{"pageNumber":"256","pageRowStart":"6375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":70029204,"text":"70029204 - 2005 - Influence of climatic variability on local population dynamics of a Sonoran Desert platyopuntia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029204","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of climatic variability on local population dynamics of a Sonoran Desert platyopuntia","docAbstract":"Age-based population dynamics of Opuntia engelmannii, a shrubby cactus with flattened cladodes, were investigated at a Sonoran Desert site protected from grazing since 1907. Demographic statistics were determined from births and deaths on six permanent vegetation plots mapped four times between 1968 and 2001. Moderate longevity (13-56 years) and modest per capita annual survival (0.9298) were associated with fairly rapid turnover; cycles of population growth and decline were thus evident over relatively short periods. Age-frequency distribution, determined for subpopulations in two neighboring habitats in 1996 and 2003, was used to calculate residual regeneration, an index of the difference between observed cohort size and idealized survivorship. Establishment peaks occurred in the late 1970s, the mid-1980s, and the early to mid-1990s and coincided with increased winter moisture in the years before germination, ample summer rain in the year of germination, and decreased drought in the years after germination, reflecting favorable conditions for fruit production, seed germination, and seedling survival. Regionally, pulses and gaps in establishment coincide with the frequency and amplitude of large-scale climatic phenomena that affect cycles of moisture and drought on decadal and interdecadal scales. Because of local factors, however, subpopulations within a few km of one another can experience virtually identical climates yet differ strikingly in age structure and density. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.003","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Bowers, J.E., 2005, Influence of climatic variability on local population dynamics of a Sonoran Desert platyopuntia: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 61, no. 2, p. 193-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.003.","startPage":"193","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.003"},{"id":237658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b19e4b0c8380cd6221d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, Janice E.","contributorId":18119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029138,"text":"70029138 - 2005 - TREMOR: A wireless MEMS accelerograph for dense arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029138","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"TREMOR: A wireless MEMS accelerograph for dense arrays","docAbstract":"The ability of a strong-motion network to resolve wavefields can be described on three axes: frequency, amplitude, and space. While the need for spatial resolution is apparent, for practical reasons that axis is often neglected. TREMOR is a MEMS-based accelerograph using wireless Internet to minimize lifecycle cost. TREMOR instruments can economically augment traditional ones, residing between them to improve spatial resolution. The TREMOR instrument described here has dynamic range of 96 dB between ??2 g, or 102 dB between ??4 g. It is linear to ???1% of full scale (FS), with a response function effectively shaped electronically. We developed an economical, very low noise, accurate (???1%FS) temperature compensation method. Displacement is easily recovered to 10-cm accuracy at full bandwidth, and better with care. We deployed prototype instruments in Oakland, California, beginning in 1998, with 13 now at mean spacing of ???3 km - one of the most densely instrumented urban centers in the United States. This array is among the quickest in returning (PGA, PGV, Sa) vectors to ShakeMap, ???75 to 100 s. Some 13 events have been recorded. A ShakeMap and an example of spatial variability are shown. Extensive tests of the prototypes for a commercial instrument are described here and in a companion paper. ?? 2005, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1856534","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Evans, J., Hamstra, R., Kundig, C., Camina, P., and Rogers, J.A., 2005, TREMOR: A wireless MEMS accelerograph for dense arrays: Earthquake Spectra, v. 21, no. 1, p. 91-124, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1856534.","startPage":"91","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1856534"},{"id":237830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba392e4b08c986b31fd75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamstra, R.H. Jr.","contributorId":6246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamstra","given":"R.H.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kundig, C.","contributorId":37948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kundig","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Camina, P.","contributorId":46755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camina","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rogers, J. A.","contributorId":90721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70029082,"text":"70029082 - 2005 - Invertebrate eggs can fly: Evidence of waterfowl-mediated gene flow in aquatic invertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029082","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate eggs can fly: Evidence of waterfowl-mediated gene flow in aquatic invertebrates","docAbstract":"Waterfowl often have been assumed to disperse freshwater aquatic organisms between isolated wetlands, but no one has analyzed the impact of this transport on the population structure of aquatic organisms. For three cladocerans (Daphnia ambigua, Daphnia laevis, and Sida crystallina) and one bryozoan (Cristatella mucedo), we estimated the genetic distances between populations across North America using sequences of several mitochondrial DNA genes and genotypic frequencies at allozyme and microsatellite loci. Waterfowl movements across North America (estimated from band recovery data) explained a significant proportion of the gene flow occurring between populations across the continent for three of the four species, even after controlling for geographic distances between localities. The fourth species, S. crystallina, has propagules less likely to survive desiccation or ingestion by birds. Differences in the capacity to exploit bird-mediated transport are likely to have important consequences for the ecology of aquatic communities and the spread of invasive species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/427092","issn":"00030147","usgsCitation":"Figuerola, J., Green, A., and Michot, T., 2005, Invertebrate eggs can fly: Evidence of waterfowl-mediated gene flow in aquatic invertebrates: American Naturalist, v. 165, no. 2, p. 274-280, https://doi.org/10.1086/427092.","startPage":"274","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477798,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/40921","text":"External Repository"},{"id":210519,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427092"},{"id":237462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e5ee4b0c8380cd63d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Figuerola, J.","contributorId":65277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figuerola","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, A.J.","contributorId":51529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michot, T.C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":43426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70029081,"text":"70029081 - 2005 - The role of shoreland development and commercial cranberry farming in a lake in Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029081","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of shoreland development and commercial cranberry farming in a lake in Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"Musky Bay in Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin, USA, is currently eutrophic. This large, shallow bay of an oligotrophic lake possesses the densest aquatic plant growth and a floating algal mat. Paleoecological reconstructions encompassing the last 130 years, were based on multiproxy analyses of sediment cores from three coring sites, two within the bay and one in the lake itself. These data were compared to historical records of the construction and expansion of two commercial cranberry bogs and shoreline residential homes to identify temporal and causal relations of eutrophication. The proxies investigated included: minor and trace elements; biogenic silica; and the diatom community. Post-depositional diagenesis of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the upper 30 cm of the core obscured records of historical ambient nutrient concentrations in the bay obviating their usefulness for this purpose. In contrast, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentration profiles appeared to reflect runoff of soil amendments applied to the cranberry bogs and aerial fertilizer spraying over the eastern bog adjacent to Musky Bay. The increase in aluminum content since about 1930 coincided with the historical trend in shoreland development and construction of the original commercial cranberry farm. The biogenic silica profile recorded a steady increase of nutrients to Musky Bay over the last several decades. Stratigraphic changes in the diatom community indicated that nutrient input began to increase in the 1940s and accelerated in the mid-1990s with the onset of a noxious floating algal mat. The diatom community indicates