No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Structure and stratigraphy of the Eureka, Nevada area: Nevada Petroleum Society 2001 summer field trip","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Nevada Petroleum Society","usgsCitation":"Sandberg, C., Poole, F.G., and Morrow, J.R., 2001, Construction and destruction of crinoidal mudmounds on Mississippian Antler forebulge, east of Eureka, Nevada, chap. of Structure and stratigraphy of the Eureka, Nevada area: Nevada Petroleum Society 2001 summer field trip, p. 23-50.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Eureka","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.927734375,\n 39.38738660316804\n ],\n [\n -115.7135009765625,\n 39.38738660316804\n ],\n [\n -115.7135009765625,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -115.927734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -115.927734375,\n 39.38738660316804\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":829460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poole, Forrest G. 0000-0001-8487-0799 bpoole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-0799","contributorId":1543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"Forrest","email":"bpoole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":829461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrow, Jared R.","contributorId":65934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159712,"text":"70159712 - 2001 - The condition of browse plants at the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Ranch (TRMR)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T10:31:46","indexId":"70159712","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"The condition of browse plants at the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Ranch (TRMR)","docAbstract":"The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Ranch (TRM), owned and operated by the Boone and Crockett Club, spans 6,000 acres along the Rocky Mountain East Front. The ranch is located west of Dupuyer, Montana, on the forks of Dupuyer and Scoffin Creeks. Each fall, mule deer migrate from the Bob Marshall Wilderness and adjacent Lewis and Clark and Flathead National Forests to the ranch and adjacent private lands. Winter counts and classifications have been conducted since the mid-1970’s by Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks personnel. In addition to mule deer, domestic livestock, whitetailed deer and elk compete for space and forage on the winter range.
\nBrowse species such as chokecherry, aspen, serviceberry, red osier dogwood, horizontal juniper, and willows are utilized by all ungulates in the area. The Dupuyer Creek winter range shows evidence of severe over-browsing on these species. Coincidentally, mule deer and elk populations have historically been higher here than other areas along the mountain front.
\nOver the past 22 years, mule deer densities have been calculated at over 75 deer per square mile over the entire winter range and up to 200 per square mile on the TRM itself. Winter ranges are occupied from mid-November through May. Winter counts are conducted in January and again in March to assess fawn and adult survival. An average of 2,100 mule deer are surveyed annually, with fawn/doe ratios of 71, fawn/adult ratios of 54, and buck/does ratios of 33 (ratios are expressed as animals per 100 does or adults).
\nMule deer migrate back to higher elevation summer ranges in mid- to late-May, traveling as far north as Glacier National Park and westward to the South Fork of the Flathead River. Less than 15 percent of the wintering population remains along the mountain front during the summer. Movements back to winter range may occur in early October, with the majority of animals present by November 15th.
\nAs background for a more comprehensive study, we collected data in September and October 1999 from which to assess the impact of ungulates on browse plants. There were three general objectives: 1) determine the current level of browsing intensity, 2) reconstruct histories of browsing, and 3) determine the effect of browsing on rate of stem growth.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statewide Browse Evaluation Project Report No. One – July 2001","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., and Olson, G.R., 2001, The condition of browse plants at the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Ranch (TRMR), 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311481,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Ranch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.1536865234375,\n 47.85648143832489\n ],\n [\n -113.1536865234375,\n 48.463815894066066\n ],\n [\n -111.87652587890625,\n 48.463815894066066\n ],\n [\n -111.87652587890625,\n 47.85648143832489\n ],\n [\n -113.1536865234375,\n 47.85648143832489\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf54e4b0112df6c62e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, Gary R.","contributorId":149958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006801,"text":"70006801 - 2001 - Cytochrome b sequences in black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) from heronries exposed to genotoxic contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-02T21:15:02","indexId":"70006801","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cytochrome b sequences in black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) from heronries exposed to genotoxic contaminants","docAbstract":"DNA sequence analysis of a 215 base-pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was used to examine genetic variation and search for evidence of an increased mutation rate in black-crowned night-herons. We examined five populations exposed to environmental contamination (primarily PAHs and PCBs) and one reference population from the eastern U.S. There was no evidence of a high mutation rate even within populations previously shown to exhibit increased variation in DNA content among somatic cells as a result of petroleum exposure. Three haplotypes were observed among 99 individuals. The low level of variability could be evidence for a genetic bottleneck, or that cytochrome b is too conservative for use in population genetic studies of this species. With the exception of one population from Louisiana, pair-wise Phist estimates were very low, indicative of little population structure and potentially high rates of effective migration among populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1016711401809","usgsCitation":"Dahl, C.R., Bickham, J.W., Wickliffe, J.K., and Custer, T.W., 2001, Cytochrome b sequences in black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) from heronries exposed to genotoxic contaminants: Ecotoxicology, v. 10, no. 5, p. 291-296, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016711401809.