Winkler County, in west Texas, is adjacent to the southeast corner of New Mexico. Most of the county lies in the Pecos Valley; the remainder, in the northeastern part of the county, is part of the Llano Estacado, or the High Plains. Its principal industries are those related to the production and refining of oil, but ranching also is an important occupation. The county has an arid to semiarid climate, an area of about 887 square miles, and a population of about 12,000 in 1957.
\nThe principal fresh-water-bearing formations in Winkler County are the Cenozoic alluvium, which mantles the surface of most of the county, and the Santn Rosa sandstone of Late Triassic age. The alluvium is saturated at a depth ranging from a few feet below the land surface to about 150 feet, and the water is under water-table conditions. The Santa Rosa sandstone is fully saturated throughout most of the county, the water occurring under both unconfined (water-table) and confined (artesian) conditions. The underlying older formations contain water too highly mineralized for most uses, but they are important because water from these underlying beds, which is produced with the oil, is a source of pollution to the fresh-water aquifers. The formations also are a source of water to waterflooding projects for the secondary recovery of oil.
\nThe alluvium is replenished chiefly by precipitation, throughout the county. The sand-dune area in the eastern part is the most favorable area of natural recharge. The Santa Rosa sandstone is recharged through the alluvium where the two formations are in contact.
\nInfiltration of saline water, which with oil and waste water has been produced from industrial plants, has been taking place through surface earthen pits. About 18 mgd (million gallons per day) of saline water was being produced from the many oil fields throughout the county during August 1957, and almost all this water was placed in surface pits. The Hendrick oil field alone produced about 14.5 mgd during that month, and an estimated 800,000 acre-feet from 1937 to 1957.
\nAbout 20 million acre-feet of fresh water is stored in the explored groundwater aquifers of Winkler County, of which an estimated 5 to 7 million acrefeet can be practicably recovered. A daily average of about 8.2 million gallons (9,200 acre-feet per year) of fresh water was used in the county during 1956. Public and industrial use accounted for about 6.8 mgd; irrigation, domestic, and stock uses accounted for 1.4 mgd. Projects engaged in the secondary recovery of oil were the largest consumers, using an average of about 3 mgd of fresh water and about 2.7 mgd of saline water during 1956.
\nWater wells drilled in the deep trough of Cenozoic alluvium south of Wink may yield 1,000 gpm (gallons per minute) or more. A pumping test of the alluvium in that area indicated a coefficient of transmissibility of about 25,000 gpd (gallons per day) per foot. Wells, other than windmill wells, drawing water from thinner sections of alluvium in the rest of the county yield between 100 and 300 gpm. Most of the wells in the Santa Rosa sandstone yield 30-400 gpm. Two municipal wells at Kermit that tap the Santa Rosa sandstone were tested at 1,200 and 1,875 gpm. The large yield of these wells probably results from the presence of fractures in the structurally deformed aquifer. Pumping tests in the Kermit area indicate that locally a full section of the Santa Rosa sandstone has an average coefficient of transmissibility of about 25,000 gpd per foot and a coefficient of storage of about 0.0003. The transmissibility in two other tested areas is much less.
