Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The presence of fecal-indicator bacteria indicates the potential presence of pathogens originating from the fecal matter of warm-blooded animals. These pathogens are responsible for numerous human diseases ranging from common diarrhea to meningitis and polio. The detection of fecal-indicator bacteria and interpretation of the resultant data are, therefore, of great importance to water-resource managers. Current (2005) techniques used to assess fecal contamination within the fluvial environment primarily assess samples collected from the water column, either as grab samples or as depth- and (or) width-integrated samples. However, current research indicates approximately 99 percent of all bacteria within nature exist as attached, or sessile, bacteria. Because of this condition, most current techniques for the detection of fecal contamination, which utilize bacteria, assess only about 1 percent of the total bacteria within the fluvial system and are, therefore, problematic. Evaluation of the environmental factors affecting the occurrence and distribution of bacteria within the fluvial system, as well as the evaluation and modification of alternative approaches that effectively quantify the larger population of sessile bacteria within fluvial sediments, will present water-resource managers with more effective tools to assess, prevent, and (or) eliminate sources of fecal contamination within pristine and impaired watersheds.
Two stream reaches on the West Branch Brandywine Creek in the Coatesville, Pa., region were studied between September 2002 and August 2003. The effects of sediment particle size, climatic conditions, aquatic growth, environmental chemistry, impervious surfaces, sediment and soil filtration, and dams on observed bacteria concentrations were evaluated. Alternative approaches were assessed to better detect geographic sources of fecal contamination including the use of turbidity as a surrogate for bacteria, the modification and implementation of sandbag bacteria samplers, and the use of optical brighteners. For the purposes of this report, sources of bacteria were defined as geographic locations where elevated concentrations of bacteria are observed within, or expected to enter, the main branch of the West Branch Brandywine Creek. Biologic sources (for example, waterfowl) were noted where applicable; however, no specific study of biologic sources (such as bacterial source tracking) was conducted.
Data indicated that specific bacterial populations within fluvial sediments could be related to specific particle-size ranges. This relation is likely the result of the reduced porosity and permeability associated with finer sediments and the ability of specific bacteria to tolerate particular environments. Escherichia coli (E. coli) showed a higher median concentration (2,160 colonies per gram of saturated sediment) in the 0.125 to 0.5-millimeter size range of natural sediments than in other ranges, and enterococcus bacteria showed a higher median concentration (61,830 colonies per gram of saturated sediment) in the 0.062 to 0.25-millimeter size range of natural sediments than in other ranges. There were insufficient data to assess the particle-size relation to fecal coliform bacteria and (or) fecal streptococcus bacteria.
Climatic conditions were shown to affect bacteria concentrations in both the water column and fluvial sediments. Drought conditions in 2002 resulted in lower overall bacteria concentrations than the more typically wet year of 2003. E. coli concentrations in fluvial sediment along the Coatesville study reach in 2002 had a median concentration of 92 colonies per gram of saturated sediment; in 2003, the median concentration had risen to 4,752 colonies per gram of saturated sediment.
Symbiotic relations between bacteria and aquatic growth were likely responsible for increased bacteria concentrations observed within an impoundment area on the Coatesville study reach. This reach showed evidence of elevated aquatic growth and sharp increases in E. coli concentrations from upstream to downstream through the impoundment area in both 2002 and 2003. In 2003, E. coli concentrations within the waters column increased from 940 colonies per 100 milliliters upstream to 6,000 colonies per 100 milliliters at the dam crest. Given that these bacteria likely resulted from natural bacterial regrowth, the use of E. coli as an indicator of fecal contamination was severely impaired.
Variable environmental conditions along the West Branch Brandywine Creek made the common field-chemical parameters of specific conductance, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen ineffective and (or) impossible to use for the determination of inputs of fecal contamination. Extreme variations in chemical gradients commonly were related to the urban/industrial signature of the watershed. For example, during base-flow sampling in 2002, specific-conductance values exceeding 1,000 microsiemens per centimeter observed in effluent from a local steel mill. This effluent raised the specific conductance within the West Branch Brandywine from just above 200 microsiemens per centimeter upstream from the outfall to just below 500 microsiemens per centimeter downstream from the outfall. These chemical gradients also, likely, had an effect on the initial colonization of bacteria, the formation of biofilms, and the persistence of certain types of bacteria along the study reach.
Data collected in 2003 indicated that nutrients increased during both base-flow and stormflow conditions along the Coatesville study reach. For example, during base-flow sampling in 2003, 20 pounds of phosphorus was shown to enter the West Branch Brandywine Creek along the Coatesville study reach. The largest contributors to this base-flow nutrient load were likely two wastewater-treatment facilities adjacent to the study reach. During stormflow sampling in 2003, 480 pounds of phosphorus was shown to enter the West Branch Brandywine Creek along the Coatesville study reach. Data, along with other research, indicated the largest contributor to this stormflow nutrient load was likely remobilized sediment originating from a large dam impoundment. These elevated nutrient concentrations were considered sufficient to promote accelerated aquatic growth along the reach.
Data collected in 2003 showed that wastewater constituents entered the West Branch Brandywine Creek largely from urban storm-sewer systems. Samples from the primary storm sewer for the city of Coatesville had detections for 20 of 69 wastewater constituents. These constituents included both strong and weak indicators of fecal contamination and generally indicated the storm-sewer system along the Coatesville study reach was a likely source of fecal-indicator bacteria and fecal contamination under base-flow conditions. By comparison, 5 constituents were detected in samples from the upstream end of the reach, and 10 constituents were detected in samples from the downstream end of the reach. During stormflow, numbers of detections were similar along the entire length of the study reach-five in samples from the upstream end, eight in samples from the center of the reach, and seven in samples from the downstream end of the reach. These data indicate that point sources (such as culverts and pipes, septic systems, and wastewater-treatment facilities) are not likely the origin of bacteria contamination during stormflow. The bacteria concentrations observed during stormflow events probably result from remobilized sessile bacteria stored within fluvial sediments. In this case, these bacteria should not be considered indicators of current fecal contamination.