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"296","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263582,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016711401809"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,18.9 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50bd135ce4b069d93eefc4c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dahl, Christopher R.","contributorId":73085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahl","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bickham, John W.","contributorId":56184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickham","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wickliffe, Jeffery K.","contributorId":39268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickliffe","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004990,"text":"70004990 - 2001 - After site selection and before data analysis: sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-04T09:28:35","indexId":"70004990","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"After site selection and before data analysis: sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies","docAbstract":"A survey of methods used by US state agencies for collecting and processing benthic macroinvertebrate samples from streams was conducted by questionnaire; 90 responses were received and used to describe trends in methods. The responses represented an estimated 13,000-15,000 samples collected and processed per year. Kicknet devices were used in 64.5% of the methods; other sampling devices included fixed-area samplers (Surber and Hess), artificial substrates (Hester-Dendy and rock baskets), grabs, and dipnets. Regional differences existed, e.g., the 1-m kicknet was used more often in the eastern US than in the western US. Mesh sizes varied among programs but 80.2% of the methods used a mesh size between 500 and 600 (mu or u)m. Mesh size variations within US Environmental Protection Agency regions were large, with size differences ranging from 100 to 700 (mu or u)m. Most samples collected were composites; the mean area sampled was 1.7 m2. Samples rarely were collected using a random method (4.7%); most samples (70.6%) were collected using \"expert opinion\", which may make data obtained operator-specific. Only 26.3% of the methods sorted all the organisms from a sample; the remainder subsampled in the laboratory. The most common method of subsampling was to remove 100 organisms (range = 100-550). The magnification used for sorting ranged from 1 (sorting by eye) to 30x, which results in inconsistent separation of macroinvertebrates from detritus. In addition to subsampling, 53% of the methods sorted large/rare organisms from a sample. The taxonomic level used for identifying organisms varied among taxa; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera were generally identified to a finer taxonomic resolution (genus and species) than other taxa. Because there currently exists a large range of field and laboratory methods used by state programs, calibration among all programs to increase data comparability would be exceptionally challenging. However, because many techniques are shared among methods, limited testing could be designed to evaluate whether procedural differences affect the ability to determine levels of environmental impairment using benthic macroinvertebrate communities.","language":"English","publisher":"North American Benthological Society","doi":"10.2307/1468095","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.L., and Resh, V.H., 2001, After site selection and before data analysis: sampling, sorting, and laboratory procedures used in stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring programs by USA state agencies: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 20, no. 4, p. 658-682, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468095.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"658","endPage":"682","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":665,"text":"Western Region Center- Menlo Park","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Resh, Vincent H.","contributorId":12169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Resh","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224056,"text":"5224056 - 2001 - Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T10:13:38","indexId":"5224056","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:48","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA","docAbstract":"Several species of anuran amphibians have undergone drastic population declines in the western United States over the last 10 to 15 years. In California, the most severe declines are in the Sierra Mountains east of the Central Valley and downwind of the intensely agricultural San Joaquin Valley. In contrast, coastal and more northern populations across from the less agrarian Sacramento Valley are stable or declining less precipitously. In this article, we provide evidence that pesticides are instrumental in declines of these species. Using Hyla regilla as a sentinel species, we found that cholinesterase (ChE) activity in tadpoles was depressed in mountainous areas east of the Central Valley compared with sites along the coast or north of the Valley. Cholinesterase was also lower in areas where ranid population status was poor or moderate compared with areas with good ranid status. Up to 50% of the sampled population in areas with reduced ChE had detectable organophosphorus residues, with concentrations as high as 190 ppb wet weight. In addition, up to 86% of some populations had measurable endosulfan concentrations and 40% had detectable 4,4'- dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, 4,4'-DDT, and 2,4'-DDT residues.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620200725","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., Fellers, G.M., and McConnell, L.L., 2001, Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1591-1595, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620200725.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1591","endPage":"1595","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.529.9781","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68832b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McConnell, Laura L.","contributorId":106437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnell","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224069,"text":"5224069 - 2001 - Importance of early successional habitat to ruffed grouse and American woodcock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5224069","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:48","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of early successional habitat to ruffed grouse and American woodcock","docAbstract":"Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and American woodcock (Scolopax minor) provide millions of days of recreation each year for people in the eastern United States (U.S). These popular game birds depend on early successional forest habitats throughout much of the year. Ruffed grouse and woodcock populations are declining in the eastern United States as an abundance of shrub-dominated and young forest habitats decrease in most of the region. Continued decreases in early successional forest habitats are likely on nonindustrial private forest lands as ownership fragmentation increases and tract size decreases and on public forest lands due to societal attitudes toward proactive forest management, especially even-age treatments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Dessecker, D., and McAuley, D., 2001, Importance of early successional habitat to ruffed grouse and American woodcock: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 29, no. 2, p. 456-465.","productDescription":"456-465","startPage":"456","endPage":"465","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17335,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3784169","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":202964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5ee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dessecker, D.R.","contributorId":82033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dessecker","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224067,"text":"5224067 - 2001 - Nest survival of forest birds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T19:26:19.365031","indexId":"5224067","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:48","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest survival of forest birds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"In