The availability of regional earthquake data from the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN), together with active source data from the Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS) seismic experiments, has allowed us to construct a new high-resolution 3-D, P wave velocity model of the crust to a depth of about 30 km in the central Puget Lowland. In our method, earthquake hypocenters and velocity model are jointly coupled in a fully nonlinear tomographic inversion. Active source data constrain the upper 10–15 km of the model, and earthquakes constrain the deepest portion of the model. A number of sedimentary basins are imaged, including the previously unrecognized Muckleshoot basin, and the previously incompletely defined Possession and Sequim basins. Various features of the shallow crust are imaged in detail and their structural transitions to the mid and lower crust are revealed. These include the Tacoma basin and fault zone, the Seattle basin and fault zone, the Seattle and Port Ludlow velocity highs, the Port Townsend basin, the Kingston Arch, and the Crescent basement, which is arched beneath the Lowland from its surface exposure in the eastern Olympics. Strong lateral velocity gradients, consistent with the existence of previously inferred faults, are observed, bounding the southern Port Townsend basin, the western edge of the Seattle basin beneath Dabob Bay, and portions of the Port Ludlow velocity high and the Tacoma basin. Significant velocity gradients are not observed across the southern Whidbey Island fault, the Lofall fault, or along most of the inferred location of the Hood Canal fault. Using improved earthquake locations resulting from our inversion, we determined focal mechanisms for a number of the best recorded earthquakes in the data set, revealing a complex pattern of deformation dominated by general arc-parallel regional tectonic compression. Most earthquakes occur in the basement rocks inferred to be the lower Tertiary Crescent formation. The sedimentary basins and the eastern part of the Olympic subduction complex are largely devoid of earthquakes. Clear association of hypocenters and focal mechanisms with previously mapped or proposed faults is difficult; however, seismicity, structure, and focal mechanisms associated with the Seattle fault zone suggest a possible high-angle mode of deformation with the north side up. We suggest that this deformation may be driven by isostatic readjustment of the Seattle basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000710","usgsCitation":"Van Wagoner, T.M., Crosson, R.S., Creager, K.C., Medema, G., Preston, L., Symons, N.P., and Brocher, T., 2002, Crustal structure and relocated earthquakes in the Puget Lowland, Washington, from high-resolution seismic tomography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ESE 22-1-ESE 22-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000710.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"ESE 22-1","endPage":"ESE 22-23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Lowland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 46.42271253466717\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce6e4b0c8380cd4e4d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Wagoner, T. M.","contributorId":42750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagoner","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosson, R. S.","contributorId":104987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Creager, K. C.","contributorId":105078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Medema, G.","contributorId":69325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medema","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Preston, L.","contributorId":21313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Symons, N. P.","contributorId":60410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023847,"text":"70023847 - 2002 - Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 2. Hydrogeologic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:35:07.687181","indexId":"70023847","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 2. Hydrogeologic implications","docAbstract":"As part of a regional groundwater investigation, geophysical logs were obtained in two municipal water wells located near the west Texas city of Alpine. These boreholes are 252 and 285 m deep and penetrate extrusive rocks of Tertiary age. The deeper well was drilled in the central valley and the other along the northern flank of an east-west trending valley-ridge setting. Analysis and interpretation of the logs reveal that the two wells are subjected to significantly different stress environments because of topographic effects and exhibit significantly different hydrogeologic properties. Water production is associated with two specific types of features common to both wells: (1) the upper and lower contacts of a dense trachyte unit located in the shallow part of the wells and (2) deeper zones of highly fractured rocks within the interior of a basalt formation. The transmissivity of the trachyte boundaries is twice as large in the central valley well as it is in the ridge flank well, whereas the transmissivity of the deeper basalts is an order of magnitude greater in the flank well than it is in the central well. This discrepancy is examined from the perspective of rock failure, fracture opening, and flow enhancement by computing values for a Drucker-Prager stability factor that is based on the magnitudes of the normal and deviatoric stress invariants as a function of depth. Thus the field measurements and subsequent stress analysis offer evidence of a coupled tectonic-hydrologic interaction at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000488","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Savage, W.Z., 2002, Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 2. Hydrogeologic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ETG 6-1-ETG 6-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000488.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"ETG 6-1","endPage":"ETG 6-10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"southern Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.016787209111047\n ],\n [\n -103.590087890625,\n 30.016787209111047\n ],\n [\n -103.590087890625,\n 30.458144351018078\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.458144351018078\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.016787209111047\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4dce4b08c986b3265b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015252,"text":"1015252 - 2002 - Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T10:15:41","indexId":"1015252","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","title":"Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","docAbstract":"The pattern of geographic variation in morphologic characters of the black bear (Ursus americanus) was assessed at 13 sites in the eastern United States and Canada. Thirty measurements from 206 males and 207 females were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm using digital calipers and subjected to principal components analysis. A matrix of correlations among skull characters was computed, and the first 3 principal components were extracted. These accounted for 90.5% of the variation in the character set for males and 87.1% for females. Three-dimensional projection of localities onto principal components showed that, for males and females, largest individuals occurred in the more southern localities (e.g., males--Louisiana-Mississippi, eastern Texas; females--Louisiana-eastern Texas) and the smallest animals occurred in the northernmost locality (Quebec). Generally, bears were similar morphologically to those in nearby geographic areas. For males, correlations between morphologic variation and environmental factors indicated a significant relationship between size variation and mean January temperature, mean July temperature, mean annual precipitation, latitude, and actual evapotranspiration; for females, a significant relationship was observed between morphologic variation and mean annual temperature, mean January temperature, mean July temperature, latitude, and actual evapotranspiration. There was no significant correlation for either sex between environmental factors and projections onto components II and III.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.2307/3672913","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, M., Kennedy, P., Bogan, M., and Waits, J., 2002, Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 47, no. 2, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672913.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, M.L.","contributorId":11170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, P.K.","contributorId":87503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogan, M.A.","contributorId":17939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waits, J.L.","contributorId":92630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024444,"text":"70024444 - 2002 - Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T12:44:42.112559","indexId":"70024444","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of North America and adjacent oceanic basins: A synthesis","docAbstract":"We present a new set of contour maps of the seismic structure of North America and the surrounding ocean basins. These maps include the crustal thickness, whole-crustal average P-wave and S-wave velocity, and seismic velocity of the uppermost mantle, that is, Pn and Sn. We found the following: (1) The average thickness of the crust under North America is 36.7 km (standard deviation [s.d.] ±8.4 km), which is 2.5 km thinner than the world average of 39.2 km (s.d. ± 8.5) for continental crust; (2) Histograms of whole-crustal P- and S-wave velocities for the North American crust are bimodal, with the lower peak occurring for crust without a high-velocity (6.9–7.3 km/sec) lower crustal layer; (3) Regions with anomalously high average crustal P-wave velocities correlate with Precambrian and Paleozoic orogens; low average crustal velocities are correlated with modern extensional regimes; (4) The average Pn velocity beneath North America is 8.03 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.19 km/sec); (5) the well-known thin crust beneath the western United States extends into north-west Canada; (6) the average P-wave velocity of layer 3 of oceanic crust is 6.61 km/sec (s.d. ± 0.47 km/sec). However, the average crustal P-wave velocity under the eastern Pacific seafloor is higher than the western Atlantic seafloor due to the thicker sediment layer on the older Atlantic seafloor.
