Ecosystem patterns and disturbance processes at one spatial scale often interact with processes at another scale, and the result of such cross-scale interactions can be nonlinear dynamics with thresholds. Examples of cross-scale pattern-process relationships and interactions among forest dieback, fire, and erosion are illustrated from northern New Mexico (USA) landscapes, where long-term studies have recently documented all of these disturbance processes. For example, environmental stress, operating on individual trees, can cause tree death that is amplified by insect mortality agents to propagate to patch and then landscape or even regional-scale forest dieback. Severe drought and unusual warmth in the southwestern USA since the late 1990s apparently exceeded species-specific physiological thresholds for multiple tree species, resulting in substantial vegetation mortality across millions of hectares of woodlands and forests in recent years. Predictions of forest dieback across spatial scales are constrained by uncertainties associated with: limited knowledge of species-specific physiological thresholds; individual and site-specific variation in these mortality thresholds; and positive feedback loops between rapidly-responding insect herbivore populations and their stressed plant hosts, sometimes resulting in nonlinear “pest” outbreak dynamics. Fire behavior also exhibits nonlinearities across spatial scales, illustrated by changes in historic fire regimes where patch-scale grazing disturbance led to regional-scale collapse of surface fire activity and subsequent recent increases in the scale of extreme fire events in New Mexico. Vegetation dieback interacts with fire activity by modifying fuel amounts and configurations at multiple spatial scales. Runoff and erosion processes are also subject to scale-dependent threshold behaviors, exemplified by ecohydrological work in semiarid New Mexico watersheds showing how declines in ground surface cover lead to non-linear increases in bare patch connectivity and thereby accelerated runoff and erosion at hillslope and watershed scales. Vegetation dieback, grazing, and fire can change land surface properties and cross-scale hydrologic connectivities, directly altering ecohydrological patterns of runoff and erosion. The interactions among disturbance processes across spatial scales can be key drivers in ecosystem dynamics, as illustrated by these studies of recent landscape changes in northern New Mexico. To better anticipate and mitigate accelerating human impacts to the planetary ecosystem at all spatial scales, improvements are needed in our conceptual and quantitative understanding of cross-scale interactions among disturbance processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-007-9057-4","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.D., 2007, Interactions across spatial scales among forest dieback, fire, and erosion in northern New Mexico landscapes: Ecosystems, v. 10, no. 5, p. 797-808, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9057-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"797","endPage":"808","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/104","text":"External Repository"},{"id":238928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cbce4b0c8380cd62fbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030850,"text":"70030850 - 2007 - The oxygen-18 isotope approach for measuring aquatic metabolism in high-productivity waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T09:13:56","indexId":"70030850","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oxygen-18 isotope approach for measuring aquatic metabolism in high-productivity waters","docAbstract":"We examined the utility of δ18O2 measurements in estimating gross primary production (P), community respiration (R), and net metabolism (P : R) through diel cycles in a productive agricultural stream located in the midwestern U.S.A. Large diel swings in O2(±200 µmol L−1) were accompanied by large diel variation in δ18O2 (±10‰). Simultaneous gas transfer measurements and laboratory‐derived isotopic fractionation factors for O2during respiration (αr) were used in conjunction with the diel monitoring of O2 and δ18O2to calculate P, R, and P :R using three independent isotope‐based methods. These estimates were compared to each other and against the traditional “open‐channel diel O2‐change” technique that lacked δ18O2. A principal advantage of the δ18O2 measurements was quantification of diel variation in R, which increased by up to 30% during the day, and the diel pattern in R was variable and not necessarily predictable from assumed temperature effects on R. The P, R, and P :R estimates calculated using the isotope‐based approaches showed high sensitivity to the assumed system fractionation factor (αr). The optimum modeled ar values (0.986‐0.989) were roughly consistent with the laboratory‐derived values, but larger (i.e., less fractionation) than αr values typically reported for enzyme‐limited respiration in open water environments. Because of large diel variation in O2, P :R could not be estimated by directly applying the typical steady‐state solution to the O2 and 18O‐O2 mass balance equations in the absence of gas transfer data. Instead, our results indicate that a modified steady‐state solution (the daily mean value approach) could be used with time‐averaged O2 and δ18O2 measurements to calculate P :R independent of gas transfer. This approach was applicable under specifically defined, net heterotrophic conditions. The diel cycle of increasing daytime R and decreasing nighttime R was only partially explained by temperature variation, but could be consistent with the diel production/consumption of labile dissolved organic carbon from photosynthesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1439","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Tobias, C., Bohlke, J.K., and Harvey, J.W., 2007, The oxygen-18 isotope approach for measuring aquatic metabolism in high-productivity waters: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 52, no. 4, p. 1439-1453, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1439.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1439","endPage":"1453","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477139,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1439","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae7ae4b08c986b324114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tobias, Craig R.","contributorId":23410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tobias","given":"Craig R.","affiliations":[{"id":32398,"text":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":428934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":428936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030134,"text":"70030134 - 2007 - Groundwater flow with energy transport and water-ice phase change: Numerical simulations, benchmarks, and application to freezing in peat bogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T09:03:27","indexId":"70030134","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow with energy transport and water-ice phase change: Numerical simulations, benchmarks, and application to freezing in peat bogs","docAbstract":"In northern peatlands, subsurface ice formation is an important process that can control heat transport, groundwater flow, and biological activity. Temperature was measured over one and a half years in a vertical profile in the Red Lake Bog, Minnesota. To successfully simulate the transport of heat within the peat profile, the U.S. Geological Survey's SUTRA computer code was modified. The modified code simulates fully saturated, coupled porewater-energy transport, with freezing and melting porewater, and includes proportional heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water and ice, decreasing matrix permeability due to ice formation, and latent heat. The model is verified by correctly simulating the Lunardini analytical solution for ice formation in a porous medium with a mixed ice-water zone. The modified SUTRA model correctly simulates the temperature and ice distributions in the peat bog. Two possible benchmark problems for groundwater and energy transport with ice formation and melting are proposed that may be used by other researchers for code comparison.