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Particular attention was given to the potential of the fresh-water aquifer near Qasr Bu Itadi as a source of water for Sirte. \r\n\r\nThe Sirte area lies on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea about 450 kilometers east-southeast of Tripoli, cocapital of Libya. Although the area receives some winter precipitation, the climate is arid. The surface rocks of the area are chiefly Miocene limestone containing marl, clay, and some sandstone, though Quaternary deposits occur along the wadis and mantle the Miocene rocks in the coastal plain. \r\n\r\nFresh ground water occurs locally in Recent sand dunes near Zaafran and in Miocene limestone near Qasr Bu Hadi, south of a probable fault. Elsewhere in the Sirte area, ground water occurs generally in Tertiary rocks but contains 3,000 or more parts per million of dissolved solids. \r\n\r\nTo establish the hydraulic characteristics of the fresh-water aquifer in the Qasr Bu Itadi area, two test wells were drilled and a controlled pumping test was made. The coefficient of transmissibility was found to be about 25,000 gallons per day per foot (13.68 cubic meters per hour per meter), and the coefficient of storage, about 0.00055. The pumping test also established the presence of two barrier-type hydraulic boundaries for the aquifer, one about 250 meters westward and another about 535 meters northward from well 9a. The first boundary is probably the small anticline on which stands the fort of Qasr Bu Itadi; the second boundary is probably a northwest trending fault. Using the transmissibility and storage coefficients derived from the pumping test, the writer concludes that (1) the total draft from the fresh-water aquifer should not exceed 13.5 cubic meters per hour and (2) production wells should be at least 3 kilometers south of well 9a.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757C","usgsCitation":"Ogilbee, W., 1964, Ground water in the Sirte area, Tripolitania, United Kingdom of Libya: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iii, 14 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757C.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28414,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d914","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogilbee, William","contributorId":106093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilbee","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2421,"text":"wsp1499F - 1964 - Water resources of the Baltimore area, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1499F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1499","chapter":"F","title":"Water resources of the Baltimore area, Maryland","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1499F","usgsCitation":"Otton, E., Martin, R., and Durum, W.H., 1964, Water resources of the Baltimore area, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1499, vi, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1499F.","productDescription":"vi, 105 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1499f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28430,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1499f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28431,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1499f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28432,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1499f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28433,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1499f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f064f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, E. G.","contributorId":22311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, R.O.R.","contributorId":40193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"R.O.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2422,"text":"wsp1330G - 1964 - Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2422,"text":"wsp1330G - 1964 - Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry","indexId":"wsp1330G","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T14:30:51","indexId":"wsp1330G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"G","title":"Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry","docAbstract":"

About 3,500 million gallons of water was withdrawn daily in 1955 for use by petroleum refineries in the United States. This was about 3 percent of the estimated daily withdrawal of industrial water in the United States in 1955. An average of 468 gallons of water was required to refine a barrel of crude oil, and the median was 95 gallons of water per barrel of crude charge; withdrawals ranged from 6.5 to 3,240 gallons per barrel.

Ninety-one percent of the water requirements of the petroleum refineries surveyed was for cooling. One-third of the refineries reused their cooling water from 10 to more than 50 times. Only 17 refineries used once-through cooling systems. Refineries with recirculating cooling systems circulated about twice as much cooling water but needed about 25 times less makeup; however, they consumed about 24 times more water per barrel of charge than refineries using once-through cooling systems.

The average noncracking refinery used about 375 gallons of water per barrel of crude, which is less than the 471-gallon average of refineries with cracking facilities. Refineries are composed of various processing units, and the water requirements of such units varied ; median makeup needs ranged from about 125 gallons per barrel for polymerization and alkylation units to 15.5 gallons per barrel for distillation units.

Refinery-owned sources of water supplied 95 percent of the makeup-water requirements. Surface-water sources provided 86 percent of the makeup-water demand. Less than 1 percent of the makeup water was obtained from reprocessed municipal sewage.