the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, flood control has led to a drastic reduction in the area of forest habitat and altered the patchwork of forest cover types. Silvicultural management of the remaining fragmented forests has changed to reflect the altered hydrology of the forests, current economic conditions of the area, and demand for forest products. Because forest type and silvicultural management impact forest birds, differences in avian productivity within these forests directly impact bird conservation. To assist in conservation planning, we evaluated daily nest survival, nest predation rates, and brood parasitism rates of forest birds in relation to different forest cover types and silvicultural management strategies within this floodplain. Within bottomland hardwood forests, nest success of blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea, 13%), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 28%), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea, 18%), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis, 22%), and yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus, 18%) did not differ from that within intensively managed cottonwood plantations. However, average daily survival of 542 open-cup nests of 19 bird species in bottomland hardwoods (0.9516 ± 0.0028, ∼27% nest success) was greater than that of 543 nests of 18 species in cottonwood plantations (0.9298 ± 0.0035, ∼15% nest success). Differences in daily nest survival rates likely resulted from a combination of differences in the predator community -- particularly fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) -- and a marked difference in species composition of birds breeding within these 2 forest types. At least 39% of nests in bottomland hardwood forests and 65% of nests in cottonwood plantations were depredated. Rates of parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were greater in managed cottonwoods (24%) than in bottomland hardwoods (9%). Nest success in planted cottonwood plantations for 18 species combined (∼14%), and for yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens, 7%), eastern towhee (14%), indigo bunting (14%), and northern cardinal (17%) did not differ from nest success in cottonwood plantations that were coppiced from root sprouts following pulpwood harvest. Within bottomland hardwood forests, uneven-aged group-selection timber harvest reduced the combined daily nest survival of all species from 0.958 to 0.938, which reduced nest success by about 14%. Specifically, timber harvest reduced nest success of species that nest in the forest midstory and canopy, such as Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), from 32% before harvest to 14% after harvest. Conversely, those species that nest primarily in the shrubby understory-such as northern cardinal-were not affected by timber harvest and maintained an overall nest success of about 33%. Thus, birds nesting in the understory of bottomland hardwood forests are not adversely impacted by selective timber harvest, but there is a short-term reduction in nest success for birds that nest in the canopy and midstory.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3803097","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., Wilson, R., Henne-Kerr, J.L., and Hamilton, R., 2001, Nest survival of forest birds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 65, no. 3, p. 450-460, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803097.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"460","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","city":"Fitler","otherGeospatial":"Fitler Managed Forest, Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.55246206341717,\n 32.0909233425148\n ],\n [\n -91.21051260052633,\n 32.0909233425148\n ],\n [\n -91.21051260052633,\n 32.397559758072774\n ],\n [\n -91.55246206341717,\n 32.397559758072774\n ],\n [\n -91.55246206341717,\n 32.0909233425148\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.149493146995,\n 32.612994872529214\n ],\n [\n -91.1300667898668,\n 32.58599433014554\n ],\n [\n -91.05492946406068,\n 32.60488308146144\n ],\n [\n -91.0234202629159,\n 32.59314189349405\n ],\n [\n -91.00160620058494,\n 32.6038621696778\n ],\n [\n -90.99615268500266,\n 32.64009741134521\n ],\n [\n -90.97676240737499,\n 32.72628845187593\n ],\n [\n -91.04038675584023,\n 32.74922470001282\n ],\n [\n -91.054323517885,\n 32.72424938860382\n ],\n [\n -91.0755316340397,\n 32.6829483263694\n ],\n [\n -91.11629410972454,\n 32.6689064840042\n ],\n [\n -91.15022709557265,\n 32.64288821897195\n ],\n [\n -91.149493146995,\n 32.612994872529214\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69789e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R.R.","contributorId":12138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henne-Kerr, J. L.","contributorId":63121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henne-Kerr","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, R.B.","contributorId":63509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30760,"text":"fs03601 - 2001 - Flooding in the Amargosa River drainage basin, February 23-24, 1998, southern Nevada and eastern California, including the Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T13:35:08.656339","indexId":"fs03601","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"036-01","title":"Flooding in the Amargosa River drainage basin, February 23-24, 1998, southern Nevada and eastern California, including the Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs03601","usgsCitation":"Tanko, D.J., and Glancy, P.A., 2001, Flooding in the Amargosa River Drainage Basin, February 23-24, 1998, Southern Nevada and Eastern California, including the Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 036-01, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03601.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_036_01.bmp"},{"id":2577,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-036-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa River drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.7277716,\n 37.1787591\n ],\n [\n -116.0358889,\n 37.1720482\n ],\n [\n -116.0192356,\n 36.655845\n ],\n [\n -116.7120793,\n 36.6490028\n ],\n [\n -116.7277716,\n 37.1787591\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f872f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanko, Daron J.","contributorId":88343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanko","given":"Daron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glancy, Patrick A.","contributorId":87113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glancy","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45091,"text":"wri014179 - 2001 - Apparent chlorofluorocarbon age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Yorktown, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T20:18:04.650737","indexId":"wri014179","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4179","title":"Apparent chlorofluorocarbon age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Yorktown, Virginia","docAbstract":"Apparent ages of ground water are useful in the analysis of various components of flow systems, and results of this analysis can be incorporated into investigations of potential pathways of contaminant transport. This report presents the results of a study in 1997 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Base Civil Engineer, Environmental Directorate, to describe the apparent age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system at the Station. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium (3H), dissolved gases, stable isotopes, and water-quality field properties were measured in samples from 14 wells and 16 springs on the Station in March 1997.
