Twelve sites on streams and rivers in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit were sampled monthly and during selected storm events from March 1996 through September 1998 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. One site was dropped from monthly sampling after 1996. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were detected in every water sample collected. Nitrate accounted for 92 percent of the total dissolved nitrogen. About 22 percent of the samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen for drinking-water regulations. The median concentration of total dissolved nitrogen for surface water in the study unit was 7.2 milligrams per liter. The median total phosphorus concentration for the study unit was 0.22 milligram per liter. About 75 percent of the total phosphorus concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended total phosphorus concentration of 0.10 milligram per liter or less to minimize algal growth. Median suspended sediment and dissolved organic-carbon concentrations for the study unit were 82 and 3.5 milligrams per liter, respectively.
\nMedian concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment varied annually and seasonally. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations increased each year of the study due to increased precipitation and runoff. Median concentrations of dissolved organic carbon were constant from 1996 to 1998. Nitrogen concentrations were typically higher in the spring after fertilizer application and runoff. During winter, nitrogen concentrations typically increased when there was little in-stream processing by biota. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased in late summer when there was less runoff and in-stream processing of nitrogen and phosphorus was high. Dissolved organic carbon was highest in February and March when decaying vegetation and manure were transported during snowmelt. Suspendedsediment concentrations were highest in early summer (May–June) during runoff and lowest in January when there was ice cover with very little overland flow contributing to rivers and streams. Based on historical and study-unit data, eastern Iowa streams and rivers are impacted by both nonpoint and point-source pollution.
\nIndicator sites that have homogeneous land use, and geology had samples with significantly higher concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (median, 8.2 milligrams per liter) than did samples from integrator sites (median, 6.2 milligrams per liter) that were more heterogeneous in land use and geology. Samples from integrator sites typically had significantly higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations than did samples from indicator sites. Typically, there was very little difference in median dissolved organic-carbon concentrations in samples from indicator and integrator sites.
\nConcentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus varied across the study unit due to land use and physiography. Basins that are located in areas with a higher percentage of row-crop agriculture typically had samples with higher nitrogen concentrations. Basins that drain the Southern Iowa Drift Plain and the Des Moines Lobe typically had samples with higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations.
\nTotal nitrogen loads increased each year from 1996 through 1998 in conjunction with increased concentrations and runoff. Total phosphorus loads in the Skunk River Basin decreased in 1997 due to less runoff and decreased sediment transport, but increased in 1998 due to higher runoff and increased sediment transport. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads varied seasonally. The highest loads typically occurred in early spring and summer after fertilizer application and runoff. Loads were lowest in January and September when there was typically very little runoff to transport nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil to the rivers and streams.
\nTotal nitrogen loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 97,600, 120,000, and 234,000 metric tons, respectively. Total phosphorus loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 6,860, 4,550, and 8,830 metric tons, respectively. Suspendedsediment loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 7,480,000, 4,450,000, and 8,690,000 metric tons, respectively. The highest total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields typically occurred in samples from indicator sites. Sampling sites located in drainage basins with higher row-crop percentage typically had higher nitrogen and phosphorus yields. Sites that were located in the Des Moines Lobe and the Southern Iowa Drift Plain typically had higher phosphorus yields, probably due to physiographic features (for example, erodible soils, steeper slopes).
\nSynoptic samples collected during low and high base flow had nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic-carbon concentrations that varied spatially and seasonally. Comparisons of water-quality data from six basic-fixed sampling sites and 19 other synoptic sites suggest that the water-quality data from basic-fixed sampling sites were representative of the entire study unit during periods of low and high base flow when most streamflow originates from ground water.
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Introduction
Importance of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, and Organic Carbon
Purpose and scope
Description of Study Unit
Hydrology
Landforma
Climate
Land Use
Methods and Data Analysis
Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Statistics
Relation of Constituent Concentration and Streamflow
Hydrograph Separation
Load Calculations
Concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, and Organic Carbon
Overall Occurrence of Concentrations
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Sediment
Organic Carbon
Relations Between Constituent Concentrations and Streamflow
Annual Variations
Seasonal Variations
Nonpoint and Point Sources
Spatial Variability
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Sediment
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Transport of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Suspended Sediment
Loads
Yields
Synoptic Studies
Variability Among Basic-Fixed and Synoptic Sites
Spatial Variability
Variability Among Base-Flow Conditions
Summary
References
Appendix
The Crater Peak flank vent of Mount Spurr volcano erupted June 27, August 18, and September 16-17, 1992. The three eruptions were similar in intensity (vulcanian to subplinian eruption columns reaching up to 14 km Above Sea Level) and duration (3.5 to 4.0 hours) and produced tephra-fall deposits (12, 14, 15 x 106 m3 Dense Rock Equivalent [DRE]) discernible up to 1,000 km downwind. The June 27 ash cloud traveled north over the rugged, ice- and snow-covered Alaska Range. The August 18 ash cloud was carried southeastward over Anchorage, across Prince William Sound, and down the southeastern shoreline of the Gulf of Alaska. The September 16-17 ash plume was directed eastward over the Talkeetna and Wrangell mountains and into the Yukon Territory of Canada. Over 50 mass-per-unit-area (MPUA) samples were collected for each of the latter two fall deposits at distances ranging from about 2 km to 370 km downwind from the volcano. Only 10 (mostly proximal) samples were collected for the June fall deposit due to inaccessible terrain and funding constraints. MPUA data were plotted and contoured (isomass lines) to graphically display the distribution of each fall deposit. For the August and September eruptions, fallout was concentrated along a narrow (30 to 50 km wide) belt. The fallout was most concentrated (100,000 to greater than 250,000 g/m2) within about 80 km of the volcano. Secondary maxima occur at 200 km (2,620 g/m2) and 300 km (4,659 g/m2), respectively, down axis for the August and September deposits. The maxima contain bimodal grain size distributions (with peaks at 88.4 and 22.1 microns) indicating aggregation within the ash cloud. Combined tephra-volume for the 1992 Mount Spurr eruptions (41 x 106 m3 DRE) is comparable to that (tephra-fall only) of the 1989-90 eruptions of nearby Redoubt volcano (31-49 x 106 m3 DRE).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/ofr01370","usgsCitation":"McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C., and Riley, C.M., 2001, Areal distribution, thickness, mass, volume, and grain size of tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mt. Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-370, Report: iv, 32 p.; 3 Figures: 26.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01370.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; 3 Figures: 26.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01370.gif"},{"id":406635,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51972.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282789,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig16.pdf","text":"Figure 16","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282787,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig8.pdf","text":"Figure 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282786,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/of01-370.pdf","size":"10.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig11.pdf","text":"Figure 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3614,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 63.025074210117246\n ],\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 63.025074210117246\n ],\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67374f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riley, Colleen M.","contributorId":31045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50803,"text":"ofr01406 - 2001 - U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop proceedings, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 22-26, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T15:54:52","indexId":"ofr01406","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-406","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop proceedings, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 22-26, 2001","docAbstract":"Some of nature's most magnificent creations on Earth are the picturesque landscape and the terrestrial and aquatic inhabitants of the Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States. Mother Nature has been kind to the region but man, often, has not. The Appalachian mountains and valleys have been home to a variety of human cultures, dating back approximately 12,000 years. A series of Native American peoples, including most recently the Cherokee Nation, inhabited the region prior to European settlement which began in the 1600's. All of these peoples have had the desire to reap the benefits of the land.
Current and historic use of the land ranges from mineral extraction to agricultural development to timber production to industrial and residential development, all of which have now threatened the landscape. Many individuals and organizations desire to save the awe and beauty of the Appalachians for the generations to come, in a way that is environmentally and economically sustainable. They have tried for years to raise alarms that this area is threatened and worth the attention of all who are interested in an effort of restitution and preservation. Residents, environmental groups, land managers, scientists, business groups, and the multitude of visitors who pass through the national parks and other public lands located within the Appalachians have raised these same alarms. There is a need to not only identify the issues resulting from anthropogenic pressures on the landscape, but also to collect the information and conduct the science that will allow land managers and policy makers to become better informed and better able to execute their responsibilities.
","conferenceTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop","conferenceDate":"October 22-26, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Gatlinburg, TN","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norcross, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01406","usgsCitation":"2001, U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop proceedings, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 22-26, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-406, xi, 152 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01406.","productDescription":"xi, 152 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0406/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0406/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613a12","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Adams, D. Briane","contributorId":35707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Briane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":727911,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, Katrina B. kburke@usgs.gov","contributorId":5481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Katrina","email":"kburke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":727912,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, Bruce S.","contributorId":13689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruce S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":727913,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keay, Jeffrey A. jkeay@usgs.gov","contributorId":331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keay","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkeay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":727914,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yurewicz, Michael C. mcyurewi@usgs.gov","contributorId":5409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yurewicz","given":"Michael","email":"mcyurewi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":727915,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":39912,"text":"ofr01482 - 2001 - Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-03T13:44:28","indexId":"ofr01482","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-482","title":"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Mount Spurr volcano is an ice- and snow-covered stratovolcano complex located in the north-central Cook Inlet region about 100 kilometers west of Anchorage, Alaska. Mount Spurr volcano consists of a breached stratovolcano, a lava dome at the summit of Mount Spurr, and Crater Peak vent, a small stratocone on the south flank of Mount Spurr volcano. Historical eruptions of Crater Peak occurred in 1953 and 1992. These eruptions were relatively small but explosive, and they dispersed volcanic ash over areas of interior, south-central, and southeastern Alaska. Individual ash clouds produced by the 1992 eruption drifted east, north, and south. Within a few days of the eruption, the south-moving ash cloud was detected over the North Atlantic. Pyroclastic flows that descended the south flank of Crater Peak during both historical eruptions initiated volcanic-debris flows or lahars that formed temporary debris dams across the Chakachatna River, the principal drainage south of Crater Peak. Prehistoric eruptions of Crater Peak and Mount Spurr generated clouds of volcanic ash, pyroclastic flows, and lahars that extended to the volcano flanks and beyond. A flank collapse on the southeast side of Mount Spurr generated a large debris avalanche that flowed about 20 kilometers beyond the volcano into the Chakachatna River valley. The debris-avalanche deposit probably formed a large, temporary debris dam across the Chakachatna River.\n\nThe distribution and thickness of volcanic-ash deposits from Mount Spurr volcano in the Cook Inlet region indicate that volcanic-ash clouds from most prehistoric eruptions were as voluminous as those produced by the 1953 and 1992 eruptions. Clouds of volcanic ash emitted from the active vent, Crater Peak, would be a major hazard to all aircraft using Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport and other local airports and, depending on wind direction, could drift a considerable distance beyond the volcano. Ash fall from future eruptions could disrupt many types of economic and social activities, including oil and gas operations and shipping activities in the Cook Inlet area. Eruptions of Crater Peak could involve significant amounts of ice and snow that would lead to the formation of large lahars, formation of volcanic debris dams, and downstream flooding. The greatest hazards in order of importance are described below and shown on plate 1.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01482","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Nye, C.J., 2001, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-482, Report: iv, 39 p.; 1 Plate: 23.50 x 20.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01482.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.; 1 Plate: 23.50 x 20.74 inches","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01482.PNG"},{"id":3616,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0482/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283176,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0482/pdf/of01-482.pdf"},{"id":283177,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0482/pdf/pl1-scrn.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -152.5,61.0 ], [ -152.5,61.5 ], [ -151.5,61.5 ], [ -151.5,61.0 ], [ -152.5,61.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":222581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":61528,"text":"mf2341 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19149,"text":"ofr93700 - 1993 - Preliminary geologic map of the Rifle Falls Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"ofr93700","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Rifle Falls Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":61528,"text":"mf2341 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"mf2341","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T16:22:58","indexId":"mf2341","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2341","title":"Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the Rifle Falls 7.5' quadrangle, in support of the USGS Western Colorado I-70 Corridor Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, provides new interpretations of the stratigraphy, structure, and geologic hazards in the area of the southwest flank of the White River uplift.\r\n Bedrock strata include the Upper Cretaceous Iles Formation through Ordovician and Cambrian units. The Iles Formation includes the Cozzette Sandstone and Corcoran Sandstone Members, which are undivided. The Mancos Shale is divided into three members, an upper member, the Niobrara Member, and a lower member. The Lower Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone, the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, and the Entrada Sandstone are present. Below the Upper Jurassic Entrada Sandstone, the easternmost limit of the Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic Glen Canyon Sandstone is recognized. Both the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation and the Lower Triassic(?) and Permian State Bridge Formation are present. The Pennsylvanian and Permian Maroon Formation is divided into two members, the Schoolhouse Member and a lower member. All the exposures of the Middle Pennsylvanian Eagle Evaporite intruded into the Middle Pennsylvanian Eagle Valley Formation, which includes locally mappable limestone beds. The Middle and Lower Pennsylvanian Belden Formation and the Lower Mississippian Leadville Limestone are present. The Upper Devonian Chaffee Group is divided into the Dyer Dolomite, which is broken into the Coffee Pot Member and the Broken Rib Member, and the Parting Formation. Ordovician through Cambrian units are undivided.\r\n The southwest flank of the White River uplift is a late Laramide structure that is represented by the steeply southwest-dipping Grand Hogback, which is only present in the southwestern corner of the map area, and less steeply southwest-dipping older strata that flatten to nearly horizontal attitudes in the northern part of the map area. Between these two is a large-offset, mid-Tertiary(?) Rifle Falls normal fault, that dips southward placing Leadville Limestone adjacent to Eagle Valley and Maroon Formations. Diapiric Eagle Valley Evaporite intruded close to the fault on the down-thrown side and presumably was injected into older strata on the upthrown block creating a blister-like, steeply north-dipping sequence of Mississippian and older strata. Also, removal of evaporite by either flow or dissolution from under younger parts of the strata create structural benches, folds, and sink holes on either side of the normal fault. A prominent dipslope of the Morrison-Dakota-Mancos part of the section forms large slide blocks that form distinctly different styles of compressive deformation called the Elk Park fold and fault complex at different parts of the toe of the slide.\r\n The major geologic hazard in the area consist of large landslides both associated with dip-slope slide blocks and the steep slopes of the Eagle Valley Formation and Belden Formation in the northern part of the map. Significant uranium and vanadium deposits were mined prior to 1980.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/mf2341","usgsCitation":"Scott, R.B., Shroba, R.R., and Egger, A., 2001, Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2341, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2341.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110186,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39197.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"39197"},{"id":6057,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.75,39.6175 ], [ -107.75,39.75 ], [ -107.61749999999999,39.75 ], [ -107.61749999999999,39.6175 ], [ -107.75,39.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Robert B. rbscott@usgs.gov","contributorId":766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert","email":"rbscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":265883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shroba, Ralph R. 0000-0002-2664-1813 rshroba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-1813","contributorId":1266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"Ralph","email":"rshroba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":265884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Egger, Anne","contributorId":100945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egger","given":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31561,"text":"ofr01419 - 2001 - Selected hydrologic data for Cedar Valley, Iron County, southwestern Utah, 1930-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T09:50:45","indexId":"ofr01419","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-419","title":"Selected hydrologic data for Cedar Valley, Iron County, southwestern Utah, 1930-2001","docAbstract":"This report presents hydrologic data collected by the U. S. Geological Survey from 1930 to 2001 with emphasis on data collected from 1997 to 2001 as part of a study of ground-water resources in Cedar Valley, Iron County, southwestern Utah (fig. 1). Data collected prior to this study are also presented to show long-term trends. Data were collected during this study in cooperation with the Central Iron County Water Conservancy District; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources; Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality; Cedar City; and Enoch City; as part of a study to better understand the ground-water resources of Cedar Valley and to assess possible effects of increased ground-water withdrawal on water quality. Quality of ground water in Cedar Valley is variable and water suppliers need to know if additional water resources can be developed without drawing water of lower quality into public-supply wells.