","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330G","usgsCitation":"Otts, L.E., 1964, Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, Report: v, 54 p.; Plate: 19.50 x 11.91 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330G.","productDescription":"Report: v, 54 p.; Plate: 19.50 x 11.91 inches","startPage":"287","endPage":"340","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":28435,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330g/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":138942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28434,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330g/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"897.87 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No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1774","usgsCitation":"Page, L.V., and Pree, H.L., 1964, Water resources of De Soto Parish, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1774, Report: vi, 152 p.; 13 Plates: 24.00 x 31.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1774.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 152 p.; 13 Plates: 24.00 x 31.65 inches or 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No abstract available.

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No abstract available.

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It is 23 miles long and has an area of 26 square miles. The part of Jimmy Camp Valley discussed is 11 miles long and has an area of 9 square miles. The topography is characterized by level flood plains and alluvial terraces that parallel the valley and by rather steep hills along the valley sides. The climate is semiarid, average annual precipitation being about 13 inches. Farming and stock raising are the principal occupations in the valleys; however, some of the agricultural land near Colorado Springs is being used for housing developments. \r\n\r\nThe Pierre Shale and alluvium underlie most of the area, and mesa gravel caps the shale hills adjacent to Fountain Valley. The alluvium yields water to domestic, stock, irrigation, and public-supply wells and is capable of yielding large quantities of water for intermittent periods. Several springs issue along the sides of the valley at the contact of the mesa gravel and the underlying Pierre Shale. \r\n\r\nThe water table ranges in depth from less than 10 feet along the bottom lands to about 80 feet along the sides of the valleys; the saturated thickness ranges from less than a foot to about 50 feet. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water reservoir in Fountain Valley is recharged by precipitation that falls within the area, by percolation from Fountain Creek, which originates in the Pikes Peak, Monument Valley, and Rampart Range areas, and by seepage from irrigation water. This reservoir contains about 70,000 acre-feet of ground water in storage. The ground-water reservoir in Jimmy Camp Valley is recharged from precipitation that falls within the area, by percolation from Jimmy Camp Creek during periods of streamflow, and by seepage from irrigation water. The Jimmy Camp ground-water reservoir contains about 25,000 acre-feet of water in storage. Ground water is discharged from the area by movement to the south, by evaporation and transpiration in areas of shallow water table, by seepage into Fountain and Jimmy Camp Creeks, and through wells. About 3 to 4 mgd (million gallons per day) of ground water moves through the Fountain Valley alluvium at a velocity of about 15 feet per day. About 1 mgd of ground water moves through the Jimmy Camp Valley alluvium at a velocity of about 6 feet per day. \r\n\r\nMost of the wells in the area are drilled, but a few are dug. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1779Z","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., 1964, Selected bibliography on laboratory and field methods in ground-water hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1779, iii, 21 p. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1779Z.","productDescription":"iii, 21 p. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779z/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27350,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779z/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa6c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":932,"text":"wsp1779G - 1964 - Geology and ground-water resources of Bradley, Calhoun, and Ouachita Counties, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T14:26:47","indexId":"wsp1779G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1779","chapter":"G","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Bradley, Calhoun, and Ouachita Counties, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. 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Government Printing Office,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1779G","usgsCitation":"Albin, D.R., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of Bradley, Calhoun, and Ouachita Counties, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1779, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1779G.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246954,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/plate-7.pdf","size":"1337","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":276513,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":276514,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":276515,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/plate-5.pdf"},{"id":276516,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/plate-6.pdf"},{"id":277938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278835,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":278833,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/report.pdf"},{"id":278834,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1779g/plate-2.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685bb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albin, Donald R.","contributorId":67486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albin","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4,"text":"wsp1659 - 1964 - An appraisal of potential ground-water salvage along the Pecos River between Acme and Artesia, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1659","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1659","title":"An appraisal of potential ground-water salvage along the Pecos River between Acme and Artesia, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1659","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., Hood, J.W., Cushman, R., Borton, R., and Galloway, S., 1964, An appraisal of potential ground-water salvage along the Pecos River between Acme and Artesia, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1659, viii, 98 p. :ill., maps, tables ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1659.","productDescription":"viii, 98 p. :ill., maps, tables ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110004,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24851.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24851"},{"id":136272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":246944,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-09_sheet_1.pdf","size":"2196","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246945,"rank":416,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-09_sheet_2.pdf","size":"2513","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246946,"rank":417,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-09_sheet_3.pdf","size":"2573","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246947,"rank":418,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-09_sheet_4.pdf","size":"1841","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246948,"rank":419,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-09_sheet_5.pdf","size":"2392","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246949,"rank":420,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-09_sheet_6.pdf","size":"2121","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24588,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24589,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24590,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24591,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24592,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24593,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24594,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24595,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24596,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24597,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1659/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, Reed W.","contributorId":32503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hood, J. W.","contributorId":87908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cushman, R.L.","contributorId":102859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borton, R.L.","contributorId":75895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borton","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Galloway, S.E.","contributorId":85151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1989,"text":"wsp1776 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water resources of Washington, D.C., and vicinity, with a section on chemical quality of the water","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52182,"text":"ofr6179 - 1961 - Basic data, ground-water resources and geology of Washington, D. C., and vicinity","indexId":"ofr6179","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Basic data, ground-water resources and geology of Washington, D. C., and vicinity"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1989,"text":"wsp1776 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water resources of Washington, D.C., and vicinity, with a section on chemical quality of the water","indexId":"wsp1776","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Washington, D.C., and vicinity, with a section on chemical quality of the water"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-02T21:05:20.22677","indexId":"wsp1776","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1776","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Washington, D.C., and vicinity, with a section on chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"