Nitrogen-argon recharge temperatures range from 5.9°C to 17.3°C with a median temperature of 10.9°C, which indicates that ground-water recharge predominantly occurs in the cold months of the year. Concentrations of excess air vary depending upon geohydrologic setting (recharge and discharge areas). Apparent ground-water ages using a CFC-based dating technique range from 1 to 48 years with a median age of 10 years. The oldest apparent CFC ages occur in the upper parts of the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer, whereas the youngest apparent ages occur in the Columbia aquifer and the upper parts of the discharge area setting, especially springs. The vertical distribution of apparent CFC ages indicates that groundwater movement between aquifers is somewhat retarded by the leaky confining units, but the elapsed time is relatively short (generally less than 35 years), as evidenced by the presence of CFCs at depth. The identification of binary mixtures by CFC-based dating indicates that convergence of flow lines occurs not only at the actual point of discharge, but also in the subsurface.
The CFC-based recharge dates are consistent with expected 3H concentrations measured in the water samples from the Station. The concentration of 3H in ground water ranges from below the USGS laboratory minimum reporting limit of 0.3 to 15.9 tritium units (TU) with a median value of 10.8 TU. Water-quality field properties are highly variable for ground water with apparent CFC ages less than 15 years because of geochemical processes within local flow systems. Ground water with apparent CFC ages greater than 15 years represents more stable conditions in subregional flow systems.
The range of apparent CFC ages is slightly greater than the ranges in time of travel of ground water calculated for shallow wells (less than 60- feet deep) from flow-path analysis. Calculated travel times to springs can be up to two orders of magnitude greater than the CFC-based apparent ages. Reasonable assumptions of values for hydraulic parameters can result in substantial overestimates for time of travel to springs.
Recharge rates computed from apparent CFC ages range from 0.29 to 0.89 feet per year (ft/ yr) with an average value of 0.54 ft/yr. The analysis of apparent CFC ages in conjunction with geohydrologic data indicates that young water (less than 50 years) is present at depth (nearly 120 feet) and that both local and subregional flow systems occur in the shallow aquifer system at the Station. The addition of the dimension of time to the three-dimensional framework of Brockman and others (1997) will benefit current (2001) and future remediation activities by providing estimates of advective transport rates and how these rates vary depending upon geohydrologic setting and position within the ground-water-flow system. Estimated ground-water apparent ages and recharge rates can be used as calibration criteria in simulations of ground-water flow on the Station to refine and constrain future ground-water-flow models of the shallow aquifer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Base Civil Engineer, Environmental Directorate","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D.L., Harlow, G., and Brockman, A., 2001, Apparent chlorofluorocarbon age of ground water of the shallow aquifer system, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Yorktown, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4179, v, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014179.","productDescription":"v, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4179/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":341599,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4179/wri20014179.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2001-4179"},{"id":415378,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43638.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Yorktown","otherGeospatial":"Naval Weapons Station Yorktown","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.273\n ],\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.213\n ],\n [\n -76.527,\n 37.213\n ],\n [\n -76.527,\n 37.273\n ],\n [\n -76.633,\n 37.273\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
The Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas comprises dolomites, limestones, sandstones, and shales of Late Cambrian to Middle Devonian age, and ranges in thickness from approximately 1,100 feet to more than 4,000 feet. Hydrologically, the aquifer is complex, characterized by disconnected and extensive flow components with large variations in permeability.
