{"pageNumber":"255","pageRowStart":"6350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11004,"records":[{"id":70024772,"text":"70024772 - 2002 - Place vs. time and vegetational persistence: A comparison of four tropical mires from the Illinois Basin during the height of the Pennsylvanian Ice Age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024772","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Place vs. time and vegetational persistence: A comparison of four tropical mires from the Illinois Basin during the height of the Pennsylvanian Ice Age","docAbstract":"Coal balls were collected from four coal beds in the southeastern part of the Illinois Basin. Collections were made from the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coals in western Kentucky, and from the Danville Coal in southwestern Indiana. These four coal beds are among the principal mineable coals of the Illinois Basin and belong to the Carbondale and Shelburn Formations of late Middle Pennsylvanian age. Vegetational composition was analyzed quantitatively. Coal-ball samples from the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker are dominated by the lycopsid tree Lepidophloios, with lesser numbers of Psaronius tree ferns, medullosan pteridosperms, and the lycopsid trees Synchysidendron and Diaphorodendron. This vegetation is similar to that found in the Springfield and Herrin coals elsewhere in the Illinois Basin, as reported in previous studies. The Danville coal sample, which is considerably smaller than the others, is dominated by Psaronius with the lycopsids Sigillaria and Synchysidendron as subdominants. Coal balls from the Springfield coal were collected in zones directly from the coal bed and their zone-by-zone composition indicates three to four distinct plant assemblages. The other coals were analyzed as whole-seam random samples, averaging the landscape composition of the parent mire environments. This analysis indicates that these coals, separated from each other by marine and terrestrial-clastic deposits, have essentially the same floristic composition and, thus, appear to represent a common species pool that persisted throughout the late Middle Pennsylvanian, despite changes in baselevel and climate attendant the glacial interglacial cyclicity of the Pennsylvanian ice age. Patterns of species abundance and diversity are much the same for the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker, although each coal, both in the local area sampled, and regionally, has its own paleobotanical peculiarities. Despite minor differences, these coals indicate a high degree of recurrence of assemblage and landscape organization. The Danville departs dramatically from the dominance-diversity composition of the older coals, presaging patterns of tree-fern and Sigillaria dominance of Late Pennsylvanian coals of the eastern United States, but, nonetheless, built on a species pool shared with the older coals. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00113-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"DiMichele, W.A., Phillips, T., and Nelson, W.J., 2002, Place vs. time and vegetational persistence: A comparison of four tropical mires from the Illinois Basin during the height of the Pennsylvanian Ice Age: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 50, no. 1-4, p. 43-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00113-1.","startPage":"43","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207718,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00113-1"},{"id":232889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b89e4b0c8380cd794c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiMichele, William A.","contributorId":97631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiMichele","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, T.L.","contributorId":43517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, W. John","contributorId":25217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024697,"text":"70024697 - 2002 - Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024697","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Several potential dust sources, including generic sources of sparsely vegetated alluvium, playa deposits, and anthropogenic emissions, as well as the area around Owens Lake, California, affect the composition of modern dust in the southwestern United States. A comparison of geochemical analyses of modern and old (a few thousand years) dust with samples of potential local sources suggests that dusts reflect four primary sources: (1) alluvial sediments (represented by Hf, K, Rb, Zr, and rare-earth elements, (2) playas, most of which produce calcareous dust (Sr, associated with Ca), (3) the area of Owens (dry) Lake, a human-induced playa (As, Ba, Li, Pb, Sb, and Sr), and (4) anthropogenic and/or volcanic emissions (As, Cr, Ni, and Sb). A comparison of dust and source samples with previous analyses shows that Owens (dry) Lake and mining wastes from the adjacent Cerro Gordo mining district are the primary sources of As, Ba, Li, and Pb in dusts from Owens Valley. Decreases in dust contents of As, Ba, and Sb with distance from Owens Valley suggest that dust from southern Owens Valley is being transported at least 400 km to the east. Samples of old dust that accumulated before European settlement are distinctly lower in As, Ba, and Sb abundances relative to modern dust, likely due to modern transport of dust from Owens Valley. Thus, southern Owens Valley appears to be an important, geochemically distinct, point source for regional dust in the southwestern United States. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00864-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., Budahn, J., and Lamothe, P.J., 2002, Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1569-1587, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00864-X.","startPage":"1569","endPage":"1587","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207717,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00864-X"},{"id":232886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162ee4b0c8380cd55098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, M.C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":36128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024673,"text":"70024673 - 2002 - Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:23:23","indexId":"70024673","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Model ground water ages based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He) data were obtained from two arrays of nested piezometers located on the north limb of an anticline in fractured sedimentary rocks in the Valley and Ridge geologic province of Pennsylvania. The fracture geometry of the gently east plunging fold is very regular and consists predominately of south dipping to subhorizontal to north dipping bedding-plane parting and east striking, steeply dipping axial-plane spaced cleavage. In the area of the piezometer arrays, which trend north-south on the north limb of the fold, north dipping bedding-plane parting is a more dominant fracture set than is steeply south dipping axial-plane cleavage. The dating of ground water from the piezometer arrays reveals that ground water traveling along paths parallel to the dip direction of bedding-plane parting has younger 3H/3He and CFC model ages, or a greater component of young water, than does ground water traveling along paths opposite to the dip direction. In predominantly unmixed samples there is a strong positive correlation between age of the young fraction of water and dissolved sodium concentration. The travel times inferred from the model ages are significantly longer than those previously calculated by a ground water flow model, which assumed isotropically fractured layers parallel to topography. A revised model factors in the directional anisotropy to produce longer travel times. Ground water travel times in the watershed therefore appear to be more influenced by anisotropic fracture geometry than previously realized. This could have significant implications for ground water models in other areas underlain by similarly tilted or folded sedimentary rock, such as elsewhere in the Valley and Ridge or the early Mesozoic basins.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Burton, W., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Lindsey, B., and Gburek, W., 2002, Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 3, p. 242-257, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"257","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Valley and Ridge Province","volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b3ae4b0c8380cd6233c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, B.D.","contributorId":89696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gburek, W.J.","contributorId":76098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gburek","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024658,"text":"70024658 - 2002 - Strain accumulation and rotation in western Nevada, 1993-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T14:08:09.478589","indexId":"70024658","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation and rotation in western Nevada, 1993-2000","docAbstract":"<p><span>The positions of 44 GPS monuments in an array extending from the Sierra Nevada at the latitude of Reno to near Austin, Nevada, have been measured several times in the 1993–2000 interval. The western half of the array spans the Walker Lane belt, whereas the eastern half spans the central Nevada seismic zone (CNSZ). The principal strain rates in the Walker Lane belt are 29.6 ± 5.3 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;N88.4°E ± 5.4° and −12.8 ± 6.0 nanostrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;N01.6°W ± 5.4°, extension reckoned positive, and the clockwise (as seen from above the Earth) rotation rate about a vertical axis is 13.6 ± 4.0 nrad yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The quoted uncertainties are standard deviations. The motion in the Walker Lane belt can then be represented by a zone striking N35°W subject to 16.8 ± 4.9 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;extension perpendicular to it and 19.5 ± 4.0 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;right-lateral, simple shear across it. The N35°W strike of the zone is the same as the direction of the local tangent to the small circle drawn about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation. The principal strain rates for the CNSZ are 46.2 ± 11.0 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;N49.9°W ± 6.0° and −13.6 ± 6.1 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;N40.1°E ± 6.0°, and the clockwise rotation rate about a vertical axis is 20.3 ± 6.3 nrad yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The motion across the CNSZ can then be represented by a zone striking N12°E subject to 32.6 ± 11.0 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;extension perpendicular to it and 25.1 ± 6.3 nstrain yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;right-lateral, simple shear across it. The N12°E strike of the zone is similar to the strikes of the faults (Rainbow Mountain, Fairview Peak, and Dixie Valley) within it.