We studied the effects of commercial harvest of blue mussels Mytilus edulis on eelgrass Zostera marina L. in Maquoit Bay, Maine, USA, at a hierarchy of scales. We used aerial photography, underwater video, and eelgrass population- and shoot-based measurements to quantify dragging impacts within 4 sites that had been disturbed at different times over an approximate 7 yr interval, and to project eelgrass meadow recovery rates. Dragging had disturbed 10% of the eelgrass cover in Maquoit Bay, with dragged sites ranging from 3.4 to 31.8 ha in size. Dragging removed above- and belowground plant material from the majority of the bottom in the disturbed sites. One year following dragging, eelgrass shoot density, shoot height and total biomass of disturbed sites averaged respectively 2 to 3%, 46 to 61% and <1% that of the reference sites. Substantial differences in eelgrass biomass persisted between disturbed and reference sites up to 7 yr after dragging. Dragging did not affect physical characteristics of the sediment. The pattern and rate of eelgrass bed recovery depended strongly on initial dragging intensity; areas of relatively light dragging with many remnant eelgrass patches (i.e. patches that were missed by the mussel dredge) showed considerable revegetation in 1 yr. However, by developing recovery trajectories from measurements at sites disturbed in different years, we projected that it would require a mean of 10.6 yr for recovery of eelgrass shoot density within the areas of intense dragging characterizing most of the disturbed sites. A spatial simulation model based on measured rates of lateral patch-expansion (mean 12.5 cm yr-1) and new-patch recruitment (mean 0.19 patches m-2 yr-1) yielded a mean bed recovery time of 9 to 11 yr following dragging, depending on initial degree of plant removal. Model simulations suggested that with favorable environmental conditions, eelgrass beds might recover from dragging disturbance in 6 yr; conversely, recovery under conditions less conducive to eelgrass growth could require 20 yr or longer. This study shows that mussel dragging poses a severe threat to eelgrass in this region and that regulations to protect eelgrass from dragging impacts would maintain the integrity of a substantial amount of habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps285057","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Short, F.T., Barker, S., and Kopp, B.S., 2005, Disturbance of eelgrass Zostera marina by commercial mussel Mytilus edulis harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and habitat recovery: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 285, p. 57-73, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps285057.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps285057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Maquoit Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.05260467529297,\n 43.79042818348387\n ],\n [\n -70.01346588134766,\n 43.837498549851624\n ],\n [\n -69.98634338378906,\n 43.866713048323184\n ],\n [\n -69.99698638916016,\n 43.86696056766485\n ],\n [\n -70.00865936279297,\n 43.85978208946686\n ],\n [\n -70.01930236816406,\n 43.859039438939455\n ],\n [\n -70.04505157470703,\n 43.841955923776396\n ],\n [\n -70.05706787109375,\n 43.82412443010574\n ],\n [\n -70.07080078125,\n 43.80727868289013\n ],\n [\n -70.07354736328125,\n 43.793402146335886\n ],\n [\n -70.05260467529297,\n 43.79042818348387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"285","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a032ee4b0c8380cd5039b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neckles, Hilary A. 0000-0002-5662-2314 hneckles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-2314","contributorId":3821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"Hilary","email":"hneckles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, Frederick T.","contributorId":72078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barker, Seth","contributorId":41536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Seth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kopp, Blaine S.","contributorId":99648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kopp","given":"Blaine","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029138,"text":"70029138 - 2005 - TREMOR: A wireless MEMS accelerograph for dense arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70029138","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"TREMOR: A wireless MEMS accelerograph for dense arrays","docAbstract":"The ability of a strong-motion network to resolve wavefields can be described on three axes: frequency, amplitude, and space. While the need for spatial resolution is apparent, for practical reasons that axis is often neglected. TREMOR is a MEMS-based accelerograph using wireless Internet to minimize lifecycle cost. TREMOR instruments can economically augment traditional ones, residing between them to improve spatial resolution. The TREMOR instrument described here has dynamic range of 96 dB between ??2 g, or 102 dB between ??4 g. It is linear to ???1% of full scale (FS), with a response function effectively shaped electronically. We developed an economical, very low noise, accurate (???1%FS) temperature compensation method. Displacement is easily recovered to 10-cm accuracy at full bandwidth, and better with care. We deployed prototype instruments in Oakland, California, beginning in 1998, with 13 now at mean spacing of ???3 km - one of the most densely instrumented urban centers in the United States. This array is among the quickest in returning (PGA, PGV, Sa) vectors to ShakeMap, ???75 to 100 s. Some 13 events have been recorded. A ShakeMap and an example of spatial variability are shown. Extensive tests of the prototypes for a commercial instrument are described here and in a companion paper. ?? 2005, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1856534","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Evans, J., Hamstra, R., Kundig, C., Camina, P., and Rogers, J.A., 2005, TREMOR: A wireless MEMS accelerograph for dense arrays: Earthquake Spectra, v. 21, no. 1, p. 91-124, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1856534.","startPage":"91","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1856534"},{"id":237830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba392e4b08c986b31fd75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamstra, R.H. Jr.","contributorId":6246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamstra","given":"R.H.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kundig, C.","contributorId":37948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kundig","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Camina, P.","contributorId":46755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camina","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rogers, J. A.","contributorId":90721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029170,"text":"70029170 - 2005 - Mineralogical and geochemical consequences of the long-term presence of CO2 in natural reservoirs: An example from the Springerville-St. Johns Field, Arizona, and New Mexico, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:54","indexId":"70029170","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogical and geochemical consequences of the long-term presence of CO2 in natural reservoirs: An example from the Springerville-St. Johns Field, Arizona, and New Mexico, U.S.A","docAbstract":"The Springerville-St. Johns CO2 field in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico is one of more than a dozen gas fields developed within the Colorado Plateau and Southern Rocky Mountain region. Extensive travertine (CaCO3) deposits record a long history of CO2 migration and leakage to the atmosphere. The oldest travertine deposits may have formed during the initial filling of the CO2 reservoir when groundwaters exsolved CO2 upon reaching the surface. The youngest travertine deposits are associated with springs on the floor of the Little Colorado River valley, but travertine deposition appears to be insignificant today. Older deposits occur up to 325 m above the valley floor. Geologic relationships suggest travertine deposition began in the late Pleistocene after volcanic activity ended at ???0.3 Ma. Most of the CaCO3 could have been derived from dissolution of the underlying limestones and dolomites. Interactions between the reservoir fluids and rocks were observed in core samples from one of the intervals that produced dry gas. These reactions resulted in the dissolution of carbonate cements and detrital feldspars and the formation of dawsonite and kaolinite. Geochemical simulations suggest that the dawsonite could have been deposited when the CO2 fugacity reached 20 bars and that the kaolinite formed as the CO2 fugacity decreased. Corrosion of drill pipe by acidic waters and a pronounced HCO3 anomaly above the CO2 reservoir provide evidence of a continuing flux of CO2 from depth. CO2 storage occurs primarily as dissolved carbonate species and as gas accumulations. Only a small percentage of the CO2 was sequestered in secondary minerals. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.12.019","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Adams, M., Allis, R., Lutz, S., and Rauzi, S., 2005, Mineralogical and geochemical consequences of the long-term presence of CO2 in natural reservoirs: An example from the Springerville-St. Johns Field, Arizona, and New Mexico, U.S.A: Chemical Geology, v. 217, no. 3-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 365-385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.12.019.","startPage":"365","endPage":"385","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210693,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.12.019"},{"id":237690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"217","issue":"3-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a92e4b0c8380cd6ef91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Jeff","contributorId":49059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":421611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, M.","contributorId":81176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allis, R.","contributorId":14606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allis","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lutz, S.","contributorId":40005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rauzi, S.","contributorId":70179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rauzi","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70029229,"text":"70029229 - 2005 - A cohabitation challenge to compare the efficacies of vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T16:15:34","indexId":"70029229","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A cohabitation challenge to compare the efficacies of vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha","docAbstract":"The relative efficacies of 1 commercial and 5 experimental vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (BKD) were compared through a cohabitation waterborne challenge. Groups of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were vaccinated with one of the following: (1) killed Renibacterium salmoninarum ATCC 33209 (Rs 33209) cells; (2) killed Rs 33209 cells which had been heated to 37??C for 48 h, a process that destroys the p57 protein; (3) killed R. salmoninarum MT239 (Rs MT239) cells; (4) heated Rs MT239 cells; (5) a recombinant version of the p57 protein (r-p57) emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA); (6) the commercial BKD vaccine Renogen; (7) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) emulsified with an equal volume of FIA; or (8) PBS alone. Following injection, each fish was marked with a subcutaneous fluorescent latex tag denoting its treatment group and the vaccinated fish were combined into sham and disease challenge tanks. Two weeks after these fish were vaccinated, separate groups of fish were injected with either PBS or live R. salmoninarum GL64 and were placed inside coated-wire mesh cylinders (liveboxes) in the sham and disease challenge tanks, respectively. Mortalities in both tanks were recorded for 285 d. Any mortalities among the livebox fish were replaced with an appropriate cohort (infected with R. salmoninarum or healthy) fish. None of the bacterins evaluated in this study induced protective immunity against the R. salmoninarum shed from the infected livebox fish. The percentage survival within the test groups in the R. salmoninarum challenge tank ranged from 59% (heated Rs MT239 bacterin) to 81 % (PBS emulsified with FIA). There were no differences in the percentage survival among the PBS-, PBS/FIA-, r-p57-and Renogen-injected groups. There also were no differences in survival among the bacterin groups, regardless of whether the bacterial cells had been heated or left untreated prior to injection. ?? Inter-Research 2005.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao063151","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Alcorn, S., Murray, A., Pascho, R., and Varney, J., 2005, A cohabitation challenge to compare the efficacies of vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 63, no. 2-3, p. 151-160, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao063151.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487535,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao063151","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbabe4b0b13d3919a2d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alcorn, S.","contributorId":17814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, A.L.","contributorId":70151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Varney, J.","contributorId":72999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varney","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029254,"text":"70029254 - 2005 - Evaluating mixed samples as a source of error in non-invasive genetic studies using microsatellites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-11T15:10:41","indexId":"70029254","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating mixed samples as a source of error in non-invasive genetic studies using microsatellites","docAbstract":"The use of noninvasive genetic sampling (NGS) for surveying wild populations is increasing rapidly. Currently, only a limited number of studies have evaluated potential biases associated with NGS. This paper evaluates the potential errors associated with analysing mixed samples drawn from multiple animals. Most NGS studies assume that mixed samples will be identified and removed during the genotyping process. We evaluated this assumption by creating 128 mixed samples of extracted DNA from brown bear (Ursus arctos) hair samples. These mixed samples were genotyped and screened for errors at six microsatellite loci according to protocols consistent with those used in other NGS studies. Five mixed samples produced acceptable genotypes after the first screening. However, all mixed samples produced multiple alleles at one or more loci, amplified as only one of the source samples, or yielded inconsistent electropherograms by the final stage of the error-checking process. These processes could potentially reduce the number of individuals observed in NGS studies, but errors should be conservative within demographic estimates. Researchers should be aware of the potential for mixed samples and carefully design gel analysis criteria and error checking protocols to detect mixed samples.
","largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02385.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Roon, D.A., Thomas, M., Kendall, K., and Waits, L., 2005, Evaluating mixed samples as a source of error in non-invasive genetic studies using microsatellites: Molecular Ecology, v. 14, no. 1, p. 195-201, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02385.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210835,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02385.x"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0beae4b0c8380cd52939","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roon, David A.","contributorId":42922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roon","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, M.E.","contributorId":9059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, K.C.","contributorId":39716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waits, L.P.","contributorId":58987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029255,"text":"70029255 - 2005 - Seismic architecture and lithofacies of turbidites in Lake Mead (Arizona and Nevada, U.S.A.), an analogue for topographically complex basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:05:30","indexId":"70029255","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic architecture and lithofacies of turbidites in Lake Mead (Arizona and Nevada, U.S.A.), an analogue for topographically complex basins","docAbstract":"Turbidites, which have accumulated in Lake Mead since completion of the Hoover Dam in 1935, have been mapped using high-resolution seismic and coring techniques. This lake is an exceptional natural laboratory for studying fine-grained turbidite systems in complex topographic settings. The lake comprises four relatively broad basins separated by narrow canyons, and turbidity currents run the full length of the lake. The mean grain size of turbidites is mostly coarse silt, and the sand content decreases from 11-30% in beds in the easternmost basin nearest the source to 3-14% in the central basins to 1-2% in the most distal basin. Regionally, the seismic amplitude mimics the core results and decreases away from the source. The facies and morphology of the sediment surface varies between basins and suggests a regional progression from higher-energy and possibly channelized flows in the easternmost basin to unchannelized flows in the central two basins to unchannelized flows that are ponded by the Hoover Dam in the westernmost basin. At the local scale, turbidites are nearly flat-lying in the central two basins, but here the morphology of the basin walls strongly affects the distribution of facies. One of the two basins is relatively narrow, and in sinuous sections reflection amplitude increases toward the outsides of meanders. Where a narrow canyon debouches into a broad basin, reflection amplitude decreases radially away from the canyon mouth and forms a fan-like deposit. The fine-grained nature of the turbidites in the most distal basin and the fact that reflections drape the underlying pre-impoundment surface suggest ponding here. The progression from ponding in the most distal basin to possibly channelized flows in the most proximal basin shows in plan view a progression similar to the stratigraphic progression documented in several minibasins in the Gulf of Mexico. 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To address these topics, we monitored chick growth patterns, daily brood movements, and survival of Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. We assessed the effect of chick age, mass, and hatch date on brood survival using Program MARK. We mapped brood locations daily, and compared brood movement patterns between successful and unsuccessful broods. Younger chicks survived at lower rates and moved shorter distances than older chicks. The overall probability of one or more chicks from a brood surviving to 15 days of age was 0.73 ± 0.05 SE. Brood survival declined seasonally, and broods with heavier chicks survived at higher rates than those with lighter chicks. On average, successful broods fledged 1.7 ± 0.1 SE chicks. Rate of chick growth was intermediate between those of high arctic and temperate-breeding shorebirds, and chick mass at hatching declined seasonally. Western Sandpiper brood survival was lowest when chicks were young, spatially clumped, and unable to maintain homeothermy, probably because young chicks were more vulnerable to both complete depredation events and extreme weather. Our data suggest that larger, older chicks are able to avoid predators by being spatially dispersed and highly mobile; thermal independence, achieved after approximately day five, enables chicks to better endure prolonged periods of cold and low food availability.