Cedar Valley is in central Iron County at the transitional boundary between the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau physiographic provinces described by Hunt (1974) and covers about 570 mi2. Additional data from wells west of Cedar Valley and to the south in the vicinity of Kanarraville in the Virgin River drainage (Colorado River Basin) adjacent to the study area are included. Cedar Valley is bounded on the east by the Markagunt Plateau and Red Hills, on the southwest by the Harmony Mountains, on the west by a complex of low hills, and on the north by the Black Mountains. Altitudes in the study area range from about 5,300 ft in Mud Spring Canyon to about 10,400 ft at Blowhard Mountain to the east.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr01419","usgsCitation":"Howells, J.H., Mason, J.L., and Slaugh, B.A., 2001, Selected hydrologic data for Cedar Valley, Iron County, southwestern Utah, 1930-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-419, Report: iv, 81 p.; 3 Plates: 18.90 x 26.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01419.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 81 p.; 3 Plates: 18.90 x 26.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"87","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339529,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01-419/PDf/plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"1.5 MB","linkHelpText":"Map showing location of surface water sites where streamflow was measured for seepage estimates, Cedar Valley, Iron County, southwestern Utah"},{"id":339530,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01-419/PDf/OF01419.pdf","size":"5.1 MB"},{"id":339528,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01-419/PDf/plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"241 KB","linkHelpText":"Map showing location of selected wells and surface-water sites where water-quality data were collected, Cedar Valley, Iron County, southwestern Utah"},{"id":2769,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01-419/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":339527,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01-419/PDf/plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"7.0 MB","linkHelpText":"Map showing location of selected wells used for water-level measurements, Cedar Valely, Iron County, southwestern Utah"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Iron County","otherGeospatial":"Cedar Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.8333,\n 37.6\n ],\n [\n -113.3333,\n 37.6\n ],\n [\n -113.3333,\n 38.13333\n ],\n [\n -112.8333,\n 38.13333\n ],\n [\n -112.8333,\n 37.6\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f2e4b07f02db55a612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howells, James H. jhowells@usgs.gov","contributorId":969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"James","email":"jhowells@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, James L.","contributorId":14397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slaugh, Bradley A. baslaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaugh","given":"Bradley","email":"baslaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61464,"text":"mf2391 - 2001 - Surficial geologic map of the greater Omaha area, Nebraska and Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T10:00:21","indexId":"mf2391","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2391","title":"Surficial geologic map of the greater Omaha area, Nebraska and Iowa","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping, in support of the USGS Omaha-Kansas City Geologic Mapping Project, shows the spatial distribution of artificial-fill, alluvial, eolian, and glacial deposits and bedrock in and near Omaha, Nebraska. Artificial fill deposits are mapped chiefly beneath commercial structures, segments of interstate highways and other major highways, railroad tracks, airport runways, and military facilities, and in landfills and earth fills. Alluvial deposits are mapped beneath flood plains, in stream terraces, and on hill slopes. They include flood-plain and stream-channel alluvium, sheetwash alluvium, and undivided sheetwash alluvium and stream alluvium. Wind-deposited loess forms sheets that mantle inter-stream areas and late Wisconsin terrace alluvium. Peoria Loess is younger of the two loess sheets and covers much of the inter-stream area in the map area. Loveland Loess is older and is exposed in a few small areas in the eastern part of the map area. Glacial deposits are chiefly heterogeneous, ice-deposited, clayey material (till) and minor interstratified stream-deposited sand and gravel. Except for small outcrops, glacial deposits are covered by eolian and alluvial deposits throughout most of the map area. Bedrock is locally exposed in natural exposures along the major streams and in quarries. It consists of Dakota Sandstone and chiefly limestone and shale of the Lansing and Kansas City Groups. Sand and gravel in flood plain and stream-channel alluvium in the Platte River valley are used mainly for concrete aggregate. Limestone of the Lansing and Kansas City Groups is used for road-surfacing material, rip rap, and fill material.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2391","usgsCitation":"Shroba, R., Brandt, T.R., and Blossom, J., 2001, Surficial geologic map of the greater Omaha area, Nebraska and Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2391, Sheet 36 by 29 inches (in color), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2391.","productDescription":"Sheet 36 by 29 inches (in color)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6035,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2391/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110234,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46630.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"46630"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.25,41 ], [ -96.25,41.3675 ], [ -95.86749999999999,41.3675 ], [ -95.86749999999999,41 ], [ -96.25,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shroba, R. R.","contributorId":44133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"R. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandt, T. R.","contributorId":77553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blossom, J.C.","contributorId":84002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blossom","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38281,"text":"pp1649 - 2001 - Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-28T14:36:00","indexId":"pp1649","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1649","title":"Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"Dikes and irregular intrusive bodies of distinctive Oligocene biotite dacite and serially related hornblende latite and felsite occur widely in the central and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, and are related to the Telegraph Peak granodiorite pluton. Identical dacite is locally present beneath Middle Miocene Topanga Group Glendora Volcanics at the northeastern edge of the Los Angeles Basin, where it is termed Mountain Meadows Dacite. This study mapped the western and southwestern limits of the dacite distribution to understand the provenance of derived redeposited clasts, to perceive Neogene offsets on several large strike-slip faults, to test published palinspastic reconstructions, and to better understand the tectonic boundaries that separate contrasting pre-Tertiary rock terranes where the Peninsular Ranges meet the central and western Transverse Ranges and the Los Angeles Basin.
\nTransported and redeposited clasts of dacite-latite occur in deformed lower Miocene and lower middle Miocene sandy conglomerates (nonmarine, nearshore, and infrequent upper bathyal) close to the northern and northeastern margins of the Los Angeles Basin for a distance of nearly 60 km. Tie-lines between distinctive source suites and clast occurrences indicate that large tracts of the ancestral San Gabriel Mountains were elevated along range-bounding faults as early as 16–15 Ma. The tie-lines prohibit very large strike-slip offsets on those faults. Transport of eroded dacite began south of the range as early as 18 Ma.
\nPublished and unpublished data about rocks adjacent to the active Santa Monica-Hollywood-Raymond oblique reverse left-lateral fault indicate that cumulative left slip totals 13–14 km and total offset postdates 7 Ma. This cumulative slip, with assembly of stratigraphic and paleogeographic data, invalidates prior estimates of 60 to 90 km of left slip on these faults beginning about 17–16 Ma.
\nA new and different palinspastic reconstruction of a region southwest of the San Andreas Fault Zone is proposed. Our reconstruction incorporates 20° of clockwise rotation of tracts north of the Raymond Fault from the easternmost Santa Monica Mountains to the Vasquez Creek Fault (San Gabriel south branch). We interpret the Vasquez Creek Fault as a reverse and right-lateral tear fault. Right slip on the tear becomes reverse dip slip on the northeast-striking Clamshell-Sawpit fault complex, interpreted as an offset part of the Mount Lukens Fault. This explains the absence of evidence for lateral offset of the Glendora Volcanics and associated younger marine strata where those are broken farther east by the eastern Sierra Madre reverse fault system. About 34 km of right slip is suggested for all breaks of the San Gabriel fault system.
\nNew paleogeographic maps of the Paleogene basin margin and of a Middle Miocene marine embayment and strandline derive in part from our palinspastic reconstruction. These appealingly simple maps fit well with data from the central Los Angeles Basin to the south and southwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1649","usgsCitation":"McCulloh, T.H., Beyer, L.A., and Morin, R.W., 2001, Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1649, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1649.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3508,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1649/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1649/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64660,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1649/pdf/pp1649.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Transverse Ranges;Los Angeles Basin;Northwestern Peninsular Ranges","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.25,34.0 ], [ -118.25,34.25 ], [ -117.75,34.25 ], [ -117.75,34.0 ], [ -118.25,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloh, Thane H.","contributorId":100450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"Thane","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, Larry A. lbeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"Larry","email":"lbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, Ronald W.","contributorId":106182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31008,"text":"wri014237 - 2001 - Seepage investigation for Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds creeks in the Pine Valley Mountains, Washington County, Utah, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T15:12:04","indexId":"wri014237","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4237","title":"Seepage investigation for Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds creeks in the Pine Valley Mountains, Washington County, Utah, 1998","docAbstract":"Seepage loss-gain data were collected along four creeks (Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds) that drain the eastern flank of the Pine Valley Mountains in southwestern Utah. Streamflow was measured at a minimum of eight sites on each of the four creeks during each of three (four on South Ash) seepage investigations at higher streamflows in May and June, and at lower streamflows during August, October, and November 1998. Only two reaches on Leap and Leeds Creeks showed a significant reversal of loss or gain trends between high and low streamflow where the difference in streamflow exceeded the measurement error.
\nError analyses were computed both for individual reaches between consecutive measurement sites and for composite reaches between specified, nonconsecutive measurement sites to determine if seepage losses or gains exceed the error associated with measurement of streamflow. Computed losses or gains at 31 individual reaches exceed the normalized measurement error; 16 were along channel reaches that traverse unconsolidated deposits, 7 were associated with reaches that traverse sedimentary rocks other than Navajo Sandstone, 6 were associated with reaches that traverse the Navajo Sandstone, and 2 were associated with reaches that traverse rocks of igneous origin.