\nThe potentiometric-surface map, based on 84 well and 6 spring water-level measurements collected in 2001 in Arkansas, indicates maximum water-level altitudes of about 1,359 feet in Carroll County and minimum water-level altitudes of about 241 feet in Randolph County. Regionally, the flow within the aquifer is to the south and southeast in the eastern and central part of the study area and to the northwest and north in the western part of the study area. Comparing the 2001 potentiometric-surface map with a predevelopment potentiometric-surface map indicates general agreement between the two surfaces. Potentiometric-surface differences could be attributed to differences in pumping related to changing population from 1990 to 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Little Rock, AR","doi":"10.3133/wri014233","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission and the Arkansas Geological Commission","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T.P., 2001, Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in northern Arkansas, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4233, Report: iii, 11 p.; Plate: 16.33 x 9.72 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014233.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 11 p.; Plate: 16.33 x 9.72 inches","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286656,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4233/report.pdf"},{"id":286654,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4233/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.6179,33.0041 ], [ -94.6179,36.4997 ], [ -89.6468,36.4997 ], [ -89.6468,33.0041 ], [ -94.6179,33.0041 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c47b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, Tony P. tpschrad@usgs.gov","contributorId":3027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Tony","email":"tpschrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45113,"text":"wri014039 - 2001 - Simulated response of the Sparta Aquifer to outcrop area recharge augmentation, southeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T09:13:18","indexId":"wri014039","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4039","title":"Simulated response of the Sparta Aquifer to outcrop area recharge augmentation, southeastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"Recharge augmentation by construction of infiltration impoundments is a potential means of increasing aquifer water levels and aquifer yield that is under consideration for the Sparta aquifer in southeastern Arkansas. The aquifer is a major water resource for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses, and approximately 287 million gallons per day was pumped from the aquifer in Arkansas in 1995; this is double the amount pumped in 1975. Historically, the Sparta aquifer has provided abundant water of high quality. In recent years, however, the demand for water in some areas has resulted in withdrawals from the Sparta that significantly exceed recharge to the aquifer, and considerable declines have occurred in the potentiometric surface. To better manage the Sparta aquifer, water users in Arkansas are evaluating and implementing a variety of management practices and assessing alternative, surface-water sources to reduce stress upon the Sparta aquifer. One approach to managing and maximizing use of the Sparta aquifer is augmenting recharge to the aquifer by construction of infiltration lakes or canals within the recharge area. The basic concept of augmented recharge is simply to increase the amount of water being introduced into the aquifer so that more water will be available for use. Ground-water flow model simulations were conducted to assess the effectiveness of constructing lakes or canals to augment recharge. Results show that construction of five new lakes in the Sparta recharge area upgradient from major pumping centers or construction of a series of canals along the length of the recharge area yield notable benefit to aquifer conditions when compared with simulations entailing no augmentation of recharge. Augmentation of recharge in the Sparta aquifer with emplacement of lakes provides slight increase to aquifer water levels. The presence of the lakes increased simulated aquifer water levels 0.5 foot or more across a broad area comprising all or a substantial part of 19 counties after the 30-year simulation period. Substantial increases of 5 feet or greater are limited to a smaller area proximal to the lakes. Increases of 5 feet or more are seen in El Dorado, Pine Bluff, and Stuttgart. The positive effect of the lakes on aquifer water levels is rapidly realized after emplacement of the lakes. For example, in the El Dorado area more than 3 feet of a total of 8 feet of water-level increase is seen in the first 5 years of the simulation; in the Pine Bluff area 9 feet of a total of 16 feet of increase occurs within 5 years. Sustainable yield from the aquifer could be expected to be increased within the zone of influence of the lakes. Augmentation of recharge in the Sparta aquifer with emplacement of canals provides considerable increase of aquifer water levels. The zone of influence in the aquifer with canal-augmented recharge extends from the recharge area eastward to the Mississippi River. Aquifer water levels exhibit an increase of 5 feet or more across a broad area comprising all or a substantial part of 15 counties. Increases of 20 feet or more are seen in El Dorado, Pine Bluff, and Stuttgart. The amount of water moving into the aquifer is substantially increased under this scenario, and the amount of water removed from storage is decreased, thereby, increasing aquifer conditions considerably. Sustainable yield from the aquifer could be expected to be greater within the zone of influence of the canals as compared to either the scenario without recharge augmentation or recharge augmentation with lakes. The effect of the canal on aquifer water levels is rapidly realized after emplacement of the canals. For example, in the El Dorado area, 22 feet of a total of 30 feet of increase is seen in the first 5 years of the simulation; in the Pine Bluff area, 15 feet of a total of 24 feet of increase occurs within 5 years. As constructed, the model simulations imply that any lakes or canals constructed would maintain exce
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014039","usgsCitation":"Hays, P.D., 2001, Simulated response of the Sparta Aquifer to outcrop area recharge augmentation, southeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4039, Report: iii, 14 p.; 2 Plates: 16.80 x 15.40 inches and 16.79 x 15.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014039.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 14 p.; 2 Plates: 16.80 x 15.40 inches and 16.79 x 15.36 inches","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014039.jpg"},{"id":310323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4039/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310324,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4039/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310325,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4039/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 34.90395296559004\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -93.812255859375,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -93.97705078125,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 32.99945000822839\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 33.128351191631566\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 33.99802726234877\n ],\n [\n -90.71411132812499,\n 34.20725938207231\n ],\n [\n -90.362548828125,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 34.90395296559004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hays, Phillip D. 0000-0001-5491-9272 pdhays@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-9272","contributorId":4145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Phillip","email":"pdhays@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45116,"text":"wri014086 - 2001 - Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration measurements in Suisun Bay, California, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:39:53","indexId":"wri014086","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4086","title":"Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration measurements in Suisun Bay, California, 1995","docAbstract":"Sea level, current velocity, water temperature, salinity (computed from conductivity and temperature), and suspended-solids data collected in Suisun Bay, California, from May 30, 1995, through October 27, 1995, by the U.S. Geological Survey are documented in this report. Data were collected concurrently at 21 sites. Various parameters were measured at each site. Velocity-profile data were collected at 6 sites, single-point velocity measurements were made at 9 sites, salinity data were collected at 20 sites, and suspended-solids concentrations were measured at 10 sites. Sea-level and velocity data are presented in three forms; harmonic analysis results; time-series plots (sea level, current speed, and current direction versus time); and time-series plots of low-pass-filtered time series. Temperature, salinity, and suspended-solids data are presented as plots of raw and low-pass-filtered time series.The velocity and salinity data presented in this report document a period when the residual current patterns and salt field were transitioning from a freshwater-inflow-dominated condition towards a quasi steady-state summer condition when density-driven circulation and tidal nonlinearities became relatively more important as long-term transport mechanisms. Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta outflow was high prior to and during this study, so the tidally averaged salinities were abnormally low for this time of year. For example, the tidally averaged salinities varied from 0-12 at Martinez, the western border of Suisun Bay, to a maximum of 2 at Mallard Island, the eastern border of Suisun Bay. Even though salinities increased overall in Suisun Bay during the study period, the near-bed residual currents primarily were directed seaward. Therefore, salinity intrusion through Suisun Bay towards the Delta primarily was accomplished in the absence of the tidally averaged, two-layer flow known as gravitational circulation where, by definition, the net currents are landward at the bed. The Folsom Dam spillway gate failure on July 17, 1995, was analyzed to determine the effect on the hydrodynamics of Suisun Bay. The peak flow of the American River reached roughly 1,000 cubic meters per second as a result of the failure, which is relatively small. This was roughly 15 percent of the approximate 7,000 cubic meters per second tidal flows that occur daily in Suisun Bay and was likely attenuated greatly. Based on analysis of tidally averaged near-bed salinity and depth-averaged currents after the failure, the effect was essentially nonexistent and is indistinguishable from the natural variability.