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000579","usgsCitation":"Svarc, J.L., Savage, J., Prescott, W., and Ramelli, A., 2002, Strain accumulation and rotation in western Nevada, 1993-2000: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B5, p. ETG 2-1-ETG 2-11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000579.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"ETG 2-1","endPage":"ETG 2-11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478614,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000579","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              39.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.9,\n              39.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.9,\n              40.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              40.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              39.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9893e4b08c986b31c0a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Svarc, J. L.","contributorId":75995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramelli, A. R.","contributorId":100564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramelli","given":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024616,"text":"70024616 - 2002 - Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:14:37","indexId":"70024616","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"The Seattle fault, a large, seismically active, east-west-striking fault zone under Seattle, is the best-studied fault within the tectonically active Puget Lowland in western Washington, yet its subsurface geometry and evolution are not well constrained. We combine several analysis and modeling approaches to study the fault geometry and evolution, including depth-converted, deep-seismic-reflection images, P-wave-velocity field, gravity data, elastic modeling of shoreline uplift from a late Holocene earthquake, and kinematic fault restoration. We propose that the Seattle thrust or reverse fault is accompanied by a shallow, antithetic reverse fault that emerges south of the main fault. The wedge enclosed by the two faults is subject to an enhanced uplift, as indicated by the boxcar shape of the shoreline uplift from the last major earthquake on the fault zone. The Seattle Basin is interpreted as a flexural basin at the footwall of the Seattle fault zone. Basin stratigraphy and the regional tectonic history lead us to suggest that the Seattle fault zone initiated as a reverse fault during the middle Miocene, concurrently with changes in the regional stress field, to absorb some of the north-south shortening of the Cascadia forearc. Kingston Arch, 30 km north of the Seattle fault zone, is interpreted as a more recent disruption arising within the basin, probably due to the development of a blind reverse fault.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010229","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Molzer, P., Fisher, M.A., Blakely, R., Bucknam, R., Parsons, T., Crosson, R.S., and Creager, K.C., 2002, Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 5, p. 1737-1753, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010229.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1737","endPage":"1753","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Seattle Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.8216552734375,\n              46.89398546092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1185302734375,\n              46.89398546092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1185302734375,\n              48.55297816440071\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8216552734375,\n              48.55297816440071\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8216552734375,\n              46.89398546092549\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d76e4b08c986b31d87c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Molzer, P.C.","contributorId":86514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molzer","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crosson, R. S.","contributorId":104987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Creager, K. C.","contributorId":105078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024553,"text":"70024553 - 2002 - Trends in late Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil distribution patterns, Western North Atlantic margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024553","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in late Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil distribution patterns, Western North Atlantic margin","docAbstract":"First and last occurrences of several Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil species are shown to be diachronous across paleodepth and paleoenvironment using the graphic correlation method. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages examined from eleven cores from a deep- to shallow-water transect along the eastern United States Atlantic margin document that the first occurrence of Micula murus (Martini 1961) Bukry 1973 is diachronous, appearing 2.0 million years earlier in open ocean sites than in shallow marine sites. The first occurrence (FO) of Lithraphidites kennethii Perch-Nielsen 1984 is also nonsynchronous, appearing in the deep ocean before its FO in neritic waters. The last occurrence (LO) of L. praequadratus Roth 1978 is diachronous across paleodepth, going locally extinct first in deeper water. The LO of Watznaueria bybelliae Self-Trail 1999 is also diachronous, going locally extinct first in shallow-water settings. Ceratolithoides amplector Burnett 1997, C. pricei Burnett 1997, C. self-trailiae Burnett 1997, C. ultimus Burnett 1997, Cribrocorona gallica (Stradner 1963) Perch-Nielsen 1973. Micula praemurus (Bukry 1973) Stradner and Steinmetz 1984, Pseudomicula quadratus Perch-Nielsen et al. 1978, and Semihololithus spp. are present consistently in common to frequent abundances in ODP holes 1050C and 1052E on the Blake Nose, but they are rare or absent from neritic sections in Coastal Plain cores. It is apparent that these species flourished in an open ocean setting, suggesting that differences in assemblage abundance and diversity between deep ocean and nearshore areas were controlled by paleoceanographic factors. These species are not used for biostratigraphy, but may be useful indicators of open ocean conditions. The line of correlation (LOC) for nine Coastal Plain cores clearly defines the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary unconformity at the top of the Maastrichtian section (Peedee Formation) and the Campanian-Maastrichtian (C/M) unconformity at the base of the Maastrichtian section (Peedee/Donoho Creek formational contact). The K/T boundary unconformity is undulatory in nature; updip Maastrichtian sections have been stripped to a greater depth than the downdip sections. The uppermost Campanian, all of the lowermost Maastrichtian, and the basal upper Maastrichtian sediments are missing from the study area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/48.1.31","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Self-Trail J.M., 2002, Trends in late Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil distribution patterns, Western North Atlantic margin: Micropaleontology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 31-52, https://doi.org/10.2113/48.1.31.","startPage":"31","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207686,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/48.1.31"},{"id":232844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7ece4b08c986b327581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Self-Trail J.M.","contributorId":128180,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Self-Trail J.M.","id":535150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024539,"text":"70024539 - 2002 - Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024539","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems","docAbstract":"Research from several regions of the world provides spatially anecdotal evidence to hypothesize which hydrologic and agricultural factors contribute to groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination. Analysis of nationally consistent measurements from the U.S. Geological Survey's NAWOA program confirms these hypotheses for a substantial range of agricultural systems. Shallow unconfined aquifers are most susceptible to nitrate contamination associated with agricultural systems. Alluvial and other unconsolidated aquifers are the most vulnerable and shallow carbonate aquifers provide a substantial but smaller contamination risk. Where any of these aquifers are overlain by permeable soils the risk of contamination is larger. Irrigated systems can compound this vulnerability by increasing leaching facilitated by additional recharge and additional nutrient applications. The agricultural system of corn, soybeans, and hogs produced significantly larger concentrations of groundwater nitrate than all other agricultural systems, although mean nitrate concentrations in counties with dairy, poultry, cattle and grains, and horticulture systems were similar. If trends in the relation between increased fertilizer use and groundwater nitrate in the United States are repeated in other regions of the world, Asia may experience increasing problems because of recent increases in fertilizer use. Groundwater monitoring in Western and Eastern Europe as well as Russia over the next decade may provide data to determine if the trend in increased nitrate contamination can be reversed. If the concentrated livestock trend in the United States is global, it may be accompanied by increasing nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Concentrated livestock provide both point sources in the confinement area and intense non-point sources as fields close to facilities are used for manure disposal. Regions where irrigated cropland is expanding, such as in Asia, may experience the greatest impact of this practice.","largerWorkTitle":"Water Science and Technology","language":"English","issn":"02731223","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., and Stoner, J., 