\nThe chemical quality of the water in the principal aquifers is generally acceptable for industry and for public supply. About two-thirds of the samples collected from fresh-water wells had a dissolved-solids content of less than 1,000 ppm (parts per million) ; however, some samples in a few areas were hard and were high in fluoride and silica. Samples from wells in polluted areas contained dissolved solids ranging from about 1,400 to 71,100 ppm. Two comprehensive analyses of water samples from the Rustler formation showed a dissolved-solids content of 18,400 ppm. and 157,000 ppm. In most of the water produced with the oil in the Hendrick oil field, the content of dissolved solids ranged from about 4,000 to about 10,000 ppm. The water produced with the oil in the rest of the oil fields in Winkler County was mainly brine.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1582","usgsCitation":"Garza, S., and Wesselman, J.B., 1963, Geology and ground-water resources of Winkler County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1582, Report: v, 162 p.; 9 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1582.","productDescription":"Report: v, 162 p.; 9 Plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26506,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26507,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26508,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26509,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26510,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26511,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26512,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26513,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26514,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26515,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1582/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109992,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24767"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68581b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garza, Sergio","contributorId":88713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garza","given":"Sergio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wesselman, John B.","contributorId":52154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesselman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45690,"text":"pp475A - 1963 - Geological Survey research 1963; Summary of investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:10","indexId":"pp475A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"475","chapter":"A","title":"Geological Survey research 1963; Summary of investigations","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Survey research 1963","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp475A","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1963, Geological Survey research 1963; Summary of investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 475, p. A1-A300, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp475A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A300","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0475a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82272,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0475a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52378,"text":"ofr63142 - 1963 - Effect of ground-water development on the pool level in Devil's Hole, Death Valley National Monument, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-09T14:44:17.708343","indexId":"ofr63142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"63-142","title":"Effect of ground-water development on the pool level in Devil's Hole, Death Valley National Monument, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr63142","usgsCitation":"Worts, G., 1963, Effect of ground-water development on the pool level in Devil's Hole, Death Valley National Monument, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 63-142, Report: 27 p.; 4 plates: 20.67 x 27.20 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr63142.","productDescription":"Report: 27 p.; 4 plates: 20.67 x 27.20 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":86858,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0142/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":490189,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86856,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0142/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0142/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley National Monument, Devil's Hole","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worts, G.F. Jr.","contributorId":79166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worts","given":"G.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39,"text":"wsp1692 - 1963 - Evaporation control research, 1959-60","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp1692","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1692","title":"Evaporation control research, 1959-60","docAbstract":"Two hundred and forty-five dispersions of long-chain alkanols were formulated by using various emulsifiers and alkanols. The dispensing and spreading ability of each of these formulations was tested. The most promising emulsifier that could be used with any of the alkanols was glyceryl monostearate (self-emulsifying). However, the concentration of the alkanol in the dispersion form varied somewhat: with the length of the carbon chain. A maximum concentration of 16 percent was obtained using the longer chain alkanols in the dispersion form without losing any of the properties of a fluid. \r\n\r\nNine field tests were undertaken on small stock tanks. The retardant materials used in these tests were dodecanol, hexadecanol, and octadecanol. These materials were applied in either liquid or dispersion form. Four types of dispensing equipment were tested. The first type used a pressure system which sprayed a liquid onto the surface of the water. An anemometer and wind-controlled vane, operated by an electrical system, determined the length End frequency of application. The second type was similar to the first except that gravity was utilized to force the liquid onto the surface. The third type. used a drip system with rates of about 10 drops per minute. The fourth type used a gravity feed and a wind-controlled valve which allowed the dispersion material to flow onto the surface of the water when the wind was in the proper direction. In the field tests, the best reduction in evaporation was obtained using octadecanol in dispersion form and dispensed with the wind-controlled valve and gravity feed system. The maximum reduction in evaporation for a 2-week period was 27 percent. However, the economics of suppressing evaporation from stock tanks is questionable because of the short travel time across the tank by the film. \r\n\r\nThere are still many problems unsolved. Some of these can be resolved in the laboratory whereas others can be resolved only in the field. Some of the more serious problems are the effect of impurities in the alkanols; the rate of cooling of the alkanol from a liquid to a solid state ; the effect of the film on the exchange of water molecules between the air and water; whether the film remains effective in suppressing evaporation for any rate of movement downwind; and the possible use of dodecanol and eicosanol as suppressants.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1692","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1963, Evaporation control research, 1959-60: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1692, 2 v. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1692.","productDescription":"2 v. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1692/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24655,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1692/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c1e4b07f02db4a6f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52366,"text":"ofr63122 - 1963 - Geology and availability of ground water in the vicinity of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, Catron County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:32","indexId":"ofr63122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"63-122","title":"Geology and availability of ground water in the vicinity of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, Catron County, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr63122","usgsCitation":"Trauger, F., 1963, Geology and availability of ground water in the vicinity of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, Catron County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 63-122, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr63122.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":100166,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0122/report.pdf","size":"13077","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0122/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68650d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trauger, F.D.","contributorId":102520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trauger","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1323,"text":"wsp1615A - 1963 - Studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas; environment and history","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51871,"text":"ofr55171 - 1955 - Progress report on studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","indexId":"ofr55171","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1323,"text":"wsp1615A - 1963 - Studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas; environment and history","indexId":"wsp1615A","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas; environment and history"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T22:59:38.290152","indexId":"wsp1615A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1615","chapter":"A","title":"Studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas; environment and history","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Artificial recharge of ground water - Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1615A","usgsCitation":"Engler, K., Bayley, F.H., and Sniegocki, R.T., 1963, Studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas; environment and history: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1615, Report: iv, 32 p.; 4 Plates: 16.00 × 20.74 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1615A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; 4 Plates: 16.00 × 20.74 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26365,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26366,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26367,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615a/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26368,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615a/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26369,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395661,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24809.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Grand Prairie region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -91.083,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -91.083,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a2a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engler, Kyle","contributorId":106862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engler","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayley, F. H.","contributorId":75896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayley","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sniegocki, Richard T.","contributorId":67068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sniegocki","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1275,"text":"wsp1691 - 1963 - Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52078,"text":"ofr6036 - 1960 - Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","indexId":"ofr6036","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1275,"text":"wsp1691 - 1963 - Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","indexId":"wsp1691","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-22T13:46:38","indexId":"wsp1691","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1691","title":"Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan","docAbstract":"The great importance of the fresh ground-water resources of Michigan is evident because 90 percent of the rural and about 70 percent of the total population of the State exclusive of the Detroit metropolitan area are supplied from underground sources. The water-supply and public-health problems that have been caused by some cases of ground-water contamination in the State illustrate the necessity of protecting this vital resource.
Manmade and natural contaminants, including many types of chemical and organic matter, have entered many of the numerous aquifers of the State. Aquifers have been contaminated by waste-laden liquids percolating from the surface or from the zone of aeration and by direct injection to the aquifer itself. Industrial and domestic wastes, septic tanks, leaking sewers, flood waters or other poor quality surface waters, mine waters, solids stored or spread at the surface, and even airborne wastes all have been sources of ground-water contamination in Michigan. In addition, naturally occurring saline waters have been induced into other aquifers by overpumping or unrestricted flow from artesian wells, possibly by dewatering operations, and by the deepening of surface stream channels. Vertical migration of saline waters through open holes from formations underlying various important aquifers also has spoiled some of the fresh ground waters in the State. In spite of the contamination that has occurred, however, the total amount of ground water that has been spoiled is only a small part of the total resource. Neither is the contamination so widespread as that of the surface streams of Michigan.
Overall legal authority to control most types of ground-water contamination in the State has been assigned by the Michigan Legislature to the Water Resources Commission, although the Department of Conservation and the Health Department also exercise important water-pollution control functions. The Michigan Supreme Court, in an important case upholding the power of the Water Resources Commission to control pollution of ground water, in effect has introduced the doctrine of reasonable use into the law of the State. Excluding controls administered by the Department of Conservation on activities of the oil and gas industry, however, legal controls have not been used abate intrusion of natural saline waters into fresh-water aquifers in response to pumping and other manmade changes in the hydrologic regimen.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1691","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, M., 1963, Ground-water contamination and legal controls in Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1691, v, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1691.","productDescription":"v, 79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1691/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1691/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d070","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, Morris","contributorId":69119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Morris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2428,"text":"wsp1619S - 1963 - Geology and ground-water appraisal of the Naval Air Missile Test Center area, Point Mugu, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp1619S","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1619","chapter":"S","title":"Geology and ground-water appraisal of the Naval Air Missile Test Center area, Point Mugu, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1619S","usgsCitation":"Page, R.W., 1963, Geology and ground-water appraisal of the Naval Air Missile Test Center area, Point Mugu, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1619, iv, 40 p. :ill, maps (1 col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1619S.