\nComposite reaches that encompass the outcrop of one of four hydrogeologic units (Navajo Sandstone, unconsolidated deposits, igneous rocks, or sedimentary rocks other than Navajo Sandstone) were used to compute the loss or gain based on the amount measured at the upstream and downstream nonconsecutive sites. For composite reaches that traverse outcrops of Navajo Sandstone, less water was measured at (or near) the downstream contact than at (or near) the upstream contact for 11 of the 13 seepage investigations. Of those 11 investigations with computed losses, the normalized difference (N d) was greater than the normalized error (Ne) for 6 investigations and confirms that a source of recharge to the Navajo Sandstone is seepage loss from the measured streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri014237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Wilberg, D.E., Swenson, R.L., Slaugh, B.A., Howells, J.H., and Christiansen, H.K., 2001, Seepage investigation for Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds creeks in the Pine Valley Mountains, Washington County, Utah, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4237, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014237.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"49","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014237.jpg"},{"id":286072,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4237/report.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Leap Creek, Leeds Creek, Pine Valley Mountains, South Ash Creek, Wet Sandy Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.519989,37.159934 ], [ -113.519989,37.479938 ], [ -113.187757,37.479938 ], [ -113.187757,37.159934 ], [ -113.519989,37.159934 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":101275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, Robert L.","contributorId":64697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slaugh, Bradley A.","contributorId":43003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaugh","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howells, James H. jhowells@usgs.gov","contributorId":969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"James","email":"jhowells@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christiansen, Howard K.","contributorId":47830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31012,"text":"wri014270 - 2001 - Stratigraphy and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining unit in townships 25-27 N. and ranges 01-02 W., southeastern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T15:28:05","indexId":"wri014270","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4270","title":"Stratigraphy and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining unit in townships 25-27 N. and ranges 01-02 W., southeastern Missouri","docAbstract":"The St. Francois confining unit (DerbyDoerun\nDolomite and Davis Formation) lies\nbeneath the Ozark aquifer (Jefferson City Dolomite\nto the Potosi Dolomite) and impedes the circulation\nof water between the overlying Ozark\naquifer and the underlying St. Francois aquifer\n(Bonneterre Formation and Lamotte Sandstone).\nThe Bonneterre Formation is the potential host\nformation for lead-zinc deposits in the area. There\nis concern that mine dewatering in the Bonneterre\nFormation could lower water levels in the Ozark\naquifer. To address this concern, the vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining\nunit in six townships (T. 25-27 N. and R. 01-\n02 W.) of Oregon, Carter, and Ripley Counties of\nsoutheastern Missouri was evaluated by describing\nthe stratigraphy and measuring the vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of core samples.\nThe Davis Formation is an intrashelf basin\nfacies consisting of a series of shales interbedded\nwith shaley limestones, shale-free limestones, and\nlocal dolostones, and ranges from 24 to 320ft\n(feet) thick, but typically the thickness is 100 to\n200 ft. Shale-dominant sequences can be tens of\nfeet thick, and contain as much as 90 percent shale.\nCarbonate-dominant zones may be 70 ft thick or\ngreater. The top of the Davis Formation (based on\n56 data points) ranges from 620 to 2,022 ft deep\nand ranges in altitude from 40ft below sea level in\nthe northern part of the study area to 1, 182 ft below\nsea level in the southern part of the study area.\nThe Derby-Doerun Dolomite represents a\npair of superimposed carbonate ramp cycles.\nWhere present, the basal shaley sequence represents\na transition with the Davis Formation. The\nformation (based on 50 data points) ranges from\n50 to 386ft thick, but typically is 120 to 180ft\nthick in the study area. The top of the DerbyDoerun\nDolomite ranges from 495 to 2,020 ft deep\n(based on 53 data points), and ranges in altitude\nfrom 85 ft above sea level to 94 7 ft below sea level.\nThe St. Francois confining unit is thickest in\nthe central and southern parts of the study area.\nThe thickness, as determined by 51 core logs that\ncompletely penetrate the unit, ranges from less\nthan 200ft in the northwestern and east-central\nparts of the study area to 411 ft in the central part,\nbut typically ranges from 270 to 340 ft. The net\nshale thickness of the confining unit (based on 29\ndata points) ranges from 1. 7 ft in the east -central\npart of the study area to 89 ft in the southwest part.\nThese net shale thickness values include the cumulative\nshale thickness of rock from the top of the\nDerby-Doerun Dolomite to the base of the False\nDavis.\nVertical hydraulic conductivities of 35 rock\ncore samples from the St. Francois confining unit\nin the study area range from 7.6 x 10-15 to 2.1 x\n10-10 ft/s (foot per second). The logarithmic transformed\nvertical hydraulic conductivities of the\nDerby-Doerun Dolomite and Davis Formation are\nsimilar (p-value = 0.073) using the statistical twosample\nt-test; however, this p-value approaches\nthe level of significance value of 0.05. The vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of the Derby-Doerun\nDolomite is larger and less variable than the Davis\nFormation. When grouped by rock type, the vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of samples that contain\ncarbonate, shale, or both carbonate and shale, are\nsimilar.\nA comparison on the ranked data using the\nMann-Whitney test shows the confining unit in the\nstudy area is statistically different (p-value =\n0.020) from the confining unit in the prospecting\narea (west and adjacent to the study area). The\nmedian value of the vertical hydraulic conductivity\ndata from the study area (6.7 x 10-13 ft/s) is three\ntimes larger than the median vertical hydraulic\nconductivity value for the prospecting area (2.2 x\n10-13 ft/s ). The interquartile range shows that the\nvariability of the study area data spans one order of\nmagnitude (2.0 x 10-13 to 2.2 x 10-12 ft/s) and that\nthe corresponding data from the prospecting area\nspans nearly two orders of magnitude (3.2 x 10-14\nto 1.1 x 10-12 ft/s).\nThe ranked vertical hydraulic conductivities\nof the Derby-Doerun Dolomite in the two areas are\nstatistically similar (p-value = 0.514). The median\nvertical hydraulic conductivity of the study area\ndata ( 1.2 X 10-12 ft/s) is about three times greater\nthan the median value of the prospecting area data\n(4.4 x 10-13 ft/s). The variability of the data, as\nshown by the interquartile range, is less in the\nstudy area (5.5 x 10-13 to 2.2 x 10-12 ft/s; spanning\nless than one order of magnitude) as compared to\nthe prospecting area (3.2 x 10-14 to 6.3 x 10-10\nft/s; spanning over four orders of magnitude).\nThe ranked vertical hydraulic conductivities\nof the Davis Formation in the two areas show these\ndata sets are statistically similar (p-value = 0.076).\nThe median vertical hydraulic conductivity value\nof study area samples ( 4.5 x 10-13 ft/s) is three\ntimes greater than the median value of the prospecting\narea data (1.6 x 10-13 ft/s). The interquartile\nrange of the study area data spans one order of\nmagnitude (1.2 x 10-13 to 1.4 x 10-12 ft/s) and the corresponding data from the prospecting area\nspans nearly 1.5 orders of magnitude (3.2 x 10-14\nto 7.4 x 10-13 ft/s).\nThe Mann-Whitney test shows the ranked\nvertical hydraulic conductivities of each rock type\nfrom the study area are statistically similar to the\nsame rock type in the prospecting area [carbonates\n(p-value = 0.225), shales (p-value = 0.668), and\ncarbonates and shales (p-value = 0.227)]. However,\nin each of the three cases the study area samples\nhave larger median values and less variability\nthan the prospecting area samples.\nBecause the vertical hydraulic conductivity\nof the various rock types of the confining unit in\nthe study area are statistically similar, the entire\ncarbonate-shale thickness is the primary factor\ndetermining the effectiveness of the confining unit.\nThe range of effective vertical hydraulic conductivity\nof the St. Francois confining unit in the study\narea using appropriate minimum and maximum\nthickness, net shale thickness, and vertical hydraulic\nconductivities is 3 X 10-13 to 2 X 10-12 ft/s. The\nvertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining\nunit is small, and the confining unit effectively\nimpedes the ground-water flow between the Ozark\naquifer and the St. Francois aquifer, unless preferred-\npath secondary permeability has developed\nalong faults and fractures that extend through the\nconfining unit.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Rolla, MO","doi":"10.3133/wri014270","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, and Missouri Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M., and Seeger, C., 2001, Stratigraphy and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining unit in townships 25-27 N. and ranges 01-02 W., southeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4270, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014270.","productDescription":"63 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014270.jpg"},{"id":286074,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4270/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 15","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Mark Twain National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.621674,36.420187 ], [ -91.621674,37.19669 ], [ -90.689163,37.19669 ], [ -90.689163,36.420187 ], [ -91.621674,36.420187 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7c5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, M. J.","contributorId":73222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seeger, C.M.","contributorId":55484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeger","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31504,"text":"ofr01452 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Riverside East 7.5' quadrangle, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:33:12.427887","indexId":"ofr01452","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-452","title":"Geologic map of the Riverside East 7.5' quadrangle, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"Open-File Report 01-452 contains a digital geologic map database of the Riverside East 7.5’ quadrangle, Riverside County, California that includes:\n\nARC/INFO Environmental Systems Research Institute (http://www.esri.com) version 7.2.1 coverages of the various elements of the geologic map.\nA Postscript file to plot the geologic map on a topographic base, containing a Correlation of Map Units diagram (CMU), a Description of Map Units (DMU), and an index map.\nPortable Document Format (.pdf) files of:\na. This Readme; includes in Appendix I, data contained in rse_met.txt\n\nb. The same graphic as plotted in 2 above. Test plots have not produced 1:24,000-scale map sheets. Adobe Acrobat page size setting influences map scale.\n\nThe Correlation of Map Units and Description of Map Units is in the editorial format of USGS Geologic Investigations Series (I-series) maps but has not been edited to comply with I-map standards. Within the geologic map data package, map units are identified by standard geologic map criteria such as formation-name, age, and lithology. Where known, grain size is indicated on the map by a subscripted letter or letters following the unit symbols as follows: lg, large boulders; b, boulder; g, gravel; a, arenaceous; s, silt; c, clay; e.g. Qyfa is a predominantly young alluvial fan deposit that is arenaceous. Multiple letters are used for more specific identification or for mixed units, e.g., Qfysa is a silty sand. In some cases, mixed units are indicated by a compound symbol; e.g., Qyf2sc. Marine deposits are in part overlain by local, mostly alluvial fan, deposits and are labeled Qomf. Grain size follows f.\n\nEven though this is an Open-File Report and includes the standard USGS Open-File disclaimer, the report closely adheres to the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. Descriptions of units can be obtained by viewing or plotting the .pdf file (3b above) or plotting the postscript file (2 above).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01452","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California Division of Mines and Geology and U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.M., and Cox, B.F., 2001, Geologic map of the Riverside East 7.5' quadrangle, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-452, Report: 17 p.; 1 Plate: 48.00 x 35.00 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01452.","productDescription":"Report: 17 p.; 1 Plate: 48.00 x 35.00 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01452.jpg"},{"id":2687,"rank":9,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283166,"rank":4,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/rse.tar.gz"},{"id":283167,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/symbols.tar.gz"},{"id":283168,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/rse_map.ps.gz"},{"id":283164,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/README.txt"},{"id":283163,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/pdf/rse_map.pdf"},{"id":283165,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/rse_met.txt"},{"id":283162,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0452/pdf/README.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Polyconic projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.375,33.875 ], [ -117.375,34.0 ], [ -117.25,34.0 ], [ -117.25,33.875 ], [ -117.375,33.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a3ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Douglas M. scamp@usgs.gov","contributorId":4102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Douglas","email":"scamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Brett F. bcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":5793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Brett","email":"bcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31491,"text":"ofr01424 - 2001 - Surficial geology of the lower Comb Wash, San Juan County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-27T13:00:19","indexId":"ofr01424","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-424","title":"Surficial geology of the lower Comb Wash, San Juan County, Utah","docAbstract":"The surficial geologic map of lower Comb Wash was produced as part of a master’s thesis for Northern Arizona University Quaternary Sciences program. The map area includes the portion of the Comb Wash alluvial valley between Highway 163 and Highway 95 on the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah. The late Quaternary geology of this part of the Colorado Plateau had not previously been mapped in adequate detail. The geologic information in this report will be useful for biological studies, land management and range management for federal, state and private industries.