Impervious surfaces were found to increase bacteria concentrations along the West Branch Brandywine Creek because contaminated runoff from impervious areas generally flows into, and is concentrated within, the confines of the local storm-sewer system. During 2002, storm-sewer outfalls draining impervious areas were associated with all major locations of elevated bacterial concentrations (greater than 1,200 colonies per gram of saturated sediment) in fluvial sediments. During 2003, wetter conditions and overall bacteria concentrations higher than in 2002 resulted in point sources of bacterial contamination becoming less pronounced; however, the storm-sewer system, draining adjacent impervious areas, was still observed to be the primary source of bacteria along the reach. Where stormwater and (or) other runoff from these areas was allowed to infiltrate and (or) flow through wetland and riparian buffers, bacteria concentrations were not observed to be elevated above background levels commonly observed throughout similar areas of the same reach.
Two run-of-the-river dams along the Coatesville study reach were evaluated for their effects on observed bacterial concentrations. These dams were shown to have greater or lesser effects on bacterial concentrations depending on the size of the structure and the capacity of the structure to impede flows. The smaller upstream dam had an approximate height of 3 feet and showed little observed effect on measured turbidity values; these data indicated that the dam did not effectively impede the flow of water or sediment within the West Branch Brandywine Creek. Consequently, this small dam did not show any observed effect on bacterial concentrations either upstream or downstream of the structure. The larger dam, near the middle of the reach, had an approximate height of 20 feet and showed greater effects on both turbidity and bacteria concentrations. The capacity of the larger dam to impede flows, combined with nutrients entering the reach, resulted in increased biologic activity throughout the impoundment area. Within this larger impoundment, enterococcus bacteria populations were observed to decrease sharply and E. coli bacteria populations were observed to increase sharply as flow approached the dam crest. All bacteria levels were then observed to drop to background levels, in both the water column and fluvial sediment, immediately downstream from the dam crest. Additional study is required to determine the cause for this rapid die off.
Turbidity was assessed as a potential surrogate for E. coli bacteria. Regression analysis indicated higher turbidity levels usually can indicate higher concentrations of bacteria (R2 = 0.67), but the relation was too sporadic on the West Branch Brandywine Creek to use turbidity as a surrogate for estimated bacteria concentrations. Evaluation of data from individual base-flow and stormflow events resulted in variable and generally poor statistical relations between E. coli bacteria and turbidity (R2 values ranged from 0.02 to 0.94).
Sandbag samplers were used in 2003 to determine their suitability for the assessment of fecal contamination. Sandbag samplers rely on the ability of bacteria to attach to surfaces and use the larger sessile bacteria populations instead of the more commonly used planktonic bacteria populations. E. coli bacteria concentrations observed in the sandbag samplers, after 1 week in place, were similar to those found within natural sediments collected concurrently. Enterococcus bacteria concentrations within the same sandbag samplers were not similar, and were generally lower, than those observed within the natural sediments. This discrepancy was likely because sand within the samplers was sieved to a size that was likely too coarse for enterococcus bacteria to persist.
Optical-brightener samplers were installed along with each sandbag sampler. Optical brighteners are additives used in common household detergents; therefore, detection of optical brighteners, along with elevated fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations, strongly indicates a link to humans. Positive results for optical brighteners were detected only at the outfalls of two sewage-treatment facilities; because of treatment of the effluent from these facilities, these samples did not have elevated bacteria concentrations. The lack of additional positive results was largely because this method is not sensitive to low concentrations of optical brighteners.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051194","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.D., and Galloway, J.P., 2005, Engineering geologic maps of northern Alaska, Harrison Bay quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1194, Report: ii, 28 p.; 1 Plate: 32.00 × 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051194.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 28 p.; 1 Plate: 32.00 × 24.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6670,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":398742,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_71699.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Harrison Bay quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 71\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 71\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 70\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, John P. jgallway@usgs.gov","contributorId":3345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"John","email":"jgallway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70724,"text":"ofr20051209 - 2005 - Indium in zinc-lead and other mineral deposits -- a reconnaissance survey of 1118 indium analyses published Before 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"ofr20051209","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1209","title":"Indium in zinc-lead and other mineral deposits -- a reconnaissance survey of 1118 indium analyses published Before 1985","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051209","usgsCitation":"Briskey, J.A., 2005, Indium in zinc-lead and other mineral deposits -- a reconnaissance survey of 1118 indium analyses published Before 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1209, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051209.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6706,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1209/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f242c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briskey, Joseph A.","contributorId":77605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briskey","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70142624,"text":"70142624 - 2005 - Comparison of mine waste assessment methods at the Rattler mine site, Virginia Canyon, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-09T13:31:16","indexId":"70142624","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-19T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of mine waste assessment methods at the Rattler mine site, Virginia Canyon, Colorado","docAbstract":"In a joint project, the mine waste-piles at the Rattler Mine near Idaho Springs, Colorado, were sampled and analyzed by scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). Separate sample collection, sample leaching, and leachate analyses were performed by both groups and the results were compared. For the study, both groups used the USGS sampling procedure and the USGS Field Leach Test (FLT). The leachates generated from these tests were analyzed for a suite of elements using ICP-AES (CSM) and ICP-MS (USGS). Leachate geochemical fingerprints produced by the two groups for composites collected from the same mine waste showed good agreement. In another set of tests, CSM collected another set of Rattler mine waste composite samples using the USGS sampling procedure. This set of composite samples was leached using the Colorado Division of Minerals and Geology (CDMG) leach test, and a modified Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) leach test. Leachate geochemical fingerprints produced using these tests showed a variation of more than a factor of two from the geochemical fingerprints produced using the USGS FLT leach test. We have concluded that the variation in the results is due to the different parameters of the leaching tests and not due to the sampling or analytical methods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","conferenceDate":"06/19/2005","conferenceLocation":"Breckenridge, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Hageman, P., Smith, K.S., Wildeman, T.R., and Ranville, J., 2005, Comparison of mine waste assessment methods at the Rattler mine site, Virginia Canyon, Colorado, in Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Breckenridge, CO, 06/19/2005, p. 470-486.