Sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age along Transect DD'' in eastern Arizona, northern New Mexico, southern Colorado, and western Oklahoma consist mainly of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and bentonite. They accumulated as sediments in continental, nearshore marine, and offshore marine environments on the west side of a north-trending epicontinental sea. The rocks record intermittent deposition and erosion as well as regional and local subsidence and uplift possibly beginning in Aptian time (about 121-112 Ma) and occurring in Albian through Maastrichtian time (about 112-65.4 Ma). Most of the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian through Aptian, 142-112 Ma) in this transect is represented by a basal unconformity. The Cretaceous rocks and unconformities along the transect are depicted on the attached lithostratigraphic cross sections (sheets 1 and 2); one extending from the Mogollon Rim in eastern Arizona to Pagosa Springs in southwestern Colorado and the other from Pagosa Springs, Colorado, to Kenton in western Oklahoma. The same rocks and unconformities are also represented on the attached chronostratigraphic profile (sheet 3), which was prepared mainly from surface and subsurface data shown on the lithostratigraphic cross sections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2382","usgsCitation":"Molenaar, C.M., Cobban, W.A., Merewether, E., Pillmore, C.L., Wolfe, D., and Holbrook, J., 2002, Regional stratigraphic cross sections of Cretaceous rocks from east-central Arizona to the Oklahoma Panhandle: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2382, Three sheets. Sheet 1, 57 by 36 inches; sheet 2, 44 by 33 inches; sheet 3, 42 by 32 inches (all in color), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2382.","productDescription":" Three sheets. Sheet 1, 57 by 36 inches; sheet 2, 44 by 33 inches; sheet 3, 42 by 32 inches (all in color)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2382/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110228,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_45091.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"45091"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,34 ], [ -110,38 ], [ -103,38 ], [ -103,34 ], [ -110,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molenaar, C. M.","contributorId":77904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molenaar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merewether, E.A.","contributorId":32517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolfe, D.G.","contributorId":50222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holbrook, J.M.","contributorId":71249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":31443,"text":"ofr0210 - 2002 - Case study of the environmental signature of a recently abandoned, carbonate-hosted replacement deposit: The Clayton Mine, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T23:05:36.010109","indexId":"ofr0210","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-10","title":"Case study of the environmental signature of a recently abandoned, carbonate-hosted replacement deposit: The Clayton Mine, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0210","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J.M., Eppinger, R., Gosen, B., Briggs, P., and Meier, A.L., 2002, Case study of the environmental signature of a recently abandoned, carbonate-hosted replacement deposit: The Clayton Mine, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-10, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0210.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46506.htm"},{"id":2590,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/openfile/of02-010/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Clayton Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.45831298828125,\n 44.24913396886894\n ],\n [\n -114.36904907226562,\n 44.24913396886894\n ],\n [\n -114.36904907226562,\n 44.30910939501072\n ],\n [\n -114.45831298828125,\n 44.30910939501072\n ],\n [\n -114.45831298828125,\n 44.24913396886894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efbbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eppinger, R. G.","contributorId":100837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppinger","given":"R. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gosen, B.S.","contributorId":51800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gosen","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meier, A. L.","contributorId":81480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207674,"text":"70207674 - 2002 - Correlation of late Cenozoic basaltic lava flows in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado based on geochemical, isotopic, age, and petrographic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:20:54.066867","indexId":"70207674","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-03T11:46:20","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of late Cenozoic basaltic lava flows in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado based on geochemical, isotopic, age, and petrographic data","docAbstract":"Major-, minor-, and trace-element abundance data on 220, late Cenozoic, basaltic rocks in and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado are combined with isotopic, age, and petrographic data to correlate lava flows and establish the timing and minimum areal extent of collapse events associated with removal of Pennsylvanian evaporite. On the basis of these data, 46 distinct compositional groups of volcanic rocks were identified. The rocks within each group, which are represented by at least two samples, have compositions and ages that are indistinguishable from each other and are either (1) undifferentiated samples from the same eruption and possibly from outcrops of the same flow, (2) differentiated from the same magma batch erupted at different times or (3) related to each other by very small differences in the degree of partial melting. The areal extent of chemically correlated and dated volcanic flows in the region was established and these results were used to recognize and understand many of the collapse events as described in companion papers in this volume.
Compositional data are also used to infer the petrogenetic processes that generated the parental magmas. Subtle but significant differences among rocks that are broadly similar in geochemical and isotopic composition and were erupted over a small time interval (<0.5 m.y.) suggests that the mantle source region of these magmas is quite heterogeneous. Over the past 11 m.y., the lavas became less mafic and more enriched in incompatible trace elements. This heterogeneity is attributed to variable contributions of subducted material in the lithosphere during the melting processes. To account for its isotopic features, the source material must be at least mid-Proterozoic in age. A melt contribution from underlying asthenospheric mantle can not be ruled out but none of the volcanic rocks have clear characteristics of oceanic-island basalts or mid-oceanic-ridge basalts. The trace-element compositions of rocks that were sampled from multiple stacked flows are indistinguishable from one another.This suggests that lower and/or upper crustal assimilation had a minor effect on their overall chemistry. However, Pb isotopic data suggest that crustal contamination of at least some samples did occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.167","usgsCitation":"Budahn, J.R., Unruh, D.M., Kunk, M.J., Byers, F.M., Kirkham, R., and Streufert, R.K., 2002, Correlation of late Cenozoic basaltic lava flows in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers in west-central Colorado based on geochemical, isotopic, age, and petrographic data: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 167-196, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.167.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.55203247070312,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -106.72943115234375,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -106.72943115234375,\n 39.75365697136308\n ],\n [\n -107.55203247070312,\n 39.75365697136308\n ],\n [\n -107.55203247070312,\n 39.11301365149975\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D. M.","contributorId":117170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byers, Frank M. Jr.","contributorId":35397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byers","given":"Frank","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirkham, R. M.","contributorId":16915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Streufert, R. K.","contributorId":81516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207673,"text":"70207673 - 2002 - Tertiary cooling and tectonic history of the White River uplift, Gore Range, and western Front Range, central Colorado: Evidence from fission-track and 39Ar/ 40Ar ages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:32:06.93254","indexId":"70207673","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-03T11:24:01","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Tertiary cooling and tectonic history of the White River uplift, Gore Range, and western Front Range, central Colorado: Evidence from fission-track and 39Ar/ 40Ar ages","title":"Tertiary cooling and tectonic history of the White River uplift, Gore Range, and western Front Range, central Colorado: Evidence from fission-track and 39Ar/ 40Ar ages","docAbstract":"Apatite fission-track (AFT) data from Proterozoic and Paleozoic rocks in the mountains of north central Colorado (White River Uplift, Gore Range, and western Front Range) record significant cooling that began with uplift and erosion related to the Laramide Orogeny and continued through the Tertiary to Pliocene time. The mountains immediately flanking the Blue River half graben (Williams Fork Mountains to the east and the Gore Range to the west) cooled significantly during the Neogene.