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :ill, maps (1 col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619s/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28462,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619s/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28463,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619s/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28464,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619s/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28465,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619s/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28466,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619s/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685fca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, R. W.","contributorId":17215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1061,"text":"wsp1619Q - 1963 - Reconnaissance study of the chemical quality of surface waters in the Sacramento River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp1619Q","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1619","chapter":"Q","title":"Reconnaissance study of the chemical quality of surface waters in the Sacramento River Basin, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1619Q","usgsCitation":"Brennan, R., 1963, Reconnaissance study of the chemical quality of surface waters in the Sacramento River Basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1619, iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1619Q.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619q/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25736,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619q/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25737,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619q/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25738,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619q/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25739,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619q/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, Robert","contributorId":105695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":65274,"text":"i270B2 - 1963 - Arabian Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-24T13:33:39.943151","indexId":"i270B2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"270-B-2","title":"Arabian Peninsula","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i270B2","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1963, Arabian Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 270-B-2, 1 Plate: 55.26 x 47.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i270B2.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 55.26 x 47.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0270b-2/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":483629,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0270b-2/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000000","otherGeospatial":"Arabian Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 34,12 ], [ 34,32.5 ], [ 61,32.5 ], [ 61,12 ], [ 34,12 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2305,"text":"wsp1669Z - 1963 - Selected techniques in water resources investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp1669Z","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1669","chapter":"Z","title":"Selected techniques in water resources investigations","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1962","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1669Z","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Mesnier, G.N., and Iseri, K.T., 1963, Selected techniques in water resources investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1669, vii, 64 p. :ill. ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1669Z.","productDescription":"vii, 64 p. :ill. ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669z/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28128,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1669z/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f8021","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesnier, Glennon N.","contributorId":67488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesnier","given":"Glennon","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iseri, Kathleen T.","contributorId":77910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iseri","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2206,"text":"wsp1475M - 1963 - Ground-water resources of the Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah, with a section on the drilling of a test well","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23797,"text":"ofr5866 - 1958 - Ground-water resources of the Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah","indexId":"ofr5866","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources of the Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2206,"text":"wsp1475M - 1963 - Ground-water resources of the Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah, with a section on the drilling of a test well","indexId":"wsp1475M","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Ground-water resources of the Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah, with a section on the drilling of a test well"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T18:55:36.649675","indexId":"wsp1475M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"M","title":"Ground-water resources of the Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah, with a section on the drilling of a test well","docAbstract":"The water need at Bryce Canyon National Park in 1957 was about 1.3 million cubic feet for a tourist season that lasted from the middle of May to the middle of October. To evaluate the adequacy of water-supply sources, a hypothetical future need of 5 million cubic feet of water per season is used. This amount of water might be obtained from the East Fork of the Sevier River, from wells in the alluvium of the East Fork, from Yellow Creek Spring and nearby springs, which are below the canyon rim, or from a well drilled about 2,000 feet to the top of the Tropic shale. Although the present source of water, consisting of wells in the alluvium of East Creek valley, may be an important supplemental source in the future, it will not yield sufficient water in dry years to meet the total demand for water at the park.
The yield of Yellow Creek Spring and nearby springs is estimated at a total of 7.8 million cubic feet of water per season. The springs provide water of satisfactory chemical quality, and are a reliable source even in times of drought. A serious disadvantage of using this source of water is the difficulty of constructing a pipeline over extremely rugged terrain from the source to the lodge and headquarters area.
A well drilled to the top of the Tropic shale of Cretaceous age in the lodge and headquarters area might penetrate two or more aquifers, one at the base of the Wasatch formation of Eocene age and one or more in the Wahweap and Straight Cliffs sandstones of Cretaceous age. The yield of this well would depend to a large degree on the number of fractures encountered. To assure the most favorable conditions for intercepting fracture zones in the bedrock, a test-well site is proposed near the crest of a gentle anticline where tension fractures in the rocks should be common.