the bay has possessed a significant macrophyte community for at least the last 200 years, but increased nutrient input was manifested by a change in the composition, and an increase in the density of the epiphytic diatom community. Cranberry farming appeared to be the major source of nutrients because the diatom community changes occurred prior to the significant increase in residential housing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10933-004-3990-4","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Garrison, P., and Fitzgerald, S., 2005, The role of shoreland development and commercial cranberry farming in a lake in Wisconsin, USA: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 33, no. 2, p. 169-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-004-3990-4.","startPage":"169","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210493,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10933-004-3990-4"},{"id":237429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf97e4b08c986b3248e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrison, P.J.","contributorId":86072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrison","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzgerald, S.A.","contributorId":94348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029079,"text":"70029079 - 2005 - Three decades of Martian surface changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029079","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three decades of Martian surface changes","docAbstract":"The surface of Mars has changed dramatically during the three decades spanned by spacecraft exploration. Comparisons of Mars Global Surveyor images with Viking and Mariner 9 pictures suggest that more than one third of Mars' surface area has brightened or darkened by at least 10%. Such albedo changes could produce significant effects on solar heating and the global circulation of winds across the planet. All of the major changes took place in areas of moderate to high thermal inertia and rock abundance, consistent with burial of rocky surfaces by thin dust layers deposited during dust storms and subsequent exposure of the rocky surfaces by aeolian erosion. Several distinct mechanisms contribute to aeolian erosion on Mars. Prevailing winds dominate erosion at low latitudes, producing diffuse albedo boundaries and elongated wind streaks generally oriented in the direction of southern summer winds. Dust devils darken the mid to high latitudes from 45 to 70 degrees during the summer seasons, forming irregular albedo patterns consisting of dark linear tracks. Dust storms produce regional albedo variations with distinct but irregular margins. Dark sand duties in southern high latitudes appear to be associated with regional darkening that displays diffuse albedo boundaries. No surface changes were observed to repeat regularly on an annual basis, but many of the changes took place in areas that alternate episodically between high- and low-albedo states as thin mantles of dust are deposited and later stripped off. Hence the face of Mars remains recognizable after a century of telescopic observations, in spite of the enormous extent of alteration that has taken place during the era of spacecraft exploration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JE002345","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., 2005, Three decades of Martian surface changes: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 110, no. 2, p. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002345.","startPage":"1","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210468,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002345"},{"id":237393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb306e4b08c986b325b2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.E.","contributorId":67636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029066,"text":"70029066 - 2005 - Supergene destruction of a hydrothermal replacement alunite deposit at Big Rock Candy Mountain, Utah: Mineralogy, spectroscopic remote sensing, stable-isotope, and argon-age evidences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:31:32","indexId":"70029066","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Supergene destruction of a hydrothermal replacement alunite deposit at Big Rock Candy Mountain, Utah: Mineralogy, spectroscopic remote sensing, stable-isotope, and argon-age evidences","docAbstract":"<p><span>Big Rock Candy Mountain is a prominent center of variegated altered volcanic rocks in west-central Utah. It consists of the eroded remnants of a hypogene alunite deposit that, at ∼21 Ma, replaced intermediate-composition lava flows. The alunite formed in steam-heated conditions above the upwelling limb of a convection cell that was one of at least six spaced at 3- to 4-km intervals around the margin of a monzonite stock. Big Rock Candy Mountain is horizontally zoned outward from an alunite core to respective kaolinite, dickite, and propylite envelopes. The altered rocks are also vertically zoned from a lower pyrite–propylite assemblage upward through assemblages successively dominated by hypogene alunite, jarosite, and hematite, to a flooded silica cap. This hydrothermal assemblage is undergoing natural destruction in a steep canyon downcut by the Sevier River in Marysvale Canyon. Integrated geological, mineralogical, spectroscopic remote sensing using AVIRIS data, Ar radiometric, and stable isotopic studies trace the hypogene origin and supergene destruction of the deposit and permit distinction of primary (hydrothermal) and secondary (weathering) processes. This destruction has led to the formation of widespread supergene gypsum in cross-cutting fractures and as surficial crusts, and to natrojarosite, that gives the mountain its buff coloration along ridges facing the canyon. A small spring, Lemonade Spring, with a pH of 2.6 and containing Ca, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cl, and SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>, also occurs near the bottom of the canyon. The<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age (21.32±0.07 Ma) of the alunite is similar to that for other replacement alunites at Marysvale. However, the age spectrum contains evidence of a 6.6-Ma thermal event that can be related to the tectonic activity responsible for the uplift that led to the downcutting of Big Rock Candy Mountain by the Sevier River. This ∼6.6 Ma event also is present in the age spectrum of supergene natrojarosite forming today, and probably dates the beginning of supergene alteration at Big Rock Candy Mountain. The<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup><span>S value (11.9‰) of alunite is similar to those for replacement alunite from other deposits in the Marysvale volcanic field. The<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup><span>S values of natrojarosite (0.7‰ to −1.2‰) are similar to those for aqueous sulfate in Lemonade Spring, but are larger than those in pyrite (0.4‰ to −4.7‰). The<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup><span>S and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O</span><sub>SO<sub>4</sub></sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values of gypsum show an excellent correlation, with values ranging from 15.2‰ to −5.2‰ and 7‰ to −8.2‰, respectively. The stable-isotope data indicate that the aqueous sulfate for gypsum is a mixture derived from the dissolution of hypogene gypsum and alunite, and from the supergene oxidation of pyrite. The aqueous sulfate for the natrojarosite, however, is derived largely from the supergene oxidation of pyrite, with a minor contribution from the dissolution of alunite and gypsum. The exceptional detailed spectral mapping capabilities of AVIRIS led to the recognition of a small amount of jarosite that is probably the top of the steam-heated system that produced the primary hypogene alteration at Big Rock Candy Mountain.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.055","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Rye, R.O., Rockwell, B.W., Kunk, M.J., and Councell, T.B., 2005, Supergene destruction of a hydrothermal replacement alunite deposit at Big Rock Candy Mountain, Utah: Mineralogy, spectroscopic remote sensing, stable-isotope, and argon-age evidences: Chemical Geology, v. 215, no. 1-4, p. 317-337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.055.