Hafnium isotopic compositions have been determined on a suite of calc-alkaline and high-alumina-olivine tholeiitic lavas from the Lassen region of California and are used, in conjunction with previously published mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic data, to constrain their petrogenesis. Positive correlation between εHf values and geochemical indices of the modern subduction component indicates that the isotopic compositions of the calc-alkaline lavas record addition of radiogenic Hf from the subducted slab. However, the addition of the modern subduction component increases the εHf values of most calc-alkaline lavas by <0·5 units over estimates of non-subduction enriched peridotites of the mantle wedge. The Lu–Hf isotopic systematics of the Lassen lavas suggest that the calc-alkaline magmas have equilibrated with garnet at some point in their history, whereas the tholeiitic magmas have not. These observations require the two lava types to be derived from different sources. The isotopic variability of the Lassen lavas cannot be produced by mixing mantle sources inferred to be present in the eastern–central Pacific and western USA with a modern subduction component. Instead, the isotopic variability is consistent with mixing of a depleted mantle source, a more fertile mantle source enriched by an ancient subduction component, and a modern subduction component.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/43.4.705","usgsCitation":"Borg, L.E., Blichert-Toft, J., and Clynne, M.A., 2002, Ancient and modern subduction zone contributions to the mantle sources of lavas from the Lassen region of California inferred from Lu-Hf isotopic systematics: Journal of Petrology, v. 43, no. 4, p. 705-723, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.4.705.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"723","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.4.705","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.0086669921875,\n 39.791654835253425\n ],\n [\n -120.574951171875,\n 39.791654835253425\n ],\n [\n -120.574951171875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -122.0086669921875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -122.0086669921875,\n 39.791654835253425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf4e4b0c8380cd48fbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borg, L. E.","contributorId":33863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borg","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blichert-Toft, Janne","contributorId":248203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blichert-Toft","given":"Janne","affiliations":[{"id":49822,"text":"Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015251,"text":"1015251 - 2002 - Taxonomic assessment of the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T10:35:08","indexId":"1015251","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Taxonomic assessment of the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States","title":"Taxonomic assessment of the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"The subspecific status of the Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus) and Florida black bear (U. a. floridanus) were assessed using morphologic features to determine their distinctness in relation to one another and to the black bear (U. a. americanus). Forty-four dimensions were recorded from skulls of 125 male and 127 female adult (4.5 years or older) bears. Results showed skulls of U. a. luteolus, U. a. floridanus, and U. a. americanus to be similar in morphology. However, features of U. a. luteolus, and U. a. floridanus tended, in general, to be larger and shaped differently than those of U. a. americanus. Differences between measurements of U. a. luteolus and U. a. floridanus were less apparent than those between either of these taxa and U. a. americanus. For U. a. luteolus and U. a. floridanus, means of most characters differed only slightly, and ranges of all measurements overlapped to some degree. Yet, small numbers of characters that reflected molar tooth measurements or features relating to dentition, height of frontal region, and skull length and width appeared to correctly classify these taxa in most cases. Results were interpreted to support the subspecific recognition of U. a. luteolus, U. a. floridanus, and U. a. americanus.
Mesozoic granitoid plutons in the southern Death Valley region of southeastern California reveal substantial compositional and isotopic diversity for Mesozoic magmatism in the southwestern US Cordillera. Jurassic plutons of the region are mainly calc-alkaline mafic granodiorites with εNdi of –5 to –16, 87Sr/86Sr i of 0.707–0.726, and 206Pb/204Pb i of 17.5–20.0. Cretaceous granitoids of the region are mainly monzogranites with εNdi of –6 to –19, 87Sr/86Sr i of 0.707–0.723, and 206Pb/204Pb i of 17.4–18.6. The granitoids were generated by mixing of mantle-derived mafic melts and pre-existing crust – some of the Cretaceous plutons represent melting of Paleoproterozoic crust that, in the southern Death Valley region, is exceptionally heterogeneous. A Cretaceous gabbro on the southern flank of the region has an unusually juvenile composition (εNdi –3.2, 87Sr/86Sr i 0.7060). Geographic position of the Mesozoic plutons and comparison with Cordilleran plutonism in the Mojave Desert show that the Precambrian lithosphere (craton margin) in the eastern Mojave Desert region may consists of two crustal blocks separated by a more juvenile terrane.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00410-002-0354-9","usgsCitation":"Ramo, O., Calzia, J., and Kosunen, P., 2002, Geochemistry of Mesozoic plutons, southern Death Valley region, California: Insights into the origin of Cordilleran interior magmatism: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 143, no. 4, p. 416-437, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0354-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"437","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.30126953125,\n 34.67839374011646\n ],\n [\n -115.1531982421875,\n 34.68291096793206\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -115.15869140624999,\n 35.42486791930558\n ],\n [\n -115.92224121093749,\n 36.01800375871416\n ],\n [\n -116.78466796875,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -117.32299804687499,\n 36.54936246839778\n ],\n [\n -116.30126953125,\n 34.67839374011646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"143","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16e5e4b0c8380cd552dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramo, O.T.","contributorId":15067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramo","given":"O.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calzia, J.P.","contributorId":58614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calzia","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kosunen, P.J.","contributorId":94156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosunen","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024296,"text":"70024296 - 2002 - Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024296","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A","docAbstract":"A sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) was used in combination with backscattered electron (BSE) and cathodoluminescence (CL) images to determine the age of detrital zircons from sandstones in the Neoproterozoic Middle Run Formation of the eastern Midwest, United States. Eleven samples from seven drill cores of the upper part of the Middle Run Formation contain detrital zircons ranging in age from 1030 to 1982 Ma (84 analyses), with six distinctive modes at 1.96, 1.63, 1.47, 1.34, 1.15, and 1.08 Ga. This indicates that most, but not all, of the zircon at the top of the Middle Run Formation was derived from the Grenville Orogen. The youngest concordant detrital zircon yields a maximum age of 1048 ?? 22 Ma for the Middle Run Formation, indicating that the formation is younger than ca. 1026 Ma minus the added extra time needed for later uplift, denudation, thrusting, erosion, and transport to southwestern Ohio. Thus, as judged by proximity, composition, thickness, and geochronology, it is a North American equivalent to other Neoproterozoic Grenvillian-derived basins, such as the Torridon Group of Scotland and the Palmeiral Formation of South America. An alternate possibility, although much less likely in our opinion, is that it could be much younger, any time between 1048 ?? 22 Ma and the deposition of the Middle Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone at about 510 Ma, and still virtually almost all derived from rocks of the Grenville Orogen.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/e02-052","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Santos, J., Hartmann, L., McNaughton, N., Easton, R.M., Rea, R., and Potter, P., 2002, Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, no. 10, p. 1505-1515, https://doi.org/10.1139/e02-052.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1515","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207244,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-052"}],"volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d1ee4b08c986b31827d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santos, J.O.S.","contributorId":39160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"J.O.