Shallow wells in the alluvium of East Creek valley cannot be depended upon to yield sufficient water in times of drought, but they are nevertheless an important source. The water-storage capacity of the alluvium of East Creek valley in the vicinity of the wells of the Utah Parks Co. is estimated at 1.4 million cubic feet. By lowering the water table in the valley uniformly without creating excessively large cones of depression, the alluvium could supply the 1.3 million cubic feet of water per season estimated as the water need in 1957. However, in times of drought this alluvium cannot supply the hypothetical future needs of 5 million cubic feet of water per season.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain (Water Supply Paper 1475)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475M","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Marine, I.W., 1963, Ground-water resources of the Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah, with a section on the drilling of a test well: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, Report: iv, 46 p.; 3 Plates: 16.20 x 24.41 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475M.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 46 p.; 3 Plates: 16.20 x 24.41 inches or smaller","startPage":"441","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430318,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24416.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":27877,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475m/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"A, Map of East Creek Valley showing area underlain by alluvium; B, North-South section of East Creek Valley showing inferred maximum depth to bedrock and the position of the water table in May 1957"},{"id":27876,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475m/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 24","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of Bryce Canyon National Park area, Utah, showing physiographic features and the location of springs and wells"},{"id":138341,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27879,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27878,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475m/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 26","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Logs of the test well at Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bryce Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.47262325325637,\n 37.73847091078626\n ],\n [\n -112.47262325325637,\n 37.27074325321638\n ],\n [\n -112.06792128542472,\n 37.27074325321638\n ],\n [\n -112.06792128542472,\n 37.73847091078626\n ],\n [\n -112.47262325325637,\n 37.73847091078626\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dde6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marine, I. Wendell","contributorId":49339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marine","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wendell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2811,"text":"wsp1688 - 1963 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, part 13. Snake River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T19:56:56.655301","indexId":"wsp1688","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1688","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, part 13. Snake River basin","docAbstract":"The magnitude of a flood of any selected frequency up to 50 years for any site on any stream in the Snake River basin can be determined by methods outlined in this report, with some limitations. The methods are not applicable for regulated streams, for drainage basins smaller than 10 or larger than 5,000 square miles, for streams fed by large springs, or for streams that have flow characteristics materially different from the regional pattern. The magnitude of a flood for a selected frequency at a given site is determined by using the appropriate composite frequency curve and the mean annual flood for the given site. The mean annual flood is computed from either a formula or a nomograph in which drainage area, mean annual precipitation, and a geographic factor are used as independent variables. The standard error of estimate for the computation of mean annual floods is plus 17 percent and minus 15 percent.
Nine flood-frequency regions (A-I) are defined. In all except regions B and I, frequency relations vary with the mean altitude of the basin as well as with the geographic location; therefore, families of curves are required for 7 of the 9 flood-frequency regions.
The report includes a brief description of the physiography and climate of the Snake River basin to explain the reason for the large variation in mean annual floods, which range from zero to about 27 cubic feet per second per square mile.
Composite frequency curves and formulas for computing mean annual floods are based on all suitable flood data collected in the Snake River basin. Tables show the data used to derive the formula. Following the analysis of data are station descriptions and lists of peak stages and discharges for 295 gaging stations at which 5 or more years of annual flood records were collected pr'or to Sept. 30, 1957. Many flood peak data are not usable in defining the frequency curves and deriving the formula because of large diversions and regulation upstream from the gaging stations.