The AFT ages along the flanks of the Blue River half graben are significantly younger than AFT ages farther to the east in the central and eastern Front Range and to the west in the White River uplift. In both of these areas, the apatite ages suggest Laramide cooling. The Williams Fork Mountains–Gore Range zone of young AFT ages extends southward adjacent to the axis of the Rio Grande rift through southern Colorado and New Mexico. These young ages result from a combination of elevated heat flow, uplift, and erosion along the axis of the Rio Grande rift during Neogene time.
Zircons from Proterozoic rocks yield Proterozoic fission-track ages, indicating that this part of the Colorado basement has not been heated to temperatures 200 C since Middle Proterozoic time.
A sanidine 40Ar/39Ar age of 27 Ma from a rhyolite tuff just above a basal boulder conglomerate of the Troublesome Formation in a tilted fault block within the Blue River half graben shows that Tertiary deposition started there in middle Oligocene time. Xenocrystic sanidine from a basalt stratigraphically higher than the rhyolite tuff has an age of 24 Ma. Thus, the basalt is significantly younger than its postulated source, the 32 Ma laccolithic complex at Green Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.31","usgsCitation":"Naeser, C.W., Bryant, B., Kunk, M.J., Kellogg, K.S., Donelick, R., and Perry, W.J., 2002, Tertiary cooling and tectonic history of the White River uplift, Gore Range, and western Front Range, central Colorado: Evidence from fission-track and 39Ar/ 40Ar ages: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 31-53, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.31.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Central Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 41.00477542222947\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 41.00477542222947\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, Bruce bbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Bruce","email":"bbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donelick, R.A.","contributorId":64052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donelick","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, W. J. Jr.","contributorId":64266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207672,"text":"70207672 - 2002 - 40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T17:14:26.599762","indexId":"70207672","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-03T10:59:56","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River","title":"40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River","docAbstract":"40Ar/ 39Ar dating results of 133 samples from 84 late Cenozoic volcanic rocks provide emplacement ages that constrain the timing of evaporite collapse and the incision rates of the Colorado River. Our samples are from areas in west-central Colorado, both within and outside of the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers. Significant pulses of volcanic activity occurred in the intervals from 24 to 22, 16 to 13, 11 to 9, and 8 to 7 Ma. In addition, small flows, widely spaced in time and space were emplaced during the last 4 m.y. Although individual basaltic flows appear to be chemically and isotopically homogeneous, there are significant geochemical and isotopic differences between flows, even between some flows that apparently have the same age within the limits of analytical precision. A low-relief early to middle Miocene erosional surface has been postulated in west-central Colorado. Our studies are consistent with the existence of a low-relief paleotopographic surface that is now at a minimum elevation range of ~2.9–3.4 km outside areas of collapse. Elevation departures from this range suggest that 1000 m of subsidence due to evaporite removal has locally occurred in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers. 40Ar/ 39Ar ages from downdropped and disrupted basaltic flows in the Carbondale center constrain initial collapse to >13 Ma, the timing of much of the evaporite-related collapse to the past 10–8 m.y., and an increase in the rate of collapse during the last 3 m.y. Ages and elevations of basaltic rocks above the Colorado River in Glenwood Canyon are used to calculate average apparent incision rates for the Colorado River in Glenwood Canyon of 24 mm/k.y. from 7.8 to 3.0 Ma. The average apparent incision rate increased by an order of magnitude to 242 mm/k.y. during the last 3 m.y
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.213","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., Budahn, J.R., Unruh, D.M., Stanley, J.O., Kirkham, R., Bryant, B., Scott, R.B., Lidke, D.J., and Streufert, R.K., 2002, 40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 213-234, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.213.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"The Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.7374267578125,\n 39.15988184949157\n ],\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 39.15988184949157\n ],\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -107.7374267578125,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -107.7374267578125,\n 39.15988184949157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unruh, D. 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The collapse center includes much of the Eagle and Colorado River drainage basins between Vail, Dotsero, and McCoy, Colorado. The volume loss of evaporitic rocks by dissolution in the collapse center is estimated to be nearly 1700 km33 . Before ca. 10 Ma, Miocene basaltic flows partly covered an extensive, nearly horizontal, low-relief surface. Parts of this surface collapsed 1.3 km near the present-day Eagle and Colorado Rivers. Remnants of this surface outside the area of collapse, such as highlands of the White River uplift, the flank of the Gore Range, and Basalt Mountain, stand at elevations of 2.9–3.6 km. The high-standing Castle Peak basaltic cap, situated near the center of the Eagle collapse center, may not have collapsed, or collapsed little. The areas of collapse lie within or nearby known and inferred limits of the Pennsylvanian Eagle Valley Evaporite (mostly halite, gypsum, and anhydrite) that was deposited in the Central Colorado trough. Our geologic mapping and research in the Eagle collapse center delineate synclinal sags in the basaltic flows with amplitudes of 0.5–1 km, sinuous and discontinuous high-angle faults that cut basaltic flows, elongate grabens, evaporite-cored anticlines, and an ellipsoidal fault system that drops a 30 km X 10 km mountain block of younger strata into evaporite. Collapse as far as 20 km from the Colorado and Eagle Rivers suggests that the greater load on evaporite beneath surrounding highlands causes lateral flow of evaporite toward anticlinal crests in river valleys. Thus, gravity-driven evaporite flow and removal of evaporite by dissolution in groundwater and by subsequent discharge to surface waters combine to produce large-scale collapse. Although most evaporite tectonism post dates the basaltic flow capped surface, local angular unconformities under this surface record earlier, possibly Laramide evaporite tectonism, and overthickened post-evaporite red beds record some late Paleozoic evaporite deformation
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The top of the Sagwon Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation is shown to be a thin, coaly, apparently nonmarine sequence almost certainly of early Eocene age; the remainder of the member has long been known to be Paleocene in age. The remaining six sections at Franklin Bluffs contain silty, sandy, and clayey strata and are in the Franklin Bluffs Member of the Sagavanirktok Formation in the type area of this member. Dinocyst and pollen data from the Franklin Bluffs Member suggest mainly an early Eocene age, but some strata might be middle Eocene. In all samples from the type Franklin Bluffs Member that contained reasonably well preserved dinocyst assemblages, the environment of deposition was nearshore marine or estuarine. The Franklin Bluffs Member is the temporal equivalent of the marine Mikkelsen Tongue of the Canning Formation, whose type locality is approximately 90 km to the east–northeast. Previous pollen and plant megafossil data from the Arctic showed that the early to middle Eocene climate of the North Slope of Alaska was warm temperate, perhaps nearly subtropical. At least 20 pollen taxa present in the Eocene of the North Slope also occurred as far south in North America as the Gulf Coast and therefore had enormous latitudinal ranges. Several of these taxa appear to have migrated north to the Arctic Coast, probably mainly in the latest Paleocene, at the beginning of the climatic thermal maximum for the Tertiary. However, there is also evidence that plants producing modern-looking grains of Carya, Juglans, and Liquidambar migrated southward from the Arctic to the Gulf Coast after the early Eocene.