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartmann, L.A.","contributorId":85748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNaughton, N.J.","contributorId":55606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNaughton","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Easton, R. M.","contributorId":36323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rea, R.G.","contributorId":22531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Potter, P.E.","contributorId":29992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025051,"text":"70025051 - 2002 - Spatial variability in water-balance model performance in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T16:38:38.155483","indexId":"70025051","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variability in water-balance model performance in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"A monthly water-balance (WB) model was tested in 44 river basins from diverse physiographic and climatic regions across the conterminous United States (U.S.). The WB model includes the concepts of climatic water supply and climatic water demand, seasonality in climatic water supply and demand, and soil-moisture storage. Exhaustive search techniques were employed to determine the optimal set of precipitation and temperature stations, and the optimal set of WB model parameters to use for each basin. It was found that the WB model worked best for basins with: (1) a mean elevation less than 450 meters or greater than 2000 meters, and/or (2) monthly runoff that is greater than 5 millimeters (mm) more than 80 percent of the time. In a separate analysis, a multiple linear regression (MLR) was computed using the adjusted R-square values obtained by comparing measured and estimated monthly runoff of the original 44 river basins as the dependent variable, and combinations of various independent variables [streamflow gauge latitude, longitude, and elevation; basin area, the long-term mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation; temperature and runoff; and low-flow statistics (i.e., the percentage of months with monthly runoff that is less than 5 mm)]. Results from the MLR study showed that the reliability of a WB model for application in a specific region can be estimated from mean basin elevation and the percentage of months with gauged runoff less than 5 mm. The MLR equations were subsequently used to estimate adjusted R-square values for 1,646 gauging stations across the conterminous U.S. Results of this study indicate that WB models can be used reliably to estimate monthly runoff in the eastern U.S., mountainous areas of the western U.S., and the Pacific Northwest. Applications of monthly WB models in the central U.S. can lead to uncertain estimates of runoff.
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Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":200854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024230,"text":"70024230 - 2002 - Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T13:27:44.349576","indexId":"70024230","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California","docAbstract":"Paleoseismic investigations across the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault at Thousand Palms Oasis indicate that four and probably five surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred during the past 1200 years. Calendar age estimates for these earthquakes are based on a chronological model that incorporates radiocarbon dates from 18 in situ burn layers and stratigraphic ordering constraints. These five earthquakes occurred in about A.D. 825 (770–890) (mean, 95% range), A.D. 982 (840–1150), A.D. 1231 (1170–1290), A.D. 1502 (1450–1555), and after a date in the range of A.D. 1520–1680. The most recent surface-rupturing earthquake at Thousand Palms is likely the same as the A.D. 1676 ± 35 event at Indio reported by Sieh and Williams (1990). Each of the past five earthquakes recorded on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley strongly overlaps in time with an event at the Wrightwood paleoseismic site, about 120 km northwest of Thousand Palms Oasis. Correlation of events between these two sites suggests that at least the southernmost 200 km of the San Andreas fault zone may have ruptured in each earthquake. The average repeat time for surface-rupturing earthquakes on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley is 215 ± 25 years, whereas the elapsed time since the most recent event is 326 ± 35 years. This suggests the southernmost San Andreas fault zone likely is very near failure.
The Thousand Palms Oasis site is underlain by a series of six channels cut and filled since about A.D. 800 that cross the fault at high angles. A channel margin about 900 years old is offset right laterally 2.0 ± 0.5 m, indicating a slip rate of 4 ± 2 mm/yr. This slip rate is low relative to geodetic and other geologic slip rate estimates (26 ± 2 mm/yr and about 23–35 mm/yr, respectively) on the southernmost San Andreas fault zone, possibly because (1) the site is located in a small step-over in the fault trace and so the rate is not be representative of the Mission Creek fault, (2) slip is partitioned northward from the San Andreas fault and into the eastern California shear zone, and/or (3) slip is partitioned onto the Banning strand of the San Andreas fault zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000609","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Rymer, M.J., and Seitz, G.G., 2002, Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2841-2860, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000609.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2841","endPage":"2860","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palm Springs","otherGeospatial":"Thousand Palms Oasis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.62124633789061,\n 33.57229388264518\n ],\n [\n -116.02523803710938,\n 33.57229388264518\n ],\n [\n -116.02523803710938,\n 33.97753113740941\n ],\n [\n -116.62124633789061,\n 33.97753113740941\n ],\n [\n -116.62124633789061,\n 33.57229388264518\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f0e4b08c986b32609b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024022,"text":"70024022 - 2002 - Timing and magnitude of Broad-winged Hawk migration at Montclair Hawk Lookout, New Jersey, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T17:04:12.725052","indexId":"70024022","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing and magnitude of Broad-winged Hawk migration at Montclair Hawk Lookout, New Jersey, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) breeds in eastern and central Canada and the United States, and winters in Central America and northern and central South America. Birders and ornithologists count migrating Broad-winged Hawks at dozens of traditional watch sites throughout the northeastern United States. We modeled counts of migrating Broad-winged Hawks from two raptor migration watch sites: Montclair Hawk Lookout, New Jersey, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania, to determine whether annual abundance and trend estimates from individual sites within the mid-Atlantic states are representative of the region as a whole. We restricted ourselves to counts made between 10:00 and 16:00 EST during September to standardize count effort between sites. We created one model set for annual counts and another model set for daily counts. When modeling daily counts we incorporated weather and identity of individual observers. Akaike’s Information Criteria were used to select the best model from an initial set of competing models. Annual counts declined at both sites during 1979–1998. Broad-winged Hawk migration began, peaked, and ended later at Montclair than at Hawk Mountain, even though Hawk Mountain is 155 km west-southwest of Montclair. Mean annual counts of hawks at Montclair were more than twice those at Hawk Mountain, but were not correlated. Broad-winged Hawks counted at Montclair may not be the same birds as those counted at Hawk Mountain. Rather, the two sites may be monitoring different regional subpopulations. Broad-winged Hawks counted at the two sites may use different migration tactics, with those counted at Hawk Mountain being more likely to slope soar, and those at Montclair more likely to use thermal soaring. A system of multiple watch sites is needed to monitor various breeding populations of this widely dispersed migrant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0479:TAMOBW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.W., Greenstone, E.M., Greenstone, W., and Bildstein, K.L., 2002, Timing and magnitude of Broad-winged Hawk migration at Montclair Hawk Lookout, New Jersey, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Pennsylvania: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 114, no. 4, p. 479-484, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0479:TAMOBW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"484","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0479:tamobw]2.0.co;2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Montclair Hawk Lookout","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.02470397949219,\n 40.614994915836924\n ],\n [\n -75.94711303710938,\n 40.614994915836924\n ],\n [\n -75.94711303710938,\n 40.656680564044166\n ],\n [\n -76.02470397949219,\n 40.656680564044166\n ],\n [\n -76.02470397949219,\n 40.614994915836924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.21685218811035,\n 40.844787860900226\n ],\n [\n -74.20964241027832,\n 40.844787860900226\n ],\n [\n -74.20964241027832,\n 40.850955880778045\n ],\n [\n -74.21685218811035,\n 40.850955880778045\n ],\n [\n -74.21685218811035,\n 40.844787860900226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3e7e4b08c986b326058","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Mark W. 0000-0003-4211-1393","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-1393","contributorId":270066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":56068,"text":"Integrated Statistics, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenstone, E. M.","contributorId":31156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenstone","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenstone, W.","contributorId":99333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenstone","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bildstein, Keith L.","contributorId":150854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bildstein","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":18119,"text":"Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Acopian Center for Conservation Learning","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45006,"text":"wri024018 - 2002 - Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T20:29:57.388541","indexId":"wri024018","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4018","title":"Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data have been collected within the 177-square-mile Reedy Creek, Florida, watershed, beginning as early as 1939, but the data have not been used to evaluate relations among land use, hydrology, and water quality. A model of the Reedy Creek watershed was developed and applied to the period January 1990 to December 1995 to provide a computational foundation for evaluating the effects of future land-use changes on hydrology and water quality in the watershed.
