Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey include the collection of water quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface and ground-water supplies of the Nation. These data for the 1965 water year for the quality of surface waters in California are presented in this report. Data for a few water quality stations in bordering States are also included. The data were collected by the Water Resources Division of the U.S Geological Survey under the direction of Walter Hofmann, district chief.
\nWater quality information is presented for chemical quality, fluvial sediment, and water temperatures. The chemical quality includes concentrations of individual dissolved constituents and certain properties or characteristics such as hardness, sodium-adsorption-ratio, specific conductance, and pH. Fluvial sediment information is given for suspended-sediment discharges and concentrations and for particle-size distribution of suspended sediment and bed material. Water temperature data represent once-daily observations except for stations where a continuous temperature recorder furnishes information from which daily minimums and maximums are obtained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA652","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1965, Water Resources Data for California, 1965; Part 2: Water Quality Records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-65-2, x, 378 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA652.","productDescription":"x, 378 p.","temporalStart":"1964-10-01","temporalEnd":"1965-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":256931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256915,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1965/ca-65/WDR-1965-wq.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc490e4b08c986b32b6fc"} ,{"id":70038396,"text":"wdrCA6512 - 1965 - Water Resources Data for California, 1965; Part 1: Surface Water Records; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-22T01:01:41","indexId":"wdrCA6512","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-13T12:50:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-65-1-2","title":"Water Resources Data for California, 1965; Part 1: Surface Water Records; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley","docAbstract":"The surface-water records for the 1965 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within California are given in this report. For convenience, also included are records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Walter Hofmann, district chief, Menlo Park, Calif.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA6512","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1965, Water Resources Data for California, 1965; Part 1: Surface Water Records; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-65-1-2, xvii, 472 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA6512.","productDescription":"xvii, 472 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"943","temporalStart":"1964-10-01","temporalEnd":"1965-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":256912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256908,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1965/ca-65/WDR-1965-vol2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc48fe4b08c986b32b6f6"} ,{"id":70038395,"text":"wdrCA6511 - 1965 - Water Resources Data for California, 1965; Part 1: Surface Water Records; Volume 1: Colorado River Basin, Southern Great Basin, and Pacific Slope Basins excluding Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-22T01:01:41","indexId":"wdrCA6511","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-13T12:23:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-65-1-1","title":"Water Resources Data for California, 1965; Part 1: Surface Water Records; Volume 1: Colorado River Basin, Southern Great Basin, and Pacific Slope Basins excluding Central Valley","docAbstract":"The surface-water records for the 1965 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within California are given in this report. For convenience, also included are records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Walter Hofmann, district chief, Menlo Park, Calif.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA6511","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1965, Water Resources Data for California, 1965; Part 1: Surface Water Records; Volume 1: Colorado River Basin, Southern Great Basin, and Pacific Slope Basins excluding Central Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-65-1-1, xviii, 470 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA6511.","productDescription":"xviii, 470 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":256914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1965/ca-65/WDR-1965-vol1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River Basin;Southern Great Basin;Pacific Slope Basins","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc48ee4b08c986b32b6f0"} ,{"id":70039153,"text":"70039153 - 1965 - Use of flumes in measuring discharge at gaging stations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T16:58:24.369976","indexId":"70039153","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:12:46","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":391,"text":"Water Surface Techniques","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"chapter":"16","title":"Use of flumes in measuring discharge at gaging stations","docAbstract":"This report discusses the general principles underlying the design of various types of flumes for measuring open-channel flow. Four flumes are described in detail, and the recommended discharge ratings for each are presented.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Surface Water Techniques: Book 1: Hydraulic measurement and computation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70039153","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, F.A., 1965, Use of flumes in measuring discharge at gaging stations: Water Surface Techniques, vii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039153.","productDescription":"vii, 27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":579,"text":"Surface Water Branch","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039153/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":261316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039153/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1fde4b0c8380cd4af46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, F. A.","contributorId":22319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039474,"text":"70039474 - 1965 - What is water?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-08T01:02:14","indexId":"70039474","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:16:04","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"What is water?","docAbstract":"If a schoolboy asked this question, you would answer it easily enough. \"Why, water is a liquid found in and around the earth. Water is the sea, lakes, streams, springs and what comes gushing out of the tap when we turn it on.\" If he still looks a little unsatisfied, you would explain that our bodies are three-fourths water, and that water covers threefourths of the earth's surface. But you would have to admit to yourself that these facts, interesting as they are, do not quite answer the boy's question: \"What is water?\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039474","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1965, What is water?: General Information Product, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039474.