2002, Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems, <i>in</i> Water Science and Technology, v. 45, no. 9, p. 19-28.","startPage":"19","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66a1e4b0c8380cd72eb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, M. R.","contributorId":42190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024511,"text":"70024511 - 2002 - Geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons, southern Death Valley region, California: Insights into the origin of Cordilleran interior magmatism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T16:52:24.35854","indexId":"70024511","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons, southern Death Valley region, California: Insights into the origin of Cordilleran interior magmatism","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mesozoic granitoid plutons in the southern Death Valley region of southeastern California reveal substantial compositional and isotopic diversity for Mesozoic magmatism in the southwestern US Cordillera. Jurassic plutons of the region are mainly calc-alkaline mafic granodiorites with ε</span><sub>Ndi</sub><span>&nbsp;of –5 to –16,&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr</span><sub><span>&nbsp;</span><i>i</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>of 0.707–0.726, and&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb</span><sub><span>&nbsp;</span><i>i</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>of 17.5–20.0. Cretaceous granitoids of the region are mainly monzogranites with ε</span><sub>Ndi</sub><span>&nbsp;of –6 to –19,&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr</span><sub><span>&nbsp;</span><i>i</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>of 0.707–0.723, and&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb</span><sub><span>&nbsp;</span><i>i</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>of 17.4–18.6. The granitoids were generated by mixing of mantle-derived mafic melts and pre-existing crust – some of the Cretaceous plutons represent melting of Paleoproterozoic crust that, in the southern Death Valley region, is exceptionally heterogeneous. A Cretaceous gabbro on the southern flank of the region has an unusually juvenile composition (ε</span><sub>Ndi</sub><span>&nbsp;–3.2,&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr</span><sub><span>&nbsp;</span><i>i</i><span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>0.7060). Geographic position of the Mesozoic plutons and comparison with Cordilleran plutonism in the Mojave Desert show that the Precambrian lithosphere (craton margin) in the eastern Mojave Desert region may consists of two crustal blocks separated by a more juvenile terrane.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00410-002-0354-9","usgsCitation":"Ramo, O., Calzia, J., and Kosunen, P., 2002, Geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons, southern Death Valley region, California: Insights into the origin of Cordilleran interior magmatism: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 143, no. 4, p. 416-437, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0354-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"437","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.30126953125,\n              34.67839374011646\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.1531982421875,\n              34.68291096793206\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.63134765625001,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.15869140624999,\n              35.42486791930558\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.92224121093749,\n              36.01800375871416\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.78466796875,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.32299804687499,\n              36.54936246839778\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.30126953125,\n              34.67839374011646\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"143","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16e5e4b0c8380cd552dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramo, O.T.","contributorId":15067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramo","given":"O.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calzia, J.P.","contributorId":58614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calzia","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kosunen, P.J.","contributorId":94156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosunen","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024496,"text":"70024496 - 2002 - Effects of colony relocation on diet and productivity of Caspian terns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T17:28:03.077625","indexId":"70024496","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of colony relocation on diet and productivity of Caspian terns","docAbstract":"<p>We investigated the efficacy of management to reduce the impact of Caspian tern (<i>Sterna caspia</i>) predation on survival of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Columbia River estuary. Resource managers sought to relocate approximately 9,000 pairs of terns nesting on Rice Island (river km 34) to East Sand Island (river km 8), where terns were expected to prey on fewer juvenile salmonids. Efforts to attract terns to nest on East Sand Island included creation of nesting habitat, use of social attraction techniques, and predator control, with concurrent efforts to discourage terns from nesting on Rice Island. This approach was successful in completely relocating the tern colony from Rice Island to East Sand Island by the third breeding season. Juvenile salmonids decreased and marine forage fishes (i.e., herring, sardine, anchovy, smelt, surfperch, Pacific sand lance) increased in the diet of Caspian terns nesting on East Sand Island, compared with terns nesting on Rice Island. During 1999 and 2000, the diet of terns nesting on Rice Island consisted of 77% and 90% juvenile salmonids, respectively, while during 1999, 2000, and 2001, the diet of terns nesting on East Sand Island consisted of 46%, 47%, and 33% juvenile salmonids, respectively. Nesting success of Caspian terns was consistently and substantially higher on East Sand Island than on Rice Island. These results indicate that relocating the Caspian tern colony was an effective management action for reducing predation on juvenile salmonids without harm to the population of breeding terns, at least in the short term. The success of this management approach largely was a consequence of the nesting and foraging ecology of Caspian terns: the species shifts breeding colony sites frequently in response to changing habitats, and the species is a generalist forager, preying on the most available forage fish near the colony.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803132","usgsCitation":"Roby, D.D., Collis, K., Lyons, D., Craig, D.P., Adkins, J.Y., Myers, A.M., and Suryan, R., 2002, Effects of colony relocation on diet and productivity of Caspian terns: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 66, no. 3, p. 662-673, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803132.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"662","endPage":"673","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.07684326171874,\n              46.13987966342405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26934814453126,\n              46.13987966342405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26934814453126,\n              46.31848113932307\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07684326171874,\n              46.31848113932307\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07684326171874,\n              46.13987966342405\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06b6e4b0c8380cd513ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roby, Daniel D. 0000-0001-9844-0992 droby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0992","contributorId":3702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roby","given":"Daniel","email":"droby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collis, Ken","contributorId":149991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collis","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17879,"text":"Real Time Research, Inc., 231 SW Scalehouse Loop, Suite 101, Bend, OR 97702","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, Donald E.","contributorId":20119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"Donald E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Craig, D. P.","contributorId":107069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adkins, Jessica Y.","contributorId":171820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adkins","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Myers, Anne Mary","contributorId":85808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suryan, Robert M.","contributorId":101799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suryan","given":"Robert M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70024490,"text":"70024490 - 2002 - Arenig volcanic and sedimentary strata, central New Brunswick and eastern Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T17:24:15.538427","indexId":"70024490","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":918,"text":"Atlantic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arenig volcanic and sedimentary strata, central New Brunswick and eastern Maine","docAbstract":"<p><span>Arenig strata in the Napadogan area of the Miramichi Highlands of west-central New Brunswick are similar to those of the Lunksoos anti-clinorial area of eastern Maine. Strata from both areas were deposited in a volcanic back-arc setting upon Cambrian-Tremadoc, deep-water, turbiditic quartzose strata on the northwest-facing Gander margin of Gondwana. Tremadoc southeastward obduction of the Penobscot Arc, formed in the Iapetus Ocean to the northwest of the margin, was followed by local uplift, rift faulting, erosion, and finally by local deposition of late Arenig gravel within the early stages of a subsiding back-arc basin that was related to a younger, northwest-facing, early Arenig-Llanvirn Popelogan Arc lying to the northwest. These strata became overlain by late Arenig marine felsic tuff, sandy and silty tuff and mudstone, coarse textured and many hundreds of metres thick in the Lunksoos area but much finer and only a few metres thick farther from the volcanic centres, in the Napadogan area. During Llanvirn, the strata became covered with deep-water, commonly manganiferous, ferruginous shale-chert in a basin shielded from currents carrying coarse detritus. Arenig strata of the Napadogan area probably developed to the southeast of the main rift-volcanism zone that perhaps extended between the Lunksoos and northeastern Miramichi Highlands during the Arenig. Brachiopods of the Celtic paleogeographic assemblage colonized newly formed shelves flanking islands along the zone. Shell beds developed upon fresh layers of ash in a nutrient-rich environment between episodes of volcanism. These Celtic brachiopods developed in cool waters of high southern latitudes off Gondwana, different from those on the Laurentian margin in warm waters of low southern latitudes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Atlantic Geology","doi":"10.4138/1257","usgsCitation":"Poole, W.H., and Neuman, R.B., 2002, Arenig volcanic and sedimentary strata, central New Brunswick and eastern Maine: Atlantic Geology, v. 38, no. 2-3, p. 109-134, https://doi.org/10.4138/1257.