The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) model was used to simulate hydrology and water quality of runoff for pervious land areas, impervious land areas, and stream reaches. Six land-use types were used to characterize the hydrology and water quality of pervious and impervious land areas in the Reedy Creek watershed: agriculture, rangeland, forest, wetlands, rapid infiltration basins, and urban areas. Hydrologic routing and water-quality reactions were simulated to characterize hydrologic and water-quality processes and the movement of runoff and its constituents through the main stream channels and their tributaries.
Because of the complexity of the stream system within the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) (hydraulic structures, retention ponds) and the anticipated difficulty of modeling the system, an approach of calibrating the model parameters for a subset of the gaged watersheds and confirming the usefulness of the parameters by simulating the remainder of the gaged sites was selected for this study. Two sub-watersheds (Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek) were selected for calibration because both have similar land use to watersheds within the RCID (with the exception of urban areas). Given the lack of available rainfall data, the hydrologic calibration of the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sub-watersheds was considered acceptable (for monthly data, correlation coefficients, 0.86 and 0.88, and coefficients of model-fit efficiency, 0.72 and 0.74, respectively). The hydrologic model was tested by applying the parameter sets developed for Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek to other land areas within the Reedy Creek watershed, and by comparing the simulated results to observed data sets for Reedy Creek near Vineland, Bonnet Creek near Vineland, and Reedy Creek near Loughman. The hydrologic model confirmation for Reedy Creek near Vineland (correlation coefficient, 0.91, and coefficient of model fit efficiency, 0.78, for monthly flows) was acceptable. Flows for Bonnet Creek near Vineland were substantially under simulated. Consideration of the ground-water contribution to Bonnet Creek could improve the water balance simulation for Bonnet Creek near Vineland. On longer time scales (monthly or over the 72-month simulation period), simulated discharges for Reedy Creek near Loughman agreed well with observed data (correlation coefficient, 0.88). For monthly flows the coefficient of model-fit efficiency was 0.77. On a shorter time scale (less than a month), however, storm volumes were greatly over simulated and low flows (less than 8 cubic feet per second) were greatly under simulated. A primary reason for the poor results at low flows is the diversion of an unknown amount of water from the RCID at the Bonnet Creek near Kissimmee site.
Selection of water-quality constituents for simulation was based primarily on the availability of water-quality data. Dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus species were simulated. Representation of nutrient cycling in HSPF also required simulation of biochemical oxygen demand and phytoplankton populations. The correlation coefficient for simulated and observed daily mean dissolved oxygen concentration values at Reedy Creek near Vineland was 0.633. Simulated time series of total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen generally agreed well with periodically observed values for the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sites. Simulated water-quality constituents at the Bonnet Creek and Reedy Creek near Vineland sites varied as to how well the values agreed with periodically observed constituent concentrations. Simulated water-quality constituent concentrations for the Reedy Creek near Loughman site generally agreed well with observed constituent concentrations.
Simulation of a future land-use scenario for the Reedy Creek watershed was based on the hydrologic and water-quality simulations, projected 2008 land use within the RCID, and assuming no change in existing land use for other areas within the Reedy Creek watershed but external to the RCID. The percentages of forest and urban-impervious land use showed the most change between existing and future land use; forest areas decreased by 50 percent and urban-impervious areas increased by 300 percent. Simulated values of mean total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen concentrations for existing and future land-use simulations were within 0.01 milligrams per liter of each other. The simulated maximum daily load increased an average of 10 percent for all constituents. Maximum daily nitrate nitrogen load increased about 17 percent, the greatest increase of all daily constituent loads. Duration curves of daily total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen load indicated an increase in the likelihood of exceeding a given load throughout the range of daily constituent loads at Reedy Creek near Loughman.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024018","usgsCitation":"Wicklein, S., and Schiffer, D.M., 2002, Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4018, vi, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024018.","productDescription":"vi, 221 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3874,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024018","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52030.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Reedy Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73,\n 28.245\n ],\n [\n -81.5,\n 28.245\n ],\n [\n -81.5,\n 28.5167\n ],\n [\n -81.73,\n 28.5167\n ],\n [\n -81.73,\n 28.245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicklein, Shaun 0000-0003-4551-1237 smwickle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-1237","contributorId":3389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicklein","given":"Shaun","email":"smwickle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffer, Donna M. schiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"Donna","email":"schiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44940,"text":"wri024202 - 2002 - Hydrology and chemistry of floodwaters in the Yolo Bypass, Sacramento River system, California, during 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:52:55","indexId":"wri024202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4202","title":"Hydrology and chemistry of floodwaters in the Yolo Bypass, Sacramento River system, California, during 2000","docAbstract":"Discharges to and floodwaters in the Yolo Bypass were sampled during winter and spring, 2000. The primary purpose of the study was to link changes in water quality in the Yolo Bypass to inflows from the Sacramento River (over Fremont Weir) and from four local streams that discharge to the west side of the floodplain. Specific conductance, chloride, sulfate, dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, particulate carbon and nitrogen, suspended particulate matter (mass), and selected dissolved metals were measured in most of the samples. When the Sacramento River was spilling over Fremont Weir, the water chemistry in the Yolo Bypass was very similar to that in the river except along the western margin of the floodplain where influences of local stream inflow were evident. When flow over Fremont Weir stopped, floodwaters drained from the Yolo Bypass, and the local streams were the major discharges as the floodwaters receded eventually to the perennial channel along the eastern margin of the floodplain. After the initial draining of the floodplain, chemical concentrations at sites along the perennial channel showed strong influences of inflows from Cache Creek and Ridge Cut, which are sources of nutrients and contaminants that are potentially hazardous to wildlife. Runoff from spring storms increased flow in the perennial channel and flushed accumulated nutrients and organic matter to the tidal river. Releases of freshwater to the perennial channel might be beneficial in maintaining habitat quality for aquatic species during the dry seasons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024202","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., Cox, M.H., Hager, S.W., and Sommer, T.R., 2002, Hydrology and chemistry of floodwaters in the Yolo Bypass, Sacramento River system, California, during 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4202, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024202.","productDescription":"71 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3815,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024202","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Yolo Bypass","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.69692993164062,\n 38.23494411562881\n ],\n [\n -121.54586791992188,\n 38.23494411562881\n ],\n [\n -121.54586791992188,\n 38.78941577989049\n ],\n [\n -121.69692993164062,\n 38.78941577989049\n ],\n [\n -121.69692993164062,\n 38.23494411562881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Marisa H.","contributorId":52146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Marisa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sommer, Theodore R.","contributorId":41396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommer","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45022,"text":"wri014168 - 2002 - Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:42:52","indexId":"wri014168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4168","title":"Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The City of Norman operated a solid-waste municipal landfill at two sites on the Canadian River alluvium in Cleveland County, Oklahoma from 1970 to 1985. The sites, referred to as the west and east cells of the landfill, were originally excavations in the unconsolidated alluvial deposits and were not lined. Analysis of ground-water samples indicate that leachate from the west cell is discharging into an adjacent abandoned river channel, referred to as the slough, and is migrating downgradient in ground water toward the Canadian River. The report describes the hydrogeologic features at the landfill, including the topography of the bedrock, water-level changes in the alluvial aquifer, and delineates the leachate plume using specific conductance data.