The area of this report includes 436 square miles centered about the District of Columbia.

The area contains parts of two distinctly different physiographic provinces-the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain. The Fall Line, which separates the Piedmont province on the west from the Coastal Plain Province on the east, bisects the area diagonally from northeast to southwest. Northwest of the Fall Line, deeply weathered igneous and metamorphic rocks are exposed ; to the southeast, these rocks are covered by Coastal Plain sediments; the nonconformity between crystalline rock and sediments dips southeast at an average rate of about 125 feet per mile.

The rocks of the Piedmont include: (1) schist, phyllite, and quartzite of the Wissahickon Formation; (2) altered mafic rocks such as greenstone and serpentine; (3) the Laurel Gneiss of Chapman, 1942, and the Sykesville Formation of Jonas, 1928--both probably derived from the Wissahickon ; and (4) later granitic intrusive rocks.

Lying upon this basement of hard rocks east of the Fall Line are the generally unconsolidated sediments of the Coastal Plain, which include gravel, sand, and clay, ranging in age from Cretaceous to Recent. These sediments measure only a few inches at their western extremity but thicken to 1,800 feet at the southeast corner of the mapped area.

Owing to the great diversity in the geology of the two provinces, the waterbearing characteristics of the rocks also vary greatly. In the Piedmont, ground water occurs under unconfined or water-table conditions in openings and fissures in the hard rocks or in the residual weathered blanket that overlies them. In the Coastal Plain, the shallow wells tap unconfined water, but beneath the upper clay layers the water is contained in the sand and gravel under artesian pressure and must be recovered by deep drilled wells.

Wells are of three types--drilled, bored, and dug. Drilled wells furnish a permanent water supply and are the least subject to pollution when properly constructed. Bored or dug wells allow greater storage capacity and are satisfactory for domestic supplies in some locations, but they are polluted easily. If not properly constructed or of sufficient depth, they may fail in dry weather.