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"470","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 41.00477542222949\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 41.00477542222949\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54fec42de4b02419550debb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hageman, Phil L. 0000-0002-3440-2150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-2150","contributorId":8458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hageman","given":"Phil L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wildeman, Thomas R.","contributorId":57943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildeman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ranville, James F.","contributorId":31797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70142995,"text":"70142995 - 2005 - Use of the Biotic Ligand Model to predict metal toxicity to aquatic biota in areas of differing geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T13:49:26","indexId":"70142995","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-19T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of the Biotic Ligand Model to predict metal toxicity to aquatic biota in areas of differing geology","docAbstract":"This work evaluates the use of the biotic ligand model (BLM), an aquatic toxicity model, to predict toxic effects of metals on aquatic biota in areas underlain by different rock types. The chemical composition of water, soil, and sediment is largely derived from the composition of the underlying rock. Geologic source materials control key attributes of water chemistry that affect metal toxicity to aquatic biota, including: 1) potentially toxic elements, 2) alkalinity, 3) total dissolved solids, and 4) soluble major elements, such as Ca and Mg, which contribute to water hardness. Miller (2002) compiled chemical data for water samples collected in watersheds underlain by ten different rock types, and in a mineralized area in western Colorado. He found that each rock type has a unique range of water chemistry. In this study, the ten rock types were grouped into two general categories, igneous and sedimentary. Water collected in watersheds underlain by sedimentary rock has higher mean pH, alkalinity, and calcium concentrations than water collected in watersheds underlain by igneous rock. Water collected in the mineralized area had elevated concentrations of calcium and sulfate in addition to other chemical constituents. Miller's water-chemistry data were used in the BLM (computer program) to determine copper and zinc toxicity to Daphnia magna. Modeling results show that waters from watersheds underlain by different rock types have characteristic ranges of predicted LC 50 values (a measurement of aquatic toxicity) for copper and zinc, with watersheds underlain by igneous rock having lower predicted LC 50 values than watersheds underlain by sedimentary rock. Lower predicted LC 50 values suggest that aquatic biota in watersheds underlain by igneous rock may be more vulnerable to copper and zinc inputs than aquatic biota in watersheds underlain by sedimentary rock. For both copper and zinc, there is a trend of increasing predicted LC 50 values with increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Predicted copper LC 50 values are extremely sensitive to DOC concentrations, whereas alkalinity appears to have an influence on zinc toxicity at alkalinities in excess of about 100 mg/L CaCO 3 . These findings show promise for coupling the BLM (computer program) with measured water-chemistry data to predict metal toxicity to aquatic biota in different geologic settings and under different scenarios. This approach may ultimately be a useful tool for mine-site planning, mitigation and remediation strategies, and ecological risk assessment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","conferenceDate":"06/19/2005","conferenceLocation":"Breckenridge, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.S., 2005, Use of the Biotic Ligand Model to predict metal toxicity to aquatic biota in areas of differing geology, in Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Breckenridge, CO, 06/19/2005, p. 1134-1154.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1134","endPage":"1154","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018548","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5507fed1e4b02e76d757c16b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70142597,"text":"70142597 - 2005 - Sources of acid and metals from the weathering of the Dinero waste pile, Lake Fork watershed, Leadville, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-09T09:43:02","indexId":"70142597","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-19T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sources of acid and metals from the weathering of the Dinero waste pile, Lake Fork watershed, Leadville, Colorado","docAbstract":"Two trenches were dug into the south Dinero mine-waste pile near Leadville, Colorado, to study the weathering of rock fragments and the mineralogic sources of metal contaminants in the surrounding wetland and Lake Fork Watershed. Water seeping from the base of the south Dinero waste-rock pile was pH 2.9, whereas leachate from a composite sample of the rock waste was pH 3.3. The waste pile was mostly devoid of vegetation, open to infiltration of precipitation, and saturated at the base because of placement in the wetland. The south mine-waste pile is composed of poorly sorted material, ranging from boulder-size to fine-grained rock fragments. The trenches showed both matrix-supported and clast-supported zones, with faint horizontal color banding, suggesting zonation of Fe oxides. Secondary minerals such as jarosite and gypsum occurred throughout the depth of the trenches. Infiltration of water and transport of dissolved material through the pile is evidenced by optically continuous secondary mineral deposits that fill or line voids. Iron-sulfate material exhibits microlaminations with shrinkage cracking and preferential dissolution of microlayers that evidence drying and wetting events. In addition to fluids, submicron-sized to very fine-grained particles such as jarosite are transported through channel ways in the pile. Rock fragments are coated with a mixture of clay, jarosite, and manganese oxides. Dissolution of minerals is a primary source of metals. Skeletal remnants of grains, outlined by Fe-oxide minerals, are common. Potassium jarosite is the most abundant jarosite phase, but Pb-and Ag-bearing jarosite are common. Grain-sized clusters of jarosite suggest that entire sulfide grains were replaced by very fine-grained jarosite crystals. The waste piles were removed from the wetland and reclaimed upslope in 2003. This was an opportunity to test methods to identify sources of acid and metals and metal transport processes within a waste pile. A series of entrapment ponds, lined with limestone rip rap, was created where the mine waste was once situated. A flooded adit discharges low-pH metal-bearing waters into the ponds. A white (Zn, Mn)-sulfate precipitate was observed in 2003 around the edges of the most distal pond.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","conferenceDate":"06/19/2005","conferenceLocation":"Breckenridge, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Diehl, S.F., Hageman, P., Smith, K.S., Herron, J., and Desborough, G.A., 2005, Sources of acid and metals from the weathering of the Dinero waste pile, Lake Fork watershed, Leadville, Colorado, in Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Breckenridge, CO, 06/19/2005, p. 268-282.