\r\nThe leading edge of the leachate plume along the 35-80 transect extended over 250 meters downgradient of the west cell. The leading edge of the leachate plume along the 40-SOUTH transect had moved about 60 meters from the west cell in a south-southwesterly direction and had not moved past the slough as of 1997. Specific conductance measurements exceeding 7,000 microsiemens per centimeter at site 40 indicate the most concentrated part of the plume remained in the upper half of the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the west cell.\r\n\r\nThe direction of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer surrounding the landfill was generally north-northeast to south-southwest toward the river. However, between the west cell and the slough along the 40-SOUTH transect, head measurements indicate a directional change to the east and southeast toward a channel referred to as the sewage outfall. Near the 35-80 transect, at 0.5 meter below the water table and at the base of the aquifer, the direction of ground-water flow was south-southeast with a gradient of about 30 centimeters per 100 meters.\r\n\r\nGenerally, ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer were higher during the winter months and lower during summer months, due to a normal decrease in precipitation and increased evapotranspiration in the summer. Hydrographs show temporal water-level changes in ground water and the slough, indicating a hydrologic connection between the alluvial aquifer and the slough.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014168","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., 2002, Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4168, iv, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014168.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3887,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma ","city":"Norman","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.5478,35.1453 ], [ -97.5478,35.3483 ], [ -97.1769,35.3483 ], [ -97.1769,35.1453 ], [ -97.5478,35.1453 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62558e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50594,"text":"ofr027 - 2002 - Lithogeochemical character of near-surface bedrock in the New England coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T21:00:28.642033","indexId":"ofr027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-7","title":"Lithogeochemical character of near-surface bedrock in the New England coastal basins","docAbstract":"This geographic information system (GIS) data layer shows the generalized lithologic and geochemical, termed lithogeochemical, character of near-surface bedrock in the New England Coastal Basin (NECB) study area of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The area encompasses 23,000 square miles in western and central Maine, eastern Massachusetts, most of Rhode Island, eastern New Hampshire and a small part of eastern Connecticut. The NECB study area includes the Kennebec, Androscoggin, Saco, Merrimack, Charles, and Blackstone River Basins, as well as all of Cape Cod. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBedrock units in the NECB study area are classified into lithogeochemical units based on the relative reactivity of their constituent minerals to dissolution and the presence of carbonate or sulfide minerals. The 38 lithogeochemical units are generalized into 7 major groups: (1) carbonate-bearing metasedimentary rocks; (2) primarily noncalcareous, clastic sedimentary rocks with restricted deposition in discrete fault-bounded sedimentary basins of Mississipian or younger age; (3) primarily noncalcareous, clastic sedimentary rocks at or above biotite-grade of regional metamorphism; (4) mafic igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents; (5) ultramafic rocks; (6) felsic igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents; and (7) unconsolidated and poorly consolidated sediments.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr027","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G.R., Ayotte, J., Montgomery, D.L., and DeSimone, L., 2002, Lithogeochemical character of near-surface bedrock in the New England coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-7, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr027.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405552,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51488.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4394,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"New England Coastal basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.75244140625,\n 44.41808794374846\n ],\n [\n -68.0712890625,\n 45.213003555993964\n ],\n [\n -68.00537109375,\n 45.874712248904764\n ],\n [\n -67.87353515625,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n -67.91748046874999,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n -68.31298828125,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -68.9501953125,\n 47.08508535995386\n ],\n [\n -69.10400390625,\n 47.21956811231547\n ],\n [\n -69.3896484375,\n 47.249406957888446\n ],\n [\n -70.2685546875,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -70.7080078125,\n 45.3521452458518\n ],\n [\n -71.279296875,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -71.43310546875,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -71.6748046875,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -71.89453125,\n 42.56926437219384\n ],\n [\n -71.91650390625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -71.82861328125,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -71.30126953124999,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -69.93896484375,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.37841796875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -70.46630859375,\n 43.02071359427862\n ],\n [\n -69.19189453125,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -68.75244140625,\n 44.41808794374846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a369b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Montgomery, Denise L.","contributorId":92698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58011,"text":"ofr02226 - 2002 - Travel times and dispersion of soluble dye in thirteen New Hampshire rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-05T16:16:24.193895","indexId":"ofr02226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-226","title":"Travel times and dispersion of soluble dye in thirteen New Hampshire rivers","docAbstract":"Dye was injected and traced in 13 New Hampshire rivers in 2000 to determine the velocity at which a soluble substance spilled into the river would travel to drinking-water supply intakes. Travel times were studied on the Ammonoosuc, Androscoggin, Connecticut, Contoocook, East Branch Pemigewasset, Exeter, Lamprey, Mascoma, Merrimack, Oyster, Piscassic, Salmon Falls, and Sugar Rivers. Dye was injected and sampled at low and mean flows, and the measured velocities extrapolated to provide an estimate of the velocity during a mean annual flood (mean of yearly peak flows for a specific river). Rivers were sampled downstream of the dye-injection sites to measure dye concentrations and the arrival and passage times of the dye cloud. This information was used to estimate a relation between river discharge and the expected dye concentrations and velocities for each river. Results of the dye tests were used to estimate a 6-hour travel distance at mean annual flood for each of the 13 rivers, and to create graphical relations that can be used to estimate the travel times and concentrations of solutes over a range of river discharges and distances. Observed transport velocities ranged from 0.03 to 2.4 feet per second, and the estimated 6-hour travel distances ranged from 5.8 to 43 miles. Rivers in upland areas had the highest velocities, whereas rivers in the low coastal region had the slowest velocities.