Ground-water supplies for domestic use, 5 to 10 gpm (gallons per minute), are obtainable in most places. In the Piedmont, recorded yields in drilled wells range from 0.2 to 212 gpm. In the Coastal Plain, wells yield from 1 to 800 gpm.

The quality of the ground water in the report area is generally satisfactory for domestic, industrial, and irrigation use. High iron content and corrosiveness are troublesome in places. The water is soft to moderately hard--2 to 175 ppm (parts per million). Water in the Piedmont province is. dominantly the calcium and bicarbonate type; in the Coastal Plain most water is of calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type.

In the Piedmont, careful location of wells with respect to the geology (rock type and structure) and to topography usually results in higher yields and may mean the difference between success and failure. In the Coastal Plain, drilled artesian wells are not affected by topography, but the yield obtained depends upon the penetration of a water-bearing sand or gravel bed at sufficient depth.

The early settlers obtained water from the springs and streams, and later from dug wells. After Washington was established as the Capital in 1800, water was obtained from public and privately owned wells. Water was piped from some of the springs to government buildings and to private homes and business houses. In 1863 a diversion dam was completed in the Potomac above Great Falls and a conduit was built into the city to furnish a public water supply. This system with modifications has been in use ever since. A new diversion dam and pumping station at Little Falls was put into service in the summer of 1959.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1776","usgsCitation":"Johnston, P.M., Weaver, D.E., and Siu, L., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of Washington, D.C., and vicinity, with a section on chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1776, Report: vi, 97 p.; 2 Plates: 34.50 x 26.60 inches and 21.00 x 28.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1776.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 97 p.; 2 Plates: 34.50 x 26.60 inches and 21.00 x 28.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422360,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16352.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":27381,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1776/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27382,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1776/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1776/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27380,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1776/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"District of Columbia","city":"Washington D.C.","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.038598,38.791513],[-77.038898,38.800813],[-77.035798,38.814913],[-77.038098,38.815613],[-77.039098,38.821413],[-77.038098,38.828612],[-77.039199,38.832212],[-77.041199,38.833712],[-77.042599,38.833812],[-77.043499,38.833212],[-77.044899,38.834712],[-77.044999,38.838512],[-77.044489,38.839595],[-77.044199,38.840212],[-77.041699,38.840212],[-77.032798,38.841712],[-77.031698,38.850512],[-77.039299,38.864312],[-77.038899,38.865812],[-77.039099,38.868112],[-77.040599,38.871212],[-77.043299,38.874012],[-77.045399,38.875212],[-77.046599,38.874912],[-77.045599,38.873012],[-77.046299,38.871312],[-77.049099,38.870712],[-77.051299,38.873212],[-77.051099,38.875212],[-77.054099,38.879112],[-77.055199,38.880012],[-77.058254,38.880069],[-77.063499,38.888611],[-77.067299,38.899211],[-77.068199,38.899811],[-77.070099,38.900711],[-77.0822,38.901911],[-77.0902,38.904211],[-77.0937,38.905911],[-77.1012,38.911111],[-77.1034,38.912911],[-77.1063,38.919111],[-77.1134,38.925211],[-77.1166,38.928911],[-77.1179,38.932411],[-77.119857,38.93427],[-77.1199,38.934311],[-77.1045,38.94641],[-77.1007,38.94891],[-77.0915,38.95651],[-77.054299,38.98511],[-77.040999,38.99511],[-77.036299,38.99171],[-77.015598,38.97591],[-77.013798,38.97441],[-77.008298,38.97011],[-77.002636,38.965521],[-77.002498,38.96541],[-76.941519,38.918276],[-76.935096,38.913311],[-76.909395,38.892812],[-76.910795,38.891712],[-76.919295,38.885112],[-76.920195,38.884412],[-76.949696,38.861312],[-76.953696,38.858512],[-76.979497,38.837812],[-76.992697,38.828213],[-76.999997,38.821913],[-77.001397,38.821513],[-77.024392,38.80297],[-77.038598,38.791513]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"District of Columbia\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Paul McKelvey","contributorId":8828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"McKelvey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, D. E.","contributorId":51718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":887473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siu, Leonard","contributorId":331349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siu","given":"Leonard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":887474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1999,"text":"wsp1651 - 1964 - Chemical quality of surface waters and sedimentation in the Saline River basin, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1651","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1651","title":"Chemical quality of surface waters and sedimentation in the Saline River basin, Kansas","docAbstract":"This report gives the results of an investigation of the sediment and dissolved minerals that are transported by the Saline River and its tributaries. The Saline River basin is in western and central Kansas; it is long and narrow and covers 3,420 square miles of rolling plains, which is broken in some places by escarpments and small areas of badlands. In the western part the uppermost bedrock consists predominantly of calcareous elastic sedimentary rocks of continental origin of Pliocene age and in most places is covered by eolian deposits of Pleistocene and Recent age. In the central part the ex posed bedrock consists predominantly of calcareous marine sedimentary rocks of Late Cretaceous age. In the eastern part the exposed bedrock consists mainly of noncalcareous continental and littoral elastic sedimentary rocks of Early Cretaceous and Permian age. Fluvial deposits are in the valleys, and eolian materials are present over much of the uplands. \r\n\r\nAverage precipitation increases rather uniformly from about 18 inches per year in the west to almost 28 inches per year in the east. Runoff is not affected by irrigation nor regulated by large structures, but it is closely related to precipitation. Average runoff increases from less than 0.2 inch per year in the west to more than 1.5 inches per year in the east. Aquifers of the flood-plain and terrace deposits and of the Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone are the major sources of ground-water accretion to the streams. In the upper reaches of the Saline River, the water is only slightly mineralized; during the period of record the specific conductance near Wakeeney never exceeded 750 micromhos per centimeter. In the lower