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298349,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 41.00477542222949\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 41.00477542222949\n ],\n [\n -102.06298828125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54fec43ae4b02419550debe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diehl, S. F.","contributorId":84780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hageman, Phil L. 0000-0002-3440-2150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-2150","contributorId":8458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hageman","given":"Phil L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herron, J.T.","contributorId":139597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herron","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70142593,"text":"70142593 - 2005 - Using enzyme bioassays as a rapid screen for metal toxicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-09T09:33:31","indexId":"70142593","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-19T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using enzyme bioassays as a rapid screen for metal toxicity","docAbstract":"Mine tailings piles and abandoned mine soils are often contaminated by a suite of toxic metals, which were released in the mining process. Traditionally, toxicity of such areas has been determined by numerous chemical methods including the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) and traditional toxicity tests using organisms such as the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. Such tests can be expensive and time-consuming. Enzymatic bioassays may provide an easier, less costly, and more time-effective toxicity screening procedure for mine tailings and abandoned mine soil leachates. This study evaluated the commercially available MetPLATE™ enzymatic toxicity assay test kit. The MetPLATE™ assay uses a modified strain of Escherichia coli bacteria as the test organism. Toxicity is defined by the activity of β-galactosidase enzyme which is monitored colorometrically with a 96-well spectrophotometer. The study used water samples collected from North Fork Clear Creek, a mining influenced water (MIW) located in Colorado. A great benefit to using the MetPLATE™ assay over the TCLP is that it shows actual toxicity of a sample by taking into account the bioavailability of the toxicants rather than simply measuring the metal concentration present. Benefits of the MetPLATE™ assay over the use of C. dubia include greatly reduced time for the testing process (∼2 hours), a more continuous variable due to a greater number of organisms present in each sample (100,000+), and the elimination of need to maintain a culture of organisms at all times.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation","conferenceDate":"06/19/2005","conferenceLocation":"Breckenridge, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Lexington, KY","usgsCitation":"Choate, L.M., Ross, P., Blumenstein, E.P., and Ranville, J., 2005, Using enzyme bioassays as a rapid screen for metal toxicity, in Proceedings of the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Breckenridge, CO, 06/19/2005, p. 98-107.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":298345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54fec43ee4b02419550debed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choate, LaDonna M. 0000-0002-0229-7210 lchoate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-7210","contributorId":1176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"LaDonna","email":"lchoate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, P.E.","contributorId":37997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blumenstein, E. P.","contributorId":139595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blumenstein","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ranville, James F.","contributorId":31797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70717,"text":"sir20045240 - 2005 - Reconnaissance of the Hydrogeology of Ta'u, American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20045240","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5240","title":"Reconnaissance of the Hydrogeology of Ta'u, American Samoa","docAbstract":"Analysis of existing data and information collected on a reconnaissance field visit supports a conceptual model of ground-water occurrence in Ta'u, American Samoa, in which a thin freshwater lens exists in a predominantly high-permeability aquifer that receives high rates of recharge. Because the freshwater lens is thin throughout most of the island, the productivity of wells, especially those near the coast where the lens is the thinnest, is likely to be limited by saltwater intrusion.\r\n\r\nThe landfill in northwestern Ta'u is closer to the north coast of the island than to any of the existing or proposed well sites. Although this may indicate that ground water beneath the landfill would flow away from the existing and proposed well sites, this interpretation may change depending on the hydraulic properties of a fault and rift zone in the area. Of four plausible scenarios tested with a numerical ground-water flow model, only one scenario indicated that ground water from beneath the landfill would flow toward the existing and proposed well sites; the analysis does not, however, assess which of the four scenarios is most plausible. The analysis also does not consider the change in flow paths that will result from ground-water withdrawals, dispersion of contaminants during transport by ground water, other plausible hydrogeologic scenarios, transport of contaminants by surface-water flow, or that sources of contamination other than the landfill may exist.\r\n\r\nAccuracy of the hydrologic interpretations in this study is limited by the relatively sparse data available for Ta'u. Understanding water resources on Ta'u can be advanced by monitoring rainfall, stream-flow, evaporation, ground-water withdrawals, and water quality, and with accurate surveys of measuring point elevations for all wells and careful testing of well-performance. Assessing the potential for contaminants in the landfill to reach existing and proposed well sites can be improved with additional information on the landfill itself (history, construction, contents, water chemistry), surface-water flow directions, spatial distribution of ground-water levels, and the quality of water in nearby wells. Monitoring water levels and chemistry in one or more monitoring wells between the landfill and existing or proposed wells can provide a means to detect movement of contaminants before they reach production wells. Steps that can be implemented in the short term include analyzing water in the landfill and monitoring of water chemistry and water levels in all existing and new production wells.\r\n\r\nPlacing future wells farther inland may mitigate saltwater intrusion problems, but the steep topography of Ta'u limits the feasibility of this approach. Alternative solutions include distributing ground-water withdrawal among several shallow-penetrating, low-yield wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20045240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the American Samoa Power Authority","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., 2005, Reconnaissance of the Hydrogeology of Ta'u, American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5240, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045240.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6665,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5240/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635ebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, Scot K. 0000-0002-8758-9414 skizuka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9414","contributorId":2645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"Scot","email":"skizuka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70718,"text":"sir20055016 - 2005 - Effects of urban land-use change on streamflow and water quality in Oakland County, Michigan, 1970-2003, as inferred from urban gradient and temporal analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T19:03:22","indexId":"sir20055016","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5016","title":"Effects of urban land-use change on streamflow and water quality in Oakland County, Michigan, 1970-2003, as inferred from urban gradient and temporal analysis","docAbstract":"Various adverse hydrologic effects on streams have been attributed to urban development and expanded impervious surface area, including increased high flows, decreased low flows, increased variability (commonly referred to as flashiness), nutrient enrichment, and increased dissolved solids concentrations. These effects are often observed through the use of urban-gradient studies, which compare hydrologic characteristics among watersheds with different levels of development. This technique is frequently applied when comparable prior data are not available for the watersheds of interest.