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Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T15:08:56.968647","indexId":"70243102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T10:00:57","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Paleoenvironments of sedimentary interbeds in the Pliocene and Quaternary Big Lost Trough, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology, hydrogeology, and environmental remediation: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, eastern Snake River plain, Idaho","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2353-1.27","usgsCitation":"Bestland, E.A., Link, P.K., Lanphere, M.A., and Champion, D.E., 2002, Paleoenvironments of sedimentary interbeds in the Pliocene and Quaternary Big Lost Trough, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, chap. of Geology, hydrogeology, and environmental remediation: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, eastern Snake River plain, Idaho, v. 353, p. 27-44, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2353-1.27.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"44","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"eastern Snake River plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.15270455443617,\n 44.61483553858173\n ],\n [\n -114.7260970770847,\n 44.61483553858173\n ],\n [\n -114.7260970770847,\n 42.26622860486236\n ],\n [\n -111.15270455443617,\n 42.26622860486236\n ],\n [\n -111.15270455443617,\n 44.61483553858173\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"353","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bestland, Erick A.","contributorId":304591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bestland","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, Paul K.","contributorId":271204,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Link","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":38154,"text":"Idaho State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":871055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243100,"text":"70243100 - 2002 - Accumulation and subsidence of the Pleistocene basaltic lava flows of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T14:29:27.821638","indexId":"70243100","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T09:16:22","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Accumulation and subsidence of the Pleistocene basaltic lava flows of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology, hydrogeology, and environmental remediation: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, eastern Snake River plain, Idaho","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2353-1.175","usgsCitation":"Champion, D.E., Lanphere, M.A., Anderson, S.R., and Kuntz, M.A., 2002, Accumulation and subsidence of the Pleistocene basaltic lava flows of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, chap. of Geology, hydrogeology, and environmental remediation: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, eastern Snake River plain, Idaho, v. 353, p. 175-192, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2353-1.175.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"192","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"eastern Snake River plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.15270455443617,\n 44.61483553858173\n ],\n [\n -114.7260970770847,\n 44.61483553858173\n ],\n [\n -114.7260970770847,\n 42.26622860486236\n ],\n [\n -111.15270455443617,\n 42.26622860486236\n ],\n [\n -111.15270455443617,\n 44.61483553858173\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"353","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":871047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Steven R.","contributorId":6532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kuntz, Mel A. 0000-0001-8828-5474","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8828-5474","contributorId":98400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuntz","given":"Mel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024271,"text":"70024271 - 2002 - Fault structure and kinematics of the Long Valley Caldera region, California, revealed by high-accuracy earthquake hypocenters and focal mechanism stress inversions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T11:16:43","indexId":"70024271","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault structure and kinematics of the Long Valley Caldera region, California, revealed by high-accuracy earthquake hypocenters and focal mechanism stress inversions","docAbstract":"We have determined high-resolution hypocenters for 45,000+ earthquakes that occurred between 1980 and 2000 in the Long Valley caldera area using a double-difference earthquake location algorithm and routinely determined arrival times. The locations reveal numerous discrete fault planes in the southern caldera and adjacent Sierra Nevada block (SNB). Intracaldera faults include a series of east/west-striking right-lateral strike-slip faults beneath the caldera's south moat and a series of more northerly striking strike-slip/normal faults beneath the caldera's resurgent dome. Seismicity in the SNB south of the caldera is confined to a crustal block bounded on the west by an east-dipping oblique normal fault and on the east by the Hilton Creek fault. Two NE-striking left-lateral strike-slip faults are responsible for most seismicity within this block. To understand better the stresses driving seismicity, we performed stress inversions using focal mechanisms with 50 or more first motions. This analysis reveals that the least principal stress direction systematically rotates across the studied region, from NE to SW in the caldera's south moat to WNW-ESE in Round Valley, 25 km to the SE. Because WNW-ESE extension is characteristic of the western boundary of the Basin and Range province, caldera area stresses appear to be locally perturbed. This stress perturbation does not seem to result from magma chamber inflation but may be related to the significant (???20 km) left step in the locus of extension along the Sierra Nevada/Basin and Range province boundary. This implies that regional-scale tectonic processes are driving seismic deformation in the Long Valley caldera.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2001JB001168","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Prejean, S., Ellsworth, W.L., Zoback, M., and Waldhauser, F., 2002, Fault structure and kinematics of the Long Valley Caldera region, California, revealed by high-accuracy earthquake hypocenters and focal mechanism stress inversions: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ESE 9-1-ESE 9-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001168.","productDescription":"2355; 19 p.","startPage":"ESE 9-1","endPage":"ESE 9-19","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478666,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb001168","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.1,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 38.1\n ],\n [\n -118.1,\n 38.1\n ],\n [\n -118.1,\n 37.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1ce4b0c8380cd5378a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prejean, Stephanie G. 0000-0003-0510-1989 sprejean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-1989","contributorId":172404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"Stephanie","email":"sprejean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zoback, Mark","contributorId":81092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waldhauser, Felix","contributorId":59106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"Felix","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":87277,"text":"87277 - 2002 - Effects of fire and post-fire salvage logging on avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-16T23:07:45","indexId":"87277","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5103,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","printIssn":"0197-9922","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Effects of fire and post-fire salvage logging on avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States","docAbstract":"Historically, fire was one of the most widespread natural disturbances in the western United States. More recently, however, significant anthropogenic activities, especially fire suppression and silvicultural practices, have altered fire regimes; as a result, landscapes and associated communities have changed as well. Herein, we review current knowledge of how fire and postfire salvaging practices affect avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States. Specifically, we contrast avian communities in (1) burned vs. unburned forest, and (2) unsalvaged vs. salvage-logged burns. We also examine how variation in burn characteristics (e.g., severity, age, size) and salvage logging can alter avian communities in burns.
