water levels and precipitation data at the Maxey Flats low-level radioactive waste disposal site near Morehead, Kentucky, October 1988-September 2000","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet--Department for Environmental Protection--Division of Waste Management, has an ongoing program to monitor water levels at the Maxey Flats low-level radioactive waste disposal site near Morehead, Kentucky. Ground-water-level and precipitation data were collected from 112 wells and 1 rain gage at the Maxey Flats low-level radioactive waste disposal site during October 1988-September 2000. Data were collected on a semi-annual basis from 62 wells, continuously from 6 wells, and monthly or bimonthly from 44 wells (13 of which had continuous recorders installed for the period October 1998-September 2000). One tipping-bucket rain gage was used to collect data at the Maxey Flats site for the period October 1988-September 2000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02357","usgsCitation":"Zettwoch, D.D., 2002, Ground-water levels and precipitation data at the Maxey Flats low-level radioactive waste disposal site near Morehead, Kentucky, October 1988-September 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-357, 155 p., illus. incl. 1 table, sketch map, 8 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02357.","productDescription":"155 p., illus. incl. 1 table, sketch map, 8 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4336,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ky.water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr_2002_357.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668326","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zettwoch, Douglas D.","contributorId":56709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zettwoch","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50484,"text":"ofr0286 - 2002 - Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:21","indexId":"ofr0286","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-86","title":"Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1981","docAbstract":"This arc and point data set contains streamflow-measurement sites and reaches indicating streamflow gain or loss under base-flow conditions along the Republican River and tributaries in Nebraska during October 19 to 20, 1981 (Engel and others, 1984). The streamflow measurements were made to obtain data on ground-water/surface-water interaction. Flow was observed visually to be zero, was measured, or was estimated at 105 sites. The measurements were made on the main stem of the Republican River and all flowing tributaries that enter the Republican River between Muddy Creek in western Furnas County and Harlan County Reservoir in the Nebraska part of the Republican River Basin. Tributaries were followed upstream until the first road crossing where zero flow was encountered. For selected streams, points of zero flow upstream of the first zero flow site were also checked. \r\n\r\nStreamflow gain or loss for each stream reach was calculated by subtracting the streamflow values measured at the upstream end of the reach and values for contributing tributaries from the downstream value. The data obtained reflected base-flow conditions suitable for estimating streamflow gains and losses for stream reaches between sites. \r\n\r\nThis digital data set was created by manually plotting locations of streamflow measurements. These points were used to designate stream-reach segments to calculate gain/loss per river mile. Reach segments were created by manually splitting the lines from a 1:250,000 hydrography data set (Soenksen and others, 1999) at every location where the streams were measured. Each stream-reach segment between streamflow-measurement sites was assigned a unique reach number. All other lines in the hydrography data set without reach numbers were omitted.\r\n\r\nThis data set was created to archive the calculated streamflow gains and losses of selected streams in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, in October 1981, and make the data available for use with geographic information systems (GIS).\r\n\r\nIf measurement sites are used separately from reaches, the maximum scale of 1:100,000 should not be exceeded. When used in conjunction with the reach segments, the maximum scale should not exceed 1:250,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0286","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M., Stanton, J.S., Cornwall, J.F., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-86, 2 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0286.","productDescription":"2 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4293,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, James F.","contributorId":74067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50529,"text":"ofr02367 - 2002 - Evaluation of airborne thermal-infrared image data for monitoring aquatic habitats and cultural resources within the Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:05:58.911291","indexId":"ofr02367","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-367","title":"Evaluation of airborne thermal-infrared image data for monitoring aquatic habitats and cultural resources within the Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"

This study examined thermal-infrared (TIR) image data acquired using the airborne Advanced Thematic Mapper (ATM) sensor in the afternoon of July 25th, 2000 over a portion of the Colorado River corridor to determine the capability of these 100-cm resolution data to address some biologic and cultural resource requirements for GCMRC. The requirements investigated included the mapping of warm backwaters that may serve as fish habitats and the detection (and monitoring) of archaeological structures and natural springs that occur on land. This report reviews the procedure for calibration of the airborne TIR data to obtain surface water temperatures and shows the results for various river reaches within the acquired river corridor. With respect to mapping warm backwater areas, our results show that TIR data need to be acquired with a gain setting that optimizes the range of temperatures found within the water to increase sensitivity of the resulting data to a level of 0.1 °C and to reduce scan-line noise. Data acquired within a two-hour window around maximum solar heating (1:30 PM) is recommended to provide maximum solar heating of the water and to minimize cooling effects of late-afternoon shadows. Ground-truth data within the temperature range of the warm backwaters are necessary for calibration of the TIR data. The ground-truth data need to be collected with good locational accuracy. The derived water-temperature data provide the capability for rapid, wide-area mapping of warm-water fish habitats using a threshold temperature for such habitats.