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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-327","title":"Historical Aerial Photography for the Greater Everglades of South Florida: The 1940, 1:40,000 Photoset","docAbstract":"The Greater Everglades Ecosystem comprises a vast swath of wetlands beginning in central Florida with the headwaters of the Kissimmee River and continuing southward through Lake Okeechobee and then to Florida Bay (Davis 1943). The ecosystem runs some 450 km, north to south, and over 100 km east to west, comprising almost 30,000 km2 of total area. Beginning in the late 19th century, a succession of programs were implemented for land reclamation and flood protection (Blake 1980; Steinman and others, 2002).
At present, the greater Everglades is the subject of a restoration effort with almost $8 billion dollars of planned expenditures over 20 years. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) sets guidelines and goals for the project. Numerous federal, State of Florida, and local agencies are involved in the restoration process, as are not-for-profit non-governmental organizations. A foundation for Everglades restoration must be a clear understanding of the pre-drainage south Florida landscape (Davis and others, 1994; Fennema 1994). Knowledge of the spatial organization and structure of the pre-drainage landscape communities (mangrove forests, marshes, sloughs, wet prairies, pinelands) is necessary to provide potential endpoints, restoration goals, and performance measures to gauge restoration success.
Analyses of information contained in historical aerial photographs of the Everglades can aid in the endeavor. For example, the earliest known aerial photographs are from the mid-to-late 1920s and resulted in the production of what are called T-sheets (for Topographic Sheets) for the coasts and shorelines of far south Florida. The position of the boundary between differing vegetation communities (the ecotone) can be accurately measured. If followed through time, changes in the position of these ecotones could potentially be used to judge effects of drainage on the Everglades ecosystem and also to monitor restoration success (Smith and others, 2002).
The Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC), a center of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with USGS Eastern Region Geography, has created digital versions of existing aerial photographs from a survey conducted in early 1940 of south Florida and the Florida Everglades region. Via this Open-File Report, we make available digital versions of the photographs. We have not attempted to rectify, mosaic, or georeference the images. The aspect of our work will be completed in due course and a supplemental Open-File Report will be issued. At present the digital files are available on this website in a manner designed to facilitate access to the product by those intending to integrate the data with other spatial data, particularly those interested in the restoration and management of the Florida Everglades.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02327","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.J., Foster, A.M., Briere, P.R., Coffin, A.W., Jones, J., Van Arsdall, C., and Frye, L.J., 2002, Historical Aerial Photography for the Greater Everglades of South Florida: The 1940, 1:40,000 Photoset: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-327, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02327.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0327/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":464950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The Northwest Dade County Freshwater Lake Plan Area (commonly referred to as the Lake Belt Area) is vital to the future planning and development of southeastern Florida. This area is located within one of the most environmentally sensitive parts of the state – the eastern borders of the Everglades National Park (ENP). The Lake Belt Area and Water Conservation Area BB (WCA BB) provide half of the limestone mining resources used in the state every year. Starting in the mid-1800s canals and levees were built in the area to drain and help develop economic and water resources including protection from floods and droughts. These construction projects have changed the natural water flow (hydropattern and hydroperiod) through the hydrologic system. Changes to the hydropattern and hydroperiod of the area have also had an adverse impact by disrupting the normal breeding patterns of species within the Everglades ecosystem
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02325","productDescription":"viii, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0325/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":390974,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54122.htm"},{"id":4155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0325/ofr02-325.pdf","text":"Report","size":"499 KB MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 02-325"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dad County","otherGeospatial":"Lake belt study area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.52154541015625,\n 25.64895443060557\n ],\n [\n -80.25787353515625,\n 25.64895443060557\n ],\n [\n -80.25787353515625,\n 25.94322678532246\n ],\n [\n -80.52154541015625,\n 25.94322678532246\n ],\n [\n -80.52154541015625,\n 25.64895443060557\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Water-quality data from October 1969 to December 1999 for both surface water and ground water in the upper Gunnison River watershed were retrieved and compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storage and Retrieval databases. Analyses focused primarily on a subset of these data from October 1989 to December 1999. The upper Gunnison River watershed is located west of the Continental Divide in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province.
Surface-water-quality data were compiled for 482 sites in the upper Gunnison River watershed. Most values of surface-water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) in-stream standards. Calcium bicarbonate type water was the most spatially dominant water type in the basin.
Nutrients were most commonly sampled along the Slate River and East River near Crested Butte and along the Gunnison River from the confluence of the East and Taylor Rivers to the western edge of the watershed. Median ammonia concentrations were low, with many concentrations less than laboratory reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations met the CDPHE in-stream standard of 10 milligrams per liter. More than 30 percent of stream sites with total phosphorus data (23 of 61 sites) had concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommendation for controlling eutrophication.
Ammonia concentrations at a site on the Slate River near Crested Butte had a statistically significant upward trend for the 1995–99 period. The Slate River near Crested Butte site is located immediately downstream from the towns of Crested Butte and Mount Crested Butte and may reflect recent population growth or other land-use changes. However, the rate of change of the trend is small (0.017 milligram per liter per year).
Although a multiple comparison test showed nitrate concentrations were statistically different between agriculture and forest sites and between agriculture and urban land-use classified sites, median concentrations were low among all land-use settings. Median concentrations of total phosphorus were greatest in rangeland areas and least in urban areas. No significant differences were identified for median concentrations of total phosphorus in agriculture and forest land-use areas.
Median concentrations of arsenic, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver were low or below reporting levels throughout the watershed. Aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc concentrations were elevated near the town of Crested Butte and on Henson Creek upstream from Lake City, which may be explained by upstream areas of historical mining. Samples for six trace elements exceeded standards: cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, silver, and zinc. A downward trend (3 micrograms per liter per year) was identified for the dissolved iron concentration at a site on the Gunnison River at County Road 32 downstream from the city of Gunnison. Streambed-sediment samples from areas affected by historical mining also had elevated concentrations of some trace elements.
Chlorophyll-a concentrations in samples from Blue Mesa Reservoir and streams in the Crested Butte and Gunnison areas were typical of unenriched to moderately enriched conditions. Median concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand concentrations for sites between Crested Butte and Blue Mesa Reservoir were less than 2 milligrams per liter. Occasional high (greater than 200 counts per 100 milliliters) concentrations for fecal coliform were determined at selected sites within the study area. However, median concentrations were less than 100 counts per 100 milliliters except for the Squaw Creek and Cimarron River areas in the western part of the watershed.
Ground-water-quality data have been collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 99 wells. Many wells were completed in aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium. Most field properties were within the USEPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (SDWR) range for treated drinking water, except for 2 (of 40) pH samples. Calcium bicarbonate was the predominant water type in nearly all aquifers except for the aquifers composed of volcanic rock, which had more sodium and sulfate mixed water types. Wells with sulfate concentrations exceeding the SDWR of 250 milligrams per liter were completed in aquifers composed of volcanic rock near Lake City. Dissolution and oxidation of sulfide minerals in these aquifers may explain the elevated sulfate concentrations in ground water at these locations.