\nComb Wash is a south flowing ephemeral tributary of the San Juan River, flanked to the east by Comb Ridge and to the west by Cedar Mesa (Figure 1). The nearest settlement is Bluff, about 7 km to the east of the area. Elevations range from 1951 m where Highway 95 crosses Comb Wash to 1291 m at the confluence with the San Juan River. Primary vehicle access to lower Comb Wash is provided by a well-maintained dirt road that parallels the active channel of Comb Wash between Highway 163 and Highway 95. For much of the year this road can be traversed without the aid of four-wheel drive. However, during inclement weather such as rain or snow the road becomes treacherous even with four-wheel drive. The Comb Wash watershed is public land managed by the Bureau of Land management (BLM) office in Monticello, Utah.
\nThe semi-arid climate of Comb Wash and the surrounding area is typical of the Great Basin Desert. Temperature in Bluff, Utah ranges from a minimum of –8° C in January to a maximum of 35° C in July with a mean annual temperature of 9.8° C (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). The difference between day and nighttime temperatures is as great as 20° C. Between 1928 and 1998, annual rainfall in Bluff averaged 178 mm per year (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). Annual rainfall in Comb Wash averaged 240 mm per year from 1991 to 1999 while Bluff received an average of 193 mm for the same 8 year period. Most precipitation is monsoonal, convective storms that bring moisture from the Gulf of Mexico beginning in early July and ending by October. Large frontal storms during December and January are responsible for most winter precipitation (Figure 2). The record from U.S. Geological Survey gauging station number 09379000 operated by the BLM from 1959 through 1968 indicates that Comb Wash flows in direct response to precipitation events. Most daily discharge and peak events occur in late July through September, coinciding with high intensity monsoon thunderstorms.
\nComb Wash supports a variety of vegetation typical of the Great Basin Desert and the northern desert shrub zone as described by Fowler and Koch (1982). On the lower alluvial terraces, bushes and shrubs dominate the vegetation, including: sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), winterfat (Eurotia lanata), greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), and shadscale (Atriplex concertifolia). Juniper trees (Juniperus osteosperma) can be found on the rocky colluvial slopes near Comb Ridge and on the higher terrace near Cedar Mesa. The floodplain contains an abundance of riparian vegetation including cottonwood (Populus fremontii), willow (Salix exigua), and tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima). Tamarisk is one of 7 non-native species present in the lower Comb Wash watershed.
\nAt least seven known species of noxious weeds have invaded the watershed, including Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), field bindweed (Convolvulus avensis), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens), tamarisk and camel thorn (Alhagi pseudalhagi). Of these, tamarisk or salt-cedar has most aggressively colonized the southwestern United States, including the San Juan watershed. Graf (1978) estimates that since the late 19th century, tamarisk has spread at a rate of 20 km per year. Tamarisk first appeared in Comb Wash during the mid to early 20th century based on photographs taken by Gregory in the early 1900’s (Gregory, 1938).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01424","usgsCitation":"Longpre, C.I., 2001, Surficial geology of the lower Comb Wash, San Juan County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-424, Pamphlet: 17 p.; Map: ; Readme: PDF and TXT files; Metadata; Database; Map: PostScript file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01424.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 17 p.; Map: ; Readme: PDF and TXT files; Metadata; Database; Map: PostScript file","numberOfPages":"17","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2663,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282895,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_readme.txt"},{"id":282896,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/pdf/cw_readme.pdf"},{"id":282897,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_met.txt"},{"id":282898,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_export.tar"},{"id":282899,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/pdf/cw_map.pdf"},{"id":282900,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/cw_map.eps"},{"id":282901,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0424/pdf/cw_pamph.pdf"}],"scale":"12000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"San Juan County","otherGeospatial":"Comb Wash","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.956,37.1588 ], [ -109.956,37.7142 ], [ -109.6003,37.7142 ], [ -109.6003,37.1588 ], [ -109.956,37.1588 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68897e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Longpre, Claire I.","contributorId":90355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longpre","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38278,"text":"pp1653 - 2001 - Diagenesis and fracture development in the Bakken Formation, Williston Basin: Implications for reservoir quality in the middle member","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-29T13:41:31.479429","indexId":"pp1653","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1653","title":"Diagenesis and fracture development in the Bakken Formation, Williston Basin: Implications for reservoir quality in the middle member","docAbstract":"The middle member of the Bakken Formation is an attractive petroleum exploration target in the deeper part of the Williston Basin because it is favorably positioned with respect to source and seal units. Progressive rates of burial and minor uplift and erosion of this member led to a stable thermal regime and, consequently, minor variations in diagenesis across much of the basin. The simple diagenetic history recorded in sandstones and siltstones in the middle member can, in part, be attributed to the closed, low-permeability nature of the Bakken petroleum system during most of its burial history. Most diagenesis ceased in the middle member when oil entered the sandstones and siltstones in the Late Cretaceous. Most oil in the Bakken Formation resides in open, horizontal fractures in the middle member. Core analysis reveals that sandstones and siltstones associated with thick mature shales typically have a greater density of fractures than sandstones and siltstones associated with thin mature shales. Fractures were caused by superlithostatic pressures that formed in response to increased fluid volumes in the source rocks during hydrocarbon generation","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1653","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Price, L.C., and LeFever, J.A., 2001, Diagenesis and fracture development in the Bakken Formation, Williston Basin: Implications for reservoir quality in the middle member: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1653, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1653.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3506,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1653/p1653.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395174,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43740.htm"},{"id":123820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1653.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Bakken Formation, Williston Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.054,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.054,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.054,\n 46.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dc37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, Leigh C.","contributorId":39379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Leigh","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeFever, Julie A.","contributorId":43408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeFever","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31473,"text":"ofr01321 - 2001 - Chromite deposits in central part Stillwater Complex, Sweet Grass County, Montana: A digital database for the geologic map of the east slope of Iron Mountain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T15:13:08.273012","indexId":"ofr01321","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-321","title":"Chromite deposits in central part Stillwater Complex, Sweet Grass County, Montana: A digital database for the geologic map of the east slope of Iron Mountain","docAbstract":"In 1940, A.L. Howland and J. W. Peoples, assisted by W.R. Jones and M.G. Bennett, mapped the geology of the east slope of Iron Mountain, Montana. The map was revised and extended by Howland in 1942 and published in 1955 as plate 10 of the U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1015-D (Howland, 1955). In 2000, the USGS contracted Optronics Specialty Co., Inc. of Northridge, CA to prepare a scanned digital version of plate 10. Geospatial editing and attributing of the scanned map of the east slope of Iron Mountain was performed by the USGS in order to produce an interim digital product. This digital geospatial database is one of many being created by the U.S. Geological Survey as an ongoing effort to provide geologic information in a geographic information system (GIS) for use in spatial analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01321","usgsCitation":"Howland, A.L., and Moyer, L.A., 2001, Chromite deposits in central part Stillwater Complex, Sweet Grass County, Montana: A digital database for the geologic map of the east slope of Iron Mountain: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-321, Report: 26 p.; Map: PDF, 33.56 x 30.54 inches; Readme; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01321.","productDescription":"Report: 26 p.; Map: PDF, 33.56 x 30.54 inches; Readme; Metadata","numberOfPages":"26","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282762,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0321/IRONMTN.EPS"},{"id":282761,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0321/IRONMTN.HP"},{"id":282759,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0321/pdf/IRONMTN.PDF","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282758,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0321/IRONMTN.MET"},{"id":282760,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0321/pdf/ironmtn-map.