reaches, however, the water is slightly mineralized during periods of high flow and is highly mineralized during periods of low flow; the specific conductance near Russell exceeded 1,500 micromhos per centimeter more than 80 percent of the time. Near Russell, near Wilson, and at Tescott the water is of the calcium bicarbonate type when the specific conductance is less than about 1,000 micromhos per centimeter, but it is of the sodium chloride type when the specific conductance is more than about 1,500 micromhos per centimeter. The water is off the calcium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium chloride type when the conductance is between 1,000 and 1,500 micromhos per centimeter. Most of the increase in mineralization of the water is caused by inflow of highly mineralized ground water. The ground-water inflow was estimated to be 22 percent of the total streamflow at Tescott in 1948 and 60 percent in 1952. Mineralization increases and water quality deteriorates progressively downstream along nearly the entire Saline River, especially in the part of the area directly underlain by the Dakota Sandstone between the vicinities of Fairport and Wilson: sodium and chloride are the principal constituents of water contributed by the Dakota. The total percentage of the salt in the Saline River that comes from oil-field brines is considered to be small. The water in the upper Saline River is of good quality for domestic use except that it is hard; the water in the lower Saline River is of poor quality for domestic use because most of the time it is highly mineralized, is hard, and contains high concentrations of chloride and sulfate. In the upper reaches of the river, the water is of good quality for irrigation. In the lower reaches, if the water were impounded in a reservoir, it would be of good quality for irrigation during years of high flow and of very poor quality during years of low flow. The water in the lower reaches is of poor quality for industrial use because it is highly mineralized most of the tinge. Relations of suspended-sediment discharge to water discharge were used with the long-term streamflow duration curves to compute the long-term aver age suspended-sediment discharges and concentrations at five indications. Sediment discharge is closely related to runoff. S","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1651","usgsCitation":"Jordan, P.R., Jones, B., and Petri, L., 1964, Chemical quality of surface waters and sedimentation in the Saline River basin, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1651, v, 90 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1651.","productDescription":"v, 90 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110000,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24844.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24844"},{"id":138366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1651/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27438,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1651/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27439,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1651/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27440,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1651/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27441,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1651/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27442,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1651/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27443,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1651/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4827e4b07f02db4e55e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jordan, Paul Robert","contributorId":57819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petri, Lester R.","contributorId":19534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"Lester R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":188,"text":"wsp1943 - 1964 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1962, Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins, and Missouri River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1943","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1943","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1962, Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins, and Missouri River basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1943","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1964, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1962, Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins, and Missouri River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1943, x, 413 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1943.","productDescription":"x, 413 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1943/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24799,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1943/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":189,"text":"wsp1945 - 1964 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1962, Parts 9-14, Colorado River basin to Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1945","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1945","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1962, Parts 9-14, Colorado River basin to Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1945","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1964, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1962, Parts 9-14, Colorado River basin to Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1945, xvii, 691 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1945.","productDescription":"xvii, 691 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1945/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1945/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651afb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":972,"text":"wsp1694 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water conditions in the Wilmington-Reading area, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1694","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1694","title":"Geology and ground-water conditions in the Wilmington-Reading area, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Wilmington-Reading area, as defined for this report, contains the headwaters of the Ipswich River in northeastern Massachusetts. Since World War II the growth of communities in this area and the change in character of some of them from rural to suburban have created new water problems and intensified old ones. The purpose of this report on ground-water conditions is to provide information that will aid in understanding and resolving some of these problems. \r\n\r\nThe regional climate, which is humid and temperate, assures the area an ample natural supply of water. At the current stage of water-resources development a large surplus of water drains from the area by way of the Ipswich River during late autumn, winter, and spring each year and is unavailable for use during summer and early autumn, when during some years there