\nDuring 1966 - 1970, and again during 2001 - 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey collected a series of low-flow water-chemistry samples. Streamflow-gaging stations were operated throughout the period from 1966- 2003 as part of ongoing monitoring operations. This study compares these two water-quality data sets; tests the streamflow data for trends in high flows, low flows, and flashiness; and correlates 2000 land use with water-quality and streamflow data collected during the 2001 - 2003 study.
\nDespite substantial change in land use during 1980 - 2000, with urban land covers replacing open space, forest, and agriculture, little evidence is found in the time-series data of alteration of the daily streamflow characteristics or nutrient enrichment in the study watersheds. However, a distinct shift is observable in chloride concentrations. Strong positive correlations exist across the urban gradient between development and increased peak flows as well as between development and increased flashiness. Correlations of water-quality data to development metrics show strong positive correlations with increased dissolved solids and salt content, as well as increased concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (Eschericia coli).
\nThis apparent contradiction may be caused by the differences in the changes measured in each analysis. The change-through-time approach describes change from a fixed starting point of approximately 1970; the gradient approach describes the cumulative effect of all change up to approximately 2000. These findings indicate that although urbanization in Oakland County results in most of the effects observed in the literature, as evidenced in the gradient approach, relatively few of the anticipated effects have been observed during the past three decades. This relative stability despite rapid land-cover change may be related to efforts to mitigate the effects of development and a general decrease in the density of new residential development. It may also be related to external factors such as climate variability and reduced atmospheric deposition of specific chemicals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/sir20055016","collaboration":"In cooperation with Oakland County, Michigan","usgsCitation":"Aichele, S., 2005, Effects of urban land-use change on streamflow and water quality in Oakland County, Michigan, 1970-2003, as inferred from urban gradient and temporal analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5016, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055016.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20055016.JPG"},{"id":6666,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5016/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Oakland County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.4546,42.8798],[-83.2227,42.887],[-83.1025,42.8884],[-83.0986,42.801],[-83.0905,42.6238],[-83.0867,42.5355],[-83.0843,42.4463],[-83.3264,42.4416],[-83.4403,42.4393],[-83.553,42.4351],[-83.6669,42.4312],[-83.6733,42.5196],[-83.6863,42.7822],[-83.6902,42.871],[-83.5737,42.8744],[-83.4541,42.8766],[-83.4546,42.8798]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oakland\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fe04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aichele, Stephen S. 0000-0002-3397-7921 saichele@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-7921","contributorId":194508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aichele","given":"Stephen S.","email":"saichele@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":430,"text":"National Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70719,"text":"ofr20041406 - 2005 - Water resources on and near the Nottawaseppi Huron band of Potawatomi indian tribal lands, Calhoun County, Michigan, 2000-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T14:13:52","indexId":"ofr20041406","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1406","title":"Water resources on and near the Nottawaseppi Huron band of Potawatomi indian tribal lands, Calhoun County, Michigan, 2000-03","docAbstract":"The Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi Indians in Calhoun County, Michigan is concerned about the water quality and quantity of streams in and around tribal lands and of shallow ground water. The tribe wanted to establish a database that included streamflow, stage, and water quality of local streams and quality of ground water from wells belonging to the tribe and its members. Concerned about the effects of long-term agricultural activity and increasing numbers of singlefamily dwellings being constructed within the watershed both on and off the reservation, the tribe wants to develop a water-resources management plan.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measured streamflow and installed staff gages tied into local datum on three tributaries of the St. Joseph River that cross tribal lands. Water-quality samples were collected from the sites under a variety of flow regimes from spring to fall during 2000-03. Stage-streamflow rating curves were constructed for Pine Creek and Athens & Indian Creek Drain after a number of discharge measurements were made and a thorough basin analysis was completed. Daily streamflow for Pine Creek near Athens was estimated for the period from May 2000 through September 2003.
USGS collected 12 water samples at Pine Creek near Athens, Athens & Indian Creek Drain, and an unnamed tributary to Pine Creek during October 2000 through September 2003. Physical properties were measured, and the streams were sampled for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, caffeine, and herbicides/pesticides and their breakdown products (degradates). The tribe also measured physical properties weekly at the three sites during each growing season for the study period. Surface water at the three sites can be classified as hard, with calcium carbonate concentrations exceeding 180 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chloride, and dissolved solids are typical of the area. There were 68 detections of 17 pesticides, degradates, and caffeine. Atrazine and metolachlor were detected in all samples, and the atrazine degradate deethylatrazine was detected in all samples from Pine Creek and Athens & Indian Creek Drain. Another atrazine degradate (2-hydroxy-atrazine, or OIET) was detected five of the six times that it was included in the analyses. A single sample collected from Athens & Indian Creek Drain in May 2001 had relatively higher concentrations of acetochlor, atrazine, CIAT (deethylatrazine), and diuron than the other sampling sites did during the study. Analysis for various species of mercury was completed on samples collected at Pine Creek and Athens & Indian Creek Drain in July 2003, and results were similar to those typical of unimpaired streams in the Midwest. None of the surface-water sites had major ion, nutrient, or trace-element concentrations that exceeded Michigan Department of Environmental Quality standards for nonpotable surface water.