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282757,"rank":7,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0321/00README.TXT"},{"id":2629,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0321/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110229,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_45474.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"45474"}],"scale":"3077","datum":"North American Datum 1927","country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Sweet Grass County","otherGeospatial":"Iron Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.06,45.40 ], [ -110.06,45.41 ], [ -110.05,45.41 ], [ -110.05,45.40 ], [ -110.06,45.40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e24a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howland, A. L.","contributorId":69109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howland","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyer, Lorre A.","contributorId":106152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"Lorre","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31468,"text":"ofr01262 - 2001 - Spatial digital database for the geologic map of the east part of the Pullman 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:46:03.860404","indexId":"ofr01262","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-262","title":"Spatial digital database for the geologic map of the east part of the Pullman 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho","docAbstract":"The paper geologic map of the east part of the Pullman 1° x 2° degree quadrangle, Idaho (Rember and Bennett, 1979) was scanned and initially attributed by Optronics Specialty Co., Inc. (Northridge, CA) and remitted to the U.S. Geological Survey for further attribution and publication of the geospatial digital files. The resulting digital geologic map GIS can be queried in many ways to produce a variety of geologic maps. This digital geospatial database is one of many being created by the U.S. Geological Survey as an ongoing effort to provide geologic information in a geographic information system (GIS) for use in spatial analysis. Digital base map data files (topography, roads, towns, rivers and lakes, and others.) are not included: they may be obtained from a variety of commercial and government sources. This database is not meant to be used or displayed at any scale larger than 1:250,000 (for example, 1:100,000 or 1:24,000). The digital geologic map graphics and plot files (pull250k.gra/.hp /.eps) that are provided in the digital package are representations of the digital database.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01262","usgsCitation":"Rember, W.C., and Bennett, E.H., 2001, Spatial digital database for the geologic map of the east part of the Pullman 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-262, Report: 29 p.; 1 Plate: 33.00 x 28.00 inches; Readme; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01262.","productDescription":"Report: 29 p.; 1 Plate: 33.00 x 28.00 inches; Readme; Metadata","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01262.jpg"},{"id":282636,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0262/PULL250K.MET"},{"id":282632,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0262/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282638,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0262/of01-262.tar.Z"},{"id":282637,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0262/PULL250K.EPS"},{"id":397741,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_45591.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282634,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0262/pdf/of01-262.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282635,"rank":7,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0262/00README.TXT","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":282633,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0262/pdf/pull_map.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum 1927","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Pullman quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.05,46.0 ], [ -117.05,47.0 ], [ -116.0,47.0 ], [ -116.0,46.0 ], [ -117.05,46.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e5044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rember, William C.","contributorId":107748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rember","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Earl H.","contributorId":97093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31419,"text":"ofr01202 - 2001 - Impacts of climate change on landscapes of the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:23:30.648176","indexId":"ofr01202","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-202","title":"Impacts of climate change on landscapes of the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin","docAbstract":"This effort was developed under a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiative to sponsor science workshops focusing on various of multidiscipline, multiprogram themes in the arid Southwest. The intent was to use the workshops to explore leading edge questions, as well as to provide better communication and collaboration between USGS and other organizations and agencies. The workshop topics fall within the broad areas of landscape science of the Southwest, ecosystem studies, climatic variation, land use associated with degradation of habitat and soils, and surficial processes in relation to the environment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01202","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., and Millar, C.I., 2001, Impacts of climate change on landscapes of the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-202, v, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01202.","productDescription":"v, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":59774,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0202/pdf/of01-202.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin, Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.18,34.36 ], [ -123.18,44.89 ], [ -110.37,44.89 ], [ -110.37,34.36 ], [ -123.18,34.36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8629","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millar, C. I.","contributorId":47165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30678,"text":"fs08601 - 2001 - National Atlas of the United States Maps","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5543,"text":"fs10799 - 2000 - The National Atlas of the United StatesTM maps","indexId":"fs10799","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"The National Atlas of the United StatesTM maps"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":30678,"text":"fs08601 - 2001 - National Atlas of the United States Maps","indexId":"fs08601","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"National Atlas of the United States Maps"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T11:10:14","indexId":"fs08601","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"086-01","title":"National Atlas of the United States Maps","docAbstract":"The \"National Atlas of the United States of America®\", published by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1970, is out of print, but many of its maps can be purchased separately. Maps that span facing pages in the atlas are printed on one sheet. Maps dated after 1970 and before 1997 are either revisions of original atlas maps or new maps published in the original atlas format. The USGS and its partners in government and industry began work on a new \"National Atlas\" in 1997. Though most new atlas products are designed for the World Wide Web, we are continuing our tradition of printing high-quality maps of America. In 1998, the first completely redesigned maps of the \"National Atlas of the United States®\" were published.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs08601","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001, National Atlas of the United States Maps: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 086-01, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08601.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59442,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0086/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"43.39 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":9781,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698976","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30709,"text":"fs08201 - 2001 - Discharge between San Antonio Bay and Aransas Bay, southern Gulf Coast, Texas, May-September 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T13:22:55","indexId":"fs08201","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"082-01","title":"Discharge between San Antonio Bay and Aransas Bay, southern Gulf Coast, Texas, May-September 1999","docAbstract":"Along the Gulf Coast of Texas, many estuaries and bays are important habitat and nurseries for aquatic life. San Antonio Bay and Aransas Bay, located about 50 and 30 miles northeast, respectively, of Corpus Christi, are two important estuarine nurseries on the southern Gulf Coast of Texas (fig. 1). According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, “Almost 80 percent of the seagrasses [along the Texas Gulf Coast] are located in the Laguna Madre, an estuary that begins just south of Corpus Christi Bay and runs southward 140 miles to South Padre Island. Most of the remaining seagrasses, about 45,000 acres, are located in the heavily traveled San Antonio, Aransas and Corpus Christi Bay areas” (Shook, 2000).
Population growth has led to greater demands on water supplies in Texas. The Texas Water Development Board, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission have the cooperative task of determining inflows required to maintain the ecological health of the State’s streams, rivers, bays, and estuaries. To determine these inflow requirements, the three agencies collect data and conduct studies on the need for instream flows and freshwater/ saline water inflows to Texas estuaries.