Of the 41 avian species observed in three or more studies comparing early postfire and adjacent unburned forests, 22% are consistently more abundant in burned forests, 34% are usually more abundant in unburned forests, and 44% are equally abundant in burned and unburned forests or have varied responses. In general, woodpeckers and aerial foragers are more abundant in burned forest, whereas most foliage-gleaning species are more abundant in unburned forests. Bird species that are frequently observed in stand-replacement burns are less common in understory burns; similarly, species commonly observed in unburned forests often decrease in abundance with increasing burn severity. Granivores and species common in open-canopy forests exhibit less consistency among studies. For all species, responses to tire may be influenced by a number of factors including burn severity, fire size and shape, proximity to unburned forests, pre-and post-fire cover types, and time since fire. In addition, postfire management can alter species’ responses to burns. Most cavity-nesting species do not use severely salvaged burns, whereas some cavity-nesters persist in partially salvaged burns. Early post fire specialists, in particular, appear to prefer unsalvaged burns. We discuss several alternatives to severe salvage-logging that will help provide habitat for cavity nesters.
We provide an overview of critical research questions and design considerations crucial for evaluating the effects of prescribed fire and other anthropogenic disturbances, such as forest fragmentation. Management of native avifaunas may be most successful if natural disturbance regimes, including fire, are permitted to occur when possible. Natural fires could be augmented with practices, such as prescribed fire (including high-severity fire), that mimic inherent disturbance regimes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in western landscapes: contrasts with paradigms from the eastern United States (Studies in Avian Biology No. 25)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Camarillo, CA","usgsCitation":"Kotliar, N., Hejl, S., Hutto, R., Saab, V., Melcher, C., and McFadzen, M., 2002, Effects of fire and post-fire salvage logging on avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States, chap. of Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in western landscapes: contrasts with paradigms from the eastern United States (Studies in Avian Biology No. 25): Studies in Avian Biology, v. 25, p. 49-64.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14723,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/139413","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1750.000000000000000"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61574b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"George, T.L.","contributorId":111696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504902,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dobkin, D.S.","contributorId":25127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobkin","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504901,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Kotliar, N.B.","contributorId":7649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotliar","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hejl, S.J.","contributorId":71916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejl","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutto, R.L.","contributorId":29347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutto","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saab, V.","contributorId":55376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melcher, Cynthia","contributorId":101593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Cynthia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McFadzen, M.E.","contributorId":87878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFadzen","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70187589,"text":"70187589 - 2002 - Forage quantity and quality","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187589,"text":"70187589 - 2002 - Forage quantity and quality","indexId":"70187589","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"5","title":"Forage quantity and quality"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53871,"text":"bsr20020001 - 2002 - Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries","indexId":"bsr20020001","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53871,"text":"bsr20020001 - 2002 - Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries","indexId":"bsr20020001","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:01:23","indexId":"70187589","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2002-0001","chapter":"5","title":"Forage quantity and quality","docAbstract":"The Porcupine caribou herd has traditionally used the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, for calving. Availability of nutritious forage has been hypothesized as one of the reasons the Porcupine caribou herd migrates hundreds of kilometers to reach the coastal plain for calving (Kuropat and Bryant 1980, Russell et al. 1993).
Forage quantity and quality and the chronology of snowmelt (which determines availability and phenological stages of forage) have been suggested as important habitat attributes that lead calving caribou to select one area over another (Lent 1980, White and Trudell 1980, Eastland et al. 1989). A major question when considering the impact of petroleum development is whether potential displacement of the caribou from the 1002 Area to alternate calving habitat will limit access to high quantity and quality forage.
Our study had the following objectives: 1) quantify snowmelt patterns by area; 2) quantify relationships among phenology, biomass, and nutrient content of principal forage species by vegetation type; and 3) determine if traditional concentrated calving areas differ from adjacent areas with lower calving densities in terms of vegetation characteristics.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries (Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0001)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, J.C., Udevitz, M.S., and Felix, N.A., 2002, Forage quantity and quality: Biological Science Report 2002-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ],\n [\n -129.5947265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ],\n [\n -129.5947265625,\n 70.74347779138229\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 70.74347779138229\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53be4b0e541a03d4539","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694660,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Patricia E.","contributorId":71056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694661,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhode, E. B.","contributorId":73156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhode","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694662,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, Janet C.","contributorId":191903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felix, Nancy A.","contributorId":191904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Felix","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70195471,"text":"70195471 - 2002 - The Sacatosa coalbed methane field: A first For Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T12:11:36","indexId":"70195471","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The Sacatosa coalbed methane field: A first For Texas","docAbstract":"In 2001, The Exploration Company (TXCO), San Antonio, announced the Sacatosa Coalbed Methane (CBM) Field in Maverick County. This field is the first CBM field in Texas (Fig. 1). The field is producing from bituminous coal in the Cretaceous Olmos Formation that outcrops to the west and dips easterly towards the Gulf Coast. The CBM field was developed in coalbeds whose general structure was known from log top data in pre-existing oil and gas wells drilled throughout the basin (Fig. 2). These preliminary data showed a large area of coal above 2000 ft depth with net coal thicknesses in the 5 to 30 ft range. Subsequently, TXCO and the USGS formed a cooperative research effort to determine the gas in place, rank, quality, extent and thickness of the Olmos coal in order to understand the resource potential of this newly emerging field.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"AAPG Annual Meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"AAPG Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"March 10-13, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., Warwick, P.D., Scott, R., Klein, J., and Hook, R., 2002, The Sacatosa coalbed methane field: A first For Texas, in AAPG Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, March 10-13, 2002, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/abstracts/pdf/2002/annual/EXTENDED/ndx_45602.pdf.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff0b9fe4b0da30c1bfcfa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, Robert J.","contributorId":45600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klein, J.M.","contributorId":44550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hook, R.W.","contributorId":61584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70188285,"text":"70188285 - 2002 - Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water geochemistry, and assessment of nitrogen yield from base flow in two agricultural watersheds, Kent County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:55:03","indexId":"70188285","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"EPA/600/R-02/008","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water geochemistry, and assessment of nitrogen yield from base flow in two agricultural watersheds, Kent County, Maryland","docAbstract":"Hydrostratigraphic and geochemical data collected in two adjacent watersheds on the Delmarva Peninsula, in Kent County, Maryland, indicate that shallow subsurface stratigraphy is an important factor that affects the concentrations of nitrogen in ground water discharging as stream base flow. The flux of nitrogen from shallow aquifers can contribute substantially to the eutrophication of streams and estuaries, degrading water quality and aquatic habitats. The information presented in this report includes a hydrostratigraphic framework for the Locust Grove study area, analyses and interpretation of ground-water chemistry, and an analysis of nutrient yields from stream base flow. An understanding of the processes by which ground-water nitrogen discharges to streams is important for optimal management of nutrients in watersheds in which ground-water discharge is an appreciable percentage of total streamflow. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), collected and analyzed hydrostratigraphic and geochemical data in support of ground-water flow modeling by the USEPA.