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"337","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Big Rock Candy Mountain","volume":"215","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f57e4b08c986b31e4eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Charles G.","contributorId":85940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rockwell, Barnaby W. 0000-0002-9549-0617 barnabyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-0617","contributorId":2195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Barnaby","email":"barnabyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Councell, Terry B.","contributorId":32301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Councell","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70029042,"text":"70029042 - 2005 - Limiting similarity and functional diversity along environmental gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70029042","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1466,"text":"Ecology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limiting similarity and functional diversity along environmental gradients","docAbstract":"Recent developments in community models emphasize the importance of incorporating stochastic processes (e.g. ecological drift) in models of niche-structured community assembly. We constructed a finite, spatially explicit, lottery model to simulate the distribution of species in a one-dimensional landscape with an underlying gradient in environmental conditions. Our framework combines the potential for ecological drift with environmentally-mediated competition for space in a heterogeneous environment. We examined the influence of niche breadth, dispersal distances, community size (total number of individuals) and the breadth of the environmental gradient on levels of species and functional trait diversity (i.e. differences in niche optima). Three novel results emerge from this model: (1) niche differences between adjacent species (e.g. limiting similarity) increase in smaller communities, because of the interaction of competitive effects and finite population sizes; (2) immigration from a regional species pool, stochasticity and niche-assembly generate a bimodal distribution of species residence times ('transient' and 'resident') under a heterogeneous environment; and (3) the magnitude of environmental heterogeneity has a U-shaped effect on diversity, because of shifts in species richness of resident vs. transient species. These predictions illustrate the potential importance of stochastic (although not necessarily neutral) processes in community assembly. ??2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00720.x","issn":"1461023X","usgsCitation":"Schwilk, D., and Ackerly, D., 2005, Limiting similarity and functional diversity along environmental gradients: Ecology Letters, v. 8, no. 3, p. 272-281, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00720.x.","startPage":"272","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209679,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00720.x"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4794e4b0c8380cd678df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwilk, D.W.","contributorId":29770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerly, D. D.","contributorId":94077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackerly","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029039,"text":"70029039 - 2005 - Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion, Part II: Kinematic and dynamic modeling using theoretical Green's functions and comparison with the 1994 northridge earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-27T13:48:35","indexId":"70029039","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion, Part II: Kinematic and dynamic modeling using theoretical Green's functions and comparison with the 1994 northridge earthquake","docAbstract":"<p>In the evolution of methods for calculating synthetic time histories of ground motion for postulated earthquakes, kinematic source models have dominated to date because of their ease of application. Dynamic models, however, which incorporate a physical relationship between important faulting parameters of stress drop, slip, rupture velocity, and rise time, are becoming more accessible. This article compares a class of kinematic models based on the summation of a fractal distribution of subevent sizes with a dynamic model based on the slip-weakening friction law. Kinematic modeling is done for the frequency band 0.2 to 10.0. Hz, dynamic models are calculated from 0.2 to 2.0. Hz. The strong motion data set for the 1994 Northridge earthquake is used to evaluate and compare the synthetic time histories. Source models are propagated to the far field by convolution with 1D and 3D theoretical Green&rsquo;s functions. In addition, the kinematic model is used to evaluate the importance of propagation path effects: velocity structure, scattering, and nonlinearity. At present, the kinematic model gives a better broadband fit to the Northridge ground motion than the simple slip-weakening dynamic model. In general, the dynamic model overpredicts rise times and produces insufficient shorter-period energy. Within the context of the slip-weakening model, the Northridge ground motion requires a short slip-weakening distance, on the order of 0.15 m or less. A more complex dynamic model including rate weakening or one that allows shorter rise times near the hypocenter may fit the data better.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford","doi":"10.1785/0120040136","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., Guatteri, M., Mai, P., Liu, P., and Fisk, M.R., 2005, Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion, Part II: Kinematic and dynamic modeling using theoretical Green's functions and comparison with the 1994 northridge earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 95, no. 2, p. 614-645, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040136.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"614","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209724,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040136"}],"volume":"95","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f301e4b0c8380cd4b53f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guatteri, Mariagiovanna","contributorId":29979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guatteri","given":"Mariagiovanna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mai, P.M.","contributorId":32712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mai","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, P.-C.","contributorId":25339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"P.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisk, M. R.","contributorId":17031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisk","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":421060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015094,"text":"1015094 - 2005 - A test of geographic assignment using isotope tracers in feathers of known origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T18:21:45","indexId":"1015094","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A test of geographic assignment using isotope tracers in feathers of known origin","docAbstract":"<p>We used feathers of known origin collected from across the breeding range of a migratory shorebird to test the use of isotope tracers for assigning breeding origins. We analyzed δD, δ<sup>13</sup>C, and δ<sup>15</sup>N in feathers from 75 mountain plover (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Charadrius montanus</i>) chicks sampled in 2001 and from 119 chicks sampled in 2002. We estimated parameters for continuous-response inverse regression models and for discrete-response Bayesian probability models from data for each year independently. We evaluated model predictions with both the training data and by using the alternate year as an independent test dataset. Our results provide weak support for modeling latitude and isotope values as monotonic functions of one another, especially when data are pooled over known sources of variation such as sample year or location. We were unable to make even qualitative statements, such as north versus south, about the likely origin of birds using both δD and δ<sup>13</sup>C in inverse regression models; results were no better than random assignment. Probability models provided better results and a more natural framework for the problem. Correct assignment rates were highest when considering all three isotopes in the probability framework, but the use of even a single isotope was better than random assignment. The method appears relatively robust to temporal effects and is most sensitive to the isotope discrimination gradients over which samples are taken. We offer that the problem of using isotope tracers to infer geographic origin is best framed as one of assignment, rather than prediction.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-005-0071-y","usgsCitation":"Wunder, M., Kester, C., Knopf, F., and Rye, R.O., 2005, A test of geographic assignment using isotope tracers in feathers of known origin: Oecologia, v. 144, no. 4, p. 607-617, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0071-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"617","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wunder, Michael B.","contributorId":65406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wunder","given":"Michael B.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kester, C.L.","contributorId":44874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kester","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027409,"text":"70027409 - 2005 - Calibration of numerical models for small debris flows in Yosemite Valley, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-21T20:44:43","indexId":"70027409","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2824,"text":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration of numerical models for small debris flows in Yosemite Valley, California, USA","docAbstract":"This study compares documented debris flow runout distances with numerical simulations in the Yosemite Valley of California, USA, where about 15% of historical events of slope instability can be classified as debris flows and debris slides (Wieczorek and Snyder, 2004). To model debris flows in the Yosemite Valley, we selected six streams with evidence of historical debris flows; three of the debris flow deposits have single channels, and the other three split their pattern in the fan area into two or more channels. From field observations all of the debris flows involved coarse material, with only very small clay content. We applied the one dimensional DAN (Dynamic ANalysis) model (Hungr, 1995) and the two-dimensional FLO2D model (O'Brien et al., 1993) to predict and compare the runout distance and the velocity of the debris flows observed in the study area. As a first step, we calibrated the parameters for the two softwares through the back analysis of three debris- flows channels using a trial-and-error procedure starting with values suggested in the literature. In the second step we applied the selected values to the other channels, in order to evaluate their predictive capabilities. After parameter calibration using three debris flows we obtained results similar to field observations We also obtained a good agreement between the two models for velocities. Both models are strongly influenced by topography: we used the 30 m cell size DTM available for the study area, that is probably not accurate enough for a highly detailed analysis, but it can be sufficient for a first screening. European Geosciences Union ?? 