To assist in the determination of freshwater inflow requirements, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, conducted a hydrographic survey of discharge (flow) between San Antonio Bay and Aransas Bay during the period May–September 1999. Automated instrumentation and acoustic technology were used to maximize the amount and quality of data that were collected, while minimizing personnel requirements. This report documents the discharge measured at two sites between the bays during May–September 1999 and describes the influences of meteorologic (wind and tidal) and hydrologic (freshwater inflow) conditions on discharge between the two bays. The movement of water between the bays is controlled primarily by prevailing winds, tidal fluctuations, and freshwater inflows. An adequate understanding of mixing and physical exchange in the estuarine waters is fundamental to the assessment of the physical, chemical, and biological processes governing the aquatic system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs08201","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"East, J., 2001, Discharge between San Antonio Bay and Aransas Bay, southern Gulf Coast, Texas, May-September 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 082-01, HTML Document; Report: 6 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08201.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: 6 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_082_01.bmp"},{"id":333100,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-082-01/pdf/fs_082-01.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":3080,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-082-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Aransas Bay, San Antonio Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.75,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 28.3\n ],\n [\n -96.95,\n 28.3\n ],\n [\n -96.95,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 28\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30972,"text":"wri014137 - 2001 - Geohydrology and limnology of Walden Pond, Concord, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri014137","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4137","title":"Geohydrology and limnology of Walden Pond, Concord, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The trophic ecology and ground-water contributing area of Walden Pond, in Concord and Lincoln, Mass., were investigated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management from April 1997 to July 2000. Bathymetric investigation indicated that Walden Pond (24.88 hectares), a glacial kettle-hole lake with no surface inlet or outlet, has three deep areas. The maximum depth (30.5 meters) essentially was unchanged from measurements made by Henry David Thoreau in 1846. The groundwater contributing area (621,000 square meters) to Walden Pond was determined from water-table contours in areas of stratified glacial deposits and from land-surface contours in areas of bedrock highs. Walden Pond is a flow-through lake: Walden Pond gains water from the aquifer along its eastern perimeter and loses water to the aquifer along its western perimeter. Walden Pond contributing area also includes Goose Pond and its contributing area. A water budget calculated for Walden Pond, expressed as depth of water over the lake surface, indicated that 45 percent of the inflow to the lake was from precipitation (1.215 meters per year) and 55 percent from ground water (1.47 meters per year). The groundwater inflow estimate was based on the average of two different approaches including an isotope mass-balance approach. Evaporation accounted for 26 percent of the outflow from the lake (0.71 meters per year) whereas lake-water seepage to the groundwater system contributed 74 percent of the outflow (1.97 meters per year). The water-residence time of Walden Pond is approximately 5 years. Potential point sources of nutrients to ground water, the Concord municipal landfill and a trailer park, were determined to be outside the Walden Pond groundwater contributing area. A third source, the septic leach field for the Walden Pond State Reservation facilities, was within the groundwater contributing area. Nutrient budgets for the lake indicated that nitrogen inputs (858 kilograms per year) were dominated (30 percent) by plume water from the septic leach field and, possibly, by swimmers (34 percent). Phosphorus inputs (32 kilograms per year) were dominated by atmospheric dry deposition, background ground water, and estimated swimmer inputs. Swimmer inputs may represent more than 50 percent of the phosphorus load during the summer. The septic-system plume did not contribute phosphorus, but increased the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio for inputs from 41 to 59, on an atom-to-atom basis. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in input loads and within the lake indicated algal growth would be strongly phosphorus limited. Nitrogen supply in excess of plant requirements may mitigate against nitrogen fixing organisms including undesirable blooms of cyanobacteria. Based on areal nutrient loading, Walden Pond is a mesotrophic lake. Hypolimnetic oxygen demand of Walden Pond has increased since a profile was measured in 1939. Currently (1999), the entire hypolimnion of Walden Pond becomes devoid of dissolved oxygen before fall turnover in late November; whereas historical data indicated dissolved oxygen likely remained in the hypolimnion during 1939. The complete depletion of dissolved oxygen likely causes release of phosphorus from the sediments. Walden Pond contains a large population of the deep-growing benthic macro alga Nitella, which has been hypothesized to promote water clarity in other clear-water lakes by sequestering nutrients and keeping large areas of the sediment surface oxygenated. Loss of Nitella populations in other lakes has correlated with a decline in water quality. Although the Nitella standing crop is large in Walden Pond, Nitella still appears to be controlled by nutrient availability. Decreasing phosphorus inputs to Walden Pond, by amounts under anthropogenic control would likely contribute to the stability of the Nitella population in the metalimnion, may reverse oxygen depletion in the hypolimnion, and decreas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014137","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., and Friesz, P.J., 2001, Geohydrology and limnology of Walden Pond, Concord, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4137, 61 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014137.","productDescription":"61 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2951,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014137","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8cfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friesz, Paul J. 0000-0002-4660-2336 pfriesz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-2336","contributorId":1075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesz","given":"Paul","email":"pfriesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30970,"text":"wri984114 - 2001 - Ground-water flow to Death Valley, as inferred from the chemistry and geohydrology of selected springs in Death Valley National Park, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T07:46:25","indexId":"wri984114","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4114","title":"Ground-water flow to Death Valley, as inferred from the chemistry and geohydrology of selected springs in Death Valley National Park, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"Death Valley lies downgradient from\nadjacent valleys to the north, south, east, and west\nin California and Nevada, and is the site of\nsubstantial ground-water discharge. The sources\nof the discharging waters have been discussed by\nseveral investigators in the past and are of heightened\nconcern because of the potential disposal of\nhigh-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain,\nNevada, and because of ground-water withdrawals\nattendant to commercial mining in the\nnorthwestern Amargosa Valley region. This report\ndescribes high- and low-discharge springs in and\nalong the Amargosa Range that were sampled to\naugment the level of understanding of the extent\nand distribution of westward ground-water flow\nthrough the range.\nThe Black Mountains do not seem to be\npart of a significant path of ground-water flow\nfrom the Amargosa region. This is attributed to\nthe complex lithology and geologic history of the\nBlack Mountains structural block and to the presence\nof the intervening Furnace Creek fault zone.\nThe only ground-water discharge associated with\nthe Black Mountains where water chemistry\nreflects an external source or sources is Saratoga\nSpring, for which δ2H and δ18O data indicate\nrecharge in the Spring Mountains to the east.\nThe southern part of the Funeral Mountains\ntransmits a large volume of water through faulted\nand fractured rocks of Cambrian age that lie at or\nalong the distal part of the northeast -oriented\nSpotted Range-Mine Mountain structural zone.\nWaters discharging from springs in the Furnace\nCreek Ranch vicinity (Travertine and Nevares)\nboth compositionally and isotopically resemble\nwaters from the Ash Meadows spring group in the\nAmargosa Desert. The Ash Meadows springs and\nwater in the Amargosa Valley alluvium likely are\nchemically representative of ground water\nentering the southern Funeral Mountains. Much\nless ground water flows through the central and\nnorthern Funeral Mountains than flows through\nthe southern part, as indicated by the geologic\nsetting and chemistry of Keane Wonder Spring.\nThe northern one-half of the mountains comprises\nearly-to-middle Proterozoic metamorphic rocks\nthat are the core of the Funeral Mountains anticlinorium.\nThe core is largely unfaulted, plunges to\nthe northeast and southwest, and is truncated to\nsome extent on the east by the shallow-dipping\nBoundary Canyon fault. This structural setting\nand the paucity of springs in the northern one-half\nof the Funeral Mountains indicate a long traveltime\nfrom the Amargosa region to the western\nmargin of the northern and central parts of the\nmountains.\nThe Grapevine Mountains include the\nhighest elevations in the Amargosa Range.\nSubstantial precipitation and recharge above\nabout 2,000 meters are evinced by numerous\nsmall springs and seeps along the east and west\nmargins. The local nature of the recharge is\nreflected in δ2H and δ18O values and in the spring\nchemistries that indicate control by Tertiary\nvolcanic rocks. The highest spring discharges\nassociated with the Grapevine Mountains are near\nthe north end of the mountains in the Grapevine\nRanch area. The springs in this area are similar\nchemically and isotopically, except for one or two\norder-of-magnitude differences in calcium,\nmagnesium, and strontium concentrations and a\n1.2 per mil difference in δ13C values. These differences\ncan be attributed to differences in the distal\nparts of the respective flow paths. The springs\nalso lie at the end of a northeast -oriented structural\nzone in the Walker Lane Belt, and their δ2H,\nδ13C, and δ18O values indicate a recharge area\nlikely to the northeast, outside of the Grapevine\nMountains.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984114","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, under Interagency Agreement DE-AI08-97NV12033","usgsCitation":"Steinkampf, W.C., and Werrell, W.L., 2001, Ground-water flow to Death Valley, as inferred from the chemistry and geohydrology of selected springs in Death Valley National Park, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4114, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984114.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286090,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4114/report.pdf"},{"id":286091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4114/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.547222,35.622222 ], [ -117.547222,37.1 ], [ -117.177778,37.1 ], [ -117.177778,35.622222 ], [ -117.547222,35.622222 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668f8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinkampf, William C.","contributorId":11256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Werrell, William L.","contributorId":49007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werrell","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31400,"text":"ofr01264 - 2001 - Density and velocity relationships for digital sonic and density logs from coastal Washington and laboratory measurements of Olympic Peninsula mafic rocks and greywackes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T19:22:37.702937","indexId":"ofr01264","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-264","title":"Density and velocity relationships for digital sonic and density logs from coastal Washington and laboratory measurements of Olympic Peninsula mafic rocks and greywackes","docAbstract":"Three-dimensional velocity models for the basins along the coast of Washington and in Puget Lowland provide a means for better understanding the lateral variations in strong ground motions recorded there. We have compiled 16 sonic and 18 density logs from 22 oil test wells to help us determine the geometry and physical properties of the Cenozoic basins along coastal Washington. The depth ranges sampled by the test-well logs fall between 0.3 and 2.1 km. These well logs sample Quaternary to middle Eocene sedimentary rocks of the Quinault Formation, Montesano Formation, and Hoh rock assemblage. Most (18 or 82%) of the wells are from Grays Harbor County, and many of these are from the Ocean City area. These Grays Harbor County wells sample the Quinault Formation, Montesano Formation, and frequently bottom in the Hoh rock assemblage. These wells show that the sonic velocity and density normally increase significantly across the contacts between the Quinault or the Montesano Formations and the Hoh rock assemblage. Reflection coefficients calculated for vertically traveling compressional waves from the average velocities and densities for these units suggest that the top of the Hoh rock assemblage is a strong reflector of downward-propagating seismic waves: these reflection coefficients lie between 11 and 20%. Thus, this boundary may reflect seismic energy upward and trap a substantial portion of the seismic energy generated by future earthquakes within the Miocene and younger sedimentary basins found along the Washington coast.
Three wells from Jefferson County provide data for the Hoh rock assemblage for the entire length of the logs. One well (Eastern Petroleum Sniffer Forks #1), from the Forks area in Clallam County, also exclusively samples the Hoh rock assemblage. This report presents the locations, elevations, depths, stratigraphic, and other information for all the oil test wells, and provides plots showing the density and sonic velocities as a function of depth for each well log. We also present two-way traveltimes for 15 of the wells calculated from the sonic velocities. Average velocities and densities for the wells having both logs can be reasonably well related using a modified Gardner’s rule, with p=1825v(1/4), where p is the density (in kg/m3) and v is the sonic velocity (in km/s). In contrast, a similar analysis of published well logs from Puget Lowland is best matched by a Gardner’s rule of p=1730v(1/4), close to the p=1740v(1/4) proposed by Gardner et al. (1974).