The adjacent watersheds of Morgan Creek and Chesterville Branch have similar topography and land use; however, reported nitrogen concentrations are generally 6 to 10 milligrams per liter in Chesterville Branch but only 2 to 4 milligrams per liter in Morgan Creek. Ground water in the surficial aquifer in the recharge areas of both streams has high concentrations of nitrate (greater than 10 milligrams per liter as N) and dissolved oxygen. One component of the ground water discharging to Morgan Creek typically is anoxic and contains virtually no dissolved nitrate; most of the ground water discharging to Chesterville Branch is oxygenated and contains moderately high concentrations of nitrate.
The surficial aquifer in the study area is composed of the deeply weathered sands and gravels of the Pensauken Formation (the Columbia aquifer) and the underlying glauconitic sands of the upper Aquia Formation (the Aquia aquifer). The lower 6 to 9 meters of the Aquia Formation is a low-permeability silt-clay with abundant glauconite. The Aquia confining layer underlies the Columbia-Aquia surficial aquifer throughout the study area. The sediment redox transition, identified in cores, that occurs in the upper 0.5 to 1 meter of the Aquia confining layer is thought to be a site for subsurface denitrification of ground water. The first confined aquifer is composed of the glauconitic sands in the upper 9 to 11 meters of the Hornerstown Formation. The Hornerstown aquifer is underlain by 10 to 15 meters of glauconitic silt-clay at the base of the Hornerstown Formation (the Hornerstown confining layer), and 5 meters of low-permeability clay in the underlying Severn Formation.
The Aquia and Hornerstown Formations dip and thicken to the southeast, and the Aquia confining layer subcrops shallowly (within 5 meters of the land surface) in a band that strikes southwest to northeast across the northern edge of the study area. The surficial aquifer is very thin (generally less than 5 meters) north of Morgan Creek, and the alluvial valley of Morgan Creek has incised into the top of the Aquia confining layer. In contrast, the Aquia confining layer lies 22 meters below Chesterville Branch, and the surficial aquifer approaches 30 meters in thickness (away from the creek).
Chemically reduced iron sulfides and glauconite in the Aquia confining layer are likely substrates for denitrification of nitrate in ground water. Evidence from the dissolved concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, iron, argon, and nitrogen gas, and stable nitrogen isotopes support the interpretation that ground water flowing near the top of the Aquia confining layer, or through the confined Hornerstown aquifer, has undergone denitrification. This process appears to have the greatest effect on ground-water chemistry north of Morgan Creek, where the surficial aquifer is thin and a greater percentage of the ground water contacts the Aquia confining layer.
The base-flow discharges of total nitrogen from the two watersheds are of similar magnitude, although Chesterville Branch has somewhat higher loads (29,000 kilograms of nitrogen per year) than Morgan Creek (20,000 kilograms of nitrogen per year), although Morgan Creek has a larger drainage area and a greater discharge of water. The base-flow yield of nitrogen (load per unit area) in Chesterville Branch (median of 0.058 grams per second per square kilometer at the outlet) is more than twice that of Morgan Creek (median of 0.022 grams per second per square kilometer at the outlet), reflecting the higher concentration of nitrate in ground water discharging to Chesterville Branch. Total nitrogen concentrations tend to decrease downstream in Chesterville Branch and increase downstream in Morgan Creek. The downstream trend in Chesterville Branch may be affected by instream nitrogen uptake and denitrification, and an increasing proportion of older, denitrified ground water in downstream discharge. The downstream trends in Morgan Creek may be affected by inflow from tributaries, downstream changes in the source of discharge water, and downstream changes in the riparian zone, which could affect the processes and degree of denitrification.
Although these two watersheds appear to have landscape features (such as topography, land use, and soils) that would produce similar nitrogen discharges, a more detailed examination of landscape features indicates that Chesterville Branch has soils that are slightly better drained, tributary stream outlets at higher altitudes, and a slightly higher percentage of agricultural land. All of these factors have been related to higher nitrogen yields. Nonetheless, most of the data support the interpretation that hydrostratigraphy has the greatest effect in producing the difference in nitrogen yields between the two watersheds.
Since the Twelfth Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group in 1997, a number of changes in the management of polar bears have occurred in Alaska. On October 16, 2000, the governments of the United States and the Russian Federation signed the “Agreement on the Conservation and Management of the Alaska-Chukotka Polar Bear Population.” This agreement provides substantial benefits for the effective conservation of polar bears shared between the U.S. and Russia. It will require enactment of enabling legislation by the U.S. Congress and other steps by Russia before the agreement has the force of law. A copy of the agreement is included as Appendix 1 to this report. Also, during this period, regulations were developed to implement 1994 amendments to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), which allow polar bear trophies taken in approved Canadian populations by U.S. citizens to be imported into the U.S. A summary of the regulatory actions and a table listing populations approved for importation and the number of polar bears imported into the U.S. since 1997 is included in this report. Regarding oil and gas activities in polar bear habitat, three sets of regulations were published authorizing the incidental, non-intentional, taking of small numbers of polar bears concurrent to oil and gas activities.