\n
\n

The collected daytime TIR data were ineffective in mapping (detecting) both archaeological structures and natural springs (seeps). The inability of the daytime TIR data to detect archaeological structures is attributed to the low thermal sensitivity (0.3 °C) of the collected data. The detection of subtle thermal differences between geologic materials requires sensitivities of at least 0.1 °C, which can be obtained by most TIR sensors using an appropriate gain setting. Simultaneous data collection for both land and water purposes can be achieved using sensors that collect TIR data in two separate channels, each channel using a gain setting most appropriate for land or water. The detection of archaeological structures and natural water seeps would also be improved by collection of data after sunset, which would require a separate data acquisition from that providing surface water temperature data and therefore additional cost.

\n
\n

At this point, the cost for acquiring TIR data is quite high ($620/river-km) compared to the potential benefits of the data, unless reflected-wavelength data are also collected that can satisfy other GCMRC protocol requirements (such as mapping riparian vegetation). This is especially true if multiple data acquisitions are required during the year for temporal analyses of backwater areas. The cost for these data cannot be totally mitigated by its ability to partly replace the need for ground surveys of backwaters because calibration of the TIR data will require some ground-truth data from warm backwater areas (in addition to low-temperature main-stem data). However, the airborne data can provide a product that cannot be approached by ground surveys, that being an instantaneous (2 hour) map of surface water temperature over a 160-km stretch of the Grand Canyon.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02367","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., 2002, Evaluation of airborne thermal-infrared image data for monitoring aquatic habitats and cultural resources within the Grand Canyon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-367, Report: PDF, 49 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02367.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 49 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02367.jpg"},{"id":283858,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0367/pdf/of02-367.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":283859,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0367/508.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":4340,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0367/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0572,35.6882 ], [ -114.0572,36.5318 ], [ -111.828,36.5318 ], [ -111.828,35.6882 ], [ -114.0572,35.6882 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50482,"text":"ofr0284 - 2002 - Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, April to May 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:21","indexId":"ofr0284","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-84","title":"Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, April to May 1980","docAbstract":"This arc and point data set contains streamflow-measurement sites and reaches indicating streamflow gain or loss under base-flow conditions along Republican River tributaries in Nebraska during April 28 to May 1, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1981). The streamflow measurements were made to obtain data on ground-water/surface-water interaction. Flow was observed visually to be zero, was measured, or was estimated at 147 sites. The measurements were made on the main stem of the Republican River and all flowing tributaries that enter the Republican River between Muddy Creek in western Hitchcock County and Deer Creek in western Furnas County, Nebraska. Tributaries were followed upstream until the first road crossing where zero flow was encountered. For selected streams, points of zero flow upstream of the first zero flow site also were checked.\r\n\r\nStreamflow gain or loss for each stream reach was calculated by subtracting the streamflow values measured at the upstream end of the reach and values for contributing tributaries from the downstream value. The data obtained reflected base-flow conditions suitable for estimating streamflow gains and losses for stream reaches between sites. \r\n\r\nThis digital data set was created by manually plotting locations of streamflow measurements. These points were used to designate stream-reach segments to calculate gain/loss per river mile. Reach segments were created by manually splitting the lines from a 1:250,000 hydrography data set (Soenksen and others, 1999) at every location where the streams were measured. Each stream-reach segment between streamflow-measurement sites was assigned a unique reach number. All other lines in the hydrography data set without reach numbers were omitted.\r\n\r\nThis data set was created to archive the calculated streamflow gains and losses of selected streams in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, in April and May 1980, and make the data available for use with geographic information systems (GIS).\r\n\r\nIf measurement sites are used separately from reaches, the maximum scale of 1:100,000 should not be exceeded. When used in conjunction with the reach segments, the maximum scale should not exceed 1:250,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0284","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M., Stanton, J.S., Cornwall, J.F., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, April to May 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-84, 2 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0284.","productDescription":"2 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4291,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-084/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, James F.","contributorId":74067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50519,"text":"ofr02349 - 2002 - Human impact on the planet: an earth system science perspective and ethical considerations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-05T10:15:08","indexId":"ofr02349","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-349","title":"Human impact on the planet: an earth system science perspective and ethical considerations","docAbstract":"The modern Earth Narrative, the scientific story of the 4.5 billion-year natural and human history of the Earth, has emerged from the solid foundation of two factual concepts: Deep (or Geologic) Time and Biological Evolution. spread acceptance of the Earth Narrative is critically important as we begin the third millennium, because it provides a clear understanding of the growing impact of human population growth and associated activities on the Earth System, especially the negative impact on Earth?s biosphere. It is important for humans to realize that we are but one of 4,500 species of mammals that exist on Earth and that we are but one species in the estimated 30 to 100 million species that form the complex biosphere. We also need to recognize that all species exist within the physical limits imposed by the geosphere. We are totally dependent on the biosphere for food, oxygen, and other necessities of life. mans are one of the latest results of biological evolution operating over a long period of Geologic Time. We find ourselves on Earth, after 4.5 billion years of Earth history by chance, not by design. Humans have become so successful