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E.","contributorId":83462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, S.B.","contributorId":107636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, L. R. 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":66391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Honeyfield, D. C. 0000-0003-3034-2047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":73136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":422253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Warner, D.M.","contributorId":40412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rudstam, L. G.","contributorId":24720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudstam","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pearsall, W.","contributorId":6653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearsall","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70029322,"text":"70029322 - 2005 - Fundamental challenges to methane recovery from gas hydrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T10:47:17","indexId":"70029322","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3601,"text":"Topics in Catalysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fundamental challenges to methane recovery from gas hydrates","docAbstract":"The fundamental challenges, the location, magnitude, and feasibility of recovery, which must be addressed to recover methane from dispersed hydrate sources, are presented. To induce dissociation of gas hydrate prior to methane recovery, two potential methods are typically considered. Because thermal stimulation requires a large energy input, it is less economically feasible than depressurization. The new data will allow the study of the effect of pressure, temperature, diffusion, porosity, tortuosity, composition of gas and water, and porous media on gas-hydrate production. These data also will allow one to improve existing models related to the stability and dissociation of sea floor hydrates. The reproducible kinetic data from the planned runs together with sediment properties will aid in developing a process to economically recover methane from a potential untapped hydrate source. The availability of plentiful methane will allow economical and large-scale production of methane-derived clean fuels to help avert future energy crises.","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11244-005-2881-x","issn":"10225528","usgsCitation":"Servio, P., Eaton, M., Mahajan, D., and Winters, W., 2005, Fundamental challenges to methane recovery from gas hydrates: Topics in Catalysis, v. 32, no. 3-4, p. 101-107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-005-2881-x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"107","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1418e4b0c8380cd548e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Servio, P.","contributorId":28059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Servio","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eaton, M.W.","contributorId":26132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mahajan, D.","contributorId":42019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahajan","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029369,"text":"70029369 - 2005 - Evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal acid-sulfate system at Summitville, Colorado: Integration of geological, stable-isotope, and fluid-inclusion evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70029369","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal acid-sulfate system at Summitville, Colorado: Integration of geological, stable-isotope, and fluid-inclusion evidence","docAbstract":"The Summitville Au-Ag-Cu deposit is a classic volcanic dome-hosted high-sulfidation deposit. It occurs in the Quartz Latite of South Mountain, a composite volcanic dome that was emplaced along the coincident margins of the Platoro and Summitville calderas at 22.5??0.5 Ma, penecontemporaneous with alteration and mineralization. A penecontemporaneous quartz monzonite porphyry intrusion underlies the district and is cut and overlain by pyrite-quartz stockwork veins with traces of chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Alteration and mineralization proceeded through three hypogene stages and a supergene stage, punctuated by at least three periods of hydrothermal brecciation. Intense acid leaching along fractures in the quartz latite produced irregular pipes and lenticular pods of vuggy silica enclosed sequentially by alteration zones of quartz-alunite, quartz-kaolinite, and clay. The acid-sulfate-altered rocks host subsequent covellite+enargite/luzonite+chalcopyrite mineralization accompanied by kaolinite, and later barite-base-metal veins, some containing high Au values and kaolinite. The presence of both liquid- and vapor-rich fluid inclusions indicates the episodic presence of a low-density fluid at all levels of the system. In the mineralized zone, liquid-rich fluid inclusions in healed fractures in quartz phenocrysts and in quartz associated with mineralization homogenize to temperatures between 160 and 390 ??C (90% between 190 and 310 ??C), consistent with the range (200-250 ??C) estimated from the fractionation of sulfur isotopes between coexisting alunite and pyrite. A deep alunite-pyrite pair yielded a sulfur-isotope temperature of 390 ??C, marking a transition from hydrostatic to lithostatic pressure at a depth of about 1.5 km. Two salinity populations dominate the liquid-rich fluid inclusions. One has salinities between 0 and 5 wt.% NaCl equivalent; the other has salinities of up to 43 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The occurrence of high-salinity fluid inclusions in vein quartz associated with mineralization, as well as in the deep stockwork veins, suggests that brines originating deep in the system transported the metals. The ??34S values of sulfides in magnetite (-2.3???) and of sulfate in apatite (5.4???) in unaltered quartz latite indicate that ??34S???S was near 0???. The ??34S values of coexisting alteration alunite and pyrite are 18.2??? to 24.5??? and -8.1??? to -2.2???, respectively. Deep in the system, most of the change in ??34S values occurs in the sulfates, indicating that the fluids were initially H2S-dominant, their redox state buffered at depth by equilibration with igneous rocks. However, in the main alteration zone, most of the change in ??34S values occurs in pyrite, indicating that the fluids moved off the rock buffer and became SO42- -dominant as pyrite precipitated and SO2 disproportionation produced the sulfuric acid requisite for acid leaching. The ??34S values of the late-stage barite and sulfides indicate that the system returned to high H2S/SO42- ratios typical of the original rock-buffered fluid. The ??DH2O of alunite parent fluids was near -45??? and their ??18O ranged from 7??? to -1???, depending on the degree of exchange in the alteration zone at low water-rock ratio, or mixing with unexchanged meteoric water. The low ??D values of some alunite samples are interpreted to result from postdepositional exchange with later ore fluids. Fluid exsolved fr om the magma at depth had ??DH2O and ??18OH2O values near -70??? and 10???, respectively. During and following migration to the top of the magma chamber, the fluid underwent isotopic exchange with the partially crystallized magma and its solid and cooler, but still plastic, carapace just below the transition from a lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure regime. These evolved magmatic fluids had ??DH2O and ??18OH2O values close to -40??? and 5???, respectively, prior to release into the superjacent hydrostatically pressured fracture zone, wherein the fluids separat","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.041","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bethke, P.M., Rye, R.O., Stoffregen, R., and Vikre, P., 2005, Evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal acid-sulfate system at Summitville, Colorado: Integration of geological, stable-isotope, and fluid-inclusion evidence: Chemical Geology, v. 215, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 281-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.041.","startPage":"281","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210454,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.041"},{"id":237375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"215","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d8ce4b0c8380cd5309f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bethke, P. M.","contributorId":32921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoffregen, R.E.","contributorId":70417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffregen","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vikre, P.G.","contributorId":76930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029392,"text":"70029392 - 2005 - Home range and space use patterns of flathead catfish during the summer-fall period in two Missouri streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-21T17:16:01","indexId":"70029392","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range and space use patterns of flathead catfish during the summer-fall period in two Missouri streams","docAbstract":"Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris were radio-tracked in the Grand River and Cuivre River, Missouri, from late July until they moved to overwintering habitats in late October. Fish moved within a definable area, and although occasional long-distance movements occurred, the fish typically returned to the previously occupied area. Seasonal home range was calculated with the use of kernel density estimation, which can be interpreted as a probabilistic utilization distribution that documents the internal structure of the estimate by delineating portions of the range that was used a specified percentage of the time. A traditional linear range also was reported. Most flathead catfish (89%) had one 50% kernel-estimated core area, whereas 11% of the fish split their time between two core areas. Core areas were typically in the middle of the 90% kernel-estimated home range (58%), although several had core areas in upstream (26%) and downstream (16%) portions of the home range. Home-range size did not differ based on river, sex, or size and was highly variable among individuals. The median 95% kernel estimate was 1,085 m (range, 70– 69,090 m) for all fish. The median 50% kernel-estimated core area was 135 m (10–2,260 m). The median linear range was 3,510 m (150–50,400 m). Fish pairs with core areas in the same and neighboring pools had static joint space use values of up to 49% (area of intersection index), indicating substantial overlap and use of the same area. However, all fish pairs had low dynamic joint space use values (<0.07; coefficient of association), indicating that fish pairs were temporally segregated, rarely occurring in the same location at the same time.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/T04-064.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Vokoun, J.C., and Rabeni, C.F., 2005, Home range and space use patterns of flathead catfish during the summer-fall period in two Missouri streams: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 134, no. 2, p. 509-517, https://doi.org/10.1577/T04-064.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"517","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237772,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Cuivre River, Grand River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.2958984375,\n 39.28860847419942\n ],\n [\n -93.2958984375,\n 39.51781418588603\n ],\n [\n -92.98278808593749,\n 39.51781418588603\n ],\n [\n -92.98278808593749,\n 39.28860847419942\n ],\n [\n -93.2958984375,\n 39.28860847419942\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.10412597656249,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -91.10412597656249,\n 39.07037913108751\n ],\n [\n -90.55755615234375,\n 39.07037913108751\n ],\n [\n -90.55755615234375,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -91.10412597656249,\n 38.70694605159386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"134","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3202e4b0c8380cd5e44c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vokoun, Jason C.","contributorId":173912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vokoun","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rabeni, Charles F.","contributorId":34804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabeni","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029399,"text":"70029399 - 2005 - Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:50","indexId":"70029399","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah","docAbstract":"Faults in sandstone are frequently composed of two classes of structures: (1) deformation bands and (2) joints and sheared joints. Whereas the former structures are associated with cataclastic deformation, the latter ones represent brittle fracturing, fragmentation, and brecciation. We investigated the distribution of these structures, their formation, and the underlying mechanical controls for their occurrence along the Moab normal fault in southeastern Utah through the use of structural mapping and numerical elastic boundary element modeling. We found that deformation bands occur everywhere along the fault, but with increased density in contractional relays. Joints and sheared joints only occur at intersections and extensional relays. In all locations , joints consistently overprint deformation bands. Localization of joints and sheared joints in extensional relays suggests that their distribution is controlled by local variations in stress state that are due to mechanical interaction between the fault segments. This interpretation is consistent with elastic boundary element models that predict a local reduction in mean stress and least compressive principal stress at intersections and extensional relays. The transition from deformation band to joint formation along these sections of the fault system likely resulted from the combined effects of changes in remote tectonic loading, burial depth, fluid pressure, and rock properties. In the case of the Moab fault, we conclude that the structural heterogeneity in the fault zone is systematically related to the geometric evolution of the fault, the local state of stress associated with fault slip , and the remote loading history. Because the type and distribution of structures affect fault permeability and strength, our results predict systematic variations in these parameters with fault evolution. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25473.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Davatzes, N., Eichhubl, P., and Aydin, A., 2005, Structural evolution of fault zones in sandstone by multiple deformation mechanisms: Moab fault, southeast Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 1-2, p. 135-148, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25473.1.","startPage":"135","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210840,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25473.1"},{"id":237882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9be6e4b08c986b31d167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davatzes, N.C.","contributorId":59219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davatzes","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eichhubl, P.","contributorId":9060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichhubl","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aydin, A.","contributorId":33898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydin","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029419,"text":"70029419 - 2005 - New constraints on mechanisms of remotely triggered seismicity at Long Valley Caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:16:30","indexId":"70029419","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New constraints on mechanisms of remotely triggered seismicity at Long Valley Caldera","docAbstract":"Regional-scale triggering of local earthquakes in the crust by seismic waves from distant main shocks has now been robustly documented for over a decade. Some of the most thoroughly recorded examples of repeated triggering of a single site from multiple, large earthquakes are measured in geothermal fields of the western United States like Long Valley Caldera. As one of the few natural cases where the causality of an earthquake sequence is apparent, triggering provides fundamental constraints on the failure processes in earthquakes. We show here that the observed triggering by seismic waves is inconsistent with any mechanism that depends on cumulative shaking as measured by integrated energy density. We also present evidence for a frequency-dependent triggering threshold. On the basis of the seismic records of 12 regional and teleseismic events recorded at Long Valley Caldera, long-period waves (>30 s) are more effective at generating local seismicity than short-period waves of comparable amplitude. If the properties of the system are stationary over time, the failure threshold for long-period waves is ~0.05 cm/s vertical shaking. Assuming a phase velocity of 3.5 km/s and an elastic modulus of 3.5 x 1010Pa, the threshold in terms of stress is 5 kPa. The frequency dependence is due in part to the attenuation of the surface waves with depth. Fluid flow through a porous medium can produce the rest of the observed frequency dependence of the threshold. If the threshold is not stationary with time, pore pressures that are >99.5% of lithostatic and vary over time by a factor of 4 could explain the observations with no frequency dependence of the triggering threshold.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003211","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brodsky, E.E., and Prejean, S., 2005, New constraints on mechanisms of remotely triggered seismicity at Long Valley Caldera: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 4, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003211.