Nutrient concentrations in ground water were generally low, and median concentrations for ammonia, nitrite, and dissolved phosphorus were below reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations in the samples were below the USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L. No statistical difference was found in nitrate concentrations among the four land-use classifications (agriculture, forest, rangeland, and urban).
Trace elements in ground water were generally below the USEPA SDWR. Three iron samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 300 micrograms per liter at two wells located near the city of Gunnison and at a well south of the town of Powderhorn near the Cebolla River. Nine of 39 manganese samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 50 micrograms per liter and were collected from aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium near Gunnison and Crested Butte and in one well near the Cebolla River. Radon gas is a natural radioactive decay product of uranium. All 39 radon samples collected from ground water in the watershed exceeded the proposed USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter and ranged from 426 to 3,830 picocuries per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024001","usgsCitation":"Gurdak, J., Greve, A.I., and Spahr, N.E., 2002, Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4001, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024001.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51446.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3869,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"upper Gunnison River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.6667,\n 37.8472\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 37.8472\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -107.6667,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -107.6667,\n 37.8472\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gurdak, Jason J.","contributorId":65125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurdak","given":"Jason J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greve, Adrienne I.","contributorId":40959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greve","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44616,"text":"wri024162 - 2002 - Environmental setting and water-quality issues of the Mobile River Basin, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"wri024162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4162","title":"Environmental setting and water-quality issues of the Mobile River Basin, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee","docAbstract":"The Mobile River Basin is one of over 50 river basins and aquifer systems being investigated as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. This basin is the sixth largest river basin in the United States, and fourth largest in terms of streamflow, encompassing parts of Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Almost two-thirds of the 44,000-square-mile basin is located in Alabama. Extensive water resources of the Mobile River Basin are influenced by an array of natural and cultural factors. These factors impart unique and variable qualities to the streams, rivers, and aquifers providing abundant habitat to sustain the diverse aquatic life in the basin. \r\n\r\nData from Federal, State, and local agencies provide a description of the environmental setting of the Mobile River Basin. Environmental data include natural factors such as physiography, geology, soils, climate, hydrology, ecoregions, and aquatic ecology, and human factors such as reservoirs, land use and population change, water use, and water-quality issues. Characterization of the environmental setting is useful for understanding the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water in the Mobile River Basin and the possible implications of that environmental setting for water quality. \r\n\r\nThe Mobile River Basin encompasses parts of five physiographic provinces. Fifty-six percent of the basin lies within the East Gulf section of the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province. The remaining northeastern part of the basin lies, from west to east, within the Cumberland Plateau section of the Appalachian Plateaus Physiographic Province, the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province, the Piedmont Physiographic Province, and the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province.\r\n\r\nBased on the 1991 land-use data, about 70 percent of the basin is forested, while agriculture, including livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine), row crops (cotton, corn, soybeans, sorghum, and wheat), and pasture land accounts for about 26 percent of the study unit. Agricultural land use is concentrated along the Black Prairie Belt district of the Coastal Plain. Urban areas account for only 3 percent of the total land use; however, the areal extent of the metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) may indicate more urban influences. The MSAs include urban areas outside of the city boundaries and can include adjacent counties. Seven MSAs are delineated in the Mobile River Basin, including Montgomery, Mobile, Tuscaloosa, Birmingham, Gadsden, Anniston, and Atlanta. The total population for the Mobile River Basin was about 3,673,100 in 1990.\r\n\r\nState water-quality agencies have identified numerous causes and sources of water-body impairment in the Mobile River Basin. In 1996, organic enrichment, dissolved oxygen depletion, elevated nutrient concentrations, and siltation were the most frequently cited causes of impairment, affecting the greatest number of river miles. Bacteria, acidic pH, and elevated metal concentrations also were identified as causes of impairment. The sources for impairment varied among river basins, were largely a function of land use, and were attributed primarily to municipal and industrial sources, mining, and agricultural activities.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024162","usgsCitation":"Johnson, G.C., Kidd, R.E., Journey, C.A., Zappia, H., and Atkins, J.B., 2002, Environmental setting and water-quality issues of the Mobile River Basin, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4162, vii, 62 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024162.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3718,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024162/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65db01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Gregory C. 0000-0003-3683-5010 gcjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3683-5010","contributorId":1420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory","email":"gcjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kidd, Robert E.","contributorId":21523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zappia, Humbert","contributorId":79093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zappia","given":"Humbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44963,"text":"wri024021 - 2002 - Historical contributions of phosphorus from natural and agricultural sources and implications for stream water quality, Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T16:11:38","indexId":"wri024021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4021","displayTitle":"Historical Contributions of Phosphorus From Natural and Agricultural Sources and Implications for Stream Water Quality, Cheney Reservoir Watershed, South-Central Kansas","title":"Historical contributions of phosphorus from natural and agricultural sources and implications for stream water quality, Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"An examination of soil cores collected from 43 nonagricultural coring sites in the Cheney Reservoir watershed of south-central Kansas was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in September 1999. The cores were collected as part of an ongoing cooperative study with the city of Wichita, Kansas. The 43 sites (mostly cemeteries) were thought to have total phosphorus concentrations in the soil that are representative of natural conditions (unaffected by human activity). The purpose of this report is to present the analysis and evaluation of these soil cores, to quantify the phosphorus contributions to Cheney Reservoir from natural and agricultural sources, and to provide estimates of stream-water-quality response to natural concentrations of total phosphorus in the soil.
Analysis of soil cores from the 43 sites produced natural concentrations of total phosphorus that ranged from 74 to 539 milligrams per kilogram with a median concentration of 245 milligrams per kilogram in 2-inch soil cores and from 50 to 409 milligrams per kilogram with a median concentration of 166 milligrams per kilogram in 8-inch soil cores. Natural concentrations of total phosphorus in soil were statistically larger in samples from coring sites in the eastern half of the watershed than in samples from coring sites in the western half of the watershed. This result partly explains a previously determined west-to-east increase in total phosphorus yields in streams of the Cheney Reservoir watershed. A comparison of total phosphorus concentrations in soil under natural conditions to the historical mean total phosphorus concentration in agriculturally enriched bottom sediment in Cheney Reservoir indicated that agricultural activities within the watershed have increased total phosphorus concentrations in watershed soil that is transported in streams to about 2.9 times natural concentrations.
Retention efficiencies for phosphorus and sediment historically transported to Cheney Reservoir were calculated at 92 and 99 percent, respectively. Most of the phosphorus was retained in bottom sediment. Sediment accumulation in Cheney Reservoir was less than reservoir design-life specifications on the basis of the age of the reservoir.