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, J., Voss, C.I., and Siegel, D.I., 2007, Groundwater flow with energy transport and water-ice phase change: Numerical simulations, benchmarks, and application to freezing in peat bogs: Advances in Water Resources, v. 30, no. 4, p. 966-983, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"966","endPage":"983","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212730,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Red Lake Bog","volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da2e4b0c8380cd5bf70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, J.M.","contributorId":75759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":425845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029705,"text":"70029705 - 2007 - Recent climate trends and implications for water resources in the Catskill Mountain region, New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T11:54:12","indexId":"70029705","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent climate trends and implications for water resources in the Catskill Mountain region, New York, USA","docAbstract":"Climate scientists have concluded that the earth’s surface air temperature warmed by 0.6 °C during the 20th century, and that warming induced by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases is likely to continue in the 21st century, accompanied by changes in the hydrologic cycle. Climate change has important implications in the Catskill region of southeastern New York State, because the region is a source of water supply for New York City. We used the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test to evaluate annual, monthly, and multi-month trends in air temperature, precipitation amount, stream runoff, and potential evapotranspiration (PET) in the region during 1952–2005 based on data from 9 temperature sites, 12 precipitation sites, and 8 stream gages. A general pattern of warming temperatures and increased precipitation, runoff, and PET is evident in the region. Regional annual mean air temperature increased significantly by 0.6 °C per 50 years during the period; the greatest increases and largest number of significant upward trends were in daily minimum air temperature. Daily maximum air temperature showed the greatest increase during February through April, whereas minimum air temperature showed the greatest increase during May through September. Regional mean precipitation increased significantly by 136 mm per 50 years, nearly double that of the regional mean increase in runoff, which was not significant. Regional mean PET increased significantly by 19 mm per 50 years, about one-seventh that of the increase in precipitation amount, and broadly consistent with increased runoff during 1952–2005, despite the lack of significance in the mean regional runoff trend. Peak snowmelt as approximated by the winter–spring center of volume of stream runoff generally shifted from early April at the beginning of the record to late March at the end of the record, consistent with a decreasing trend in April runoff and an increasing trend in maximum March air temperature. This change indicates an increased supply of water to reservoirs earlier in the year. Additionally, the supply of water to reservoirs at the beginning of winter is greater as indicated by the timing of the greatest increases in precipitation and runoff—both occurred during summer and fall. The future balance between changes in air temperature and changes in the timing and amount of precipitation in the region will have important implications for the available water supply in the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.019","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., Klaus, J., and McHale, M.R., 2007, Recent climate trends and implications for water resources in the Catskill Mountain region, New York, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 336, no. 1-2, p. 155-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.019.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Catskill region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3607177734375,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -75.3277587890625,\n 41.96357478222518\n ],\n [\n -75.26184082031249,\n 41.93088998442502\n ],\n [\n -75.2508544921875,\n 41.87774145109676\n ],\n [\n -75.1959228515625,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -75.157470703125,\n 41.84501267270692\n ],\n [\n -75.1080322265625,\n 41.832735062152615\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -75.047607421875,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 41.66060124302088\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -75.03662109375,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -74.9871826171875,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -74.937744140625,\n 41.47154438707647\n ],\n [\n -74.8883056640625,\n 41.45507852101139\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 41.430371882652814\n ],\n [\n -74.77294921875,\n 41.42625319507272\n ],\n [\n -74.7344970703125,\n 41.413895564677304\n ],\n [\n -74.7015380859375,\n 41.372686481864655\n ],\n [\n -74.68505859374999,\n 41.35207214451295\n ],\n [\n -74.50927734375,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -74.3719482421875,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -74.102783203125,\n 41.430371882652814\n ],\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -73.7841796875,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -73.7017822265625,\n 41.70982942509964\n ],\n [\n -73.6468505859375,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -73.6138916015625,\n 42.04521345501039\n ],\n [\n -73.6688232421875,\n 42.313877566161864\n ],\n [\n -73.707275390625,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -73.7841796875,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -73.8885498046875,\n 42.867912483915305\n ],\n [\n -74.1522216796875,\n 42.93631775765237\n ],\n [\n -74.498291015625,\n 42.93631775765237\n ],\n [\n -74.86083984375,\n 42.93631775765237\n ],\n [\n -75.1409912109375,\n 42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n -75.25634765625,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -75.35522460937499,\n 42.459940352216556\n ],\n [\n -75.3607177734375,\n 42.004407212963585\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"336","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95f0e4b0c8380cd81d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaus, Julian","contributorId":173770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klaus","given":"Julian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7107,"text":"Univ. of Freiburg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":423934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHale, Michael R. 0000-0003-3780-1816 mmchale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-1816","contributorId":1735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"Michael","email":"mmchale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":423933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042641,"text":"cir13063D - 2007 - Analysis of the Interstate 10 Twin Bridge’s collapse during Hurricane Katrina: Chapter 3D in Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T10:29:46","indexId":"cir13063D","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1306","chapter":"3D","title":"Analysis of the Interstate 10 Twin Bridge’s collapse during Hurricane Katrina: Chapter 3D in Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005","docAbstract":"The Interstate 10 Twin Span Bridge over Lake Pontchartrain north of New Orleans, La., was rendered completely unusable by Hurricane Katrina. The cause of the collapse of the bridges generated great interest among hydrologists and structural engineers as well as among the general public. What made this case study even more important was the fact that two nearby bridges sustained the effects of the same storm surge and suffered only light damage. Lessons learned from this investigation are invaluable to maintaining the safety of many of the Nation's coastal and river-crossing bridges.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005 (Circular 1306)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13063D","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 3D in Science and the storms-the USGS response to the hurricanes of 2005. 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III 0000-0002-1814-7807 ecwitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7807","contributorId":1612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"Emitt","suffix":"III","email":"ecwitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, David","contributorId":106982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luna, Ronaldo","contributorId":64970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luna","given":"Ronaldo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sevi, Adam","contributorId":56127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sevi","given":"Adam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029706,"text":"70029706 - 2007 - Isotopic characterization of three groundwater recharge sources and inferences for selected aquifers in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70029706","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic characterization of three groundwater recharge sources and inferences for selected aquifers in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, USA","docAbstract":"Stable isotope (??D and ??18O) signatures of three principal groundwater recharge areas in the 21,000-km2 upper Klamath Basin are used to infer recharge sources for aquifers in the interior parts of the basin. Two of the principal recharge areas, the Cascade Range on the western and southern margin of the basin and uplands along the eastern margin, are defined by mean annual precipitation that exceeds approximately 60 cm. A third recharge area coincides with the extensive irrigation canal system in the south central part of the basin. The stable isotope signature for Cascade Range groundwater falls near the global meteoric water line (GMWL). The stable isotope signature for the groundwater of the eastern basin uplands also falls near the GMWL, but is depleted in heavy isotopes relative to the Cascade Range groundwater. The stable isotope signature for water from the irrigation canal system deviates from the GMWL in a manner indicative of fractionation by evaporation. Groundwater provenance was previously unknown for two aquifers of interest: that supplying deep (225-792 m), large-capacity irrigation wells along the Oregon-California border, and that of the geothermal system near Klamath Falls. Groundwater produced by the deep irrigation wells along the Oregon-California border appears to be a mixture of eastern-basin groundwater and water with an evaporative isotopic signature. The component with an evaporative isotopic signature appears in some places to consist of infiltrated irrigation water. Chloride data suggest that much of the component with the evaporative isotopic signature may be coming from an adjacent subbasin. After accounting for the 18O shift common in geothermal waters, isotope data suggest that the geothermal groundwater in the upper Klamath Basin may emanate from the eastern basin uplands. Findings demonstrate that stable isotope and chloride data can illuminate certain details of a regional groundwater flow system in a complex geologic setting where other hydrologic data are ambiguous. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.008","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Palmer, P., Gannett, M.W., and Hinkle, S., 2007, Isotopic characterization of three groundwater recharge sources and inferences for selected aquifers in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 336, no. 1-2, p. 17-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.008.","startPage":"17","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212943,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.008"},{"id":240512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"336","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f9be4b0c8380cd64661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmer, P.C.","contributorId":86972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gannett, M. W.","contributorId":75569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinkle, S.R.","contributorId":74778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029740,"text":"70029740 - 2007 - Formation of mixed Al-Fe colloidal sorbent and dissolved-colloidal partitioning of Cu and Zn in the Cement Creek - Animas River Confluence, Silverton, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-02T11:33:46.512511","indexId":"70029740","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of mixed Al-Fe colloidal sorbent and dissolved-colloidal partitioning of Cu and Zn in the Cement Creek - Animas River Confluence, Silverton, Colorado","docAbstract":"Transport and chemical transformations of dissolved and colloidal Al, Fe, Cu and Zn were studied by detailed sampling in the mixing zone downstream from the confluence of Cement Creek (pH 4.1) with the Animas River (pH 7.6). Complete mixing resulted in circumneutral pH in the downstream reach of the 1300 m study area. All four metals were transported through this mixing zone without significant losses to the streambed, and they exhibited transformations from dissolved to colloidal forms to varying degrees during the mixing process. Nearly all of the Al formed colloidal hydrous Al oxides (HAO) as pH increased (4.8–6.5), whereas colloidal hydrous Fe oxides (HFO) were supplied by Cement Creek as well as formed in the mixing zone primarily at higher pH (>6.5). The short travel time through the mixing zone (approx. 