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478643,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4138/1257","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232910,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Maine, New Brunswick","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -64.23222656645595,\n              48.09664771511319\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6525754685729,\n              48.09664771511319\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6525754685729,\n              44.45192321757878\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.23222656645595,\n              44.45192321757878\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.23222656645595,\n              48.09664771511319\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed73e4b0c8380cd497fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poole, W. H.","contributorId":13012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poole","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuman, Robert B.","contributorId":104046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024467,"text":"70024467 - 2002 - An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T17:06:25.246185","indexId":"70024467","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States","docAbstract":"The Permian Phosphoria Formation, a petroleum source rock and world-class phosphate deposit, was deposited in an epicratonic successor basin on the western margin of North America. We calculate the seawater circulation in the basin during deposition of the lower ore zone in the Meade Peak Member from the accumulation rates of carbonate fluorapatite and trace elements. The model gives the exchange rate of water between the Phosphoria sea and the open ocean to the west in terms of an upwelling rate (84 m yr-1) and residence time (4.2 yr) of seawater in the basin. These hydrographic properties supported a mean rate of primary productivity of 0.87 g m-2 d-1 of carbon in the uppermost few tens of meters of the water column (the photic zone) and denitrifying redox conditions in the bottom water (below approximately 150 m depth). High rain rates, onto the sea floor, of the organic matter that hosted the phosphate and several trace elements contributed to the accumulation of phosphorite, chert, and black shales and mudstones. Evaporation in the Goose Egg basin to the east of the Phosphoria basin ensured the import of surface seawater from the Phosphoria sea. Budgets of water, salt, phosphate, and oxygen, plus the minor accumulation of the biomarker gammacerane, show that exchange of water between the two basins was limited, possibly by the shallow carbonate platform that separated the two basins.","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/61EEDC60-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., and Link, P.K., 2002, An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, no. 7, p. 1217-1235, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDC60-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1235","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.796875,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.3359375,\n              42.391008609205045\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.61035156249999,\n              44.08758502824516\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              45.213003555993964\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.46728515624999,\n              45.75219336063106\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.52197265625,\n              45.72152152227954\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.796875,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eab6e4b0c8380cd48a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, P. K.","contributorId":34973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024444,"text":"70024444 - 2002 - Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T12:44:42.112559","indexId":"70024444","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section \"><p>We present a new set of contour maps of the seismic structure of North America and the surrounding ocean basins. These maps include the crustal thickness, whole-crustal average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocity, and seismic velocity of the uppermost mantle, that is,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sn</i>. We found the following: (1) The average thickness of the crust under North America is 36.7 km (standard deviation [s.d.] ±8.4 km), which is 2.5 km thinner than the world average of 39.2 km (s.d. ± 8.5) for continental crust; (2) Histograms of whole-crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>- and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocities for the North American crust are bimodal, with the lower peak occurring for crust without a high-velocity (6.9–7.3 km/sec) lower crustal layer; (3) Regions with anomalously high average crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocities correlate with Precambrian and Paleozoic orogens; low average crustal velocities are correlated with modern extensional regimes; (4) The average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity beneath North America is 8.03 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.19 km/sec); (5) the well-known thin crust beneath the western United States extends into north-west Canada; (6) the average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity of layer 3 of oceanic crust is 6.61 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.47 km/sec). However, the average crustal<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity under the eastern Pacific seafloor is higher than the western Atlantic seafloor due to the thicker sediment layer on the older Atlantic seafloor.</p></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010188","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Chulick, G., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2478-2492, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010188.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2478","endPage":"2492","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              30.29701788337205\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -49.5703125,\n              46.800059446787316\n            ],\n            [\n              -53.61328124999999,\n              54.16243396806779\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.21484375,\n              60.84491057364912\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              67.60922060496382\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.49218749999999,\n              69.59589006237648\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.55078125,\n              71.07405646336098\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.0078125,\n              71.01695975726373\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.390625,\n              71.80141030136785\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.81640625,\n              68.5924865825295\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.92578125,\n              65.36683689226321\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.8828125,\n              60.673178565817715\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              55.27911529201561\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.10546875,\n              55.57834467218206\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.12890625,\n              59.085738569819505\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.69140625,\n              57.98480801923985\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.25390625,\n              49.83798245308484\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.265625,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.68359374999999,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.828125,\n              28.459033019728043\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.97265625,\n              21.616579336740603\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58984375,\n              16.636191878397664\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.80078125,\n              12.897489183755892\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              8.059229627200192\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.453125,\n              4.915832801313164\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.75,\n              7.013667927566642\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b68e4b08c986b3177e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chulick, G.S.","contributorId":72161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chulick","given":"G.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024424,"text":"70024424 - 2002 - Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:48:59","indexId":"70024424","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates","docAbstract":"The pH of mine impacted waters was estimated from the spectral reflectance of resident sediments composed mostly of chemical precipitates. Mine drainage sediments were collected from sites in the Anthracite Region of eastern Pennsylvania, representing acid to near neutral pH. Sediments occurring in acidic waters contained primarily schwertmannite and goethite while near neutral waters produced ferrihydrite. The minerals comprising the sediments occurring at each pH mode were spectrally separable. Spectral angle difference mapping was used to correlate sediment color with stream water pH (r2=0.76). Band-center and band-depth analysis of spectral absorption features were also used to discriminate ferrihydrite and goethite and/or schwertmannite by analyzing the 4T1??? 