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477904,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210674,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003211"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.90674591064452,\n 37.69482353536507\n ],\n [\n -118.83893966674803,\n 37.69482353536507\n ],\n [\n -118.83893966674803,\n 37.72551521301948\n ],\n [\n -118.90674591064452,\n 37.72551521301948\n ],\n [\n -118.90674591064452,\n 37.69482353536507\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6564e4b0c8380cd72ba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brodsky, E. E.","contributorId":108285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brodsky","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prejean, S. G. 0000-0003-0510-1989","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-1989","contributorId":18935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"S. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029438,"text":"70029438 - 2005 - Surface water acidification responses and critical loads of sulfur and nitrogen deposition in Loch Vale watershed, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:51:41","indexId":"70029438","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface water acidification responses and critical loads of sulfur and nitrogen deposition in Loch Vale watershed, Colorado","docAbstract":"We evaluated the sensitivity of The Loch, a subalpine lake in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, to acidification in response to increased atmospheric loading of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) using the Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments (MAGIC). Lake water acid‐base chemistry was moderately sensitive to changes in both S and N deposition. However, the loads of S deposition that would drive chronic lake water acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) to below 0 or 20 μeq L−1 were estimated to be 11 and 8 kg S ha−1 yr−1, respectively, assuming constant future N deposition at current levels. Comparable loads for N deposition, assuming constant future S deposition, were estimated to be 21 and 12 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Modeling results for Andrews Creek, an alpine tributary to The Loch, suggested critical loads for surface water acidification that averaged about one third lower. Surface water ANC = 50 μeq L−1 was projected to occur in 50 years in The Loch if S or N deposition increased by a moderate amount (<40%) but could not be achieved in Andrews Creek by reducing either S or N deposition to zero. On the basis of the results of synoptic surveys of lake water chemistry, about one fifth of the wilderness lakes in the Colorado Front Range are more acid‐sensitive than The Loch. This modeling exercise suggests the need for a regional analysis of critical loads for the larger population of acid‐sensitive aquatic resources in order to provide part of the scientific foundation for federally mandated land management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004WR003414","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, T., Cosby, B., Tonnessen, K., and Clow, D.W., 2005, Surface water acidification responses and critical loads of sulfur and nitrogen deposition in Loch Vale watershed, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 41, no. 1, Article W01021; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003414.","productDescription":"Article W01021; 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003414","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fc4e4b08c986b31e7fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, T.J.","contributorId":83734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cosby, B.J.","contributorId":96455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosby","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tonnessen, K.A.","contributorId":30196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029490,"text":"70029490 - 2005 - Longer-term effects of selective thinning on microarthropod communities in a late-successional coniferous forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-09T20:37:28.06054","indexId":"70029490","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1536,"text":"Environmental Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Longer-term effects of selective thinning on microarthropod communities in a late-successional coniferous forest","docAbstract":"Microarthropod densities within late-successional coniferous forests thinned 16–41 yr before sampling were compared with adjacent unthinned stands to identify longer term effects of thinning on this community. Soil and forest floor layers were sampled separately on eight paired sites. Within the forest floor oribatid, mesostigmatid, and to a marginal extent, prostigmatid mites, were reduced in thinned stands compared with unthinned stands. No differences were found for Collembola in the forest floor or for any mite suborder within the soil. Family level examination of mesostigmatid and prostigmatid mites revealed significant differences between stand types for both horizons. At the species level, thinning influenced numerous oribatid mites and Collembola. For oribatid mites, significant or marginally significant differences were found for seven of 15 common species in the forest floor and five of 16 common species in soil. Collembola were affected less, with differences found for one of 11 common species in the forest floor and three of 13 common species in soil. Multivariate analysis of variance and ordination indicated that forest thinning had little influence on the composition of oribatid mite and collembolan communities within either the forest floor or soil. Differences in microclimate or in the accumulation of organic matter on the forest floor were likely most responsible for the observed patterns of abundance. Considering the role that microarthropods play in nutrient cycling, determining the functional response of a wide range of taxa to thinning may be important to effective ecosystem management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1603/0046-225X-34.3.646","usgsCitation":"Peck, R., and Niwa, C.G., 2005, Longer-term effects of selective thinning on microarthropod communities in a late-successional coniferous forest: Environmental Entomology, v. 34, no. 3, p. 646-655, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-34.3.646.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"655","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477777,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-34.3.646","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Medford Resource Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.61566162109375,\n 42.05745022024682\n ],\n [\n -122.38151550292969,\n 42.05745022024682\n ],\n [\n -122.38151550292969,\n 42.24173542549948\n ],\n [\n -122.61566162109375,\n 42.24173542549948\n ],\n [\n -122.61566162109375,\n 42.05745022024682\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49b6e4b0c8380cd6881a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Robert W. 0000-0002-8739-9493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8739-9493","contributorId":193088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peck","given":"Robert W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niwa, C. G.","contributorId":34315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niwa","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029491,"text":"70029491 - 2005 - Ongoing hydrothermal heat loss from the 1912 ash-flow sheet, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-03T12:11:30","indexId":"70029491","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ongoing hydrothermal heat loss from the 1912 ash-flow sheet, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","docAbstract":"The June 1912 eruption of Novarupta filled nearby glacial valleys on the Alaska Peninsula with ash-flow tuff (ignimbrite), and post-eruption observations of thousands of steaming fumaroles led to the name ‘Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes’ (VTTS). By the late 1980s most fumarolic activity had ceased, but the discovery of thermal springs in mid-valley in 1987 suggested continued cooling of the ash-flow sheet. Data collected at the mid-valley springs between 1987 and 2001 show a statistically significant correlation between maximum observed chloride (Cl) concentration and temperature. These data also show a statistically significant decline in the maximum Cl concentration. The observed variation in stream chemistry across the sheet strongly implies that most solutes, including Cl, originate within the area of the VTTS occupied by the 1912 deposits. Numerous measurements of Cl flux in the Ukak River just below the ash-flow sheet suggest an ongoing heat loss of ∼250 MW. This represents one of the largest hydrothermal heat discharges in North America. Other hydrothermal discharges of comparable magnitude are related to heat obtained from silicic magma bodies at depth, and are quasi-steady on a multidecadal time scale. However, the VTTS hydrothermal flux is not obviously related to a magma body and is clearly declining. Available data provide reasonable boundary and initial conditions for simple transient modeling. Both an analytical, conduction-only model and a numerical model predict large rates of heat loss from the sheet 90 years after deposition.