is a general water deficiency. \r\n\r\nGround water occurs both in bedrock and in the overlying deposits of glacial drift. The bedrock is a source of small but generally reliable supplies of water throughout the area. Glacial till also is a source of small supplies of water, but wells in till often fail to meet modern demands. Stratified glacial drift, including ice-contact deposits and outwash, yields small to large supplies of water. \r\n\r\nStratified glacial drift forms the principal ground-water reservoir. It partly fills a system of preglacial valleys corresponding roughly to the valleys of the present Ipswich River system and is more than 100 feet thick at places. The ice-contact deposits generally are more permeable than the outwash deposits. Ground water occurs basically under water-table conditions. \r\n\r\nRecharge in the Wilmington-Reading area is derived principally from precipitation on outcrop areas of ice-contact deposits and outwash during late autumn, winter. and spring. It is estimated that the net annual recharge averages about 10 inches and generally ranges from 5 inches during unusually dry years to 15 inches during unusually wet years. Ground water withdrawn largely by municipal wells supplies the towns of North Reading, Reading, and Wilmington. In 1957 the average daily withdrawal from these wells was about 2.5 million gallons, of which about half was used outside the Ipswich River drainage basin. \r\n\r\nThe chemical quality of the ground water is generally satisfactory except for local excessive concentrations of iron. \r\n\r\nThe storage capacity of the ground-water reservoir and recharge in the Wilmington-Reading area are large enough to sustain a total withdrawal of ground water at several times the current rate, but the use of the reservoir probably will be limited by the extent to which wells of moderate or large capacity can be dispersed. This will depend upon the distribution of areas of thick permeable materials. Conditions in the Martins Brook-Skug River drainage basin seem generally favorable for increased development of water supplies. In the rest of the Wilmington-Reading area the chances of finding substantial bodies of thick permeable materials probably are small, but further exploration is desirable. \r\n\r\nMeasures proposed to drain swampland by deepening and straightening the Ipswich River and its tributaries will have some effect upon the ground-water conditions. Probably the most obvious effect will be a lowering of water levels in wells near improved reaches of channel. Also important will b the effect of changes in low streamflow conditions on wells that induce infiltration from streams and the effect on well yields of an improved hydraulic connection between streams and the ground-water body. \r\n\r\nThe Reading 100-acre well field, which derives part of its supply by inducing recharge from the Ipswich River, would be affected by the drainage measures. During a dry summer, such as that of 1957, the flow of the Ipswich is fully diverted by pumping at this well field, and drawdowns at some of the wells approach half the saturated thickness of the aquifer there. If the drainage measures are","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1694","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.A., Healy, H., and Hackett, O.M., 1964, Geology and ground-water conditions in the Wilmington-Reading area, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1694, v, 80 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1694.","productDescription":"v, 80 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25518,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25519,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25520,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25521,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25522,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25523,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1694/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, John Augustus","contributorId":48159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Augustus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, H.G.","contributorId":72776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackett, O. M.","contributorId":38527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackett","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2009,"text":"wsp1665 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water resources of McMullen Valley, Maricopa, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1665","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1665","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of McMullen Valley, Maricopa, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1665","usgsCitation":"Kam, W., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of McMullen Valley, Maricopa, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1665, iv, 64 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1665.","productDescription":"iv, 64 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27454,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27455,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27456,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27457,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27458,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27459,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27460,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1665/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kam, William","contributorId":85159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kam","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":974,"text":"wsp1669Y - 1964 - Ground-water resources of the Lowell area, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1669Y","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1669","chapter":"Y","title":"Ground-water resources of the Lowell area, Massachusetts","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1669Y","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.A., 1964, Ground-water resources of the Lowell area, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1669, iv, 37 p. :ill., map ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1669Y.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., map ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25528,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25529,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25530,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669y/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db65848f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, John Augustus","contributorId":48159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Augustus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":975,"text":"wsp1653 - 1964 - Ground-water resources of the lower Rio Grande Valley area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T11:21:21","indexId":"wsp1653","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1653","title":"Ground-water resources of the lower Rio Grande Valley area, Texas","docAbstract":"