6A1 crystal field transition (900-1000 nm). The presence of these minerals accurately predicted stream water pH (r2=0.87) and provided a qualitative estimate of dissolved SO4 concentrations. Spectral analysis results were used to analyze airborne digital multispectral video (DMSV) imagery for several sites in the region. The high spatial resolution of the DMSV sensor allowed for precise mapping of the mine drainage sediments. The results from this study indicate that airborne and space-borne imaging spectrometers may be used to accurately classify streams impacted by acid vs. neutral-to-alkaline mine drainage after appropriate spectral libraries are developed.","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00019-7","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., Bigham, J., Cravotta, C., Traina, S., Anderson, J., and Lyon, J., 2002, Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 10, p. 1273-1286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00019-7.","productDescription":"14","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1286","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.552490234375,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.04486083984375,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.04486083984375,\n              41.36238012945531\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.552490234375,\n              41.36238012945531\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.552490234375,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddbe4b0c8380cd49a62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.J.","contributorId":15790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bigham, J.M.","contributorId":28403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigham","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Traina, S.J.","contributorId":69328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traina","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, J.E.","contributorId":7043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lyon, J.G.","contributorId":74909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024390,"text":"70024390 - 2002 - Seismological evidence for a sub-volcanic arc mantle wedge beneath the Denali volcanic gap, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T15:32:34.893787","indexId":"70024390","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismological evidence for a sub-volcanic arc mantle wedge beneath the Denali volcanic gap, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Arc volcanism in Alaska is strongly correlated with the 100 km depth contour of the western Aluetian Wadati-Benioff zone. Above the eastern portion of the Wadati-Benioff zone however, there is a distinct lack of volcanism (the Denali volcanic gap). We observe high Poisson's ratio values (0.29-0.33) over the entire length of the Alaskan subduction zone mantle wedge based on regional variations of <i>Pn</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Sn</i> velocities. High Poisson's ratios at this depth (40-70 km), adjacent to the subducting slab, are attributed to melting of mantle-wedge peridotites, caused by fluids liberated from the subducting oceanic crust and sediments. Observations of high values of Poisson's ratio, beneath the Denali volcanic gap suggest that the mantle wedge contains melted material that is unable to reach the surface. We suggest that its inability to migrate through the overlying crust is due to increased compression in the crust at the northern apex of the curved Denali fault.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2001GL014088","usgsCitation":"McNamara, D., and Pasyanos, M., 2002, Seismological evidence for a sub-volcanic arc mantle wedge beneath the Denali volcanic gap, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 16, p. 61-1-61-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014088.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"61-1","endPage":"61-4","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478622,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl014088","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70024359,"text":"70024359 - 2002 - Magnetostratigraphy, paleomagnetic correlation, and deformation of pleistocene deposits in the south central Puget Lowland, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:34:31.961174","indexId":"70024359","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetostratigraphy, paleomagnetic correlation, and deformation of pleistocene deposits in the south central Puget Lowland, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Paleomagnetic results from Pleistocene sedimentary deposits in the central Puget Lowland indicate that the region has experienced widespread deformation within the last 780 kyr. Three oriented samples were collected from unaltered fine-grained sediments mostly at sea level to determine the magnetostratigraphy at 83 sites. Of these, 47 have normal, 18 have reversed, and 18 have transitional (8 localities) polarities. Records of reversed- to normal-polarity transitions of the geomagnetic field were found in thick sections of silt near the eastern end of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, and again at Wingehaven Park near the northern tip of Vashon Island. The transitional horizons, probably related to the Bruhnes-Matuyama reversal, apparently fall between previously dated Pleistocene sediments at the Puyallup Valley type section (all reversed-polarity) to the south and the Whidbey Island type section (all normal-polarity) to the north. The samples, in general, are of sufficient quality to record paleosecular variation (PSV) of the geomagnetic field, and a statistical technique is used to correlate horizons with significant agreement in their paleomagnetic directions. Our data are consistent with the broad structures of the Seattle uplift inferred at depth from seismic reflection, gravity, and aeromagnetic profiles, but the magnitude of vertical adjustments is greatly subdued in the Pleistocene deposits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000557","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J., Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., and Blakely, R., 2002, Magnetostratigraphy, paleomagnetic correlation, and deformation of pleistocene deposits in the south central Puget Lowland, Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B4, p. EPM 6-1-EPM 6-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000557.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"EPM 6-1","endPage":"EPM 6-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"south central Puget Lowland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.15673828124999,\n              47\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              47\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              47.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.15673828124999,\n              47.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.15673828124999,\n              47\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ba5e4b0c8380cd696ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, J.T.","contributorId":75922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Booth, D. B.","contributorId":42223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troost, K. G.","contributorId":77244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troost","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024337,"text":"70024337 - 2002 - Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California from double-difference earthquake locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:41:29.284363","indexId":"70024337","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California from double-difference earthquake locations","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relationship between small-magnitude seismicity and large-scale crustal faulting along the Hayward Fault, California, is investigated using a double-difference (DD) earthquake location algorithm. We used the DD method to determine high-resolution hypocenter locations of the seismicity that occurred between 1967 and 1998. The DD technique incorporates catalog travel time data and relative&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;wave arrival time measurements from waveform cross correlation to solve for the hypocentral separation between events. The relocated seismicity reveals a narrow, near-vertical fault zone at most locations. This zone follows the Hayward Fault along its northern half and then diverges from it to the east near San Leandro, forming the Mission trend. The relocated seismicity is consistent with the idea that slip from the Calaveras Fault is transferred over the Mission trend onto the northern Hayward Fault. The Mission trend is not clearly associated with any mapped active fault as it continues to the south and joins the Calaveras Fault at Calaveras Reservoir. In some locations, discrete structures adjacent to the main trace are seen, features that were previously hidden in the uncertainty of the network locations. The fine structure of the seismicity suggests that the fault surface on the northern Hayward Fault is curved or that the events occur on several substructures. Near San Leandro, where the more westerly striking trend of the Mission seismicity intersects with the surface trace of the (aseismic) southern Hayward Fault, the seismicity remains diffuse after relocation, with strong variation in focal mechanisms between adjacent events indicating a highly fractured zone of deformation. The seismicity is highly organized in space, especially on the northern Hayward Fault, where it forms horizontal, slip-parallel streaks of hypocenters of only a few tens of meters width, bounded by areas almost absent of seismic activity. During the interval from 1984 to 1998, when digital waveforms are available, we find that fewer than 6.5% of the earthquakes can be classified as repeating earthquakes, events that rupture the same fault patch more than one time. These most commonly are located in the shallow creeping part of the fault, or within the streaks at greater depth. The slow repeat rate of 2–3 times within the 15-year observation period for events with magnitudes around&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;= 1.5 is indicative of a low slip rate or a high stress drop. The absence of microearthquakes over large, contiguous areas of the northern Hayward Fault plane in the depth interval from ∼5 to 10 km and the concentrations of seismicity at these depths suggest that the aseismic regions are either locked or retarded and are storing strain energy for release in future large-magnitude earthquakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB000084","usgsCitation":"Waldhause, F., and Ellsworth, W.L., 2002, Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California from double-difference earthquake locations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B3, p. ESE 3-1-ESE 3-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000084.