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014086","usgsCitation":"Cuetara, J.I., Burau, J.R., and Schoellhamer, D., 2001, Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration measurements in Suisun Bay, California, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4086, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014086.","productDescription":"221 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3946,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014086","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48bce4b07f02db538b7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuetara, Jay I.","contributorId":65449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuetara","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45119,"text":"wri014106 - 2001 - Simulation of ground-water flow and transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:54","indexId":"wri014106","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4106","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Military activity at Graces Quarters, a former open-air chemical-agent facility at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, has resulted in ground-water contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbons. As part of a ground-water remediation feasibility study, a three-dimensional model was constructed to simulate transport of four chlorinated hydrocarbons (1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, trichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform) that are components of a contaminant plume in the surficial and middle aquifers underlying the east-central part of Graces Quarters. The model was calibrated to steady-state hydraulic head at 58 observation wells and to the concentration of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in 58 observation wells and 101direct-push probe samples from the mid-1990s. Simulations using the same basic model with minor adjustments were then run for each of the other plume constituents. The error statistics between the simulated and measured concentrations of each of the constituents compared favorably to the error statisticst,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane calibration. Model simulations were used in conjunction with contaminant concentration data to examine the sources and degradation of the plume constituents. It was determined from this that mixed contaminant sources with no ambient degradation was the best approach for simulating multi-species solute transport at the site. Forward simulations were run to show potential solute transport 30 years and 100 years into the future with and without source removal. Although forward simulations are subject to uncertainty, they can be useful for illustrating various aspects of the conceptual model and its implementation. The forward simulation with no source removal indicates that contaminants would spread throughout various parts of the surficial and middle aquifers, with the100-year simulation showing potential discharge areas in either the marshes at the end of the Graces Quarters peninsula or just offshore in the estuaries. The simulation with source removal indicates that if the modeling assumptions are reasonable and ground-water cleanup within30 years is important, source removal alone is not a sufficient remedy, and cleanup might not even occur within 100 years. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014106","usgsCitation":"Tenbus, F.J., and Fleck, W.B., 2001, Simulation of ground-water flow and transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons at Graces Quarters, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4106, v, 51 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014106.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3947,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri01-4106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tenbus, Frederick J.","contributorId":52145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tenbus","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleck, William B.","contributorId":17587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45076,"text":"wri014124 - 2001 - Status of water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T22:14:18.243296","indexId":"wri014124","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4124","title":"Status of water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2000","docAbstract":"During the spring of 2000, water levels were measured in 735 wells completed in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas. Water samples were collected during the summer of 2000 from 151 wells completed in the alluvial aquifer. All samples were measured for specific conductance, and samples from 104 wells were analyzed for dissolved chloride concentrations.\r\n\r\nThe regional direction of ground-water flow is generally to the south and east except where affected by ground-water withdrawals. In 2000, the highest water-level altitude measured was 289 feet above sea level in northeastern Clay County. The lowest water-level altitude measured was 78 feet above sea level in southwestern Ashley County. A large depression in the potentiometric surface is located in Arkansas, Lonoke, and Prairie Counties. Two shallower depressions are located in Craighead, Cross, and Poinsett Counties and Lee, Monroe, St. Francis, and Woodruff Counties. Potentiometric depressions seem to be forming in four new areas in Ashley, Chicot, Desha, Greene, and Lincoln Counties. Comparisons of water-level changes in cones of depression from 1994 to 2000 show increases in depth and areal extent. Water-level data from 25 wells with 26 or more years of record indicate long-term water levels in the alluvial aquifer declined an average of about 0.6 foot per year from 1975 to 2000.\r\n\r\n\r\nSpecific conductance measurements made on water samples collected during the study ranged from 190 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius at a well in Drew County to 1,690 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius at a well in Ashley County. Dissolved chloride concentrations ranged from 2.2 milligrams per liter at wells in Crittenden and St. Francis Counties to 550 milligrams per liter at a well in Chicot County. The areas of high chloride concentrations generally coincide with areas of high specific conductance.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014124","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T.P., 2001, Status of water levels and selected water-quality conditions in the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4124, Report: iii, 52 p.; 2 Plates: 23.28 x 33.36 inches and 23.07 x 33.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014124.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 52 p.; 2 Plates: 23.28 x 33.36 inches and 23.07 x 33.