40 min) and pH limited the formation of HFO from dissolved Fe2+ supplied by Cement Creek. Although the proportions of HAO and HFO varied as the streams mixed, the colloidal sorbent typically was enriched in HAO relative to HFO by a factor of 1.5–2.1 (by mole) in the pH range where dissolved-to-colloidal partitioning of Cu and Zn was observed. Model simulations of sorption by HFO (alone) greatly underestimated the dissolved-to-colloidal partitioning of Zn. Previous studies have shown that HAO–HFO mixtures can sorb greater amounts of Zn than HFO alone, but the high Zn-to-sorbent ratio in this mixing zone could also account for greater partitioning. In contrast to Zn, comparisons with model simulations did not show that Cu sorption was greater than that for HFO alone, and also indicated that sorption was possibly less than what would be expected for a non-interactive mixture of these two sorbents. These field results for Cu, however, might be influenced by (organic) complexation or other factors in this natural system. Laboratory mixing experiments using natural source waters (upstream of the confluence) showed that the presence of HFO in the mixed sorbent resulted in greater Cu partitioning than for HAO alone, and that the effect was greater with increasing (mole fraction) HFO. This was consistent with field results that showed greater Cu sorption when additional HFO was formed in the downstream reach of the mixing zone. Further research is needed to identify the significance of surface-related mechanisms specific to HAO–HFO mixtures that could affect the partitioning of Cu in natural systems.
Populations of chemotactic bacteria are able to sense and respond to chemical gradients in their surroundings and direct their migration toward increasing concentrations of chemicals that they perceive to be beneficial to their survival. It has been suggested that this phenomenon may facilitate bioremediation processes by bringing bacteria into closer proximity to the chemical contaminants that they degrade. To determine the significance of chemotaxis in these processes it is necessary to quantify the magnitude of the response and compare it to other groundwater processes that affect the fate and transport of bacteria. We present a systematic approach toward quantifying the chemotactic response of bacteria in laboratory scale experiments by starting with simple, well-defined systems and gradually increasing their complexity. Swimming properties of individual cells were assessed from trajectories recorded by a tracking microscope. These properties were used to calculate motility and chemotaxis coefficients of bacterial populations in bulk aqueous media which were compared to experimental results of diffusion studies. Then effective values of motility and chemotaxis coefficients in single pores, pore networks and packed columns were analyzed. These were used to estimate the magnitude of the chemotactic response in porous media and to compare with dispersion coefficients reported in the field. This represents a compilation of many studies over a number of years. While there are certainly limitations with this approach for ultimately quantifying motility and chemotaxis in granular aquifer media, it does provide insight into what order of magnitude responses are possible and which characteristics of the bacteria and media are expected to be important.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.05.019","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Ford, R., and Harvey, R.W., 2007, Role of chemotaxis in the transport of bacteria through saturated porous media: Advances in Water Resources, v. 30, no. 6-7, p. 1608-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.05.019.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1608","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":213030,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.05.019"},{"id":240610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae49e4b0c8380cd87072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, R.M.","contributorId":95689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029805,"text":"70029805 - 2007 - Distributed energy-balance modeling of snow-cover evolution and melt in rugged terrain: Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70029805","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributed energy-balance modeling of snow-cover evolution and melt in rugged terrain: Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"A distributed energy-balance model was developed for simulating snowpack evolution and melt in rugged terrain. The model, which was applied to a 43-km2 watershed in the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, USA, used measured ambient data from nearby weather stations to drive energy-balance calculations and to constrain the model of Liston and Sturm [Liston, G.E., Sturm, M., 1998. A snow-transport model for complex terrain. Journal of Glaciology 44 (148), 498-516] for calculating the initial snowpack thickness. Simulated initial snow-water equivalent ranged between 1 cm and 385 cm w.e. (water equivalent) with high values concentrated on east-facing slopes below tall summits. An interpreted satellite image of the snowcover distribution on May 6, 1998, closely matched the simulated distribution with the greatest discrepancy occurring in the floor of the main trunk valley. Model simulations indicated that snowmelt commenced early in the melt season, but rapid meltout of snow cover did not occur until after the average energy balance of the entire watershed became positive about 45 days into the melt season. Meltout was fastest in the lower part of the watershed where warmer temperatures and tree cover enhanced the energy income of the underlying snow. An interpreted satellite image of the snowcover distribution on July 9, 1998 compared favorably with the simulated distribution, and melt curves for modeled canopy-covered cells mimicked the trends measured at nearby snow pillow stations. By the end of the simulation period (August 3), 28% of the watershed remained snow covered, most of which was concentrated in the highest parts of the watershed where initially thick accumulations had been shaded by surrounding summits. The results of this study provide further demonstration of the critical role that topography plays in the timing and magnitude of snowmelt from high mountain watersheds. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.012","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Letsinger, S., and Olyphant, G., 2007, Distributed energy-balance modeling of snow-cover evolution and melt in rugged terrain: Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 336, no. 1-2, p. 48-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.012.","startPage":"48","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212805,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.012"},{"id":240349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"336","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0254e4b0c8380cd4ffe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Letsinger, S.L.","contributorId":50731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letsinger","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olyphant, G.A.","contributorId":51023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olyphant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029825,"text":"70029825 - 2007 - Enhancing water cycle measurements for future hydrologic research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70029825","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhancing water cycle measurements for future hydrologic research","docAbstract":"The Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc., established the Hydrologic Measurement Facility to transform watershed-scale hydrologic research by facilitating access to advanced instrumentation and expertise that would not otherwise be available to individual investigators. We outline a committee-based process that determined which suites of instrumentation best fit the needs of the hydrological science community and a proposed mechanism for the governance and distribution of these sensors. Here, we also focus on how these proposed suites of instrumentation can be used to address key scientific challenges, including scaling water cycle science in time and space, broadening the scope of individual subdisciplines of water cycle science, and developing mechanistic linkages among these subdisciplines and spatio-temporal scales. ?? 2007 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/BAMS-88-5-669","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Loescher, H., Jacobs, J., Wendroth, O., Robinson, D., Poulos, G., McGuire, K., Reed, P., Mohanty, B., Shanley, J.B., and Krajewski, W., 2007, Enhancing water cycle measurements for future hydrologic research: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 88, no. 5, p. 669-676, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-5-669.","startPage":"669","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477247,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-5-669","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":213090,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-5-669"},{"id":240679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0979e4b0c8380cd51f24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loescher, H.W.","contributorId":68966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loescher","given":"H.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobs, J.M.","contributorId":10446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobs","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wendroth, O.","contributorId":82533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wendroth","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, D.A.","contributorId":64895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poulos, G.S.","contributorId":104712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulos","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, K.","contributorId":63219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reed, P.","contributorId":19316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mohanty, B.P.","contributorId":20162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mohanty","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Krajewski, W.","contributorId":78921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krajewski","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70029826,"text":"70029826 - 2007 - Assessment of contamination from arsenical pesticide use on orchards in the great valley region, Virginia and West Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:26:16","indexId":"70029826","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of contamination from arsenical pesticide use on orchards in the great valley region, Virginia and West Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Lead arsenate pesticides were widely used in apple orchards from 1925 to 1955. Soils from historic orchards in four counties in Virginia and West Virginia contained elevated concentrations of As and Pb, consistent with an arsenical pesticide source. Arsenic concentrations in approximately 50% of the orchard site soils and approximately 1% of reference site soils exceed the USEPA Preliminary Remediation Goal (PRG) screening guideline of 22 mg kg-1 for As in residential soi, defined on the basis of combined chronic exposure risk. Approximately 5% of orchard site soils exceed the USEPA PRG for Pb of 400 mg kg-1 in residential soil; no reference site soils sampled exceed this value. A variety of statistical methods were used to characterize the occurrence, distribution, and dispersion of arsenical pesticide residues in soils, stream sediments, and ground waters relative to landscape features and likely background conditions. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cu were most strongly associated with high developed land density and population density, whereas elevated concentrations of As were weakly correlated with high orchard density, consistent with a pesticide residue source. Arsenic concentrations in ground water wells in the region are generally <0.005 mg L-1. There was no spatial association between As concentrations in ground water and proximity to orchards. Arsenic had limited mobility into ground water from surface soils contaminated with arsenical pesticide residues at concentrations typically found in orchards.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2134/jeq2006.0413","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G.R., Larkins, P., Boughton, C.J., Reed, B.W., and Sibrell, P.L., 2007, Assessment of contamination from arsenical pesticide use on orchards in the great valley region, Virginia and West Virginia, USA: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 36, no. 3, p. 654-663, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0413.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"654","endPage":"663","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213091,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0413"}],"country":"United States","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee28e4b0c8380cd49bc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":424491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larkins, Peter","contributorId":40691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larkins","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boughton, Carol J.","contributorId":27429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boughton","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, Bradley W.","contributorId":15300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sibrell, Philip L. psibrell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibrell","given":"Philip","email":"psibrell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":424492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029848,"text":"70029848 - 2007 - Characterizing dissolved Cu and Cd uptake in terms of the biotic ligand and biodynamics using enriched stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-24T11:24:28.963119","indexId":"70029848","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing dissolved Cu and Cd uptake in terms of the biotic ligand and biodynamics using enriched stable isotopes","docAbstract":"The biotic ligand model considers the biological and geochemical complexities that affect metal exposure. It relates toxicity to the fraction of physiological active sites impacted by reactive metal species. The biodynamic model is a complementary construct that predicts bioaccumulation and assumes that toxicity occurs when influx rates exceed rates of loss and detoxification. In this paper we presume that metal influx rates are mechanistically the resulting processes that characterize transmembrane transport. We use enriched stable isotopes to characterize, both in terms of the biotic ligand and biodynamics, dissolved metal uptake by a freshwater snail at water hardness varying up to 180-fold. Upon 24 h exposure, metal uptake was linear over a range encompassing most environmental concentrations; although saturation kinetics were observed at higher concentrations. Cadmium influx rates correlate with changes in the affinity of the biotic ligand, whereas those of Cu correlate with changes in both site affinity and capacity. A relationship between metal influx rate and ligand character asks whether toxicity is the result of accumulation at the biotic ligand or the rate at which metal is transported by that ligand.
Coeur d'Alene Lake in northern Idaho is fed by two major rivers: the Coeur d'Alene River from the east and the St. Joe River from the south, with the Spokane River as its outlet to the north. This phosphorus-limited lake has been subjected to decades of mining (primarily for zinc and silver) and other anthropogenic inputs. A 32 full-factorial experimental design was used to examine the interactive effects of free (uncomplexed) zinc ion and dissolved-orthophosphate concentrations on phytoplankton that were isolated from two sites along a longitudinal zinc-concentration gradient in Coeur d'Alene Lake. The two sites displayed different dominant taxa. Chlorella minutissima, a dominant species near the southern St. Joe River inlet, exhibited greater sensitivity to free Zn ions than Asterionella formosa, collected nearer the Coeur d'Alene River mouth with elevated dissolved-zinc concentrations. Empirical phytoplankton-response models were generated to describe phytoplankton growth in response to remediation strategies in the surrounding watershed. If dissolved Zn can be reduced in the water column from >500 nM (i.e., current concentrations near and down stream of the Coeur d'Alene River plume) to <3 nM (i.e., concentrations near the southern St. Joe River inlet) such that the lake is truly phosphorus limited, management of phosphorus inputs by surrounding communities will ultimately determine the limnologic state of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es062923l","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J.S., Topping, B.R., Woods, P.F., and Carter, J.L., 2007, Free zinc ion and dissolved orthophosphate effects on phytoplankton from Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 41, no. 8, p. 2811-2817, https://doi.org/10.1021/es062923l.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2811","endPage":"2817","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.81625366210938,\n 47.68018294648414\n ],\n [\n -116.707763671875,\n 47.66538735632654\n ],\n [\n -116.64596557617188,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -116.64321899414062,\n 47.61079236060622\n ],\n [\n -116.7572021484375,\n 47.61264397257417\n ],\n [\n -116.7681884765625,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -116.75170898437501,\n 47.54038252373696\n ],\n [\n -116.8231201171875,\n 47.484728927366504\n ],\n [\n -116.77780151367186,\n 47.4828727909934\n ],\n [\n -116.75857543945312,\n 47.4828727909934\n ],\n [\n -116.75445556640625,\n 47.45223707184017\n ],\n [\n -116.70639038085938,\n 47.40764414848437\n ],\n [\n -116.67892456054688,\n 47.35836223484991\n ],\n [\n -116.69540405273438,\n 47.33789206010502\n ],\n [\n -116.77230834960938,\n 47.34905859411952\n ],\n [\n -116.78741455078125,\n 47.37975438400816\n ],\n [\n -116.79153442382812,\n 47.41322033016902\n ],\n [\n -116.88079833984375,\n 47.462450962249356\n ],\n [\n -116.94671630859375,\n 47.45687999525879\n ],\n [\n -116.94259643554688,\n 47.47823216312885\n ],\n [\n -116.90826416015625,\n 47.51349065484327\n ],\n [\n -116.87667846679689,\n 47.516273211681984\n ],\n [\n -116.82861328125001,\n 47.58486290927609\n ],\n [\n -116.8780517578125,\n 47.592272635166125\n ],\n [\n -116.8780517578125,\n 47.61264397257417\n ],\n [\n -116.83135986328125,\n 47.61819841513311\n ],\n [\n -116.80938720703124,\n 47.62190104905555\n ],\n [\n -116.82861328125001,\n 47.65613798222679\n ],\n [\n -116.83959960937499,\n 47.67186094318796\n ],\n [\n -116.81625366210938,\n 47.68018294648414\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13c1e4b0c8380cd54782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, Brent R. 0000-0002-7887-4221 btopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-4221","contributorId":1484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"Brent","email":"btopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029926,"text":"70029926 - 2007 - Formation of tellurium nanocrystals during anaerobic growth of bacteria that use Te oxyanions as respiratory electron acceptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T12:21:45.373227","indexId":"70029926","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of tellurium nanocrystals during anaerobic growth of bacteria that use Te oxyanions as respiratory electron acceptors","docAbstract":"The mid-1970s marked a major turning point in human history, for it was at that moment that the ability of the Earth’s ecosystems to absorb most of the biological impacts of human activities appears to have been exceeded by the magnitude of those impacts. This conclusion is based partly upon estimates of the rate of carbon dioxide emission during the combustion of fossil fuels, relative to the rate of its uptake by terrestrial ecosystems (Loh, 2002). A very different threshold, however, had already been crossed several decades earlier with the birth of the modern chemical industry, which produced novel substances for which no such natural assimilative capacity existed. Among these new chemical compounds, none has posed a greater challenge to the planet’s ecosystems than synthetic pesticides, compounds that have been intentionally released into the hydrologic system in vast quantities—several hundred million pounds of active ingredient (a.i.) per year in the United States alone (Donaldson et al., 2002)—for many decades. To gauge the extent to which we are currently able to assess the environmental implications of this new development in the Earth’s history, this chapter presents an overview of current understanding regarding the sources, transport, fate, and biological effects of pesticides, their transformation products, and selected adjuvants in the hydrologic system. (Adjuvants are the so-called inert ingredients included in commercial pesticide formulations to enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredients.)