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Robert L.","contributorId":12839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wait","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2180,"text":"wsp1532B - 1963 - Hydrologic and biotic characteristics of grazed and ungrazed watersheds of the Badger Wash basin in western Colorado, 1953-58","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:58:29.389041","indexId":"wsp1532B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1532","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrologic and biotic characteristics of grazed and ungrazed watersheds of the Badger Wash basin in western Colorado, 1953-58","docAbstract":"A comprehensive study of the hydrologic and biotic characteristics of small drainage basins on the Colorado Plateau and the effect of grazing on these characteristics vas begun in 1953. This report presents data obtained during the first 5 years of the proposed 20-year study. \r\n\r\nPeriodic observations were made at permanent transects in 8 paired fenced and unfenced watersheds to characterize plant and ground cover, determine degree of use by livestock and measure changes in watershed cover. Results after 5 years of study indicate that changes in watershed cover have been relatively small on both grazed and ungrazed areas. Changes that did take place were mainly on shale and mixed type .soil. Ground-cover index on mixed type soil was significantly higher, 4 percent, on ungrazed ,areas than on grazed areas at the end of 5 years. \r\n\r\nPlot records were obtained using the Rocky Mountain Infiltrameter at 12 plots in each of the 8 study watersheds to determine the effect of livestock exclusion on infiltration and sheet erosion. Infiltration rates for the last 20 minutes of both the wet .and dry runs were significantly higher in 1958 than they were 5 years before, but this difference was not associated with treatment because rates on both grazed and ungrazed plots increased about .the same amount. The initial water-absorbing capacity increased significantly on ungrazed plots. No change in erosion rates was observed. \r\n\r\nRainfall was variable and below normal during 4 of the first 5 years of study. Runoff was produced mainly by thunderstorms during the summer months and was characterized by high rates of flow for short periods. Comparison of runoff in grazed and ungrazed watersheds indicates a change in the relation between precipitation and runoff because of exclusion of livestock. More sediment per unit area was produced during the 5 years of study from grazed .areas than from ungrazed areas. \r\n\r\nNo definite trend in small mammal population on grazed and ungrazed water- sheds has yet been determined. Results of preliminary studies on rabbit population indicates that rabbits prefer to inhabit ungrazed areas, but populations were judged to be not high in any area.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrologic effects of land use","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1532B","usgsCitation":"Lusby, G.C., Lusby, G.C., Turner, G.T., Thompson, J.R., and Reid, V.H., 1963, Hydrologic and biotic characteristics of grazed and ungrazed watersheds of the Badger Wash basin in western Colorado, 1953-58: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1532, Report: v, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 11.75 × 18.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1532B.","productDescription":"Report: v, 73 p.; 1 Plate: 11.75 × 18.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27801,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109967,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24707.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24707"},{"id":138221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Badger Wash basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.948,\n 39.292\n ],\n [\n -108.91,\n 39.292\n ],\n [\n -108.91,\n 39.356\n ],\n [\n -108.948,\n 39.356\n ],\n [\n -108.948,\n 39.292\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lusby, Gregg C.","contributorId":68290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusby","given":"Gregg","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lusby, George C.","contributorId":102860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusby","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, George T.","contributorId":6833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, J. R.","contributorId":27845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reid, Vincent H.","contributorId":57439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":2031,"text":"wsp1595 - 1963 - Effects of hydraulic and geologic factors on streamflow of the Yakima River Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-06T14:11:36","indexId":"wsp1595","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1595","title":"Effects of hydraulic and geologic factors on streamflow of the Yakima River Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"The Yakima River basin, in south-central Washington, is the largest single river system entirely within the confines of the State. Its waters are the most extensively utilized of all the rivers in Washington.
\nThe river heads high on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, flows for 180 miles in a generally southeast direction, and discharges into the Columbia River. The western part of the basin is a mountainous area formed by sedimentary, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks, which generally have a low capacity for storing and transmitting water. The eastern part of the basin is. formed by a thick sequence of lava flows that have folded into long ridges and troughs. Downwarped structural basins between many of the ridges are partly filled with younger sedimentary deposits, which at some places are many hundreds of feet thick. The Yakima River flows from structural basin to structural basin through narrow water gaps that have been eroded through the anticlinal ridges. Each basin is also a topographic basin and a ground-water subbasin. A gaging station will measure the total outflow of a drainage area only if it is located at the surface outlet of a ground-water subbasin and then only if the stream basin is nearly coextensive with the ground-water subbasin. Many gaging stations in the Yakima basin are so located. The geology, hydrology, size. and location of 25 ground-water subbasins are described.
\nSince the settlement of the valley began, the development of the land and water resources have caused progressive changes in the natural regimen of the basin's runoff. These changes have resulted from diversion of water from the streams, the application of water on the land for irrigation, the storage and release of flood waters, the pumping of ground water, and other factors Irrigation in the Yakima basin is reported 'to have begun about 1864. In 1955 about 425,000 acres were under irrigation.