The report contains information about the occurrence, quality, and use of ground water in the Lower Rio Grande Valley area which consists of Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, and Willacy Counties in southern Texas.

\n

The principal use of water in the area is for irrigation. The principal irrigated crops are cotton, winter vegetables, and citrus fruits. In southeastern Starr County, southern Hidalgo County, and western Cameron County, the main source of water is the Rio Grande. The greatest development of ground water in this area was after 1948 when ground water was needed to supplement water from the river.

\n

The Lower Rio Grande Valley area has four major ground-water reservoirs. Because of the uncertainty in mapping the stratigraphic units and because some of the ground-water reservoirs are composed of parts of two or more formations, three of the ground-water reservoirs have been given names in this report. The major ground-water reservoirs are: the Oakville sandstone, an important source of water for industrial use in northeastern Stair County; the Linn-Faysville ground-water reservoir, which supplies irrigation water in the Linn-Faysville area in central Hidalgo County; and the Rio Grande ground-water reservoir and the Mercedes-Sebastian shallow ground-water reservoir, both of which supply considerable irrigation water in southeastern Starr, southern Hidalgo, western Cameron, and southwestern Willacy Counties.

\n

The quality of water differs considerably from place to place in the Lower Rio Grande Valley area. In most of the area, water is available that can be used for domestic or public supply, but it generally is slightly saline. In most of the area, the ground water is unsuitable for irrigation .particularly if used exclusively. Water of the best quality in the area is from the Rio Grande groundwater reservoir near the Rio Grande at depths of less than 75 feet in southeastern Stair County, between 50 and 250 feet in southern Hidalgo County, and between 100 and 300 feet in western Cameron County. At progressively greater distances from the Rio Grande, the ground water at these depths tends to be more mineralized. Also at some places at depths greater than those indicated, the water tends to be more mineralized. In the Linn-Faysville area the ground water from the Linn-Faysville ground-water reservoir is moderately mineralized and ranges from fair to unsuitable for irrigation.