Cooperation continued with the Alaska Nanuuq Commission, representing the polar bear hunting communities in Alaska, as well as with the North Slope Borough and the Inuvialuit Game Council in their agreement for the management of the Southern Beaufort Sea polar bear population. Harvest summaries and technical assistance in designing and assistance in conducting a National Park Service/Alaska Nanuuq Commission study to collect traditional ecological knowledge of polar bear habitat use in Chukotka were provided. In addition, a long-range plan was developed to address and minimize polar bear-human conflicts in North Slope communities.
We continued to monitor the harvest of polar bears in Alaska and collect and analyze specimens for presence and level of organochlorine compounds and trace elements. A paper on genetic assessment of hunter reported sex of harvested bears was recently published (Schliebe et al. 1999). Population status and trend assessment efforts continued. An aerial survey of polar bears in the Eastern Chukchi Sea and western portions of the Southern Beaufort Sea was conducted from the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker “Polar Star” in August 2000. The first year of a multi-year survey of barrier islands and coastlines during the open water and freeze-up phase was conducted in the central Southern Beaufort Sea during fall 2000.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar bears: Proceedings of the 13th Working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 23-28 June 2001, Nuuk, Greenland (Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Comission (SSC) no. 26)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"13th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group","conferenceDate":"June 23-28, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark","language":"English","publisher":"IUCN","publisherLocation":"Gland, Switzerland","isbn":"2-8317-0663-7","usgsCitation":"Schliebe, S.L., Bridges, J.W., Evans, T., Fischbach, A.S., Kalxdorff, S.B., and Lierheimer, L.J., 2002, Polar bear management in Alaska 1997-2000, in Polar bears: Proceedings of the 13th Working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 23-28 June 2001, Nuuk, Greenland (Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Comission (SSC) no. 26), Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark, June 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The WB model includes the concepts of climatic water supply and climatic water demand, seasonality in climatic water supply and demand, and soil-moisture storage. Exhaustive search techniques were employed to determine the optimal set of precipitation and temperature stations, and the optimal set of WB model parameters to use for each basin. It was found that the WB model worked best for basins with: (1) a mean elevation less than 450 meters or greater than 2000 meters, and/or (2) monthly runoff that is greater than 5 millimeters (mm) more than 80 percent of the time. In a separate analysis, a multiple linear regression (MLR) was computed using the adjusted R-square values obtained by comparing measured and estimated monthly runoff of the original 44 river basins as the dependent variable, and combinations of various independent variables [streamflow gauge latitude, longitude, and elevation; basin area, the long-term mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation; temperature and runoff; and low-flow statistics (i.e., the percentage of months with monthly runoff that is less than 5 mm)]. Results from the MLR study showed that the reliability of a WB model for application in a specific region can be estimated from mean basin elevation and the percentage of months with gauged runoff less than 5 mm. The MLR equations were subsequently used to estimate adjusted R-square values for 1,646 gauging stations across the conterminous U.S. Results of this study indicate that WB models can be used reliably to estimate monthly runoff in the eastern U.S., mountainous areas of the western U.S., and the Pacific Northwest. Applications of monthly WB models in the central U.S. can lead to uncertain estimates of runoff.
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Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":200854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024827,"text":"70024827 - 2002 - Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Influence of regional tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T14:34:52.860218","indexId":"70024827","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Influence of regional tectonics","docAbstract":"Alkaline-related epithermal vein, breccia, disseminated, skarn, and porphyry gold deposits form a belt in the southern Rocky Mountains along the eastern edge of the North American Cordillera. Alkaline igneous rocks and associated hydrothermal deposits formed at two times. The first was during the Laramide orogeny (about 70–40 Ma), with deposits restricted spatially to the Colorado mineral belt (CMB). Other alkaline igneous rocks and associated gold deposits formed later, during the transition from a compressional to an extensional regime (about 35–27 Ma). These younger rocks and associated deposits are more widespread, following the Rocky Mountain front southward, from Cripple Creek in Colorado through New Mexico. All of these deposits are on the eastern margin of the Cordillera, with voluminous calc-alkaline rocks to the west. The largest deposits in the belt include Cripple Creek and those in the CMB. The most important factor in the formation of all of the gold deposits was the near-surface emplacement of relatively oxidized volatile-rich alkaline magmas. Strontium and lead isotope compositions suggest that the source of the magmas was subduction-modified subcontinental lithosphere. However, Cripple Creek alkaline rocks and older Laramide alkaline rocks in the CMB that were emplaced through hydrously altered LREE-enriched rocks of the Colorado (Yavapai) province have 208Pb/204Pb ratios that suggest these magmas assimilated and mixed with significant amounts of lower crust. The anomalously hot, thick, and light crust beneath Colorado may have been a catalyst for large-scale transfer of volatiles and crustal melting. Increased dissolved H2O (and CO2, F, Cl) of these magmas may have resulted in more productive gold deposits due to more efficient magmatic-hydrothermal systems. High volatile contents may also have promoted Te and V enrichment, explaining the presence of fluorite, roscoelite (vanadium-rich mica) and tellurides in the CMB deposits and Cripple Creek as opposed to deposits to the south. Deep-seated structures of regional extent that formed during the Proterozoic allowed the magmas to rise to shallow crustal levels. Proterozoic sites of intrusions at 1.65, 1.4, and 1.1 Ga were also important precursors to alkaline-related gold deposits. Many of the larger gold deposits are located at sites of Proterozoic intrusions, and are localized at the intersection of northeast-trending ductile shear zones formed during Mesoproterozoic deformation, and an important north-trending fault formed during 1.1 Ga rifting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0229-4","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K.D., and Ludington, S., 2002, Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Influence of regional tectonics: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 1, p. 38-60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0229-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 31\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcafe4b0c8380cd4e3a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. kdkelley@usgs.gov","contributorId":431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":60657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024881,"text":"70024881 - 2002 - Re-analysis of a banding study to test the effects of an experimental increase in bag limits of mourning doves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024881","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-analysis of a banding study to test the effects of an experimental increase in bag limits of mourning doves","docAbstract":"In 1966-1971, eastern US states with hunting seasons on mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) participated in a study designed to estimate the effects of bag limit increases on population survival rates. More than 400 000 adult and juvenile birds were banded and released during this period, and subsequent harvest and return of bands, together with total harvest estimates from mail and telephone surveys of hunters, provided the database for analysis. The original analysis used an ANOVA framework, and resulted in inferences of no effect of bag limit increase on population parameters (Hayne 1975). We used a logistic regression analysis to infer that the bag limit increase did not cause a biologically significant increase in harvest rate and thus the experiment could not provide any insight into the relationship between harvest and annual survival rates. Harvest rate estimates of breeding populations from geographical subregions were used as covariates in a Program MARK analysis and revealed an association between annual survival and harvest