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261606,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039474/report.pdf"},{"id":261607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039474/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd040e4b08c986b32ed56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046322,"text":"wdrNM641 - 1965 - Water resources data for New Mexico, water year 1964; Part I. Surface water records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-08T10:51:33","indexId":"wdrNM641","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NM-64-1","title":"Water resources data for New Mexico, water year 1964; Part I. Surface water records","docAbstract":"The surface-water records for the 1964 water year for gaging stations, partialrecord stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of New Mexico are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U. S. Geological Survey, under the direction of W. L. Heckler, district engineer, Surface Water Branch. This report is the fourth in a series presenting, annually, basic data on surfacewater records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U. S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled \"Surface Water Supply of the United States.\" Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in New Mexico were contained in Parts 7, 8, and 9 of that series. Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data will be released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of conterminous United States will be further subdivided.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","doi":"10.3133/wdrNM641","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New Mexico and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1965, Water resources data for New Mexico, water year 1964; Part I. Surface water records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NM-64-1, 270 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNM641.","productDescription":"270 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274520,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1964/nm-64/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.052,31.3322 ], [ -109.052,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,31.3322 ], [ -109.052,31.3322 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dbdf78e4b0f81004b77df7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220169,"text":"5220169 - 1965 - Body weights of newly hatched Anatidae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-29T20:58:33","indexId":"5220169","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:34","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Body weights of newly hatched Anatidae","docAbstract":"As early as 1928 (E.C. Meyers, Auk, 45: 334-388, 1928) investigators realized the importance of bird weights and appealed to ornithologists to record and publish records of these. Practically all of the weights of waterfowl that have been published, however, have been of adults or grown young (see F.H. Kortright, The ducks, geese and swans of North America, Amer. Wildl. Inst., 1943, pp. 381-388; F.C. Bellrose and A.S. Hawkins, Auk, 64: 422-430, 1947; A.L. Neldon and A.C> Martin, J. Wildl. Mgmt., 17: 36-42, 1953; F.A. Hartman, Condor, 57: 221-238, 1955; and D.W. Johnston, Wilson Bull., 75: 437, 1963). The purpose of this paper is to make available a record of weights of a number of species of newly hatched Anatidae.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4083232","usgsCitation":"Smart, M., 1965, Body weights of newly hatched Anatidae: The Auk, v. 82, no. 4, p. 645-648, https://doi.org/10.2307/4083232.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"648","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4083232","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smart, M.G.","contributorId":35829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220167,"text":"5220167 - 1965 - Importing waterfowl eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:38","indexId":"5220167","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:34","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2769,"text":"Modern Game Breeding","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importing waterfowl eggs","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modern Game Breeding","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Smart, M., 1965, Importing waterfowl eggs: Modern Game Breeding, v. 1, no. 4, p. 41-44.","productDescription":"41-44","startPage":"41","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f195e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smart, M.G.","contributorId":35829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220148,"text":"5220148 - 1965 - Tidal dispersal of herbicides to control Erasian watermilfoil in the Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5220148","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:34","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3177,"text":"Proceedings of the Southern Weed Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal dispersal of herbicides to control Erasian watermilfoil in the Chesapeake Bay","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Southern Weed Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Steenis, J., and Stotts, V.D., 1965, Tidal dispersal of herbicides to control Erasian watermilfoil in the Chesapeake Bay: Proceedings of the Southern Weed Conference, v. 18, p. 507-511.","productDescription":"507-511","startPage":"507","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b7d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steenis, J.H.","contributorId":73694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenis","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stotts, Vernon D.","contributorId":86724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stotts","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220694,"text":"5220694 - 1965 - Waterfowl species management: Problems and progress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:49","indexId":"5220694","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:33","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl species management: Problems and progress","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Crissey, W., 1965, Waterfowl species management: Problems and progress: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 30, p. 229-245.","productDescription":"229-245","startPage":"229","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f756c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crissey, W.F.","contributorId":21656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crissey","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38844,"text":"pp542A - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38844,"text":"pp542A - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska","indexId":"pp542A","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-28T19:13:46.811205","indexId":"pp542A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"A","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, is about 80 miles west-northwest of the epicenter of the March 27 earthquake. Because of its size, Anchorage bore the brunt of property damage from the quake; it sustained greater losses than all the rest of Alaska combined. Damage was caused by direct seismic vibration, by ground cracks, and by landslides. Direct seismic vibration affected chiefly multistory buildings and buildings having large floor areas, probably because of the long period and large amplitude of the seismic waves reaching Anchorage. Most small buildings were spared. Ground cracks caused capricious damage throughout the Anchorage Lowland. Cracking was most prevalent near the heads or within landslides but was also widespread elsewhere. Landslides themselves caused the most devastating damage.