at modifying their environment that many of the natural limitations on the expansion of populations of our fellow animals have been overcome by technological and cultural innovations. According to Peter Raven, ?Humans, at a current population of 6 billion [expected to nearly double by 2050], are consuming or wasting about 50 percent of the total net biological productivity on land and 50 percent of the available supply of freshwater. The overwhelming and expanding human presence leaves less and less room in the environment for other biota.? st century will be a pivotal time in the fate of Earth?s biosphere. Whereas human modification of the geosphere will slowly recover over time, human changes to the biosphere are a far more consequential matter? extinction of a species is forever! Will humans effectively use our new knowledge of natural and human history to stop further degradation of Earth?s ecosystems and extinction of its biota? The fate of the biosphere, including humanity, depends on a reaffirmation by all humans of all cultures and religions of the global importance of a planet-wide conservation of the Earth?s biotic heritage. For the world?s religions it means elevation of stewardship of the Earth to a moral imperative and a goal of complete preservation of the Earth?s biotic inheritance, one which is based on a Do No Harm ethic.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02349","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., 2002, Human impact on the planet: an earth system science perspective and ethical considerations (version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-349, 81 p., illus., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02349.","productDescription":"81 p., illus.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4331,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-349/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a5fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":90679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50483,"text":"ofr0285 - 2002 - Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:21","indexId":"ofr0285","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-85","title":"Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1980","docAbstract":"This arc and point data set contains streamflow-measurement sites and reaches indicating streamflow gain or loss under base-flow conditions along the Republican River and tributaries in Nebraska during October 20 to 21, 1980 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1982). The streamflow measurements were made to obtain data on ground-water/surface-water interaction. Flow was observed visually to be zero, was measured, or was estimated at 118 sites. The measurements were made on the main stem of the Republican River and all flowing tributaries that enter the Republican River between Harlan County Reservoir and the Republican River near Hardy, Nebraska gaging station in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska. Tributaries were followed upstream until the first road crossing where zero flow was encountered. For selected streams, points of zero flow upstream of the first zero flow site also were checked. \r\n\r\nStreamflow gain or loss for each stream reach was calculated by subtracting the streamflow values measured at the upstream end of the reach and values for contributing tributaries from the downstream value. The data obtained reflected base-flow conditions suitable for estimating streamflow gains and losses for stream reaches between sites. \r\n\r\nThis digital data set was created by manually plotting locations of streamflow measurements. These points were used to designate stream-reach segments to calculate gain/loss per river mile. Reach segments were created by manually splitting the lines from a 1:250,000 hydrography data set (Soenksen and others, 1999) at every location where the streams were measured. Each stream-reach segment between streamflow-measurement sites was assigned a unique reach number. All other lines in the hydrography data set without reach numbers were omitted.\r\n\r\nThis data set was created to archive the calculated streamflow gains and losses of selected streams in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, in October 1980, and make the data available for use with geographic information systems (GIS). \r\n\r\nIf measurement sites are used separately from reaches, the maximum scale of 1:100,000 should not be exceeded. When used in conjunction with the reach segments, the maximum scale should not exceed 1:250,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0285","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M., Stanton, J.S., Cornwall, J.F., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River basin, Nebraska, October 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-85, 2 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0285.","productDescription":"2 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4292,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-085/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, James F.","contributorId":74067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50507,"text":"ofr02299 - 2002 - Cobalt recycling in the United States in 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:20","indexId":"ofr02299","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-299","title":"Cobalt recycling in the United States in 1998","docAbstract":"This report is one of a series of reports on metals recycling. It defines and quantifies the 1998 flow of cobalt-bearing materials in the United States, from imports and stock releases through consumption and disposition, with particular emphasis on the recycling of industrial scrap (new scrap) and used products (old scrap). Because of cobalt?s many and diverse uses, numerous types of scrap were available for recycling by a wide variety of processes. In 1998, an estimated 32 percent of U.S. cobalt supply was derived from scrap. The ratio of cobalt consumed from new scrap to that from old scrap was estimated to be 50:50. Of all the cobalt in old scrap available for recycling, an estimated 68 percent was either consumed in the United States or exported to be recycled.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02299","usgsCitation":"Shedd, K.B., 2002, Cobalt recycling in the United States in 1998 (version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-299, p. 16, illus. incl. 1 table, 60 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02299.","productDescription":"p. 16, illus. incl. 1 table, 60 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4319,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedd, Kim B. kshedd@usgs.gov","contributorId":2896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedd","given":"Kim","email":"kshedd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50341,"text":"ofr00324 - 2002 - Documentation and analysis of a geographic information system application for combining data layers, using nonpoint-source pollution as an example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T08:35:14","indexId":"ofr00324","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000–0324","displayTitle":"Documentation and analysis of a geographic information system application for combining data layers, using nonpoint-source pollution as an example","title":"Documentation and analysis of a geographic information system application for combining data layers, using nonpoint-source pollution as an example","docAbstract":"