Finally, we present laboratory measurements of compressional-wave velocity, shear-wave velocity, and density for 11 greywackes and 29 mafic rocks from the Olympic Peninsula and Puget Lowland. These units have significance for earthquake-hazard investigations in Puget Lowland as they dip eastward beneath the Lowland, forming the “bedrock” beneath much of the lowland. Average Vp/Vs ratios for the mafic rocks, mainly Crescent Formation volcanics, lie between 1.81 and 1.86. Average Vp/Vs ratios for the greywackes from the accretionary core complex in the Olympic Peninsula show greater scatter but lie between 1.77 and 1.88. Both the Olympic Peninsula mafic rocks and greywackes have lower shear-wave velocities than would be expected for a Poisson solid (Vp/Vs=1.732). Although the P-wave velocities and densities in the greywackes can be related by a Gardner’s rule of p=1720v(1/4), close to the p=1740v(1/4) proposed by Gardner et al. (1974), the velocities and densities of the mafic rocks are best related by a Gardner’s rule of p=1840v(1/4). Thus, the density/velocity relations are similar for the Puget Lowland well logs and greywackes from the Olympic Peninsula. Density/velocity relations are similar for the Washington coastal well logs and mafic rocks from the Olympic Peninsula, but differ from those of the Puget Lowland well logs and greywackes from the Olympic Peninsula.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01264","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., and Christensen, N.I., 2001, Density and velocity relationships for digital sonic and density logs from coastal Washington and laboratory measurements of Olympic Peninsula mafic rocks and greywackes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-264, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01264.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0264/pdf/of01-264.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0264/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2518,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0264/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.87,46.83 ], [ -124.87,48.42 ], [ -122.14,48.42 ], [ -122.14,46.83 ], [ -124.87,46.83 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, Nikolas I.","contributorId":95927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Nikolas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":7001,"text":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":205885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30969,"text":"wri014224 - 2001 - Ground-water levels and flow directions in glacial sediments and carbonate bedrock near Tremont City, Ohio, October-November 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T09:20:55","indexId":"wri014224","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4224","displayTitle":"Ground-Water Levels and Flow Directions in Glacial Sediments and Carbonate Bedrock Near Tremont City, Ohio, October-November 2000","title":"Ground-water levels and flow directions in glacial sediments and carbonate bedrock near Tremont City, Ohio, October-November 2000","docAbstract":"During summer 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began an investigation of the Tremont City Landfill Site near Tremont City, Ohio. The site is about 1 mile west of Tremont City, just south of the Clark-Champaign County line. The closed site consists of three main areas: an 8.5-acre barrel fill, a 14-acre waste-transfer area, and a 58-acre landfill. The local hydrogeology is complex, and multiple ground-water-flow directions at the site have been described; however, offsite ground-water levels and flow directions were poorly defined, because they were based on static water levels reported over many years by well drillers. In October 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the USEPA, measured water levels in residential and onsite monitoring wells to prepare a map of the potentiometric surface so that directions of regional ground-water flow could be better delineated in the vicinity of the site.
The topography of the study area (extent of map) is characterized by a nearly level till plain with minor relief along incised streams draining east-southeast to the Mad River. The Tremont City Landfill Site is in an upland area between two east-southeast-trending streams. Storms Creek is about 1 mile north of the site. The southern extent of the landfill is within about 500 feet of Chapman creek.
The surficial geology of the study area consists of unconsolidated glacial sediments that overlie Silurian-age Lockport Dolomite. These glacial sediments consist of fine-grained till interbedded with layers of silt, sands, and gravels. Sand and gravel layers are commonly found just above the bedrock surface. Onsite monitoring wells have been installed into several thin, permeable zones in the glacial sediments. Most residential wells in the area produce sufficient water for residential use (as much as 100 gallons per minute), from either sand and gravel layers in the glacial sediments or from the carbonate bedrock. The most productive aquifer in the area is the highly permeable glacial outwash in the buried bedrock valley beneath the Mad River. These outwash sands and gravels can yield more than 1,000 gallons per minute. If weathered, the Lockport Dolomite can be a productive source of water near the top of the unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014224","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D.H., 2001, Ground-water levels and flow directions in glacial sediments and carbonate bedrock near Tremont City, Ohio, October-November 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4224, Report: 39.28 x 28.99 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014224.","productDescription":"Report: 39.28 x 28.99 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2949,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4224/wri20014224.pdf","text":"Report","size":"747 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4224"},{"id":159966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4224/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Tremont City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.8446307182312,\n 40.00634956420027\n ],\n [\n -83.82637023925781,\n 40.00634956420027\n ],\n [\n -83.82637023925781,\n 40.01803456129624\n ],\n [\n -83.8446307182312,\n 40.01803456129624\n ],\n [\n -83.8446307182312,\n 40.00634956420027\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229
This report presents the locations, descriptions, analytical procedures used, and an inter-lab comparison of over 1100 geochemical analyses of samples of soil and sediment in and downstream of a major lead-zinc-silver mining district in the Coeur d'Alene (CdA) drainage basin of northern Idaho. The samples fall in 3 broad categories: (1) samples from vertical profiles of floodplain soils in the valley of the main stem of the CdA River (767 samples) and of the South Fork of the CdA River (38 samples), (2) size fractionated surficial samples of sediment bedload within the channel of the South Fork of the CdA River (68 samples), and (3) samples from vertical profiles of sediment bedload within the channel of the main stem of the CdA River (260 samples).
\nFive different laboratories contributed geochemical data for this report. Four of the five laboratories employed analytical methods that require sample dissolution prior to analysis; one laboratory (US Geological Survey) used analytical instrumentation (energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence [EDXRF]) that is applied to pulverized samples. Some dissolution procedures use four acids (hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, and hydrofluoric; Eastern Washington University [EWU] Geochemical Laboratory and XRAL Laboratories, Inc.), others use two acids (nitric acid and aqua regia; CHEMEX Labs, Inc.), and some use only concentrated nitric acid (ACZ Laboratories, Inc.). Most analyses of dissolved samples were done by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) or by ICP - MS (Mass Spectroscopy). Some analyses for Ag and K were done by Flame Atomic Absorption (FAA).
\nInter-laboratory comparisons are made for 6 elements: lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron\n(Fe), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). In general inter-laboratory correlations are better for samples within the compositional range of the Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Analyses by EWU are the most accurate relative to the NIST standards (mean recoveries within 1% for Pb, Fe, Mn, and As, 3% for Zn and 5% for Cd) and are the most precise (within 7% of the mean at the 95% confidence interval). USGS-EDXRF is similarly accurate for Pb and Zn. XRAL and ACZ are relatively accurate for Pb (within 5-8% of certified NIST values), but were considerably less accurate for the other 5 elements of concern (10-25% of NIST values). However, analyses of sample splits by more than one laboratory reveal that, for some elements, XRAL (Pb, Mn, Cd) and ACZ (Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe) analyses were comparable to EWU analyses of the same samples (when values are within the range of NIST SRMs). These results suggest that, for some elements, XRAL and ACZ dissolutions are more effective on the matrix of the CdA samples than on the matrix of the NIST samples (obtained from soils around Butte, Montana). Splits of CdA samples analyzed by CHEMEX were the least accurate, yielding values 10-25% less than those of EWU.
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The Hayward fault, regarded as one of the most hazardous faults in northern California (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1999), extends for about 90 km from Fremont in the southeast to San Pablo Bay in the northwest. The Hayward fault is predominantly a right-lateral strike-slip fault that forms the western boundary of the East Bay Hills. These data and associated physical property measurement were collected as part of on-going studies to help determine the earthquake hazard potential of major faults within the San Francisco Bay region. Gravity data were collected between latitude 37°30' and 38°15' N and longitude 121°45' and 122°30' W. Gravity stations were located on the following 7.5 minute quadrangles: Newark, Niles, San Leandro, Hayward, Dublin, Oakland West, Oakland East, Las Trampas Ridge, Diablo, Richmond, Briones Valley, Walnut Creek, and Clayton. All data were ultimately tied to primary gravity base station Menlo Park A, located on the campus of the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif. (latitude 37°27.34' N, longitude 122°10.18' W, observed gravity value 979944.27 mGal).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001124","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D.A., 2001, Principal facts for gravity data along the Hayward fault and vicinity, San Francisco Bay area, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-124, Report: 25 p.; Digital Data; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001124.","productDescription":"Report: 25 p.; Digital Data; Metadata","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160976,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2001124.jpg"},{"id":12806,"rank":5,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282083,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0124/of01-124_metadata.met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":282081,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0124/pdf/of01-124.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282082,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0124/of01-124_data.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5,37.5 ], [ -122.5,38.25 ], [ -121.75,38.25 ], [ -121.75,37.5 ], [ -122.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668097","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponce, David A. 0000-0003-4785-7354 ponce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":1049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"David","email":"ponce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":205797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}