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411152,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":99377,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4124/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99376,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4124/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":99375,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Valley alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.643,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -92.197,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -92.197,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -89.643,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -89.643,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, Tony P. tpschrad@usgs.gov","contributorId":3027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Tony","email":"tpschrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45105,"text":"wri20004243 - 2001 - Numerical Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Assessment of the Effects of Artificial Recharge in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:10","indexId":"wri20004243","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4243","title":"Numerical Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Assessment of the Effects of Artificial Recharge in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The Rialto?Colton Basin, in western San Bernardino County, California, was chosen for storage of imported water because of the good quality of native ground water, the known storage capacity for additional ground-water storage in the basin, and the availability of imported water. To supplement native ground-water resources and offset overdraft conditions in the basin during dry periods, artificial-recharge operations during wet periods in the Rialto?Colton Basin were begun in 1982 to store surplus imported water. Local water purveyors recognized that determining the movement and ultimate disposition of the artificially recharged imported water would require a better understanding of the ground-water flow system.\r\n\r\nIn this study, a finite-difference model was used to simulate ground-water flow in the Rialto?Colton Basin to gain a better understanding of the ground-water flow system and to evaluate the hydraulic effects of artificial recharge of imported water. The ground-water basin was simulated as four horizontal layers representing the river- channel deposits and the upper, middle, and lower water-bearing units. Several flow barriers bordering and internal to the Rialto?Colton Basin influence the direction of ground-water flow. Ground water may flow relatively unrestricted in the shallow parts of the flow system; however, the faults generally become more restrictive at depth. A particle-tracking model was used to simulate advective transport of imported water within the ground-water flow system and to evaluate three artificial-recharge alternatives.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water flow model was calibrated to transient conditions for 1945?96. Initial conditions for the transient-state simulation were established by using 1945 recharge and discharge rates, and assuming no change in storage in the basin. Average hydrologic conditions for 1945?96 were used for the predictive simulations (1997?2027). Ground-water-level measurements made during 1945 were used for comparison with the initial-conditions simulation to determine if there was a reasonable match, and thus reasonable starting heads, for the transient simulation. The comparison between simulated head and measured water levels indicates that, overall, the simulated heads match measured water levels well; the goodness-of-fit value is 0.99. The largest differences between simulated head and measured water level occurred between Barrier H and the Rialto?Colton Fault. Simulated heads near the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek, and simulated heads northwest of Barrier J, generally are within 30 feet of measured water levels and five are within 20 feet.\r\n\r\nModel-simulated heads were compared with measured long-term changes in hydrographs of composite water levels in selected wells, and with measured short-term changes in hydrographs of water levels in multiple-depth observation wells installed for this project. Simulated hydraulic heads generally matched measured water levels in wells northwest of Barrier J (in the northwestern part of the basin) and in the central part of the basin during 1945?96. In addition, the model adequately simulated water levels in the southeastern part of the basin near the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek and east of an unnamed fault that subparallels the San Jacinto Fault. Simulated heads and measured water levels in the central part of the basin generally are within 10 feet until about 1982?85 when differences become greater. In the northwestern part of the basin southeast of Barrier J, simulated heads were as much as 50 feet higher than measured water levels during 1945?82 but matched measured water levels well after 1982. In the compartment between Barrier H and the Rialto?Colton Fault, simulated heads match well during 1945?82 but are comparatively low during 1982?96. Near the Santa Ana River and Warm Creek, simulated heads generally rose above measured water levels except during 1965?72 when simulated heads compared well with measured water levels.\r\n\r\nAverage ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20004243","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., and Koczot, K.M., 2001, Numerical Simulation of Ground-Water Flow and Assessment of the Effects of Artificial Recharge in the Rialto-Colton Basin, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4243, viii, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004243.","productDescription":"viii, 148 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10735,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri004243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,34 ], [ -117.5,34.25 ], [ -117.16666666666667,34.25 ], [ -117.16666666666667,34 ], [ -117.5,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6968d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koczot, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-5728-9798 kmkoczot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-9798","contributorId":2039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koczot","given":"Kathryn","email":"kmkoczot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39808,"text":"wri014175 - 2001 - Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins– Nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon in surface water, 1996–98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T22:50:45.295019","indexId":"wri014175","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4175","title":"Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins– Nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon in surface water, 1996–98","docAbstract":"Twelve sites on streams and rivers in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit were sampled monthly and during selected storm events from March 1996 through September 1998 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. One site was dropped from monthly sampling after 1996. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were detected in every water sample collected. Nitrate accounted for 92 percent of the total dissolved nitrogen. About 22 percent of the samples had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen for drinking-water regulations. The median concentration of total dissolved nitrogen for surface water in the study unit was 7.2 milligrams per liter. The median total phosphorus concentration for the study unit was 0.22 milligram per liter. About 75 percent of the total phosphorus concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended total phosphorus concentration of 0.10 milligram per liter or less to minimize algal growth. Median suspended sediment and dissolved organic-carbon concentrations for the study unit were 82 and 3.5 milligrams per liter, respectively.