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Treatise on geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/09056-3","usgsCitation":"Barbash, J.E., 2007, The geochemistry of pesticides, chap. 9.15 of Treatise on geochemistry, v. 9, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/09056-3.","productDescription":"43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574eb5dde4b0ee97d51a840a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbash, Jack E. 0000-0001-9854-8880 jbarbash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9854-8880","contributorId":1003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbash","given":"Jack","email":"jbarbash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030053,"text":"70030053 - 2007 - Radium-226 accumulation in Florida freshwater mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T21:32:19","indexId":"70030053","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radium-226 accumulation in Florida freshwater mussels","docAbstract":"Selected lakes in Hillsborough County, Florida have been hydrologically augmented with groundwater to offset stage declines caused by excessive pumping of the Floridan Aquifer. Augmentation water can be relatively rich in 226Ra (>5 decays per minute [dpm] L-1). We measured 226Ra activities in shells and soft tissues of adult bivalve molluscs (Elliptio cf. buckleyi) from groundwater-augmented and nonaugmented lakes to assess bioaccumulation of 226Ra by mussels. Mussels from augmented lakes displayed higher 226Ra in both shells and tissues than did mussels from nonaugmented lakes. Within a sample, 226Ra activity in Elliptio tissues was higher than the value measured in shells. Highest activities were found in a composite mussel sample (n = 6) from an augmented lake; soft tissue activity was 619 ?? 33 dpm g-1 dry weight and shell activity was 147 ?? 7 dpm g-1 g dry weight. Large mussels displayed greater activities in soft tissues and shells than did small mussels. We transplanted animals from a nonaugmented lake into a groundwater-augmented water body. 226Ra activity in dry tissue rose from 32 ?? 1 to 196 ?? 2 dpm g-1 within 2 months. When 226Ra-rich mussels (232 ?? 2 dpm g-1) from the augmented lake were transferred to the nonaugmented lake, they showed no significant 226Ra loss over the 69-d experiment. Large Elliptio mussels concentrated 226Ra in their soft tissues to levels about 1,000 to 25,000 times concentrations in lake water. Pumping of groundwater in Florida for residential, agricultural, and industrial use contributes dissolved 226Ra to some surface water bodies, where it can be bioaccumulated by bivalve molluscs. ?? 2007, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1614","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Brenner, M., Smoak, J., Leeper, D., Streubert, M., and Baker, S., 2007, Radium-226 accumulation in Florida freshwater mussels: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 52, no. 4, p. 1614-1623, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1614.","startPage":"1614","endPage":"1623","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1614","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":240533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265985,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1614"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9430e4b0c8380cd81257","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brenner, M.","contributorId":47984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smoak, J.M.","contributorId":40384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoak","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leeper, D.A.","contributorId":30044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeper","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Streubert, M.","contributorId":79305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Streubert","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, S.M.","contributorId":106319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030092,"text":"70030092 - 2007 - Using biodynamic models to reconcile differences between laboratory toxicity tests and field biomonitoring with aquatic insects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-02T11:28:20.798894","indexId":"70030092","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using biodynamic models to reconcile differences between laboratory toxicity tests and field biomonitoring with aquatic insects","docAbstract":"Aquatic insects often dominate lotic ecosystems, yet these organisms are under-represented in trace metal toxicity databases. Furthermore, toxicity data for aquatic insects do not appear to reflect their actual sensitivities to metals in nature, because the concentrations required to elicit toxicity in the laboratory are considerably higher than those found to impact insect communities in the field. New approaches are therefore needed to better understand how and why insects are differentially susceptible to metal exposures. Biodynamic modeling is a powerful tool for understanding interspecific differences in trace metal bioaccumulation. Because bioaccumulation alone does not necessarily correlate with toxicity, we combined biokinetic parameters associated with dissolved cadmium exposures with studies of the subcellular compartmentalization of accumulated Cd. This combination of physiological traits allowed us to make predictions of susceptibility differences to dissolved Cd in three aquatic insect taxa: Ephemerella excrucians, Rhithrogena morrisoni, and Rhyacophila sp. We compared these predictions with long-term field monitoring data and toxicity tests with closely related taxa: Ephemerella infrequens, Rhithrogena hageni, and Rhyacophila brunea. Kinetic parameters allowed us to estimate steady-state concentrations, the time required to reach steady state, and the concentrations of Cd projected to be in potentially toxic compartments for different species. Species-specific physiological traits identified using biodynamic models provided a means for better understanding why toxicity assays with insects have failed to provide meaningful estimates for metal concentrations that would be expected to be protective in nature.
Ground water processes affecting seasonal variations of surface water nitrate concentrations were investigated in an incised first-order stream in an agricultural watershed with a riparian forest in the coastal plain of Maryland. Aquifer characteristics including sediment stratigraphy, geochemistry, and hydraulic properties were examined in combination with chemical and isotopic analyses of ground water, macropore discharge, and stream water. The ground water flow system exhibits vertical stratification of hydraulic properties and redox conditions, with sub-horizontal boundaries that extend beneath the field and adjacent riparian forest. Below the minimum water table position, ground water age gradients indicate low recharge rates (2-5 cm yr-1) and long residence times (years to decades), whereas the transient ground water wedge between the maximum and minimum water table positions has a relatively short residence time (months to years), partly because of an upward increase in hydraulic conductivity. Oxygen reduction and denitrification in recharging ground waters are coupled with pyrite oxidation near the minimum water table elevation in a mottled weathering zone in Tertiary marine glauconitic sediments. The incised stream had high nitrate concentrations during high flow conditions when much of the ground water was transmitted rapidly across the riparian zone in a shallow oxic aquifer wedge with abundant outflow macropores, and low nitrate concentrations during low flow conditions when the oxic wedge was smaller and stream discharge was dominated by upwelling from the deeper denitrified parts of the aquifer. Results from this and similar studies illustrate the importance of near-stream geomorphology and subsurface geology as controls of riparian zone function and delivery of nitrate to streams in agricultural watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2006.0084","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J.K., O’Connell, M.E., and Prestegaard, K., 2007, Ground water stratification and delivery of nitrate to an incised stream under varying flow conditions: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 36, no. 3, p. 664-680, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0084.