\nDuring the past 60-odd years many gaging stations have been operated at different sites within the basin. Only stations in the upper reaches, such as those below Keechelus, Kachess, or Cle Elum Lakes, give discharge records which are an accurate measure of the natural outflow of the drainage area. Farther down, stream, as the utilization of water becomes more extensive, the records at a gaging station show the discharge passing a particular point, but they do not reflect the natural outflow of the basin. Large canals divert water for use on lands above a station or carry it around a station for irrigation downstream. The deep sedimentary deposits within subbasins and the overlying alluvial gravels permit downvalley movement of large subsurface flows which bypass the gaging stations, except in the near vicinity of the water gaps. At the water gaps ground water rises to the surface, becoming streamflow, and can be accurately measured. The location of gaging stations within each subbasin is important, therefore, in determining whether the flow measured represents the total downvalley outflow or whether it is merely the surface-water component. Surface and subsurface factors that may affect the discharge records at each gaging station in the Yakima River basin include a description of upstream diversions, surface return flows, bypass canals, storage reservoirs, subsurface bypass flows, ground-water withdrawals, and other items. The available data are not sufficiently complete to permit a quantitative determination of the total basin yield at most gaging stations. However, data on the existing bypass channels, such as canals and drainage ditches, and on related subsurface movement of water provide valuable information necessary to proper use and interpretation of the streamflow records.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1595","usgsCitation":"Kinnison, H.B., and Sceva, J.E., 1963, Effects of hydraulic and geologic factors on streamflow of the Yakima River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1595, Report: vii, 134 p.; 3 Plates: 29.5 x 30.0 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1595.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 134 p.; 3 Plates: 29.5 x 30.0 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1595/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27507,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1595/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27508,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1595/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27509,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1595/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1595/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8361,45.5437 ], [ -124.8361,49.0024 ], [ -116.9174,49.0024 ], [ -116.9174,45.5437 ], [ -124.8361,45.5437 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinnison, Hallard B.","contributorId":84337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinnison","given":"Hallard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sceva, Jack E.","contributorId":79086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sceva","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2145,"text":"wsp1619J - 1963 - Ground-water geology of Edwards County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-23T22:02:33.617404","indexId":"wsp1619J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1619","chapter":"J","title":"Ground-water geology of Edwards County, Texas","docAbstract":"Edwards County occupies 2,075 square miles of the southern part of the Edwards Plateau in southwest Texas. In 1950 it had a population of 2,908. Its thin limestone soil supports the characteristic flora of a semiarid region. The county is underlain by nearly flat-lying beds of limestone and a few beds of shale and marl.
\nThe Glen Rose limestone of Cretaceous age, the oldest formation tapped by water wells in the county, yields small quantities of rather highly mineralized water. Springs in the Glen Rose discharge water that is generally less mineralized than that from wells. Nearly all the wells and springs tapping the Glen Rose are in the southeastern part of the county, where the Edwards and associated limestones have been removed by erosion or are very thin.
\nThe Comanche Peak, Edwards, and Georgetown limestones, collectively called the Edwards and associated limestones, underlie most of the county and form the principal aquifer. Generally, the water in the Edwards is under water-table conditions, but locally it may be artesian. The Edwards and associated limestones yield small to moderate quantities of water that is hard but otherwise of good chemical quality.
\nThe alluvium in the major stream valleys yields small to moderate quantities of hard water similar in quality to that of the Edwards and associated limestones.
\nThe main ground-water divides in the Edwards and associated limestones follow the topographic divides. Most of the ground water flows southward and either appears as springflow in the Nueces River drainage or flows underground into Kinney or Val Verde County. The remainder flows northward and ultimately appears as springflow in the South Llano River drainage.