rates, although this relationship is potentially confounded by a latitudinal gradient in survival rates of dove populations. We discuss methodological problems encountered in the analysis of these data, and provide recommendations for future studies of the relationship between harvest and annual survival rates of mourning dove populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108539","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Otis, D.L., and White, G.C., 2002, Re-analysis of a banding study to test the effects of an experimental increase in bag limits of mourning doves: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 479-495, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108539.","startPage":"479","endPage":"495","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108539"},{"id":232933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a956ee4b0c8380cd819ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otis, David L.","contributorId":64396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023847,"text":"70023847 - 2002 - Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 2. Hydrogeologic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:35:07.687181","indexId":"70023847","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 2. Hydrogeologic implications","docAbstract":"As part of a regional groundwater investigation, geophysical logs were obtained in two municipal water wells located near the west Texas city of Alpine. These boreholes are 252 and 285 m deep and penetrate extrusive rocks of Tertiary age. The deeper well was drilled in the central valley and the other along the northern flank of an east-west trending valley-ridge setting. Analysis and interpretation of the logs reveal that the two wells are subjected to significantly different stress environments because of topographic effects and exhibit significantly different hydrogeologic properties. Water production is associated with two specific types of features common to both wells: (1) the upper and lower contacts of a dense trachyte unit located in the shallow part of the wells and (2) deeper zones of highly fractured rocks within the interior of a basalt formation. The transmissivity of the trachyte boundaries is twice as large in the central valley well as it is in the ridge flank well, whereas the transmissivity of the deeper basalts is an order of magnitude greater in the flank well than it is in the central well. This discrepancy is examined from the perspective of rock failure, fracture opening, and flow enhancement by computing values for a Drucker-Prager stability factor that is based on the magnitudes of the normal and deviatoric stress invariants as a function of depth. Thus the field measurements and subsequent stress analysis offer evidence of a coupled tectonic-hydrologic interaction at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000488","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Savage, W.Z., 2002, Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 2. Hydrogeologic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ETG 6-1-ETG 6-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000488.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"ETG 6-1","endPage":"ETG 6-10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"southern Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.016787209111047\n ],\n [\n -103.590087890625,\n 30.016787209111047\n ],\n [\n -103.590087890625,\n 30.458144351018078\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.458144351018078\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.016787209111047\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4dce4b08c986b3265b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023921,"text":"70023921 - 2002 - Steady subsidence of Medicine Lake volcano, northern California, revealed by repeated leveling surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:56:47","indexId":"70023921","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steady subsidence of Medicine Lake volcano, northern California, revealed by repeated leveling surveys","docAbstract":"Leveling surveys of a 193‐km circuit across Medicine Lake volcano (MLV) in 1954 and 1989 show that the summit area subsided by as much as 302 ± 30 mm (−8.6 ± 0.9 mm/yr) with respect to a datum point near Bartle, California, 40 km to the southwest. This result corrects an error in the earlier analysis of the same data by Dzurisin et al. [1991], who reported the subsidence rate as −11.1 ± 1.2 mm/yr. The subsidence pattern extends across the entire volcano, with a surface area of nearly 2000 km2. Two areas of localized subsidence by as much as 20 cm can be attributed to shallow normal faulting near the volcano's periphery. Surveys of an east–west traverse across Lava Beds National Monument on the north flank of the volcano in 1990 and of a 23‐km traverse across the summit area in 1999 show that subsidence continued at essentially the same rate during 1989–1999 as 1954–1989. Volcano‐wide subsidence can be explained by either a point source of volume loss (Mogi) or a contracting horizontal rectangular dislocation (sill) at a depth of 10–11 km. Volume loss rate estimates range from 0.0013 to 0.0032 km3/yr, depending mostly on the source depth estimate and source type. Based on first‐order quantitative considerations, we can rule out that the observed subsidence is due to volume loss from magma withdrawal, thermal contraction, or crystallizing magma at depth. Instead, we attribute the subsidence and faulting to: (1) gravitational loading of thermally weakened crust by the mass of the volcano and associated intrusive rocks, and (2) thinning of locally weakened crust by Basin and Range deformation. The measured subsidence rate exceeds long‐term estimates from drill hole data, suggesting that over long timescales, steady subsidence and episodic uplift caused by magmatic intrusions counteract each other to produce the lower net subsidence rate.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000893","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Poland, M.P., and Burgmann, R., 2002, Steady subsidence of Medicine Lake volcano, northern California, revealed by repeated leveling surveys: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. 12, p. ECV 8-1-ECV 8-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000893.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"ECV 8-1","endPage":"ECV 8-16","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478642,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000893","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine lake volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.71700538790365\n ],\n [\n -121.3385009765625,\n 41.71700538790365\n ],\n [\n -121.3385009765625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 41.35413387210046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b981be4b08c986b31be21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burgmann, Roland","contributorId":192700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgmann","given":"Roland","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023924,"text":"70023924 - 2002 - Effects of forest fragmentation on brood parasitism and nest predation in eastern and western landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70023924","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of forest fragmentation on brood parasitism and nest predation in eastern and western landscapes","docAbstract":"The fragmentation of North American forests by agriculture and other human activities may negatively impact the demographic processes of birds through increases in nest predation and brood parasitism. In fact, the effects of fragmentation on demographic processes are thought to be a major underlying cause of long-term population declines of many bird species. However, much of our understanding of the demographic consequences of fragmentation has come from research conducted in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Thus, results obtained from these studies may not be applicable to western landscapes, where habitats are often naturally heterogeneous due to topographic variation and periodic fire. We utilized data from a large database of nest records (>10,000) collected at sites both east and west of the Rocky Mountains to determine if the effects of fragmentation are consistent across broad geographic regions. We found that forest fragmentation tended to increase the frequency of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) east of the Rockies but we were unable to detect a significant difference in the West. Within the eastern United States, nest predation rates were consistently higher within fragmented sites relative to unfragmented sites. Yet, in the West, fragmentation resulted in a decrease in nest predation relative to unfragmented sites. This is perhaps accounted for by differential responses of the local predator community to fragmentation. Our results suggest that the effects of fragmentation may not be consistent across broad geographic regions and that the effects of fragmentation may depend on dynamics within local landscapes.","largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","language":"English","issn":"01979922","usgsCitation":"Cavitt, J., and