2005 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/nhess-5-993-2005","issn":"15618633","usgsCitation":"Bertolo, P., and Wieczorek, G.F., 2005, Calibration of numerical models for small debris flows in Yosemite Valley, California, USA: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, v. 5, no. 6, p. 993-1001, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-993-2005.","startPage":"993","endPage":"1001","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-993-2005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267919,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-993-2005"}],"volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f317e4b0c8380cd4b5c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bertolo, P.","contributorId":20539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertolo","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015257,"text":"1015257 - 2005 - Characterizing flow regimes for floodplain forest conservation: An assessment of factors affecting sapling growth and survivorship on three cold desert rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T13:03:01","indexId":"1015257","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing flow regimes for floodplain forest conservation: An assessment of factors affecting sapling growth and survivorship on three cold desert rivers","docAbstract":"<p>I analyzed annual height growth and survivorship of Fremont cottonwood (<i>Populus fremontii</i> S. Watson) saplings on three floodplains in Colorado and Utah to assess responses to interannual variation in flow regime and summer precipitation. Mammal exclosures, supplemented with an insecticide treatment at one site, were used to assess flow regime – herbivore interactions. Multiple regression analyses on data collected over 7–11 years indicated that growth of continuously injury-free saplings was positively related to either peak discharge or the maximum 30-day discharge but was not related to interannual decline in the late-summer river stage (Δ<i>W</i><sub>MIN</sub>) or precipitation. Growth was fastest where Δ<i>W</i><sub>MIN</sub> was smallest and depth to the late-summer water table moderate (≤1.5 m). Survivorship increased with Δ<i>W</i><sub>MIN</sub> where the water table was at shallow depths. Herbivory reduced long-term height growth and survivorship by up to 60% and 50%, respectively. The results support the concept that flow history and environmental context determine whether a particular flow will have a net positive or negative influence on growth and survivorship and suggest that the flow regime that best promotes sapling growth and survival along managed rivers features a short spring flood pulse and constant base flow, with no interannual variation in the hydrograph. Because environmental contexts vary, interannual variation may be necessary for best overall stand performance.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/x05-203","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., 2005, Characterizing flow regimes for floodplain forest conservation: An assessment of factors affecting sapling growth and survivorship on three cold desert rivers: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 2886-2899, https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-203.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2886","endPage":"2899","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4cd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015295,"text":"1015295 - 2005 - Hybridization of Tamarix ramosissima and T. chinensis (saltcedars) with T. aphylla (athel) (tamaricaceae) in the southwestern USA dertermined from DNA sequence data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T15:19:00","indexId":"1015295","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2639,"text":"Madroño","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Hybridization of i>Tamarix ramosissima</i> and <i>T. chinensis</i> (saltcedars) with <i>T. aphylla</i> (athel) (tamaricaceae) in the southwestern USA dertermined from DNA sequence data","title":"Hybridization of Tamarix ramosissima and T. chinensis (saltcedars) with T. aphylla (athel) (tamaricaceae) in the southwestern USA dertermined from DNA sequence data","docAbstract":"<p>Morphological intermediates between <i>Tamarix ramosissima</i> or <i>T. chinensis</i> (saltcedars) and <i>T. aphylla</i> (athel) were found recently in three locations in the southwestern USA, and were assumed to be hybrids or a previously unreported species. We sequenced chloroplast and nuclear DNA from putative parental and hybrid morphotypes and hybrid status of morphological intermediates was supported. Chloroplast data suggest that the seed source for these hybrids is <i>T. aphylla</i>. Invasive <i>T. aphylla</i> genotypes found in Australia match those found in the USA. Seed was collected from one of the hybrids, and a low percentage of it was viable. This hybrid combination has not been previously reported in the USA or the native ranges of the species. Although populations of this novel <i>Tamarix</i> hybrid appear to be uncommon at present, both parental species are considered invasive (saltcedars in North America; athel in Australia), and it is possible that more aggressive hybrid genotypes could be produced. Therefore, natural resource managers concerned with the potential spread of non-native species should be aware of the existence of these plants and monitor their future spread.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"California Botanical Society","doi":"10.3120/0024-9637(2005)52[1:HOTRAT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gaskin, J.F., and Shafroth, P.B., 2005, Hybridization of Tamarix ramosissima and T. chinensis (saltcedars) with T. aphylla (athel) (tamaricaceae) in the southwestern USA dertermined from DNA sequence data: Madroño, v. 52, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637(2005)52[1:HOTRAT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a39a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaskin, John F.","contributorId":39307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaskin","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015316,"text":"1015316 - 2005 - The effects of urgency to reach agreement on the process and outcome of multi-party natural resource negotiations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-23T20:47:04.510516","indexId":"1015316","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2062,"text":"International Journal of Organizational Theory and Behavior","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of urgency to reach agreement on the process and outcome of multi-party natural resource negotiations","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied seven hydropower license consultations to examine the role of a&nbsp;</span><i>sense of urgency</i><span>&nbsp;to reach agreement. Hydropower licensing consultations were studied because the statutory requirement for consultation encourages negotiation, all such consultations are similar, and a negotiated settlement is not a foregone result. Cases selected for analysis met screening criteria. Structured interviews were conducted with participants after the negotiations had been concluded. Respondent recollections were checked against the documentary record. A sense of urgency to reach agreement was a significant factor in the completion of these negotiations; where there was no shared sense of urgency, purposeful delay adversely affected the negotiations. Although a sense of urgency was experienced by at least one party in each case, only a shared sense of urgency at the end of the process proved significant. Delay did not prevent ultimate agreement but a shared sense of urgency brought speedier agreement and greater satisfaction with the negotiation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Emerald Insight","doi":"10.1108/IJOTB-08-03-2005-B004","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., Taylor, J.G., Burkardt, N., and Gillette, S.C., 2005, The effects of urgency to reach agreement on the process and outcome of multi-party natural resource negotiations: International Journal of Organizational Theory and Behavior, v. 8, no. 3, p. 372-395, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-08-03-2005-B004.