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"680","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213108,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0084"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2b27e4b0c8380cd5b745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":127841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":425834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connell, M. E.","contributorId":64033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prestegaard, K.L.","contributorId":51545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestegaard","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030131,"text":"70030131 - 2007 - The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:06","indexId":"70030131","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Relations between urbanization and particle-associated contaminants in New England were evaluated using a combination of samples from sediment cores, streambed sediments, and suspended stream sediments. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, DDT, and seven trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) were correlated strongly with urbanization, with the strongest relations to percentage commercial, industrial, and transportation (CIT) land use. Average PAH and metal concentrations in the most urbanized watersheds were approximately 30 and 6 times the reference concentrations, respectively, in remote, undeveloped watersheds. One-quarter to one-half of sampling sites had concentrations of PAHs, Cu, Pb, or Zn above the probable effects concentration, a set of sediment quality guidelines for adverse effects to aquatic biota, and sediments were predicted to be toxic, on average, when CIT land use exceeded about 10%. Trends in metals in cores from urban watersheds were dominantly downward, whereas trends in PAHs in a suburban watershed were upward. A regional atmospheric-fallout gradient was indicated by as much as order-of-magnitude-greater concentrations and accumulation rates of contaminants in cores from an undeveloped reference lake in Boston compared to those from remote reference watersheds. Contaminant accumulation rates in the lakes with urbanization in their watersheds, however, were 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of reference lakes, which indicate the dominance of local sources and fluvial transport of contaminants to urban lakes. These analyses demonstrate the magnitude of urban contamination of aquatic systems and air sheds, and suggest that, despite reductions in contaminant emissions in urban settings, streams and lakes will decline in quality as urbanization of their watersheds takes place. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Chalmers, A., Van Metre, P., and Callender, E., 2007, The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 91, no. 1-2, p. 4-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007.","startPage":"4","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212672,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.007"},{"id":240195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2de4b08c986b32274a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalmers, A.T. 0000-0002-5199-8080","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-8080","contributorId":63576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalmers","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":425836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030208,"text":"70030208 - 2007 - Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T10:52:39","indexId":"70030208","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds","docAbstract":"Samples of water and sediment from a conventional drinking-water-treatment (DWT) plant were analyzed for 113 organic compounds (OCs) that included pharmaceuticals, detergent degradates, flame retardants and plasticizers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fragrances and flavorants, pesticides and an insect repellent, and plant and animal steroids. 45 of these compounds were detected in samples of source water and 34 were detected in samples of settled sludge and (or) filter-backwash sediments. The average percent removal of these compounds was calculated from their average concentration in time-composited water samples collected after clarification, disinfection (chlorination), and granular-activated-carbon (GAC) filtration. In general, GAC filtration accounted for 53% of the removal of these compounds from the aqueous phase; disinfection accounted for 32%, and clarification accounted for 15%. The effectiveness of these treatments varied widely within and among classes of compounds; some hydrophobic compounds were strongly oxidized by free chlorine, and some hydrophilic compounds were partly removed through adsorption processes. The detection of 21 of the compounds in 1 or more samples of finished water, and of 3 to 13 compounds in every finished-water sample, indicates substantial but incomplete degradation or removal of OCs through the conventional DWT process used at this plant.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.095","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., Gibs, J., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S.D., and Lippincott, R., 2007, Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds: Science of the Total Environment, v. 377, no. 2-3, p. 255-272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.095.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211884,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.095"}],"volume":"377","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0866e4b0c8380cd51adb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibs, Jacob jgibs@usgs.gov","contributorId":1729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"Jacob","email":"jgibs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":426132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":426133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":426131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lippincott, R.L.","contributorId":73817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippincott","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}