\nAbout 150,000 acre-feet of water is recharged annually to and discharged from the Edwards and associated limestones in Edwards County. Most of this water is available for additional development inasmuch as only about 900 acre-feet per year is currently being used; however, additional development of ground water will result in a reduction in streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1619J","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Long, A.T., 1963, Ground-water geology of Edwards County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1619, Report: iv, 29 p.; 5 Plates: 32.00 x 28.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1619J.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 29 p.; 5 Plates: 32.00 x 28.25 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":109997,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24826.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24826"},{"id":27750,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27749,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27748,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27747,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27751,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1619j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Edwards County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-100.6999,30.2899],[-100.1183,30.2897],[-100.0347,30.287],[-99.7576,30.2882],[-99.7577,30.0772],[-99.9235,30.0772],[-99.9235,30.0809],[-99.9726,30.0796],[-99.9742,30.0425],[-99.9789,30.0214],[-99.9916,30.0205],[-99.9989,29.9166],[-100.0016,29.9093],[-100.0042,29.9019],[-100.0063,29.8983],[-100.011,29.8941],[-100.0169,29.89],[-100.021,29.8868],[-100.0226,29.8836],[-100.0237,29.8795],[-100.0232,29.874],[-100.021,29.868],[-100.0205,29.8639],[-100.0226,29.8589],[-100.0242,29.8534],[-100.0263,29.8493],[-100.0295,29.8479],[-100.0331,29.847],[-100.0347,29.8438],[-100.0326,29.8396],[-100.0295,29.8369],[-100.0279,29.8337],[-100.0274,29.8305],[-100.0279,29.8277],[-100.0274,29.8232],[-100.0268,29.82],[-100.0226,29.8163],[-100.0205,29.8131],[-100.0216,29.8103],[-100.0205,29.8062],[-100.0173,29.8007],[-100.0147,29.7984],[-100.0137,29.7957],[-100.0152,29.7938],[-100.0237,29.7902],[-100.0279,29.7879],[-100.0289,29.7851],[-100.0289,29.7824],[-100.03,29.7801],[-100.0331,29.7787],[-100.0352,29.7764],[-100.0336,29.7709],[-100.0268,29.7535],[-100.0226,29.7439],[-100.0231,29.7421],[-100.0252,29.7407],[-100.0289,29.7393],[-100.0305,29.7348],[-100.0284,29.7325],[-100.0263,29.7283],[-100.0252,29.7251],[-100.0257,29.7233],[-100.0624,29.7113],[-100.0521,29.7096],[-100.0462,29.7079],[-100.0443,29.6944],[-100.0408,29.6931],[-100.0384,29.6896],[-100.0315,29.6883],[-100.0275,29.6835],[-100.0172,29.6788],[-100.0192,29.6722],[-100.0261,29.667],[-100.0285,29.6657],[-100.0197,29.6492],[-100.0123,29.6396],[-100.0084,29.6375],[-100.0079,29.6318],[-100.0145,29.6237],[-100.111,29.6236],[-100.6992,29.6236],[-100.6999,30.2899]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Edwards\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Archie T.","contributorId":65059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Archie","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2718,"text":"wsp1615C - 1963 - Equipment and controls used in studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1615C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1615","chapter":"C","title":"Equipment and controls used in studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1615C","usgsCitation":"Sniegocki, R.T., Bayley, F.H., and Engler, K., 1963, Equipment and controls used in studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1615, iii, 39 p. :ill., map ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1615C.","productDescription":"iii, 39 p. :ill., map ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29103,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d660","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sniegocki, Richard T.","contributorId":67068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sniegocki","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayley, F. H.","contributorId":75896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayley","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engler, Kyle","contributorId":106862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engler","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2723,"text":"wsp1615D - 1963 - Principles of siphons with respect to the artificial recharge studies in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1615D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1615","chapter":"D","title":"Principles of siphons with respect to the artificial recharge studies in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1615D","usgsCitation":"Sniegocki, R.T., and Reed, J., 1963, Principles of siphons with respect to the artificial recharge studies in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1615, iii, 19 p. :ill., map ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1615D.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :ill., map ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29127,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66701f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sniegocki, Richard T.","contributorId":67068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sniegocki","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, J.E.","contributorId":41801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2724,"text":"wsp1615F - 1963 - Problems in artificial recharge through wells in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56139,"text":"ofr5897 - 1958 - Plugging by air entrainment in artificial-recharge tests","indexId":"ofr5897","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Plugging by air entrainment in artificial-recharge tests"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2724,"text":"wsp1615F - 1963 - Problems in artificial recharge through wells in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","indexId":"wsp1615F","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Problems in artificial recharge through wells in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1615F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1615","chapter":"F","title":"Problems in artificial recharge through wells in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1615F","usgsCitation":"Sniegocki, R.T., 1963, Problems in artificial recharge through wells in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1615, iii, 25 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1615F.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29128,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1615f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sniegocki, Richard T.","contributorId":67068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sniegocki","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}