USGS also collected 11 ground-water samples from 7 wells on or adjacent to the traditional reservation in 2003. Two wells were sampled twice, and a single well was sampled three times, in order to document any chemical changes that might have occurred as a result of aquifer recharge, which most typically occurs in late winter to spring in the southern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Samples were analyzed for 184 pesticides and degradates and caffeine. There were five detections of four pesticides or degradates, but none of the detected chemicals are included in current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards. The remaining 181 analytes were below laboratory reporting limits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041406","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi Indians","usgsCitation":"Weaver, T.L., Healy, D., and Sabin, T., 2005, Water resources on and near the Nottawaseppi Huron band of Potawatomi indian tribal lands, Calhoun County, Michigan, 2000-03: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1406, ix, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041406.","productDescription":"ix, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041406.JPG"},{"id":6667,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1406/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Calhoun County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.308333,\n 42.158333\n ],\n [\n -85.308333,\n 42.066667\n ],\n [\n -85.220833,\n 42.066667\n ],\n [\n -85.220833,\n 42.158333\n ],\n [\n -85.308333,\n 42.158333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efd37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, T. L.","contributorId":24339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, D.","contributorId":101754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sabin, T.G.","contributorId":42310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabin","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70716,"text":"sir20055040 - 2005 - Comparison of preconstruction and 2003 bathymetric and topographic surveys of Lake McConaughy, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T19:39:04.856421","indexId":"sir20055040","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5040","title":"Comparison of preconstruction and 2003 bathymetric and topographic surveys of Lake McConaughy, Nebraska","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with The Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District, conducted a study that used bathymetric and topographic surveying in conjunction with Geographical Information Systems techniques to determine the 2003 physical shape, current storage capacity, and the changes in storage capacity of Lake McConaughy that have occurred over the past 62 years. By combining the bathymetric and topographic survey data, the current surface area of Lake McConaughy was determined to be 30,413.0 acres, with a volume of 1,756,300 acre-feet at the lake conservation-pool elevation of 3,266.4 feet above North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (3,265.0 feet above Central datum). To determine the changes in storage of Lake McConaughy, the 2003 survey Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was compared to a preconstruction DEM compiled from historical contour maps. This comparison showed an increase in elevation at the dam site due to the installation of Kingsley Dam. Immediately to the west of the Kingsley Dam is an area of decline where a borrow pit for Kingsley Dam was excavated. The comparison of the preconstruction survey to the 2003 survey also was used to estimate the gross storage capacity reduction that occurred between 1941 and 2002. The results of this comparison indicate a gross storage capacity reduction of approximately 42,372 acre-feet, at the lake conservation-pool elevation of 3,266.4 feet in NAVD 88 (3,265.0 feet in Central datum). By comparing preconstruction and 2003 survey data and subtracting the Kingsley Dam and borrow pit, the total estimated net volume of sediment deposited over the past 62 years is 53,347,124 cubic yards, at an annual average rate of 860,437 cubic yards per year. The approximate decrease in the net storage capacity occurring over the past 62 years is 33,066 acre-feet, at an annual average decrease of approximately 533 acre-feet per year, which has resulted in a 1.8 percent decrease in storage capacity of Lake McConaughy. The lake has accumulated most of the sediment in the original river channel and in the west end of the delta area on the upstream end of the lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055040","usgsCitation":"Kress, W.H., Sebree, S.K., Littin, G.R., Drain, M.A., and Kling, M.E., 2005, Comparison of preconstruction and 2003 bathymetric and topographic surveys of Lake McConaughy, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5040, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055040.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394047,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_72215.htm"},{"id":6664,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2005-5040/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Lake McConaughy","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.01080322265624,\n 41.192089674364105\n ],\n [\n -101.65374755859375,\n 41.192089674364105\n ],\n [\n -101.65374755859375,\n 41.31701278537454\n ],\n [\n -102.01080322265624,\n 41.31701278537454\n ],\n [\n -102.01080322265624,\n 41.192089674364105\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kress, Wade H.","contributorId":100475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kress","given":"Wade","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sebree, Sonja K.","contributorId":36622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sebree","given":"Sonja","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Littin, Gregory R. grlittin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littin","given":"Gregory","email":"grlittin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drain, Michael A.","contributorId":29526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drain","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kling, Michael E.","contributorId":35409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70720,"text":"ofr20041417 - 2005 - Water resources data, Oakland County, Michigan 2001-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T19:15:51","indexId":"ofr20041417","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1417","title":"Water resources data, Oakland County, Michigan 2001-2004","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Oakland County, the Huron-Clinton Metropark Authority, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), and the Rouge Program Office, collected streamflow, water-quality, and ground-water-level data in watersheds across Oakland County during water years 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004. Water years begin October 1 and end September 30.