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.003","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Hogeweg, N., Keith, T.E., Colvard, E., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 2005, Ongoing hydrothermal heat loss from the 1912 ash-flow sheet, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 143, no. 4, p. 279-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.003.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":210626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.12.003"},{"id":237602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.49911499023438,\n 58.25389494584044\n ],\n [\n -155.03494262695312,\n 58.25389494584044\n ],\n [\n -155.03494262695312,\n 58.394515431160926\n ],\n [\n -155.49911499023438,\n 58.394515431160926\n ],\n [\n -155.49911499023438,\n 58.25389494584044\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"143","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e3fe4b0c8380cd7555e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hogeweg, N.","contributorId":14187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogeweg","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, T. E. C.","contributorId":11681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colvard, E.M.","contributorId":83553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029492,"text":"70029492 - 2005 - A frictional population model of seismicity rate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:52","indexId":"70029492","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A frictional population model of seismicity rate change","docAbstract":"We study models of seismicity rate changes caused by the application of a static stress perturbation to a population of faults and discuss our results with respect to the model proposed by Dieterich (1994). These models assume distribution of nucleation sites (e.g., faults) obeying rate-state frictional relations that fail at constant rate under tectonic loading alone, and predicts a positive static stress step at time to will cause an immediate increased seismicity rate that decays according to Omori's law. We show one way in which the Dieterich model may be constructed from simple general idead, illustratted using numerically computed synthetic seismicity and mathematical formulation. We show that seismicity rate change predicted by these models (1) depend on the particular relationship between the clock-advanced failure and fault maturity, (2) are largest for the faults closest to failure at to, (3) depend strongly on which state evolution law faults obey, and (4) are insensitive to some types of population hetrogeneity. We also find that if individual faults fail repeatedly and populations are finite, at timescales much longer than typical aftershock durations, quiescence follows at seismicity rate increase regardless of the specific frictional relations. For the examined models the quiescence duration is comparable to the ratio of stress change to stressing rate ????/??,which occurs after a time comparable to the average recurrence interval of the individual faults in the population and repeats in the absence of any new load may pertubations; this simple model may partly explain observations of repeated clustering of earthquakes. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003404","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Reasenberg, P., Cocco, M., and Belardinelli, M., 2005, A frictional population model of seismicity rate change: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 5, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003404.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210627,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003404"},{"id":237603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3e4e4b0c8380cd462a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.","contributorId":22913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belardinelli, M.E.","contributorId":107464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belardinelli","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":422963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029543,"text":"70029543 - 2005 - Arsenic-bearing pyrite and marcasite in the Fire Clay coal bed, Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation, eastern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:46","indexId":"70029543","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic-bearing pyrite and marcasite in the Fire Clay coal bed, Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation, eastern Kentucky","docAbstract":"Arsenic concentrations determined on 11 lithotype samples from the Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Group Fire Clay coal bed, Leslie County, KY, range from 1 to 418 ppm (whole coal basis). The 11 lithotype samples, which vary in thickness from 4 to 18 cm, were sampled from a continuous 1.38 m channel sample, and were selected based on megascopic appearance (vitrain-rich versus attrital-rich). A lithotype that contains 418 ppm As is located near the top of the coal bed and is composed of 10.5 cm of bright clarain bands containing fusain that, within short distances, grade laterally into Fe sulfide bands. To determine the mode of occurrence of As in this lithotype, the coal was examined with scanning electron microscopy and analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Massive, framboidal, cell filling, cell-wall replacement, and radiating forms of Fe sulfide were observed in the high As lithotype; many of the radiating Fe sulfide forms, and one of the cell-wall replacements contained As. Examination of the grains with optical light microscopy shows that the majority of radiating morphologies are pyrite, the remainder are marcasite. Selected Fe sulfide grains were also analyzed by electron microprobe microscopy. Arsenic concentrations within individual grains range from 0.0 wt.% to approximately 3.5 wt.%. On the basis of morphology, these Fe sulfides are presumed to be of syngenetic origin and would probably be removed from the coal during physical coal cleaning, thus eliminating a potential source of As from the coal combustion process. However, because the grains are radiating and have high surface area, dissolution and release of As could occur if the pyrite is oxidized in refuse ponds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.02.003","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L., Hower, J., and Eble, C., 2005, Arsenic-bearing pyrite and marcasite in the Fire Clay coal bed, Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation, eastern Kentucky: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 63, no. 1-2 SPEC. ISS., p. 27-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.02.003.","startPage":"27","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210822,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.02.003"},{"id":237856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1-2 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eda2e4b0c8380cd498fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029545,"text":"70029545 - 2005 - Assembling an ignimbrite: Compositionally defined eruptive packages in the 1912 Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ignimbrite, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T11:10:44","indexId":"70029545","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assembling an ignimbrite: Compositionally defined eruptive packages in the 1912 Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ignimbrite, Alaska","docAbstract":"The 1912 Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS) ignimbrite was constructed from 9 compositionally distinct, sequentially emplaced packages, each with distinct proportions of rhyolite (R), dacite (D), and andesite (A) pumices that permit us to map package boundaries and flow paths from vent to distal extents. Changing pumice proportions and interbedding relationships link ignimbrite formation to coeval fall deposition during the first ∼16 h (Episode I) of the eruption. Pumice compositional proportions in the ignimbrite were estimated by counts on ≥100 lapilli at multiple levels in vertical sections wherever accessible and more widely over most of the ignimbrite surface in the VTTS. The initial, 100% rhyolite ignimbrite package (equivalent to regional fall Layer A and occupying ∼3.5 h) was followed by packages with increasing proportions of andesite, then dacite, emplaced over ∼12.5 h and equivalent to regional fall Layers B1-B3. Coeval fall deposits are locally intercalated with the ignimbrite and show parallel changes in R:D (rhyolite:dacite) proportions, but lack significant amounts of andesite. Andesite was thus dominantly a low-fountaining component in the eruption column and is preferentially represented in packages filling the VTTS north of the vent. The most extensive packages (3 and 4) occur in B1 and early B2 times where flow mobility and volume were optimized; earlier all-rhyolite flows (Package 1) were highly energetic but less voluminous, while later packages (5-9) were both less voluminous and emplaced at lower velocities. Package boundaries are expressed as one or more of the following: sharp color changes corresponding to compositional variations; persistent finer-grained basal parts of flow units; compaction swales filled by later packages; erosional channels cut by the flows that fill them; lobate accumulations of one package; and (mostly south of the vent) intercalated fall deposit layers. Clear flow-unit boundaries are best developed between ignimbrite of non-successive packages, indicating time breaks of tens of minutes to hours. Less well-defined stratification may represent rapidly emplaced successive flow units but often changes over short distances and indicates variations in localized depositional conditions.
","largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B25621.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Fierstein, J., and Wilson, C.J., 2005, Assembling an ignimbrite: Compositionally defined eruptive packages in the 1912 Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ignimbrite, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, no. 7-8, p. 1094-1107, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25621.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1094","endPage":"1107","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210849,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25621.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.7586669921875,\n 58.33184616335256\n ],\n [\n -155.35491943359375,\n 58.33184616335256\n ],\n [\n -155.35491943359375,\n 58.51234832198017\n ],\n [\n -155.7586669921875,\n 58.51234832198017\n ],\n [\n -155.7586669921875,\n 58.33184616335256\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edc5e4b0c8380cd499c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70029548,"text":"70029548 - 2005 - Time-dependent earthquake probabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029548","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-dependent earthquake probabilities","docAbstract":"We have attempted to provide a careful examination of a class of approaches for estimating the conditional probability of failure of a single large earthquake, particularly approaches that account for static stress perturbations to tectonic loading as in the approaches of Stein et al. (1997) and Hardebeck (2004). We have loading as in the framework based on a simple, generalized rate change formulation and applied it to these two approaches to show how they relate to one another. We also have attempted to show the connection between models of seismicity rate changes applied to (1) populations of independent faults as in background and aftershock seismicity and (2) changes in estimates of the conditional probability of failures of different members of a the notion of failure rate corresponds to successive failures of different members of a population of faults. The latter application requires specification of some probability distribution (density function of PDF) that describes some population of potential recurrence times. This PDF may reflect our imperfect knowledge of when past earthquakes have occurred on a fault (epistemic uncertainty), the true natural variability in failure times, or some combination of both. We suggest two end-member conceptual single-fault models that may explain natural variability in recurrence times and suggest how they might be distinguished observationally. When viewed deterministically, these single-fault patch models differ significantly in their physical attributes, and when faults are immature, they differ in their responses to stress perturbations. Estimates of conditional failure probabilities effectively integrate over a range of possible deterministic fault models, usually with ranges that correspond to mature faults. Thus conditional failure probability estimates usually should not differ significantly for these models. Copyright 2005 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003405","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Belardinelli, M., Cocco, M., and Reasenberg, P., 2005, Time-dependent earthquake probabilities: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 110, no. 5, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003405.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210461,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003405"},{"id":237385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3b9e4b08c986b325f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belardinelli, M.E.","contributorId":107464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belardinelli","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.","contributorId":22913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70029628,"text":"70029628 - 2005 - Rural cases of equine West Nile virus encephalomyelitis and the normalized difference vegetation index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70029628","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3675,"text":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rural cases of equine West Nile virus encephalomyelitis and the normalized difference vegetation index","docAbstract":"Data from an outbreak (August to October, 2002) of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalomyelitis in a population of horses located in northern Indiana was scanned for clusters in time and space. One significant (p = 0.04) cluster of case premises was detected, occurring between September 4 and 10 in the south-west part of the study area (85.70??N, 45.50??W). It included 10 case premises (3.67 case premises expected) within a radius of 2264 m. Image data were acquired by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor onboard a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellite. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from visible and near-infrared data of daily observations, which were composited to produce a weekly-1km2 resolution raster image product. During the epidemic, a significant (p<0.01) decrease (0.025 per week) in estimated NDVI was observed at all case and control premise sites. The median estimated NDVI (0.659) for case premises within the cluster identified was significantly (p<0.01) greater than the median estimated NDVI for other case (0.571) and control (0.596) premises during the same period. The difference in median estimated NDVI for case premises within this cluster, compared to cases not included in this cluster, was greatest (5.3% and 5.1%, respectively) at 1 and 5 weeks preceding occurrence of the cluster. The NDVI may be useful for identifying foci of WNV transmission. ?? Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1089/vbz.2005.5.181","issn":"15303667","usgsCitation":"Ward, M., Ramsay, B., and Gallo, K., 2005, Rural cases of equine West Nile virus encephalomyelitis and the normalized difference vegetation index: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 5, no. 2, p. 181-188, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2005.5.181.","startPage":"181","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210545,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2005.5.181"},{"id":237500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaedde4b0c8380cd87273","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, M.P.","contributorId":15815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsay, B.H.","contributorId":64443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsay","given":"B.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallo, K. 0000-0001-9162-5011 kgallo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9162-5011","contributorId":44655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"K.","email":"kgallo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029683,"text":"70029683 - 2005 - The effects of sea level and palaeotopography on lithofacies distribution and geometries in heterozoan carbonates, south-eastern Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:38","indexId":"70029683","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of sea level and palaeotopography on lithofacies distribution and geometries in heterozoan carbonates, south-eastern Spain","docAbstract":"This study utilized three-dimensional exposures to evaluate how sea-level position and palaeotopography control the facies and geometries of heterozoan carbonates. Heterozoan carbonates were deposited on top of a Neogene volcanic substrate characterized by palaeotopographic highs, palaeovalleys, and straits that were formed by subaerial erosion, possibly original volcanic topography, and faults prior to carbonate deposition. The depositional sequence that is the focus of this study (DS1B) consists of 7-10 fining upward cycles that developed in response to relative sea-level fluctuations. A complete cycle has a basal erosion surface overlain by deposits of debrisflows and high-density turbidity currents, which formed during relative sea-level fall. Overlying tractive deposits most likely formed during the lowest relative position of sea level. Overlying these are debrites grading upward to high-density turbidites and low-density turbidites that formed during relative sea-level rise. The tops of the cycles consist of hemipelagic deposits that formed during the highest relative position of sea level. The cycles fine upward because upslope carbonate production decreased as relative sea level rose due to less surface area available for shallow-water carbonate production and partial drowning of substrates. The cycles are dominated by two end-member types of facies associations and stratal geometries that formed in response to fluctuating sea-level position over variable substrate palaeotopography. One end-member is termed 'flank flow cycle' because this type of cycle indicates dominant sediment transport down the flanks of palaeovalleys. Those cycles drape the substrate, have more debrites, high-density turbidites and erosion on palaeovalley flanks, and in general, the lithofacies fine down the palaeovalley flanks into the palaeovalley axes. The second end-member is termed 'axial flow cycle' because it indicates a dominance of sediment transport down the axes of palaeovalleys. Those cycles are characterized by debrites and high-density turbidites in palaeovalley axes, and lap out of strata against the flanks of palaeovalleys. Where and when an axial flow cycle or flank flow cycle developed appears to be related to the intersection of sea level with areas of gentle or steep substrate slopes, during an overall relative rise in sea level. Results from this study provide a model for similar systems that must combine carbonate principles for sediment production, palaeotopographic controls, and physical principles of sediment remobilization into deep water. ?? 