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"372","endPage":"395","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4aa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":96784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Jonathan G.","contributorId":91037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burkardt, Nina 0000-0002-9392-9251 burkardtn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-9251","contributorId":2781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"Nina","email":"burkardtn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillette, Shana C.","contributorId":9346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Shana","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027572,"text":"70027572 - 2005 - Toxicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine to larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70027572","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine to larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)","docAbstract":"Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, a cyclonitramine commonly known as RDX, is used in the production of military munitions. Contamination of soil, sediment, and ground and surface waters with RDX has been reported in different places around the world. Acute and subacute toxicities of RDX have been relatively well documented in terrestrial vertebrates, but among aquatic vertebrates the information available is limited. The objective of this study was to characterize the acute toxicity of RDX to larval zebrafish. Mortality (LC50) and incidence of vertebral column deformities (EC50) were two of the end points measured in this study. The 96-h LC50 was estimated at 22.98 and 25.64 mg l-1 in two different tests. The estimated no-observed-effective- concentration (NOEC) values of RDX on lethality were 13.27 ?? 0.05 and 15.32 ?? 0.30 mg l-1; and the lowest-observed-effective- concentration (LOEC) values were 16.52 ?? 0.05 and 19.09 ?? 0.23 mg l-1 in these two tests, respectively. The 96-h EC50 for vertebral deformities on survivors from one of the acute lethality tests was estimated at 20.84 mg l-1, with NOEC and LOEC of 9.75 ?? 0.34 and 12.84 ?? 0.34 mg l-1, respectively. Behavioral aberrations were also noted in this acute toxicity study, including the occurrence of whirling movement and lethargic behavior. The acute effects of RDX on survival, incidence of deformities, and behavior of larval zebrafish occurred at the high end of the most frequently reported concentrations of RDX in aquatic environments. The chronic effects of RDX in aquatic vertebrates need to be determined for an adequate assessment of the ecological risk of environmental RDX. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.067","issn":"00456535","usgsCitation":"Mukhi, S., Pan, X., Cobb, G., and Patino, R., 2005, Toxicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine to larval zebrafish (Danio rerio): Chemosphere, v. 61, no. 2, p. 178-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.067.","startPage":"178","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210904,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.067"},{"id":237984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb602e4b08c986b3269e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mukhi, S.","contributorId":83721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukhi","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pan, X.","contributorId":57652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cobb, G.P.","contributorId":58083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patino, R.","contributorId":39915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1016381,"text":"1016381 - 2005 - Assessing uncertainty in ecological systems using global sensitivity analyses: A case example of simulated wolf reintroduction effects on elk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-29T15:13:57.872742","indexId":"1016381","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing uncertainty in ecological systems using global sensitivity analyses: A case example of simulated wolf reintroduction effects on elk","docAbstract":"<p><span>Often landmark conservation decisions are made despite an incomplete knowledge of system behavior and inexact predictions of how complex ecosystems will respond to management actions. For example, predicting the feasibility and likely effects of restoring top-level carnivores such as the gray wolf (</span><i>Canis lupus</i><span>) to North American wilderness areas is hampered by incomplete knowledge of the predator-prey system processes and properties. In such cases, global sensitivity measures, such as Sobol’ indices, allow one to quantify the effect of these uncertainties on model predictions. Sobol’ indices are calculated by decomposing the variance in model predictions (due to parameter uncertainty) into main effects of model parameters and their higher order interactions. Model parameters with large sensitivity indices can then be identified for further study in order to improve predictive capabilities. Here, we illustrate the use of Sobol’ sensitivity indices to examine the effect of parameter uncertainty on the predicted decline of elk (</span><i>Cervus elaphus</i><span>) population sizes following a hypothetical reintroduction of wolves to Olympic National Park, Washington, USA. The strength of density dependence acting on survival of adult elk and magnitude of predation were the most influential factors controlling elk population size following a simulated wolf reintroduction. In particular, the form of density dependence in natural survival rates and the per-capita predation rate together accounted for over 90% of variation in simulated elk population trends. Additional research on wolf predation rates on elk and natural compensations in prey populations is needed to reliably predict the outcome of predator–prey system behavior following wolf reintroductions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.042","usgsCitation":"Fieberg, J., and Jenkins, K.J., 2005, Assessing uncertainty in ecological systems using global sensitivity analyses: A case example of simulated wolf reintroduction effects on elk: Ecological Modelling, v. 187, p. 259-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.042.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"187","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6729f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fieberg, J.","contributorId":106070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fieberg","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt J. 0000-0003-1415-6607 kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6607","contributorId":3415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","email":"kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016387,"text":"1016387 - 2005 - Spacing and physical habitat selection patterns by peregrine falcons in central West Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T16:38:37.218267","indexId":"1016387","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spacing and physical habitat selection patterns by peregrine falcons in central West Greenland","docAbstract":"<p>We examined nest-site spacing and selection of nesting cliffs by Peregrine Falcons (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>) in central West Greenland. Our sample included 67 nesting cliffs that were occupied at least once between 1972 and 1999 and 38 cliffs with no known history of Peregrine Falcon occupancy. We measured 29 eyrie, cliff, and topographical features at each occupied nesting cliff and unused cliff in 1998a??1999 and used them to model the probability of peregrines occupying a cliff for a breeding attempt. Nearest-neighbor distance was significantly greater than both nearest-cliff distance and nearest-occupied distance (the distance between an occupied cliff and one occupied at least once, 1972a??1999). Thus, spacing among occupied cliffs was probably the most important factor limiting nesting-cliff availability, and, ultimately, peregrine nesting densities. Although some unused cliffs were unavailable in a given year because of peregrine spacing behavior, physical characteristics apparently made some cliffs unsuitable, regardless of availability. We confirmed the importance of several features common to descriptions of peregrine nesting habitat and found that peregrines occupied tall nesting cliffs with open views. They chose nesting cliffs with eyrie ledges that provided a moderate degree of overhang protection and that were inaccessible to ground predators. Overall, we concluded that certain features of a cliff were important in determining its suitability as a nest site, but within a given breeding season there also must be sufficient spacing between neighboring falcon pairs. Our habitat model and information on spacing requirements may be applicable to other areas of Greenland and the Arctic, and can be used to test the generalities about features of Peregrine Falcon nesting cliffs throughout the species' widespread distribution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/04-036.1","usgsCitation":"Wightman, C.S., and Fuller, M.R., 2005, Spacing and physical habitat selection patterns by peregrine falcons in central West Greenland: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 117, no. 3, p. 226-236, https://doi.org/10.1676/04-036.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/04-036.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greenland","otherGeospatial":"Kangerlussuaq","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -54,\n              67.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -49.5,\n              67.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -49.5,\n              66.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -54,\n              66.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -54,\n              67.