\nThis report presents water resources data used to produce a series of interpretive reports on the quantity and quality of water in Oakland County for Oakland County, Michigan. Some of these data have been published elsewhere, but are provided here in one report. This report has two main sections. The first section provides an overview of the methods used to collect the various types of data. The second section is a series of data tables containing ground-water-level data, synoptically measured stream-water-quality data, synoptically measured lake-water-quality data, and the results of a macroinvertebrate and habitat assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041417","collaboration":"In cooperation with Oakland County, Michigan","usgsCitation":"Aichele, S., Crowley, S.L., Tariska, C., and Stopar, J., 2005, Water resources data, Oakland County, Michigan 2001-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1417, iv, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041417.","productDescription":"iv, 75 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20041417.JPG"},{"id":6668,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1417/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Oakland County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.4546,42.8798],[-83.2227,42.887],[-83.1025,42.8884],[-83.0986,42.801],[-83.0905,42.6238],[-83.0867,42.5355],[-83.0843,42.4463],[-83.3264,42.4416],[-83.4403,42.4393],[-83.553,42.4351],[-83.6669,42.4312],[-83.6733,42.5196],[-83.6863,42.7822],[-83.6902,42.871],[-83.5737,42.8744],[-83.4541,42.8766],[-83.4546,42.8798]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oakland\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0d5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aichele, Stephen S. 0000-0002-3397-7921 saichele@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-7921","contributorId":194508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aichele","given":"Stephen S.","email":"saichele@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":430,"text":"National Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":282941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, S. L.","contributorId":77614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tariska, C.K.","contributorId":26380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tariska","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stopar, J.","contributorId":26381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stopar","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70721,"text":"b2204C - 2005 - Kimmeridgian Shales Total Petroleum System of the North Sea Graben Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-28T16:47:31","indexId":"b2204C","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2204","chapter":"C","title":"Kimmeridgian Shales Total Petroleum System of the North Sea Graben Province","docAbstract":"The North Sea Graben of northwestern Europe, World Energy Project Province 4025, is entirely offshore within the territorial waters of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom. Extensional tectonics and failed rifting are fundamental to the distribution of oil and gas in the province. Accordingly, the geologic history and reser-voir rocks of the province are considered in the context of their temporal relationship to the principal extension and rifting events. The oil and gas accumulations of the province are considered part of a single petroleum system: the Kimmeridg-ian Shales Total Petroleum System (TPS). Source rocks of the Kimmeridgian Shales TPS were deposited in Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous time during the period of intensive exten-sion and rifting. The Kimmeridgian Shales contain typical 'type II' mixed kerogen. Oil and gas generation began locally in the North Sea Graben Province by Cretaceous time and has continued in various places ever since.\r\n\r\nReservoirs are found in strata with ages ranging from Devonian to Eocene. Pre-rift reservoirs are found in fault-block structures activated during rifting and can be of any age prior to the Late Jurassic. Syn-rift reservoirs are restricted to strata actually deposited during maximum extension and include rocks of Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous age. Post-rift reservoirs formed after rifting and range in age from Early Cretaceous to Eocene. Seals are diverse, depending upon the structural setting and reservoir age. Pre-rift reservoirs com-monly have seals formed by fine-grained, post-rift sedimentary sequences that drape the Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous structures. Contemporaneous shales such as the Kimmeridge Clay seal many syn-rift reservoirs. Fields with post-rift res-ervoirs generally require seals in fine-grained Tertiary rocks. In most of the North Sea Graben, source rocks have been continuously buried since deposition. Structural trap forma-tion has also taken place continuously since Mesozoic time. As a result, oil and gas are present in a wide variety of settings within Province 4025.\r\n\r\nAssessment units for the World Energy Project were defined geographically in order to capture regional differ-ences in exploration history, geography, and geological evolution. Three geographic areas were assessed. The Viking Graben, in the northern part of the province, includes both United Kingdom and Norwegian territorial areas. The Moray Firth/Witch Ground in the west-central part of the province is entirely in United Kingdom. waters. The Central Graben in the southern part of the province includes territorial areas of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The North Sea Graben is estimated to contain between 4.3 and 25.6 billion barrels (BBO) of undiscovered, conventionally recoverable oil. Of that total, the Viking Graben is believed to contain 2.2 to 14.8 BBO of undiscov-ered oil, the Moray Firth/Witch Ground may contain between 0.3 and 1.9 BBO, and the Central Graben was estimated to contain undiscovered oil resources of 1.7 to 8.8 BBO. Prov-ince 4025 was also estimated to hold between 11.8 and 75 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of undiscovered natural gas. Of this total, 6.8 to 44.5 TCF is thought to exist in the Viking Graben, 0.6 to 3.4 TCF is estimated to be in the Moray Firth/Witch Ground, and 4.5 to 27.1 TCF of undiscovered gas is estimated to be in the Central Graben.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"World Petroleum Assessment 2000","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2204C","usgsCitation":"Gautier, D.L., 2005, Kimmeridgian Shales Total Petroleum System of the North Sea Graben Province (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2204, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2204C.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":174,"text":"Central Region Energy Resources Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6669,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2204/c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -6,52 ], [ -6,62 ], [ 10,62 ], [ 10,52 ], [ -6,52 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gautier, Donald L. gautier@usgs.gov","contributorId":1310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"Donald","email":"gautier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70712,"text":"ofr20051203 - 2005 - Magnetic properties of sediments in cores BL96-1, -2, and -3 from Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"ofr20051203","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1203","title":"Magnetic properties of sediments in cores BL96-1, -2, and -3 from Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051203","usgsCitation":"Rosenbaum, J.G., 2005, Magnetic properties of sediments in cores BL96-1, -2, and -3 from Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1203, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051203.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6662,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph G. jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","contributorId":1524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":282928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70710,"text":"tm11B1 - 2005 - Selection of colors and patterns for geologic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T09:39:43","indexId":"tm11B1","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11-B1","title":"Selection of colors and patterns for geologic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) color and pattern standards and conventions for geologic maps have evolved since the USGS published its first set of standards in 1881. Since that time, USGS personnel have continuously updated and revised the standards in response to the need to show increasingly complex geologic map data and in response to changing technology. The color and pattern standards and conventions contained in this book enable geologists, cartographers, and editors to produce geologic maps that have consistent geologic-age color schemes and patterns. Such consistency enables geologists and other users of geologic maps to obtain a wealth of geologic information at a glance and to produce maps that can easily be used and compared to other published maps that follow the color and pattern standards and conventions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm11B1","collaboration":"Modified and updated from USGS Technical Standards Paper No. 9.03.1, September 30, 1971","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Selection of colors and patterns for geologic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 11-B1, 19 p.; 1 plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm11B1.","productDescription":"19 p.; 1 plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350291,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/11B01/pdf/TM11-B1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":6660,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/11B01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7847,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/11B01/pdf/plate.pdf","size":"5.