Martin, T.E., 2002, Effects of forest fragmentation on brood parasitism and nest predation in eastern and western landscapes, in Studies in Avian Biology, no. 25, p. 73-80.","startPage":"73","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06fce4b0c8380cd514e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cavitt, J.F.","contributorId":31940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cavitt","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024082,"text":"70024082 - 2002 - The flora of Oktibbeha County, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T07:08:41","indexId":"70024082","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3322,"text":"SIDA, Contributions to Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The flora of Oktibbeha County, Mississippi","docAbstract":"We surveyed the flora of Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, U.S.A., from February 1994 to 1996. Occupying 118 square kilometers in east-central Mississippi, Oktibbeha County lies among 3 physiographic regions that include, from west to east, Interior Flatwoods, Pontotoc Ridge, and Black Prairie. Accordingly, the county harbors a diverse flora. Based on field work, as well as an extensive review of published literature and herbarium records at IBE and MISSA, we recorded a total of 1,148 taxa (1,125 species, 7 hybrids, 16 infraspecific taxa) belonging to 514 genera in 160 families, over 85% of all taxa documented were native. Compared to 3 other counties in east-central Mississippi, Oktibbeha County has the second largest recorded flora. The number of state-listed (endangered, threatened, or of special concern) taxa (67) documented in this survey far exceeds that reported from any other county in the region. Three introduced species, Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxton, Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Carrie??re, and Nandina domestica Thunb., are reported in a naturalized state for the first time from Mississippi. We also describe 16 different plant communities belonging to 5 broad habitat categories: bottomland forests, upland forests and prairies, aquatic habitats, seepage areas, and human-influenced habitats. A detailed description of the vegetation associated with each of these communities is provided.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"SIDA, Contributions to Botany","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00361488","usgsCitation":"Leidolf, A., McDaniel, S., and Nuttle, T., 2002, The flora of Oktibbeha County, Mississippi: SIDA, Contributions to Botany, v. 20, no. 2, p. 691-765.","startPage":"691","endPage":"765","numberOfPages":"75","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269879,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9309044"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac12e4b08c986b32325a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leidolf, A.","contributorId":54760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leidolf","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDaniel, S.","contributorId":84111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDaniel","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nuttle, T.","contributorId":53985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuttle","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024184,"text":"70024184 - 2002 - Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024184","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape","docAbstract":"At least 2.6 million small, artificial water bodies dot the landscape of the conterminous United States; most are in the eastern half of the country. These features account for approximately 20% of the standing water area across the United States, and their impact on hydrology, sedimentology, geochemistry, and ecology is apparently large in proportion to their area. These features locally elevate evaporation, divert and delay downstream water flow, and modify groundwater interactions. They apparently intercept about as much eroded soil as larger, better-documented reservoirs. Estimated vertical accretion rates are much higher, hence, inferred sedimentary chemical reactions must be different in the small features than in larger ones. Finally, these features substantially alter the characteristics of aquatic habitats across the landscape. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.V., Renwick, W.H., Bartley, J., and Buddemeier, R., 2002, Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape: Science of the Total Environment, v. 299, no. 1-3, p. 21-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X.","startPage":"21","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207241,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X"},{"id":232030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"299","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a1e4b0c8380cd50132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. V.","contributorId":89284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Renwick, W. H.","contributorId":64794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renwick","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartley, J.D.","contributorId":88533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015266,"text":"1015266 - 2002 - Differences in Englemann spruce forest biogeochemistry east and west of the Continental Divide in Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:25:35","indexId":"1015266","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in Englemann spruce forest biogeochemistry east and west of the Continental Divide in Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"We compared Englemann spruce biogeochemical processes in forest stands east and west of the Continental Divide in the Colorado Front Range. The divide forms a natural barrier for air pollutants such that nitrogen (N) emissions from the agricultural and urban areas of the South Platte River Basin are transported via upslope winds to high elevations on the east side but rarely cross over to the west side. Because there are far fewer emissions sources to the west, atmospheric N deposition is 1–2 kg N ha−1 y−1 on the west side, as compared with 3–5 kg N ha−1 y−1 on the east side. Species composition, elevation, aspect, parent material, site history, and climate were matched as closely as possible across six east and six west side old-growth forest stands. Higher N deposition sites had significantly lower organic horizon C:N and lignin:N ratios, lower foliar C:N ratios, as well as greater %N, higher N:Ca, N:Mg, and N:P ratios, and higher potential net mineralization rates. When C:N ratios dropped below 29, as they did in east-side organic horizon soils, mineralization rates increased linearly. Our results are comparable to those from studies of the northeastern United States and Europe that have found changes in forest biogeochemistry in response to N deposition inputs between 3 and 60 kg ha−1 y−1. Though they are low by comparison with more densely populated and agricultural regions, current levels of N deposition, have caused measurable changes in Englemann spruce forest biogeochemistry east of the Continental Divide in Colorado.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-001-0054-8","usgsCitation":"Rueth, H., and Baron, J., 2002, Differences in Englemann spruce forest biogeochemistry east and west of the Continental Divide in Colorado, USA: Ecosystems, v. 5, no. 1, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0054-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d79f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024444,"text":"70024444 - 2002 - Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T12:44:42.112559","indexId":"70024444","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","docAbstract":"We present a new set of contour maps of the seismic structure of North America and the surrounding ocean basins. These maps include the crustal thickness, whole-crustal average P-wave and S-wave velocity, and seismic velocity of the uppermost mantle, that is, Pn and Sn. We found the following: (1) The average thickness of the crust under North America is 36.7 km (standard deviation [s.d.] ±8.4 km), which is 2.5 km thinner than the world average of 39.2 km (s.d. ± 8.5) for continental crust; (2) Histograms of whole-crustal P- and S-wave velocities for the North American crust are bimodal, with the lower peak occurring for crust without a high-velocity (6.9–7.3 km/sec) lower crustal layer; (3) Regions with anomalously high average crustal P-wave velocities correlate with Precambrian and Paleozoic orogens; low average crustal velocities are correlated with modern extensional regimes; (4) The average Pn velocity beneath North America is 8.03 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.19 km/sec); (5) the well-known thin crust beneath the western United States extends into north-west Canada; (6) the average P-wave velocity of layer 3 of oceanic crust is 6.61 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.47 km/sec). However, the average crustal P-wave velocity under the eastern Pacific seafloor is higher than the western Atlantic seafloor due to the thicker sediment layer on the older Atlantic seafloor.