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"ESE 3-1","endPage":"ESE 3-15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8xd0zr0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.56372070312499,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.06933593749999,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.3876953125,\n              38.8824811975508\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.70629882812499,\n              38.685509760012\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.56372070312499,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1ce4b0c8380cd5378d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldhause, Felix","contributorId":50822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhause","given":"Felix","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024296,"text":"70024296 - 2002 - Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024296","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A","docAbstract":"A sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) was used in combination with backscattered electron (BSE) and cathodoluminescence (CL) images to determine the age of detrital zircons from sandstones in the Neoproterozoic Middle Run Formation of the eastern Midwest, United States. Eleven samples from seven drill cores of the upper part of the Middle Run Formation contain detrital zircons ranging in age from 1030 to 1982 Ma (84 analyses), with six distinctive modes at 1.96, 1.63, 1.47, 1.34, 1.15, and 1.08 Ga. This indicates that most, but not all, of the zircon at the top of the Middle Run Formation was derived from the Grenville Orogen. The youngest concordant detrital zircon yields a maximum age of 1048 ?? 22 Ma for the Middle Run Formation, indicating that the formation is younger than ca. 1026 Ma minus the added extra time needed for later uplift, denudation, thrusting, erosion, and transport to southwestern Ohio. Thus, as judged by proximity, composition, thickness, and geochronology, it is a North American equivalent to other Neoproterozoic Grenvillian-derived basins, such as the Torridon Group of Scotland and the Palmeiral Formation of South America. An alternate possibility, although much less likely in our opinion, is that it could be much younger, any time between 1048 ?? 22 Ma and the deposition of the Middle Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone at about 510 Ma, and still virtually almost all derived from rocks of the Grenville Orogen.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/e02-052","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Santos, J., Hartmann, L., McNaughton, N., Easton, R.M., Rea, R., and Potter, P., 2002, Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, no. 10, p. 1505-1515, https://doi.org/10.1139/e02-052.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1515","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207244,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-052"}],"volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d1ee4b08c986b31827d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santos, J.O.S.","contributorId":39160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"J.O.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartmann, L.A.","contributorId":85748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNaughton, N.J.","contributorId":55606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNaughton","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Easton, R. M.","contributorId":36323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rea, R.G.","contributorId":22531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Potter, P.E.","contributorId":29992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024295,"text":"70024295 - 2002 - A strategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:12:59","indexId":"70024295","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A strategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes","docAbstract":"Information on the rates of land-use and land-cover change is important in addressing issues ranging from the health of aquatic resources to climate change. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information on land-use and land-cover change except at very local levels. We describe a strategy for estimating land-cover change across the conterminous United States over the past 30 years. Change rates are estimated for 84 ecoregions using a sampling procedure and five dates of Landsat imagery. We have applied this methodology to six eastern U.S. ecoregions. Results show very high rates of change in the Plains ecoregions, high to moderate rates in the Piedmont ecoregions, and moderate to low rates in the Appalachian ecoregions. This indicates that ecoregions are appropriate strata for capturing unique patterns of land-cover change. The results of the study are being applied as we undertake the mapping of the rest of the conterminous United States.","language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., Sohl, T.L., Stehman, S., Gallant, A.L., Sayler, K., and Napton, D., 2002, A strategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 68, no. 10, p. 1091-1099.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1091","endPage":"1099","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5b5e4b0c8380cd46f1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":76419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":23508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sayler, K. L. 0000-0003-2514-242X sayler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-242X","contributorId":88122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayler","given":"K. L.","email":"sayler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Napton, D.E.","contributorId":23720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Napton","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024286,"text":"70024286 - 2002 - Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T15:59:03.112394","indexId":"70024286","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Most paleoseismic studies are at low to moderate latitudes. Here we present results from a high-latitude (61°30′ N) trenching study of the Castle Mountain fault in south-central Alaska. This fault is the only one known in the greater Anchorage, Alaska, area with historical seismicity and a Holocene fault scarp. It strikes east-northeast and cuts glacial and postglacial sediments in an area of boreal spruce-birch forest, shrub tundra, and sphagnum bog. The fault has a prominent vegetation lineament on the upthrown, north side of the fault. Nine trenches were logged across the fault in glacial and postglacial deposits, seven along the main trace, and two along a splay. In addition to thrust and strike-slip faulting, important controls on observed relationships in the trenches are the season in which faulting occurred, the physical properties of the sediments, liquefaction, a shallow water table, soil-forming processes, the strength of the modern root mat, and freeze-thaw processes. Some of these processes and physical properties are unique to northern-latitude areas and result in seismic disturbance effects not observed at lower latitudes.</p><p>The two trenches across the Castle Mountain fault splay exposed a thrust fault and few liquefaction features. Radiocarbon ages of soil organic matter and charcoal within and overlying the fault indicate movement on the fault at ca. 2735 cal. (calendar) yr B.P. and no subsequent movement. In the remaining seven trenches, surface faulting was accompanied by extensive liquefaction and a zone of disruption 3 m or more wide. The presence of numerous liquefaction features at depths of &lt;0.5–1.0 m indicates faulting when the ground was not frozen—i.e., from about April to October. Sandy-matrix till, sand, silt, gravel, and pebbly peat were injected up to the base of the modern soil, but did not penetrate the interlocking spruce-birch root mat. The strength of the root mat prohibited development of a nonvegetated scarp face and colluvial wedge. In only one trench did we observe a discrete fault plane with measurable offset. It lay beneath a 2-m-thick carapace of liquefied sand and silt and displayed a total of 0.9–1.85 m of thrust motion since deposition of the oldest deposits in the trenches at ca. 13,500 yr B.P. We found liquefaction ejecta on paleosols at only one other trench, where there were bluejoint (<i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i>) tussocks that lacked an extensive root mat. From crosscutting relationships, we interpret three paleoliquefaction events on the main trace of the Castle Mountain fault: 2145–1870, 1375–1070, and 730–610 cal. yr B.P. These four earthquakes on the Castle Mountain fault in the past ∼2700 yr indicate an average recurrence interval of ∼700 yr. As it has been 600–700 yr since the last significant earthquake, a significant (magnitude 6–7) earthquake in the near future may be likely. Paleoseismic data indicate that the timing and recurrence interval of megathrust earthquakes is similar to the timing and recurrence interval of Castle Mountain fault earthquakes, suggesting a possible link between faulting on the megathrust and on “crustal” structures.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1296:PAHLSD>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Best, T.C., and Waythomas, C.F., 2002, Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1296-1310, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1296:PAHLSD>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1296","endPage":"1310","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Houston","otherGeospatial":"Castle Mountain Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -148,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -148,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -152,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -152,\n              61\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a744ce4b0c8380cd7757e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Timothy C.","contributorId":57940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024246,"text":"70024246 - 2002 - Stream piracy in the Black Hills: A geomorphology lab exercise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T13:21:11.668644","indexId":"70024246","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2324,"text":"Journal of Geoscience Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream piracy in the Black Hills: A geomorphology lab exercise","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Black Hills of South Dakota exhibits many fine examples of stream piracy that are very suitable for teaching geomorphology lab exercises. This lab goes beyond standard topographic map interpretation by using geologic maps, well logs, gravel provenance and other types of data to teach students about stream piracy. Using a step-by-step method in which the lab exercises ramp up in difficulty, students hone their skills in deductive reasoning and data assimilation. The first exercises deal with the identification of stream piracy at a variety of spatial scales and the lab culminates with an exercise on landscape evolution and drainage rearrangement.