Estimates of mean total phosphorus concentrations for selected streams in the Cheney Reservoir watershed under natural concentrations of total phosphorus in soil and a historic set of watershed conditions indicate that water from two of the five streamflow sampling sites would not meet the total phosphorus water-quality goal of 0.10 milligram per liter established by the Cheney Reservoir Watershed Task Force Committee. These results imply that the water-quality goal for total phosphorus in some streams of the watershed may not be met simply by reducing the amount of phosphorus applied. Instead, meeting the goal could involve a combination of approaches-for example, reducing the agricultural distribution of phosphorus and implementing changes in watershed activities to mitigate phosphorus movement to surface water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., Milligan, C.R., and Mau, D.P., 2002, Historical contributions of phosphorus from natural and agricultural sources and implications for stream water quality, Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4021, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024021.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360179,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4021/wrir20024021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"632 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4021"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Cheney Reservoir Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.92364501953124,\n 37.55655375544381\n ],\n [\n -97.73162841796875,\n 37.55655375544381\n ],\n [\n -97.73162841796875,\n 38.11403028044574\n ],\n [\n -98.92364501953124,\n 38.11403028044574\n ],\n [\n -98.92364501953124,\n 37.55655375544381\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Chemical analyses of ground-water samples were evaluated as part of an investigation of lower Tertiary aquifers in the eastern Powder River Basin where coalbed methane is being developed. Ground-water samples were collected from two springs discharging from clinker, eight monitoring wells completed in the Wasatch aquifer, and 13 monitoring or coalbed methane production wells completed in coalbed aquifers. The ground-water samples were analyzed for major ions and environmental isotopes (tritium and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen) to characterize the composition of waters in these aquifers, to relate these characteristics to geochemical processes, and to evaluate recharge and ground-water flow within and between these aquifers. This investigation was conducted in cooperation with the Wyoming State Engineer's Office and the Bureau of Land Management.
Water quality in the different aquifers was characterized by major-ion composition. Samples collected from the two springs were classified as calcium-sulfate-type and calcium-bicarbonate-type waters. All ground-water samples from the coalbed aquifers were sodium-bicarbonate-type waters as were five of eight samples collected from the overlying Wasatch aquifer.
Potential areal patterns in ionic composition were examined. Ground-water samples collected during this and another investigation suggest that dissolved-solids concentrations in the coalbed aquifers may be lower south of the Belle Fourche River (generally less than 600 milligrams per liter). As ground water in coalbed aquifers flows to the north and northwest away from an inferred source of recharge (clinker in the study area), dissolved-solids concentrations appear to increase.
Variation in ionic composition in the vertical dimension was examined qualitatively and statistically within and between aquifers. A relationship between ionic composition and well depth was noted and corroborates similar observations by earlier investigators in the Powder River Basin in both Wyoming and Montana. This relationship results in two different water-quality zones with different characteristics - a shallow zone, comprising the upper part of the Wasatch aquifer, characterized by mixed cation composition and either sulfate or bicarbonate as the dominant anion; and a deeper zone, comprising the lower (deeper) part of the Wasatch aquifer and the underlying coalbed aquifers, characterized by sodium-bicarbonate-type waters. The zonation appears to be related to geochemical processes described by earlier investigators such as dissolution and precipitation of minerals, ion exchange, sulfate reduction, and mixing of waters. Qualitative and statistically significant differences were observed in sulfate concentrations between the coalbed aquifers and the overlying Wasatch aquifer. Ionic composition suggests that bacterially mediated redox processes such as sulfate reduction were probably the dominant geochemical processes in the anaerobic coalbed aquifers.
Tritium was used to qualitatively estimate the time of ground-water recharge. Tritium concentrations in both springs suggests that both were recharged after 1952 and contain modern water. Tritium was not detected at concentrations suggestive of modern water in any ground-water samples collected from the coalbed aquifers or in six of eight ground-water samples collected from the overlying Wasatch aquifer. Tritium concentrations in the remaining two wells from the Wasatch aquifer suggest a mixture between submodern (recharged before 1952) and modern water, although the low concentrations suggest that ground water in these two wells have very little modern water. The relative absence of modern water in all aquifers in the study area suggests that recharge processes to these aquifers are probably very slow.
Paired d2H (deuterium/hydrogen isotopic ratio) and d18O (oxygen-18/oxygen-16 isotopic ratio) values for samples collected from the springs and all aquifers are close to the Global Meteoric Water Line, a meteoric water line for North American continental precipitation, and an estimated local meteoric water line, suggesting the water in the aquifers is of meteoric origin. The d2H and d18O values suggest that the waters were recharged in a colder climate or temperature, mid-latitudes, and mid-continent. In general, the samples do not form separate groups based on aquifer origin; this suggests either intermixing of the waters in the aquifers or that the different aquifers are subject to similar recharge and/or evolutional paths for the water. However, examination of the differences in the values of d2H and d18O, in combination with major-ion chemistry at three monitoring-well clusters, suggest that changes in the values with depth may represent different timing or sources of recharge to the different aquifers.
The areal distribution of d2H was examined and an apparent break in the d2H along a northwest to southeast trend was observed. In the coalbed aquifers, all but one ground-water sample (collected from the Big George coal bed), show a pattern where the d2H values become more negative towards the center of the Powder River Basin and values greater (less negative) than an arbitrary reference value of -140 ‰ (per mil or parts per thousand) were observed near the outcrop area of the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone. In the overlying Wasatch aquifer, the d2H values became less negative towards the center of the basin. The values more negative than -140 ‰ are near the outcrop area and the values that are less negative than -140 ‰ are closer to the basin center. It is unclear if this pattern is a result of sample size, different recharge mechanisms, geochemical processes, or if the processes producing these differences are independent or unrecognized.
Results of water-quality sampling were compared with selected regulatory and non-regulatory standards as well as commonly-used guidelines for proposed water uses. Dissolved solids was the measure that most frequently exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public water-supply standards and State of Wyoming domestic-use standards in ground-water samples collected from the Wasatch aquifer and coalbed aquifers. The State of Wyoming agricultural standards (irrigation) for sulfate and dissolved solids were exceeded in some samples collected from the Wasatch aquifer and coalbed aquifers. The State of Wyoming livestock standard for pH was exceeded in some samples collected from the Wasatch aquifer. Water from the Wasatch aquifer ranged from soft to very hard, and water from the coalbed aquifers ranged from moderately hard to very hard. Samples collected from wells completed in both the Wasatch aquifer and coalbed aquifers plotted in a wide range of both sodium- and salinity-hazard classes, but most samples clustered in or near the combined medium-sodium-hazard—high-salinity-hazard classes.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Butch, G.K., Murray, P.M., Robideau, J., and Gardner, J.A., 2002, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 2001; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-01-1, xvii, 573 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY011.","productDescription":"xvii, 573 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2001/ny-01-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":363752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2001/ny-01-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butch, Gerard K. gkbutch@usgs.gov","contributorId":914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butch","given":"Gerard","email":"gkbutch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Patricia M. pmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":4863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Patricia","email":"pmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robideau, J.A.","contributorId":17617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robideau","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardner, J. A. II","contributorId":88606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}