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486be4b07f02db50abf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wightman, Catherine S","contributorId":259260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wightman","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":52338,"text":"Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":324149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Mark R. 0000-0001-7459-1729 mark_fuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-1729","contributorId":2296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Mark","email":"mark_fuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027361,"text":"70027361 - 2005 - Co-occurrence of Pacific sleeper sharks <i>Somniosus pacificus</i> and harbor seals <i>Phoca vitulina</i> in Glacier Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T18:14:02","indexId":"70027361","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":689,"text":"Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Co-occurrence of Pacific sleeper sharks <i>Somniosus pacificus</i> and harbor seals <i>Phoca vitulina</i> in Glacier Bay","docAbstract":"<p>We present evidence that Pacific sleeper sharks <i>Somniosus pacificus</i> co-occur with harbor seals <i>Phoca vitulina</i> in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and that these sharks scavenge or prey on marine mammals. In 2002, 415 stations were fished throughout Glacier Bay on a systematic sampling grid. Pacific sleeper sharks were caught at 3 of the 415 stations, and at one station a Pacific halibut <i>Hippoglossus stenolepis</i> was caught with a fresh bite, identified as the bite of a sleeper shark. All 3 sharks and the shark-bitten halibut were caught at stations near the mouth of Johns Hopkins Inlet, a glacial fjord with the highest concentration of seals in Glacier Bay. Using a bootstrap technique, we estimated the probability of sampling the sharks (and the shark-bitten halibut) in the vicinity of Johns Hopkins Inlet. If sharks were randomly distributed in Glacier Bay, the probability of sampling all 4 pots at the mouth of Johns Hopkins Inlet was very low (P = 0.00002). The highly non-random distribution of the sleeper sharks located near the largest harbor seal pupping and breeding colony in Glacier Bay suggests that these 2 species co-occur and may interact ecologically in or near Johns Hopkins Inlet.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","issn":"10917306","usgsCitation":"Taggart, S.J., Andrews, A., Mondragon, J., and Mathews, E., 2005, Co-occurrence of Pacific sleeper sharks <i>Somniosus pacificus</i> and harbor seals <i>Phoca vitulina</i> in Glacier Bay: Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin, v. 11, no. 2, p. 113-117.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"117","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269522,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/PDFs/afrb/taggv11n2.pdf"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f67ae4b0c8380cd4c7b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, A.G.","contributorId":92401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mondragon, Jennifer","contributorId":57580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mondragon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mathews, E.A.","contributorId":38354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathews","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035262,"text":"70035262 - 2005 - Appalachian coal assessment: Defining the coal systems of the Appalachian basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035262","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Appalachian coal assessment: Defining the coal systems of the Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"The coal systems concept may be used to organize the geologic data for a relatively large, complex area, such as the Appalachian basin, in order to facilitate coal assessments in the area. The concept is especially valuable in subjective assessments of future coal production, which would require a detailed understanding of the coal geology and coal chemistry of the region. In addition, subjective assessments of future coal production would be enhanced by a geographical information system that contains the geologic and geochemical data commonly prepared for conventional coal assessments. Coal systems are generally defined as one or more coal beds or groups of coal beds that have had the same or similar genetic history from their inception as peat deposits, through their burial, diagenesis, and epigenesis to their ultimate preservation as lignite, bituminous coal, or anthracite. The central and northern parts of the Appalachian basin contain seven coal systems (Coal Systems A-G). These systems may be defined generally on the following criteria: (1) on the primary characteristics of their paleopeat deposits, (2) on the stratigraphic framework of the Paleozoic coal measures, (3) on the relative abundance of coal beds within the major stratigraphic groupings, (4) on the amount of sulfur related to the geologic and climatic conditions under which paleopeat deposits accumulated, and (5) on the rank of the coal (lignite to anthracite). ??2005 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2387-6.9","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Milici, R.C., 2005, Appalachian coal assessment: Defining the coal systems of the Appalachian basin: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 387, p. 9-30, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2387-6.9.","startPage":"9","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215156,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2387-6.9"}],"issue":"387","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec76e4b0c8380cd492a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milici, R. C.","contributorId":58688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027825,"text":"70027825 - 2005 - Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70027825","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2394,"text":"Journal of Morphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays","docAbstract":"Variation in the forefoot skeleton of small-eared shrews (family Soricidae, genus Cryptotis) has been previously documented, but the paucity of available skeletons for most taxa makes assessment of the degrees of intraspecific and interspecific variation difficult. We used a digital X-ray system to extract images of the forefoot skeleton from 101 dried skins of eight taxa (seven species, including two subspecies of one species) of these shrews. Lengths and widths of each of the four bones of digit III were measured directly from the digital images, and we used these data to quantify variation within and among taxa. Analysis of the images and measurements showed that interspecific variation exceeds intraspecific variation. In fact, most taxa could be distinguished in multivariate and some bivariate plots. Our quantitative data helped us define a number of specific forefoot characters that we subsequently used to hypothesize evolutionary relationships among the taxa using the exhaustive search option in PAUP, a computer program for phylogenetic analysis. The resulting trees generally concur with previously published evolutionary hypotheses for small-eared shrews. Cryptotis meridensis, a taxon not previously examined in recent phylogenies, is rooted at the base of the branch leading to the C. mexicana group of species. The position of this species suggests that the mostly South American C. thomasi group shares an early ancestor with the C. mexicana group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Morphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/jmor.10367","issn":"03622525","usgsCitation":"Woodman, N., and Morgan, J., 2005, Skeletal morphology of the forefoot in shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) of the genus Cryptotis, as revealed by digital x-rays: Journal of Morphology, v. 266, no. 1, p. 60-73, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10367.","startPage":"60","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10367"}],"volume":"266","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9127e4b08c986b31978f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, J.J.P.","contributorId":66052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029491,"text":"70029491 - 2005 - Ongoing hydrothermal heat loss from the 1912 ash-flow sheet, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-03T12:11:30","indexId":"70029491","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ongoing hydrothermal heat loss from the 1912 ash-flow sheet, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>The June 1912 eruption of Novarupta filled nearby glacial valleys on the Alaska Peninsula with ash-flow tuff (ignimbrite), and post-eruption observations of thousands of steaming fumaroles led to the name ‘Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes’ (VTTS). By the late 1980s most fumarolic activity had ceased, but the discovery of thermal springs in mid-valley in 1987 suggested continued cooling of the ash-flow sheet. Data collected at the mid-valley springs between 1987 and 2001 show a statistically significant correlation between maximum observed chloride (Cl) concentration and temperature. These data also show a statistically significant decline in the maximum Cl concentration. The observed variation in stream chemistry across the sheet strongly implies that most solutes, including Cl, originate within the area of the VTTS occupied by the 1912 deposits. Numerous measurements of Cl flux in the Ukak River just below the ash-flow sheet suggest an ongoing heat loss of ∼250 MW. This represents one of the largest hydrothermal heat discharges in North America. Other hydrothermal discharges of comparable magnitude are related to heat obtained from silicic magma bodies at depth, and are quasi-steady on a multidecadal time scale. However, the VTTS hydrothermal flux is not obviously related to a magma body and is clearly declining. Available data provide reasonable boundary and initial conditions for simple transient modeling. Both an analytical, conduction-only model and a numerical model predict large rates of heat loss from the sheet 90 years after deposition.