The increasing use of ground water from many major aquifers in the United States has required a more thorough understanding of gravity drainage, or specific yield. This report describes one phase of specific yield research by the U.S. Geological Survey's Hydrologic Laboratory in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources.
An earlier phase of the research concentrated on the final distribution of moisture retained after drainage of saturated columns of porous media. This report presents the phase that concentrated on the distribution of moisture retained in similar columns after drainage for various periods of time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70197609","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Prill, R., Johnson, A., and Morris, D.A., 1964, Specific yield - laboratory experiments showing the effect of time on column drainage: Open-File Report, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70197609.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401064,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70197609/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":355004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70197609/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prill, R.C.","contributorId":27034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prill","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, D. A.","contributorId":56204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189329,"text":"70189329 - 1964 - Water quality of the Swatara Creek Basin, PA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T14:56:41","indexId":"70189329","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water quality of the Swatara Creek Basin, PA","docAbstract":"The Swatara Creek of the Susquehanna River Basin is the farthest downstream sub-basin that drains acid water (pH of 4.5 or less) from anthracite coal mines. The Swatara Creek drainage area includes 567 square miles of parts of Schuylkill, Berks, Lebanon, and Dauphin Counties in Pennsylvania.
To learn what environmental factors and dissolved constituents in water were influencing the quality of Swatara Creek, a reconnaissance of the basin was begun during the summer of 1958. Most of the surface streams and the wells adjacent to the principal tributaries of the Creek were sampled for chemical analysis. Effluents from aquifers underlying the basin were chemically analyzed because ground water is the basic source of supply to surface streams in the Swatara Creek basin. When there is little runoff during droughts, ground water has a dominating influence on the quality of surface water. Field tests showed that all ground water in the basin was non-acidic. However, several streams were acidic. Sources of acidity in these streams were traced to the overflow of impounded water in unworked coal mines.
Acidic mine effluents and washings from coal breakers were detected downstream in Swatara Creek as far as Harper Tavern, although the pH at Harper Tavern infrequently went below 6.0. Suspended-sediment sampling at this location showed the mean daily concentration ranged from 2 to 500 ppm. The concentration of suspended sediment is influenced by runoff and land use, and at Harper Tavern it consisted of natural sediments and coal wastes. The average daily suspended-sediment discharge there during the period May 8 to September 30, 1959, was 109 tons per day, and the computed annual suspended-sediment load, 450 tons per square mile.
Only moderate treatment would be required to restore the quality of Swatara Creek at Harper Tavern for many uses. Above Ravine, however, the quality of the Creek is generally acidic and, therefore, of limited usefulness to public supplies, industries and recreation.
In general, the quality of Swatara Creek improves after it mixes with water from the Upper Little and Lower Little Swatara Creeks, which converge with the main stream near Pine Grove. Jonestown is the first downstream location where Swatara Creek contains bicarbonate ion most of the time, and for the remaining downstream length of the stream, the concentration of bicarbonate progressively increases. Before the stream enters the Susquehanna River, chemical and diluting processes contributed by tributaries change the acidic calcium sulfate water, which characterizes the upper Swatara, to a calcium bicarbonate water.
A major tributary to Swatara Creek is Quittapahilla Creek, which drains a limestone region and has alkaline characteristics. Effluents from a sewage treatment plant are discharged into this stream west of Lebanon. Adjacent to the Creek are limestone quarries and during the recovery of limestone, ground water seeps into the mining areas. This water is pumped to upper levels and flows over the land surface into Quittapahilla Creek.
As compared with the 1940's, the quality of Swatara Creek is better today, and the water is suitable for more uses. In large part, this improvement is due to curtailment of anthracite coal mining and because of the controls imposed on new mines, stripping mines, and the related coal mining operations, by the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board. Thus, today (1962) smaller amounts of coal mine wastes are more effectively flushed and scoured away with each successive runoff during storms that affect the drainage basin. Natural processes neutralizing acid water in the stream by infiltration of alkaline ground water through springs and through the streambed are also indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70189329","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters","usgsCitation":"McCarren, E.F., Wark, J., and George, J., 1964, Water quality of the Swatara Creek Basin, PA: Open-File Report, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70189329.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70189329/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":343749,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70189329/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Swatara Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.80841064453125,\n 41.03585891144301\n ],\n [\n -75.82763671875,\n 41.03378713521864\n ],\n [\n -76.102294921875,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -76.70379638671874,\n 40.84498264925404\n ],\n [\n -76.81915283203125,\n 40.670222795307346\n ],\n [\n -76.84661865234375,\n 40.54511315470123\n ],\n [\n -76.89605712890625,\n 40.287906612507406\n ],\n [\n -76.871337890625,\n 40.18516846826054\n ],\n [\n -76.73126220703125,\n 40.13899044275822\n ],\n [\n -76.6790771484375,\n 40.11799004890473\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 40.21873275657034\n ],\n [\n -75.73699951171875,\n 40.30466538259176\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 40.48455955508278\n ],\n [\n -75.62164306640625,\n 40.65563874006118\n ],\n [\n -75.65185546874999,\n 40.83874913796459\n ],\n [\n -75.74249267578125,\n 40.96952973563832\n ],\n [\n -75.80841064453125,\n 41.03585891144301\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965e3afe4b0d1f9f05c1d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarren, Edward F.","contributorId":106472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarren","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wark, J.W.","contributorId":194454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wark","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"George, J.R.","contributorId":15277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3662,"text":"cir494 - 1964 - Ground water east of Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T21:31:15.484531","indexId":"cir494","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"494","title":"Ground water east of Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The project area, which lies east of and adjacent to Jackson Lake is on the downthrown eastern block of the Teton fault, a normal fault that trends northward along the west edge of Jackson Lake. Rocks of pre-Cretaceous age are deeply buried beneath this area. Sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age and sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Tertiary age, which have an aggregate thickness of about 30,000 feet, are exposed in the northern and eastern parts of the area. Along most of the east side of Jackson Lake, unconsolidated glacial and interglacial deposits of Quaternary age overlie the rocks of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. The unconsolidated deposits were penetrated by test drilling to a depth of 206 feet, but the maximum thickness is probably much greater. Test wells were drilled in five localities to evaluate the deposits of Quaternary age as possible sources of ground water for National Park Service facilities. In the Pilgrim Creek valley, test wells were capable of yielding 200 gpm (gallons per minute); properly constructed production wells could obtain much greater yields. Test wells at Lizard Point and Jackson Lake Campgrounds yielded more than 100 gpm, and a test well near the confluence of the Buffalo Fork and Snake rivers yielded 30 gpm. A test hole drilled in the NW1/4 sec. 36, T. 46 N., R. 115 W., was dry at 200 feet. Unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age are the most promising source of additional ground water. Because of the extreme range in grain size and sorting, these deposits vary greatly in permeability. Their saturated thickness ranges from 0 to more than 130 feet and changes seasonally; variations of as much as 36 feet were measured (1961-62) in the Pilgrim Creek valley. In most localities where deposits of Quaternary age are ,present, small to moderate ground-water supplies can be developed; larger ground-water supplies can be developed in parts of the Pilgrim Creek valley. One well taps the Bivouac Formation of Late Pliocene or Pleistocene age, but no other wells are known to tap rocks of possible pre-Quaternary age. The Harebell Formation and Bacon Ridge Sandstone of Late Cretaceous age and the Bivouac Formation offer the best possibilities for development of additional water supplies from the consolidated rocks. Chemical analyses of water samples from 11 wells in the deposits of Quaternary age and 1 well in the Bivouac Formation indicate that the water is of generally good quality for drinking and most other purposes. Water from one well tapping lacustrine(?) sand had a dissolved-solids content of 321 ppm (parts per million); all other samples had from 87 to 145 ppm.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir494","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"McGreevy, L., and Gordon, E.D., 1964, Ground water east of Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 494, Report: iv, 27 p.; 1 Plate: 16.90 x 21.58 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir494.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 27 p.; 1 Plate: 16.90 x 21.58 inches","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395311,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23905.htm"},{"id":30702,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0494/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0494/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":271081,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0494/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park, Jackson Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.753173828125,\n 43.8008364060122\n ],\n [\n -110.753173828125,\n 44.067853669357596\n ],\n [\n -110.4345703125,\n 44.067853669357596\n ],\n [\n -110.4345703125,\n 43.8008364060122\n ],\n [\n -110.753173828125,\n 43.8008364060122\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGreevy, Laurence J.","contributorId":98706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGreevy","given":"Laurence J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Ellis D.","contributorId":12451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65222,"text":"i432 - 1964 - Geologic map and section of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:02","indexId":"i432","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"432","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map and section of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i432","usgsCitation":"Fiske, R., Hopson, C., and Waters, A.C., 1964, Geologic map and section of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 432, 1 map on 2 fold. sheets., https://doi.org/10.3133/i432.","productDescription":"1 map on 2 fold. sheets.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102804,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1268.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1268"},{"id":189287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.91666666666667,46.733333333333334 ], [ -121.91666666666667,47 ], [ -121.5,47 ], [ -121.5,46.733333333333334 ], [ -121.91666666666667,46.733333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiske, R.S.","contributorId":47783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiske","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopson, C.A.","contributorId":13244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waters, A. C.","contributorId":13304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37479,"text":"ssrw82 - 1964 - Preliminary keys to waterfowl age and sex identification by means of wing plumage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:40","indexId":"ssrw82","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82","title":"Preliminary keys to waterfowl age and sex identification by means of wing plumage","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Carney, S.M., 1964, Preliminary keys to waterfowl age and sex identification by means of wing plumage: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 82, 47 p.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112064,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015018200249?urlappend=%3Bseq=205"},{"id":167190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carney, Samuel M.","contributorId":70031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38961,"text":"pp417D - 1964 - Chemical quality of the surface waters of the Snake River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:37","indexId":"pp417D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"417","chapter":"D","title":"Chemical quality of the surface waters of the Snake River basin","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp417D","usgsCitation":"Laird, L., 1964, Chemical quality of the surface waters of the Snake River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 417, p. 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