Triggering of landslides by the earthquake was related to the physical-engineering properties of the Bootlegger Cove Clay, a glacial estuarine-marine deposit that underlies much of the Anchorage area. The Bootlegger Cove Clay contains zones of low shear strength, high water content, and high sensitivity that failed under the vibratory stress of the earthquake. Shear strength in sensitive zones ranged from less than 0.2 tsf to about 0.5 tsf; sensitivity ranged from about 10 to more than 40. Sensitive zones generally are centered about 10 to 20 feet above sea level, between zones of stiff insensitive clay. Many physical tests by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were directed toward analyzing the causes of failure in the Bootlegger Cove Clay and finding possible remedies. Strengths and sensitivities were measured directly in the field by means of vane shear apparatus. A4tterberg limits, natural water contents, triaxial shear, sensitivity, dynamic modulus, consolidation strength, and other properties were measured in the laboratory. Pulsating-load tests simulated earthquake loading.
Most of the destructive landslides in the Anchorage area moved primarily by translation rather than by rotation. Thus, all the highly damaging slides were of a single structural dynamic family despite wide variations in size, appearance, and complexity. They slid on nearly horizontal slip surfaces after loss of strength in the Bootlegger Core Clay. Same failures are attributed to spontaneous liquefaction of sand layers. All translatory slides surmounted flat-topped bluffs bounded marginally by steep slopes facing lower ground. Destructive translatory slides occurred in the downtown area (Fourth Avenue slide and L Street slide), at Government Hill, and at Turnagain Heights. Less destructive slides occurred in many other places-mostly uninhabited or undeveloped areas.
In most translatory slides, damage was greatest in graben areas at the head and in pressure-ridge areas at the toe. Many buildings inside the perimeters of slide blocks were little damaged despite horizontal translations of several feet. The large Turnagain Heights slide, however, was characterized by a complete disintegration and drastic lowering of the prequake land surface. Extensive damage back from the slide, moreover, was caused by countless tension cracks.
An approximation of the depth of failure in the Bootlegger Cove Clay in the various slides may be obtained by using a geometric relationship herein called the \"graben rule.\" Because the cross-sectional area of the graben at the head of the slide approximated the cross-sectional area of the space voided behind the slide block as the block moved outward, the depth of failure was equal to the area of the graben divided by the lateral displacement. This approximation supplements and accords with test data obtained from borings. The graben rule should apply to any translatory slide in which flowage of material from the zone of failure has not been excessive.
Geologic evidence indicates that landslides similar to those triggered by the March 27 earthquake have occurred in the Anchorage area at various times in the past.
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\n\nSeismic motion lasted only 2½-3 minutes, but when it stopped the Whittier waterfront was in shambles land the port facilities were inoperable. Damage was caused by (1) a 5.3-foot subsidence of the landmass, sufficient to put some of the developed land under water during high tides, (2) seismic shock, (3) fracturing of fill and unconsolidated sediments, (4) compaction of fill and unconsolidated deposits, (5) submarine landslides which generated waves that destroyed part of The Alaska Railroad roadbed and other property, (6) at least two, but probably three, waves generated by landslides, which completely wrecked the buildings of two lumber companies, the stub pier, the small-boat harbor, the car-barge slip dock, and several homes, and (7) fire that destroyed the fuel-storage tanks at the Whittier waterfront.