</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.003","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Hogeweg, N., Keith, T.E., Colvard, E., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 2005, Ongoing hydrothermal heat loss from the 1912 ash-flow sheet, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 143, no. 4, p. 279-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.003.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":210626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.003"},{"id":237602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.49911499023438,\n              58.25389494584044\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.03494262695312,\n              58.25389494584044\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.03494262695312,\n              58.394515431160926\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.49911499023438,\n              58.394515431160926\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.49911499023438,\n              58.25389494584044\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"143","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e3fe4b0c8380cd7555e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hogeweg, N.","contributorId":14187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogeweg","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, T. E. C.","contributorId":11681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colvard, E.M.","contributorId":83553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70029490,"text":"70029490 - 2005 - Longer-term effects of selective thinning on microarthropod communities in a late-successional coniferous forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-09T20:37:28.06054","indexId":"70029490","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1536,"text":"Environmental Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Longer-term effects of selective thinning on microarthropod communities in a late-successional coniferous forest","docAbstract":"<p><span>Microarthropod densities within late-successional coniferous forests thinned 16–41 yr before sampling were compared with adjacent unthinned stands to identify longer term effects of thinning on this community. Soil and forest floor layers were sampled separately on eight paired sites. Within the forest floor oribatid, mesostigmatid, and to a marginal extent, prostigmatid mites, were reduced in thinned stands compared with unthinned stands. No differences were found for Collembola in the forest floor or for any mite suborder within the soil. Family level examination of mesostigmatid and prostigmatid mites revealed significant differences between stand types for both horizons. At the species level, thinning influenced numerous oribatid mites and Collembola. For oribatid mites, significant or marginally significant differences were found for seven of 15 common species in the forest floor and five of 16 common species in soil. Collembola were affected less, with differences found for one of 11 common species in the forest floor and three of 13 common species in soil. Multivariate analysis of variance and ordination indicated that forest thinning had little influence on the composition of oribatid mite and collembolan communities within either the forest floor or soil. Differences in microclimate or in the accumulation of organic matter on the forest floor were likely most responsible for the observed patterns of abundance. Considering the role that microarthropods play in nutrient cycling, determining the functional response of a wide range of taxa to thinning may be important to effective ecosystem management.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1603/0046-225X-34.3.646","usgsCitation":"Peck, R., and Niwa, C.G., 2005, Longer-term effects of selective thinning on microarthropod communities in a late-successional coniferous forest: Environmental Entomology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 646-655, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-34.3.646.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"655","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477777,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-34.3.646","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Medford Resource Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.61566162109375,\n              42.05745022024682\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.38151550292969,\n              42.05745022024682\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.38151550292969,\n              42.24173542549948\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.61566162109375,\n              42.24173542549948\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.61566162109375,\n              42.05745022024682\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49b6e4b0c8380cd6881a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Robert W. 0000-0002-8739-9493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8739-9493","contributorId":193088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peck","given":"Robert W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niwa, C. G.","contributorId":34315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niwa","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029482,"text":"70029482 - 2005 - River nutrient loads and catchment size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70029482","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River nutrient loads and catchment size","docAbstract":"We have used a total of 496 sample sites to calibrate a simple regression model for calculating dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes via runoff to the ocean. The regression uses the logarithms of runoff and human population as the independent variables and estimates the logarithms of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus loading with R 2 values near 0.8. This predictive capability is about the same as has been derived for total nutrient loading with process-based models requiring more detailed information on independent variables. We conclude that population and runoff are robust proxies for the more detailed application, landscape modification, and in-stream processing estimated by more process-based models. The regression model has then been applied to a demonstration data set of 1353 river catchments draining to the sea from the North American continent south of the Canadian border. The geographic extents of these basins were extracted from a 1-km digital elevation model for North America, and both runoff and population were estimated for each basin. Most of the basins (72% of the total) are smaller than 103 km2, and both runoff and population density are higher and more variable among small basins than among larger ones.While total load to the ocean can probably be adequately estimated from large systems only, analysis of the geographic distribution of nutrient loading requires consideration of the small basins, which can exhibit significant hydrologic and demographic heterogeneity between systems over their range even within the same geographic region. High-resolution regional and local analysis is necessary for environmental assessment and management. ?? Springer 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10533-004-6320-z","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.V., Swaney, D., Buddemeier, R., Scarsbrook, M., Weatherhead, M., Humborg, C., Eriksson, H., and Hannerz, F., 2005, River nutrient loads and catchment size: Biogeochemistry, v. 75, no. 1, p. 83-107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-6320-z.","startPage":"83","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210511,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-6320-z"},{"id":237451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadb4e4b0c8380cd86f60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. V.","contributorId":89284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swaney, D.P.","contributorId":68956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swaney","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scarsbrook, M.R.","contributorId":16212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarsbrook","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weatherhead, M.A.","contributorId":55198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weatherhead","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Humborg, Christoph","contributorId":43964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humborg","given":"Christoph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eriksson, H.","contributorId":67280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eriksson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hannerz, F.","contributorId":53154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannerz","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70029459,"text":"70029459 - 2005 - The onset of metamorphism in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-27T15:37:26.495123","indexId":"70029459","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The onset of metamorphism in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites of the lowest petrologic types were surveyed by X-ray mapping techniques. A variety of metamorphic effects were noted and subjected to detailed analysis using electron microprobe, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cathodoluminescence (CL) methods. The distribution of Cr in FeO-rich olivine systematically changes as metamorphism