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_11_b1.gif"},{"id":350292,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/11B01/05tm11b01.html","text":"Text-Only HTML Version","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7db3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70703,"text":"sir20045262 - 2005 - Median and Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams under Natural and Diverted Conditions, Northeast Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"sir20045262","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5262","title":"Median and Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams under Natural and Diverted Conditions, Northeast Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Flow-duration statistics under natural (undiverted) and diverted flow conditions were estimated for gaged and ungaged sites on 21 streams in northeast Maui, Hawaii. The estimates were made using the optimal combination of continuous-record gaging-station data, low-flow measurements, and values determined from regression equations developed as part of this study. Estimated 50- and 95-percent flow duration statistics for streams are presented and the analyses done to develop and evaluate the methods used in estimating the statistics are described. Estimated streamflow statistics are presented for sites where various amounts of streamflow data are available as well as for locations where no data are available.\r\n\r\nDaily mean flows were used to determine flow-duration statistics for continuous-record stream-gaging stations in the study area following U.S. Geological Survey established standard methods. Duration discharges of 50- and 95-percent were determined from total flow and base flow for each continuous-record station. The index-station method was used to adjust all of the streamflow records to a common, long-term period. The gaging station on West Wailuaiki Stream (16518000) was chosen as the index station because of its record length (1914-2003) and favorable geographic location. Adjustments based on the index-station method resulted in decreases to the 50-percent duration total flow, 50-percent duration base flow, 95-percent duration total flow, and 95-percent duration base flow computed on the basis of short-term records that averaged 7, 3, 4, and 1 percent, respectively.\r\n\r\nFor the drainage basin of each continuous-record gaged site and selected ungaged sites, morphometric, geologic, soil, and rainfall characteristics were quantified using Geographic Information System techniques. Regression equations relating the non-diverted streamflow statistics to basin characteristics of the gaged basins were developed using ordinary-least-squares regression analyses. Rainfall rate, maximum basin elevation, and the elongation ratio of the basin were the basin characteristics used in the final regression equations for 50-percent duration total flow and base flow. Rainfall rate and maximum basin elevation were used in the final regression equations for the 95-percent duration total flow and base flow. The relative errors between observed and estimated flows ranged from 10 to 20 percent for the 50-percent duration total flow and base flow, and from 29 to 56 percent for the 95-percent duration total flow and base flow.\r\n\r\nThe regression equations developed for this study were used to determine the 50-percent duration total flow, 50-percent duration base flow, 95-percent duration total flow, and 95-percent duration base flow at selected ungaged diverted and undiverted sites. Estimated streamflow, prediction intervals, and standard errors were determined for 48 ungaged sites in the study area and for three gaged sites west of the study area. Relative errors were determined for sites where measured values of 95-percent duration discharge of total flow were available. East of Keanae Valley, the 95-percent duration discharge equation generally underestimated flow, and within and west of Keanae Valley, the equation generally overestimated flow. Reduction in 50- and 95-percent flow-duration values in stream reaches affected by diversions throughout the study area average 58 to 60 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20045262","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management","usgsCitation":"Gingerich, S.B., 2005, Median and Low-Flow Characteristics for Streams under Natural and Diverted Conditions, Northeast Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5262, Report: vi, 72 p.; Plate: 26 x 32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045262.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 72 p.; Plate: 26 x 32 inches","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6658,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5262/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ff43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen B. 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":1426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70702,"text":"wdrNM041 - 2005 - Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:05","indexId":"wdrNM041","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NM-04-1","title":"Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2004","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2004 water year for New Mexico consist of records of discharge and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells and springs. This report contains discharge records for 185 gaging stations; stage and contents for 22 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 39 gaging stations, 108 wells, and 9 partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites; and water levels at 128 observation wells. Also included are 80 crest-stage, partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. Two seepage investigations were made during the year. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in New Mexico.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrNM041","usgsCitation":"Byrd, D., Allen, H.R., and Montano, M., 2005, Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NM-04-1, 469 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNM041.","productDescription":"469 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6657,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2004/wdr-nm-04-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0f12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrd, Dave","contributorId":59114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"Dave","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Harriet R.","contributorId":94683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Harriet","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Montano, Mary","contributorId":102950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montano","given":"Mary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70257559,"text":"70257559 - 2005 - Conclusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-16T16:53:11.042077","indexId":"70257559","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-15T11:49:04","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Conclusion","docAbstract":"This book has presented what is known about the extent and causes of amphibian population declines in the United States and what can be done about them. It has also examined life history and natural history features needed to manage for amphibians, with a current assessment of their distribution. In assembling the literature for this project, and with a quick look at the species accounts, what is immediately noticeable is that a few species are well known and have a large literature, some species are better known and have a modest literature, and many species are almost unknown. An existing scientific literature creates a future scientific literature and results in a species bias. Workers are strongly encouraged to explore species that are not well known and to seek questions from field observations. Scientists must also explore creative new techniques for observing and monitoring inconvenient animals.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States species","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0057","usgsCitation":"Lannoo, M., Gallant, A.L., Nanjappa, P., Blackburn, L., and Hendricks, R., 2005, Conclusion, chap. of Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States species, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0057.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"926 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lannoo, Michael","contributorId":32823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannoo","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910835,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lannoo, Michael","contributorId":32823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannoo","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637 gallant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":2940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"gallant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nanjappa, Priya","contributorId":84272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanjappa","given":"Priya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackburn, L.","contributorId":16133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackburn","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hendricks, R.","contributorId":48676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70257431,"text":"70257431 - 2005 - Caudata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-15T16:50:55.509452","indexId":"70257431","displayToPublicDate":"2005-06-15T11:47:43","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Caudata","docAbstract":"This section features the Caudata, which includes the families Ambystomatidae, Amphiumidae, Cryptobranchidae, Dicamptodontidae, Plethodontidae, Proteidae, Rhyacotritonidae, Salamandridae, and Sirenidae. It provides information on their historical versus current distribution, historical versus current abundance, life history features, and conservation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States species","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0055","usgsCitation":"Lannoo, M., Gallant, A.L., Nanjappa, P., Blackburn, L., and Hendricks, R., 2005, Caudata, chap. of Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States species, p. 601-914, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0055.","productDescription":"314 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"914","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lannoo, Michael","contributorId":32823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannoo","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910345,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lannoo, Michael","contributorId":32823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannoo","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637 gallant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":2940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"gallant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nanjappa, Priya","contributorId":84272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanjappa","given":"Priya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackburn, L.","contributorId":16133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackburn","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hendricks, R.","contributorId":48676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}