A geographical information system application has been developed that allows scientists to combine multiple data layers into a single data layer. This application provides an effective tool for identifying areas where the potential effect of the combination of data layers may be greater than any single data layer. Such a tool is useful in studying an activity that cannot be measured directly. Scientists wanting to identify areas where an activity may have the greatest effect can identify factors that directly or indirectly reflect the effect of the activity being studied. When combined, these factors would identify areas where the potential for the activity to have an effect are greatest.

\n

The data layers used to develop the single data layer determine the activity addressed by the application?the application was developed to identify areas where the potential for nonpoint-source pollution to affect areas of Indiana is greater relative to other areas in Indiana. To evaluate the potential in other states or areas, data layers for those states or areas would be used. To address a different activity, even activities not related to water resources, data layers that directly or indirectly reflect the effects of the activity being studied would be used in the application.

\n

The application was developed using Environmental System Research Institute's ArcView geographical information system and the ArcView extension, Spatial Analyst. To use the application, the user selects data layers related to the activity being studied, describes the variability of a data element between geographic areas on each data layer, assigns a relative importance factor to each data layer, and focuses the output by identifying a watershed of interest. The application then assigns a rank value to the features within each data layer on the basis of the spatial variation of the data layer. The data layers are converted to grids. The values of the grid cells are the product of the rank values and the importance factors. The cells for each data layer are combined to form a single grid. The combination is summarized to describe the spatial variation for the watershed of interest. The combined data layer does not show the actual potential effect of the selected factors but rather the relative difference in the potential effect among areas when all data layers are considered.

\n

An analysis of the application indicates that the selected data layers to be combined should be at the greatest spatial resolution possible; however, all data layers do not have to be at the same spatial resolution. The spatial variation of the data layers should be adequately defined. The size of each grid cell should be small enough to maintain the spatial definition of smaller features within the data layers. The most accurate results are shown to occur when the values for the grid cells representing the individual data layers are summed and the mean of the summed grid-cell values is used to describe the watershed of interest.

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\"}}]}","contact":"

Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278

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