\n

In western Cameron County, water levels in some wells tapping the Rio Grande ground-water reservoir declined about 10 feet from 1954 to 1957. In 1959 the water levels stood higher than in 1954. The water levels in most wells tapping the Linn-Faysville ground-water reservoir declined 10 feet or more from 1948 to 1958. In some wells the decline was more than 15 feet.

\n

The available information indicates that in some localities the Rio Grande ground-water reservoir may be nearly filled to capacity, and waterlogging will occur during periods of above-normal precipitation. During protracted periods of below-normal precipitation, the available water in the ground-water reservoir may be depleted.

\n

Further studies should be made in the area to correct important deficiencies in available information. A continuing program is recommended because information such as fluctuations in water levels and the amount and distribution of pumping can be obtained only on a current basis.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1653","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.C., and Dale, O., 1964, Ground-water resources of the lower Rio Grande Valley area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1653, Report: v, 56 p.; 5 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1653.","productDescription":"Report: v, 56 p.; 5 Plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25537,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1653/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1653/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25532,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1653/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25533,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1653/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25534,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1653/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25535,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1653/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25536,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1653/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db54492c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R. C.","contributorId":79084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dale, O.C.","contributorId":28583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"O.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":976,"text":"wsp1669CC - 1964 - Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":976,"text":"wsp1669CC - 1964 - Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins","indexId":"wsp1669CC","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"chapter":"CC","title":"Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":76866,"text":"wsp1669 - 1964 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","indexId":"wsp1669","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":76866,"text":"wsp1669 - 1964 - Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","indexId":"wsp1669","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T19:58:08.762707","indexId":"wsp1669CC","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1669","chapter":"CC","title":"Natural sources of salinity in the Brazos River, Texas with particular reference to the Croton and salt Croton Creek basins","docAbstract":"

The average daily load of the Brazos River at Possum Kingdom Reservoir is about 2,800 tons of dissolved solids, of which 1,000 tons is chloride. More than 85 percent of the chloride load is contributed by the Salt Fork Brazos River, and more than 50 percent of the chloride load of the Brazos River originates from salt springs and seeps in Croton and Salt Crotdn Creeks, which are tributaries of Salt Fork Brazos River. The rest of the chloride is contributed from many small sources.

\n

The average daily chloride load of Croton Creek is 70 tons, much of which is carried during periods of flood runoff. The average daily chloride load of Salt Croton Creek is about 480 tons. Of this total, 330 tons is contributed by the base flow, which ranges from 0.5 to 2 cubic feet per second.

\n

The principal areas of salt springs and seeps in the Croton Creek basin are Hot Springs and Short Croton Salt Flats in northeastern Kent County. In the Salt Croton Creek basin, saline water is discharged in Dove Creek Salt Flat, Dove Creek near Dove Creek Salt Flat, and three small salt flats on Haystack Creek, all in southwestern King County and northwestern Stonewall County.

\n

Salt springs and seeps discharge from the rocks of the Whitehorse Group undifferentiated in the Croton Creek basin, and from the upper part of the Dog Creek Shale of the Pease River Group in the Salt Croton Creek basin. Both groups are of Permian age. The water that is discharged by springs and seeps in the Croton Creek basin is derived from the infiltration of precipitation and seepage from streams in the Duck Creek basin. The source of the water that discharges in the Salt Croton basin is not known.

\n

The salt load contributed to the Brazos River by the springs and seeps can be reduced, although the volume of salt water for disposal probably cannot be reduced or eliminated. Collecting and disposing of the base flow of Salt Croton Creek would reduce the salt load of the Brazos River by 30 percent; disposal of the total flow of Salt Croton Creek would reduce the salt load by 45 percent.

\n

The salt water may be disposed of by impounding it in reservoirs for evaporation or by injecting it underground through oil wells, oil tests, or wells drilled for saltwater disposal. Sediments in which the salt water possibly could be injected underlie the. Dove Creek Salt Flats at depths of less than 7,000 feet.

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