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.5408/1089-9995-50.4.380","usgsCitation":"Zaprowski, B.J., Evenson, E.B., and Epstein, J.B., 2002, Stream piracy in the Black Hills: A geomorphology lab exercise: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 50, no. 4, p. 380-388, https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-50.4.380.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"380","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.04052734375,\n              43.55252937447483\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.4197998046875,\n              43.55252937447483\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.4197998046875,\n              44.50434127765394\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04052734375,\n              44.50434127765394\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04052734375,\n              43.55252937447483\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a81e4b08c986b31c996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zaprowski, Brent J.","contributorId":6362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaprowski","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evenson, Edward B.","contributorId":16751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024243,"text":"70024243 - 2002 - Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024243","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations","docAbstract":"Daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature time series from a regional climate model (RegCM2) configured using the continental United States as a domain and run on a 52-km (approximately) spatial resolution were used as input to a distributed hydrologic model for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango. Colorado; east fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). For comparison purposes, spatially averaged daily datasets of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature were developed from measured data for each basin. These datasets included precipitation and temperature data for all stations (hereafter, All-Sta) located within the area of the RegCM2 output used for each basin, but excluded station data used to calibrate the hydrologic model. Both the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data capture the gross aspects of the seasonal cycles of precipitation and temperature. However, in all four basins, the RegCM2- and All-Sta-based simulations of runoff show little skill on a daily basis [Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) values range from 0.05 to 0.37 for RegCM2 and -0.08 to 0.65 for All-Sta]. When the precipitation and temperature biases are corrected in the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data (Bias-RegCM2 and Bias-All, respectively) the accuracy of the daily runoff simulations improve dramatically for the snowmelt-dominated basins (NS values range from 0.41 to 0.66 for RegCM2 and 0.60 to 0.76 for All-Sta). In the rainfall-dominated basin, runoff simulations based on the Bias-RegCM2 output show no skill (NS value of 0.09) whereas Bias-All simulated runoff improves (NS value improved from - 0.08 to 0.72). These results indicate that measured data at the coarse resolution of the RegCM2 output can be made appropriate for basin-scale modeling through bias correction (essentially a magnitude correction). However, RegCM2 output, even when bias corrected, does not contain the day-to-day variability present in the All-Sta dataset that is necessary for basin-scale modeling. Future work is warranted to identify the causes for systematic biases in RegCM2 simulations, develop methods to remove the biases, and improve RegCM2 simulations of daily variability in local climate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Clark, M., Wilby, R., Gutowski, W., Leavesley, G., Pan, Z., Arritt, R., and Takle, E., 2002, Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 5, p. 571-590, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"571","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478655,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:uorcmo>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207135,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf6ae4b08c986b329b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gutowski, W.J.","contributorId":6623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutowski","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pan, Z.","contributorId":13006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arritt, R.W.","contributorId":39544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arritt","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Takle, E.S.","contributorId":7033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takle","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024241,"text":"70024241 - 2002 - A step increase in streamflow in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T15:59:12.18733","indexId":"70024241","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A step increase in streamflow in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Annual minimum, median, and maximum daily streamflow for 400 sites in the conterminous United States (U.S.), measured during 1941-1999, were examined to identify the temporal and spatial character of changes in streamflow statistics. Results indicate a noticeable increase in annual minimum and median daily streamflow around 1970, and a less significant mixed pattern of increases and decreases in annual maximum daily streamflow. These changes in annual streamflow statistics primarily occurred in the eastern U.S. In addition, the streamflow increases appear as a step change rather than as a gradual trend and coincide with an increase in precipitation.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2002GL015999","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., and Wolock, D., 2002, A step increase in streamflow in the conterminous United States: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 24, p. 38-1-38-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015999.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"38-1","endPage":"38-4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015999","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      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             -118.51989,\n                34.02778\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.081,\n                34.078\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.43884,\n                34.34848\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.36778,\n                34.44711\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.62286,\n                34.60855\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.74433,\n                35.15686\n              ],\n              [\n                -121.71457,\n                36.16153\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.54747,\n                37.55176\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.51201,\n                37.78339\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.95319,\n                38.11371\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.7272,\n                38.95166\n              ],\n              [\n                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              48.37971\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.12,\n                48.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.58736,\n                47.096\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.34,\n                47.36\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.5,\n                48.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.84,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -120,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5b1e4b0c8380cd46f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024232,"text":"70024232 - 2002 - San Andreas fault zone, California: M≥5.5 earthquake history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:27:57.59664","indexId":"70024232","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"San Andreas fault zone, California: M≥5.5 earthquake history","docAbstract":"<p>The San Andreas fault zone has been a very significant source of major California earthquakes. From 1812 to 1906 it generated four major earthquakes of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>∼7 or larger in two pairs on two major portions of the fault. A pair of major earthquakes occurred on the central to southern region, where the 1857 faulting overlapped the 1812 earthquake faulting. A pair of major earthquakes occurred on the northern region, where the 1906 faulting overlapped the 1838 earthquake faulting. Also, earthquakes of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>∼7 occurred in the San Francisco Bay area on the Hayward fault in 1868 and the Santa Cruz Mountains near Loma Prieta in 1989 and on the Imperial fault near the border with Mexico in 1940.</p><p>The 1838 earthquake's damage effects throughout the Bay area, from San Francisco to Santa Clara Valley and Monterey, were unequalled by any historical earthquake other than the 1906 event. This, and numerous strong possible aftershocks during the following 3 years in the San Juan Bautista vicinity, suggest 1838 faulting from San Francisco to San Juan Bautista.</p><p>Cycles of seismicity and quiescence were associated with the Bay area earthquakes of 1868, 1906, and 1989. The 1868 earthquake on the Hayward fault was preceded by 12 earthquakes of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>≥5.5 from 1855 to 1866, within 60 km of the Hayward fault, and was followed by 13 quiet years. The 1906 San Andreas fault event was preceded from 1881 to 1903 by 18 earthquakes of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>≥5.5 and was followed by quiescence, with only three earthquakes of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>≥5.5 until 1954. The Bay area has been seismically quiet at the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>≥5.5 level since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and its 1990 aftershocks, which contrasts with the 10 years before 1989, when five<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>5.5–6.2 events occurred. The Loma Prieta earthquake is of similar magnitude to the 1868 Hayward event and could be followed by a similarly short quiet period.