increases between type 3.0 and type 3.2. Igneous zoning patterns are replaced by complex ones and Cr-rich coatings develop on all grains. Cr distributions in olivine are controlled by the exsolution of a Cr-rich phase, probably chromite. Cr in olivine may have been partly present as tetrahedrally coordinated Cr</span><sup>3+</sup><span>. Separation of chromite is nearly complete by petrologic type 3.2. The abundance of chondrules showing an inhomogeneous distribution of alkalis in mesostasis also increases with petrologic type. TEM shows this to be the result of crystallization of albite. Residual glass compositions systematically change during metamorphism, becoming increasingly rich in K. Glass in type I chondrules also gains alkalis during metamorphism. Both types of chondrules were open to an exchange of alkalis with opaque matrix and other chondrules. The matrix in the least metamorphosed chondrites is rich in S and Na. The S is lost from the matrix at the earliest stages of metamorphism due to coalescence of minute grains. Progressive heating also results in the loss of sulfides from chondrule rims and increases sulfide abundances in coarse matrix assemblages as well as inside chondrules. Alkalis initially leave the matrix and enter chondrules during early metamorphism. Feldspar subsequently nucleates in the matrix and Na re-enters from chondrules. These metamorphic trends can be used to refine classification schemes for chondrites. Cr distributions in olivine are a highly effective tool for assigning petrologic types to the most primitive meteorites and can be used to subdivide types 3.0 and 3.1 into types 3.00 through 3.15. On this basis, the most primitive ordinary chondrite known is Semarkona, although even this meteorite has experienced a small amount of metamorphism. Allan Hills (ALH) A77307 is the least metamorphosed CO chondrite and shares many properties with the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094. Analytical problems are significant for glasses in type II chondrules, as Na is easily lost during microprobe analysis. As a result, existing schemes for chondrule classification that are based on the alkali content of glasses need to be revised.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00366.x","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., and Brearley, A.J., 2005, The onset of metamorphism in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 40, no. 1, p. 87-122, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00366.x.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00366.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae54e4b08c986b324003","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, Jeffrey N. 0000-0001-9099-9628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-9628","contributorId":37317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brearley, Adrian J.","contributorId":211911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brearley","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":422826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029419,"text":"70029419 - 2005 - New constraints on mechanisms of remotely triggered seismicity at Long Valley Caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:16:30","indexId":"70029419","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New constraints on mechanisms of remotely triggered seismicity at Long Valley Caldera","docAbstract":"<p>Regional-scale triggering of local earthquakes in the crust by seismic waves from distant main shocks has now been robustly documented for over a decade. Some of the most thoroughly recorded examples of repeated triggering of a single site from multiple, large earthquakes are measured in geothermal fields of the western United States like Long Valley Caldera. As one of the few natural cases where the causality of an earthquake sequence is apparent, triggering provides fundamental constraints on the failure processes in earthquakes. We show here that the observed triggering by seismic waves is inconsistent with any mechanism that depends on cumulative shaking as measured by integrated energy density. We also present evidence for a frequency-dependent triggering threshold. On the basis of the seismic records of 12 regional and teleseismic events recorded at Long Valley Caldera, long-period waves (&gt;30 s) are more effective at generating local seismicity than short-period waves of comparable amplitude. If the properties of the system are stationary over time, the failure threshold for long-period waves is ~0.05 cm/s vertical shaking. Assuming a phase velocity of 3.5 km/s and an elastic modulus of 3.5 x&nbsp;10<sup>10</sup>Pa, the threshold in terms of stress is 5 kPa. The frequency dependence is due in part to the attenuation of the surface waves with depth. Fluid flow through a porous medium can produce the rest of the observed frequency dependence of the threshold. If the threshold is not stationary with time, pore pressures that are &gt;99.5% of lithostatic and vary over time by a factor of 4 could explain the observations with no frequency dependence of the triggering threshold.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003211","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brodsky, E.E., and Prejean, S., 2005, New constraints on mechanisms of remotely triggered seismicity at Long Valley Caldera: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 4, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003211.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477904,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210674,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003211"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.90674591064452,\n              37.69482353536507\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.83893966674803,\n              37.69482353536507\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.83893966674803,\n              37.72551521301948\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.90674591064452,\n              37.72551521301948\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.90674591064452,\n              37.69482353536507\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6564e4b0c8380cd72ba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brodsky, E. E.","contributorId":108285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodsky","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prejean, S. G. 0000-0003-0510-1989","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-1989","contributorId":18935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"S. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70029399,"text":"70029399 - 2005 - Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70029399","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah","docAbstract":"Faults in sandstone are frequently composed of two classes of structures: (1) deformation bands and (2) joints and sheared joints. Whereas the former structures are associated with cataclastic deformation, the latter ones represent brittle fracturing, fragmentation, and brecciation. We investigated the distribution of these structures, their formation, and the underlying mechanical controls for their occurrence along the Moab normal fault in southeastern Utah through the use of structural mapping and numerical elastic boundary element modeling. We found that deformation bands occur everywhere along the fault, but with increased density in contractional relays. Joints and sheared joints only occur at intersections and extensional relays. In all locations , joints consistently overprint deformation bands. Localization of joints and sheared joints in extensional relays suggests that their distribution is controlled by local variations in stress state that are due to mechanical interaction between the fault segments. This interpretation is consistent with elastic boundary element models that predict a local reduction in mean stress and least compressive principal stress at intersections and extensional relays. The transition from deformation band to joint formation along these sections of the fault system likely resulted from the combined effects of changes in remote tectonic loading, burial depth, fluid pressure, and rock properties. In the case of the Moab fault, we conclude that the structural heterogeneity in the fault zone is systematically related to the geometric evolution of the fault, the local state of stress associated with fault slip , and the remote loading history. Because the type and distribution of structures affect fault permeability and strength, our results predict systematic variations in these parameters with fault evolution. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25473.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Davatzes, N., Eichhubl, P., and Aydin, A., 2005, Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 135-148, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25473.1.","startPage":"135","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210840,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25473.1"},{"id":237882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9be6e4b08c986b31d167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davatzes, N.C.","contributorId":59219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davatzes","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eichhubl, P.","contributorId":9060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichhubl","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aydin, A.","contributorId":33898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydin","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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