\n\nMany buildings and other facilities were totally wrecked, others were damaged to lesser degrees. For example, the 14-story reinforced concrete Hodge Building, which rests upon at least 44 feet of sandy gravel, was moderately damaged by seismic shock, but the six-story reinforced-concrete Buckner Building, which rests upon bedrock, was only slightly damaged.
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1965 - The Black Canyon of the Gunnison: Today and Yesterday","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T12:43:08","indexId":"b1191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1191","title":"The Black Canyon of the Gunnison: Today and Yesterday","docAbstract":"Since the early visit of Captain John William Gunnison in the middle of the last century, the Black Canyon of the Gunnison has stirred mixed apprehension and wonder in the hearts of its viewers. It ranks high among the more awesome gorges of North America.\r\n\r\nMany great western canyons are as well remembered for their brightly colored walls as for their airy depths. Not so the Black Canyon. Though it is assuredly not black, the dark-gray tones of its walls and the hazy shadows of its gloomy depths join together to make its name well deserved. Its name conveys an impression, not a picture.\r\n\r\nAfter the first emotional impact of the canyon, the same questions come to the minds of most reflective viewers and in about the following order: How deep is the Black Canyon, how wide, how does it compare with other canyons, what are the rocks, how did it form, and how long did it take? Several western canyons exceed the Black Canyon in overall size. Some are longer; some are deeper; some are narrower; and a few have walls as steep. But no other canyon in North American combines the depth, narrowness, sheerness, and somber countenance of the Black Canyon.\r\n\r\nIn many places the Black Canyon is as deep as it is wide. Between The Narrows and Chasm View in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument (fig. 15) it is much deeper than wide. Average depth in the monument is about 2,000 feet, ranging from a maximum of about 2,700 feet, north of Warner Point (which also is the greatest depth anywhere in the canyon), to a minimum of about 1,750 feet at The Narrows. The stretch of canyon between Pulpit Rock and Chasm View, including The Narrows, though the shallowest in the monument, is also the narrowest, has some of the steepest walls, and is, therefore, among the most impressive segments of the canyon (fig. 3).\r\n\r\nProfiles of several well-known western canyons are shown in figure 1. Deepest of these by far is Hells Canyon of the Snake, on the Idaho-Oregon border. Clearly, it dwarfs the Black Canyon in the immensity of its void, though its flaring walls lack the alarming verticality of the Black Canyon. Arizona's Grand Canyon of the Colorado is acknowledged as the greatest of them all; it is not as deep as Hells Canyon, but it is wider, longer, more rugged, and far more colorful. Its depth is two to three times that of the Black Canyon. Zion Canyon, Utah, combines depth, sheerness, serenity, and color in a chasm that ranges from capacious to extremely narrow. Its Narrows have a depth-to-width ratio unmatched by any other major American canyon.\r\n\r\nCalifornia's Yosemite Valley, in a setting of sylvan verdure, is unique among the gorges shown in profile in figure 1 in being the only glacial trough; its monolithic walls bear witness to the abrasive power of moving ice. Few cliffs in the world match the splendor of its El Capitan. Lodore Canyon, on the Green River in Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado, is best known, perhaps, for its noisy splashy rapids, first made famous by John Wesley Powell. Lodore Canyon also features towering cliffs of deep-red quartzite. Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Wyoming, is noted for its great waterfalls, dashing river, and bright coloration. The Royal Gorge of the Arkansas River, Colorado, features the 'world's highest suspension bridge'.\r\n\r\nThe profiles shown in figure 1 afford some basis for comparing one canyon with another. They cannot abstract in two dimensions the overall impression that each canyon makes. Color, vegetation, outcrop habit, vantage point, season of year, length of visit - even the roar of the river or lack thereof - all contribute to this highly personal effect.\r\n\r\nFor a river of its size, the Gunnison has an unusually steep gradient through the Black Canyon. The river falls about 2,150 feet from the head of the canyon at Sapinero to the mouth at its junction with North Fork - a distance of about 50 miles and an average rate of fall of about 43 feet per mile. By comparison, the Green ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1191","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W.R., 1965, The Black Canyon of the Gunnison: Today and Yesterday: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1191, vii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1191.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92844,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1191/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1191/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6828eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Wallace R.","contributorId":90273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}