</p><p>The 1857 earthquake had immediate foreshocks in the Lonoak–Bitterwater region ∼50 km northwest of Parkfield. In the northern end zone of the 1857 rupture, extending southeast from Bitterwater ∼70 km to Parkfield, the rate of seismic moment release has decreased with time since 1857. This may reflect the decay with time of the stress loading due to the ∼9 m 1857 fault displacements ∼80 km southeast of Parkfield and explain why the predicted earthquake, which was based on the assumption of regular recurrence of Parkfield earthquakes, has not yet occurred.</p><p>The extent of the 1812 earthquake fault rupture is not well defined. Jacoby<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF52\">1988</a>) estimated that it extended ∼170 km from Cajon Pass to Tejon Pass. Based on this estimate, we present the hypothesis that the rupture occurred in two segments in December 1812. The eastern segment generated the 8 December earthquake that damaged San Juan Capistrano, San Gabriel, San Fernando, and San Buenaventura. Thirteen days later the western segment ruptured generating the earthquake that damaged San Fernando and San Buenaventura again, as well as Santa Barbara, Santa Ynez, and Purisima Concepcion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000614","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Toppozada, T.R., Branum, D., Reichle, M., and Hallstrom, C., 2002, San Andreas fault zone, California: M≥5.5 earthquake history: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2555-2601, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000614.","productDescription":"47 p.","startPage":"2555","endPage":"2601","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault zone","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.89884286786469,\n              39.579083329402806\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0746241178646,\n              38.93255740173424\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.59122568036477,\n              38.14196591311051\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06388193036479,\n              37.62169327497425\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4047022428648,\n              36.60545180724901\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.39396005536472,\n              35.325052631965264\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.77872568036463,\n              33.87823692762285\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.02091318036474,\n              33.51261379413461\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.05411630536457,\n              33.18222613523339\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.30704599286474,\n              32.220771049995165\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.63712411786469,\n              32.55475374390544\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.63712411786469,\n              32.96127255281789\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.25235849286477,\n              34.20596431040774\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.80118661786466,\n              35.93227267907535\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.51505380536463,\n              38.21105763300244\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8773584928648,\n              39.748229697528274\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.89884286786469,\n              39.579083329402806\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab09fe4b0c8380cd87bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toppozada, Tousson R.","contributorId":41837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toppozada","given":"Tousson","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Branum, D.M.","contributorId":42749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branum","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichle, M.S.","contributorId":14845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichle","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hallstrom, C.L.","contributorId":99733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallstrom","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024230,"text":"70024230 - 2002 - Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T13:27:44.349576","indexId":"70024230","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California","docAbstract":"<p>Paleoseismic investigations across the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault at Thousand Palms Oasis indicate that four and probably five surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred during the past 1200 years. Calendar age estimates for these earthquakes are based on a chronological model that incorporates radiocarbon dates from 18<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>burn layers and stratigraphic ordering constraints. These five earthquakes occurred in about A.D. 825 (770–890) (mean, 95% range), A.D. 982 (840–1150), A.D. 1231 (1170–1290), A.D. 1502 (1450–1555), and after a date in the range of A.D. 1520–1680. The most recent surface-rupturing earthquake at Thousand Palms is likely the same as the A.D. 1676 ± 35 event at Indio reported by Sieh and Williams (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF28\">1990</a>). Each of the past five earthquakes recorded on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley strongly overlaps in time with an event at the Wrightwood paleoseismic site, about 120 km northwest of Thousand Palms Oasis. Correlation of events between these two sites suggests that at least the southernmost 200 km of the San Andreas fault zone may have ruptured in each earthquake. The average repeat time for surface-rupturing earthquakes on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley is 215 ± 25 years, whereas the elapsed time since the most recent event is 326 ± 35 years. This suggests the southernmost San Andreas fault zone likely is very near failure.</p><p>The Thousand Palms Oasis site is underlain by a series of six channels cut and filled since about A.D. 800 that cross the fault at high angles. A channel margin about 900 years old is offset right laterally 2.0 ± 0.5 m, indicating a slip rate of 4 ± 2 mm/yr. This slip rate is low relative to geodetic and other geologic slip rate estimates (26 ± 2 mm/yr and about 23–35 mm/yr, respectively) on the southernmost San Andreas fault zone, possibly because (1) the site is located in a small step-over in the fault trace and so the rate is not be representative of the Mission Creek fault, (2) slip is partitioned northward from the San Andreas fault and into the eastern California shear zone, and/or (3) slip is partitioned onto the Banning strand of the San Andreas fault zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000609","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Rymer, M.J., and Seitz, G.G., 2002, Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2841-2860, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000609.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2841","endPage":"2860","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palm Springs","otherGeospatial":"Thousand Palms Oasis","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.62124633789061,\n              33.57229388264518\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.02523803710938,\n              33.57229388264518\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.02523803710938,\n              33.97753113740941\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62124633789061,\n              33.97753113740941\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62124633789061,\n              33.57229388264518\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f0e4b08c986b32609b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024208,"text":"70024208 - 2002 - Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T16:05:19.804273","indexId":"70024208","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>New paleomagnetic results from the eastern Klamath Mountains of northern California show that Neoproterozoic rocks of the Trinity ophiolitic complex and overlying Middle Devonian volcanic rocks are latitudinally concordant with cratonal North America. Combining paleomagnetic data with regional geologic and faunal evidence suggests that the Trinity Complex and related terranes of the eastern Klamath plate were linked in some fashion to the North American craton throughout that time, but that distance between them may have varied considerably. A possible model that is consistent with our paleomagnetic results and the geologic evidence is that the Trinity Complex formed and migrated parallel to paleolatitude in the basin between Laurasia and Australia–East Antarctica as the Rodinian supercontinent began to break up. It then continued to move parallel to paleolatitude at least through Middle Devonian time. Although the eastern Klamath plate served as a nucleus against which more western components of the Klamath Mountains province amalgamated, the Klamath superterrane was not accreted to North America until Early Cretaceous time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB001623","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E., Lindsley-Griffin, N., and Griffin, J.R., 2002, Concordant paleolatitudes for Neoproterozoic ophiolitic rocks of the Trinity Complex, Klamath Mountains, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B10, p. EPM 11-1-EPM 11-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001623.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"EPM 11-1","endPage":"EPM 11-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb001623","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains, Trinity Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              41.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              41.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b0e4b0c8380cd4d722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, E. A. 0000-0001-7496-2681","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":31786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsley-Griffin, N.","contributorId":33884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsley-Griffin","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffin, J. R.","contributorId":37500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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