2005 International Association of Sedimentologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00708.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C., Franseen, E.K., and Goldstein, R., 2005, The effects of sea level and palaeotopography on lithofacies distribution and geometries in heterozoan carbonates, south-eastern Spain: Sedimentology, v. 52, no. 3, p. 513-536, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00708.x.","startPage":"513","endPage":"536","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213082,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00708.x"},{"id":240670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab98e4b08c986b322f49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C.L.","contributorId":98546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franseen, E. K.","contributorId":30367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Franseen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, R.H.","contributorId":18908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":423805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031333,"text":"70031333 - 2005 - A simulation of the hydrothermal response to the Chesapeake Bay bolide impact","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:15","indexId":"70031333","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1765,"text":"Geofluids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simulation of the hydrothermal response to the Chesapeake Bay bolide impact","docAbstract":"Groundwater more saline than seawater has been discovered in the tsunami breccia of the Chesapeake Bay impact Crater. One hypothesis for the origin of this brine is that it may be a liquid residual following steam separation in a hydrothermal system that evolved following the impact. Initial scoping calculations have demonstrated that it is feasible such a residual brine could have remained in the crater for the 35 million years since impact. Numerical simulations have been conducted using the code HYDROTHERM to test whether or not conditions were suitable in the millennia following the impact for the development of a steam phase in the hydrothermal system. Hydraulic and thermal parameters were estimated for the bedrock underlying the crater and the tsunami breccia that fills the crater. Simulations at three different breccia permeabilities suggest that the type of hydrothermal system that might have developed would have been very sensitive to the permeability. A relatively low breccia permeability (1 ?? 10-16 m2) results in a system partitioned into a shallow water phase and a deeper superheated steam phase. A moderate breccia permeability (1 ?? 10-15 m2 ) results in a system with regionally extensive multiphase conditions. A relatively high breccia permeability (1 ?? 10-14 m2 ) results in a system dominated by warm-water convection cells. The permeability of the crater breccia could have had any of these values at given depths and times during the hydrothermal system evolution as the sediments compacted. The simulations were not able to take into account transient permeability conditions, or equations of state that account for the salt content of seawater. Results suggest, however, that it is likely that steam conditions existed at some time in the system following impact, providing additional evidence that is consistent with a hydrothermal origin for the crater brine. ?? Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geofluids","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-8123.2005.00110.x","issn":"14688115","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., 2005, A simulation of the hydrothermal response to the Chesapeake Bay bolide impact: Geofluids, v. 5, no. 3, p. 185-201, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2005.00110.x.","startPage":"185","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212257,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2005.00110.x"},{"id":239718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e596e4b0c8380cd46e58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W. 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However, the culture tests used to analyze for these bacteria require a long time to complete and do not discriminate between human and animal fecal material sources. One complementary approach is to use chemicals found in human wastewater, which would have the advantages of (1) potentially shorter analysis times than the bacterial culture tests and (2) being selected for human-source specificity. At 10 locations, water samples were collected upstream and at two successive points downstream from a wastewaster treatment plant (WWTP); a treated effluent sample was also collected at each WWTP. This sampling plan was used to determine the persistence of a chemically diverse suite of emerging contaminants in streams. Samples were also collected at two reference locations assumed to have minimal human impacts. Of the 110 chemical analytes investigated in this project, 78 were detected at least once. The number of compounds in a given sample ranged from 3 at a reference location to 50 in a WWTP effluent sample. The total analyte load at each location varied from 0.018 μg/L at the reference location to 97.7 μg/L in a separate WWTP effluent sample. Although most of the compound concentrations were in the range of 0.01−1.0 μg/L, in some samples, individual concentrations were in the range of 5−38 μg/L. The concentrations of the majority of the chemicals present in the samples generally followed the expected trend: they were either nonexistent or at trace levels in the upstream samples, had their maximum concentrations in the WWTP effluent samples, and then declined in the two downstream samples. This research suggests that selected chemicals are useful as tracers of human wastewater discharge.
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]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb74ce4b08c986b32719b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glassmeyer, S.T.","contributorId":100190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmeyer","given":"S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, E. 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T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cahill, J.D.","contributorId":77342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kryak, D.D.","contributorId":54796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kryak","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70031394,"text":"70031394 - 2005 - Unexpected trend in the compositional maturity of second-cycle sand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:11","indexId":"70031394","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unexpected trend in the compositional maturity of second-cycle sand","docAbstract":"It is generally accepted that recycling of sandstone generates relatively more mature sand than its parent sandstone. Such maturity is accomplished mainly through chemical weathering as the chemically unstable minerals are eliminated. Because chemical weathering is ubiquitous on the Earth's surface, maturity due to recycling is expected in most geological settings. However, contrary to one's expectation, second-cycle Holocene sand, exclusively derived from sandy facies of the first-cycle Pennsylvanian-Permian Cutler Formation, is actually less mature than its first-cycle parent near Gateway, Colorado. Both the Cutler sandstone and Holocene sand were the products of similar geological processes that controlled their respective composition. In spite of such similarities, a significant difference in composition is observed. We propose that the unexpected immaturity in second-cycle Holocene sand may be due to mechanical disintegration of coarse-grained feldspar and feldspar-rich rock fragments into relatively smaller fractions. Results presented in this paper are the first quantitative estimation of recycling of parent sandstone into daughter sand, and the first observed reverse maturity trend in second-cycle sand. These unexpected results suggest the need for further research to quantitatively understand the recycling process. ?? 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.05.008","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Solano-Acosta, W., and Dutta, P., 2005, Unexpected trend in the compositional maturity of second-cycle sand: Sedimentary Geology, v. 178, no. 3-4, p. 275-283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.05.008.","startPage":"275","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212202,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.05.008"},{"id":239653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"178","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc7be4b08c986b328c55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solano-Acosta, W.","contributorId":29212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solano-Acosta","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dutta, P.K.","contributorId":30037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutta","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":431318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}