\nMedian concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment varied annually and seasonally. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations increased each year of the study due to increased precipitation and runoff. Median concentrations of dissolved organic carbon were constant from 1996 to 1998. Nitrogen concentrations were typically higher in the spring after fertilizer application and runoff. During winter, nitrogen concentrations typically increased when there was little in-stream processing by biota. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased in late summer when there was less runoff and in-stream processing of nitrogen and phosphorus was high. Dissolved organic carbon was highest in February and March when decaying vegetation and manure were transported during snowmelt. Suspendedsediment concentrations were highest in early summer (May–June) during runoff and lowest in January when there was ice cover with very little overland flow contributing to rivers and streams. Based on historical and study-unit data, eastern Iowa streams and rivers are impacted by both nonpoint and point-source pollution.
\nIndicator sites that have homogeneous land use, and geology had samples with significantly higher concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (median, 8.2 milligrams per liter) than did samples from integrator sites (median, 6.2 milligrams per liter) that were more heterogeneous in land use and geology. Samples from integrator sites typically had significantly higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations than did samples from indicator sites. Typically, there was very little difference in median dissolved organic-carbon concentrations in samples from indicator and integrator sites.
\nConcentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus varied across the study unit due to land use and physiography. Basins that are located in areas with a higher percentage of row-crop agriculture typically had samples with higher nitrogen concentrations. Basins that drain the Southern Iowa Drift Plain and the Des Moines Lobe typically had samples with higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations.
\nTotal nitrogen loads increased each year from 1996 through 1998 in conjunction with increased concentrations and runoff. Total phosphorus loads in the Skunk River Basin decreased in 1997 due to less runoff and decreased sediment transport, but increased in 1998 due to higher runoff and increased sediment transport. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads varied seasonally. The highest loads typically occurred in early spring and summer after fertilizer application and runoff. Loads were lowest in January and September when there was typically very little runoff to transport nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil to the rivers and streams.
\nTotal nitrogen loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 97,600, 120,000, and 234,000 metric tons, respectively. Total phosphorus loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 6,860, 4,550, and 8,830 metric tons, respectively. Suspendedsediment loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 7,480,000, 4,450,000, and 8,690,000 metric tons, respectively. The highest total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields typically occurred in samples from indicator sites. Sampling sites located in drainage basins with higher row-crop percentage typically had higher nitrogen and phosphorus yields. Sites that were located in the Des Moines Lobe and the Southern Iowa Drift Plain typically had higher phosphorus yields, probably due to physiographic features (for example, erodible soils, steeper slopes).
\nSynoptic samples collected during low and high base flow had nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic-carbon concentrations that varied spatially and seasonally. Comparisons of water-quality data from six basic-fixed sampling sites and 19 other synoptic sites suggest that the water-quality data from basic-fixed sampling sites were representative of the entire study unit during periods of low and high base flow when most streamflow originates from ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014175","usgsCitation":"Becher, K., Kalkhoff, S.J., Schnoebelen, D.J., Barnes, K., and Miller, V.E., 2001, Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins– Nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and organic carbon in surface water, 1996–98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4175, x, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014175.","productDescription":"x, 56 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014175.JPG"},{"id":3549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396299,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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42.879989517714826\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Importance of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, and Organic Carbon
Purpose and scope
Description of Study Unit
Hydrology
Landforma
Climate
Land Use
Methods and Data Analysis
Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Statistics
Relation of Constituent Concentration and Streamflow
Hydrograph Separation
Load Calculations
Concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Suspended Sediment, and Organic Carbon
Overall Occurrence of Concentrations
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Sediment
Organic Carbon
Relations Between Constituent Concentrations and Streamflow
Annual Variations
Seasonal Variations
Nonpoint and Point Sources
Spatial Variability
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Sediment
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Transport of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Suspended Sediment
Loads
Yields
Synoptic Studies
Variability Among Basic-Fixed and Synoptic Sites
Spatial Variability
Variability Among Base-Flow Conditions
Summary
References
Appendix
The Crater Peak flank vent of Mount Spurr volcano erupted June 27, August 18, and September 16-17, 1992. The three eruptions were similar in intensity (vulcanian to subplinian eruption columns reaching up to 14 km Above Sea Level) and duration (3.5 to 4.0 hours) and produced tephra-fall deposits (12, 14, 15 x 106 m3 Dense Rock Equivalent [DRE]) discernible up to 1,000 km downwind. The June 27 ash cloud traveled north over the rugged, ice- and snow-covered Alaska Range. The August 18 ash cloud was carried southeastward over Anchorage, across Prince William Sound, and down the southeastern shoreline of the Gulf of Alaska. The September 16-17 ash plume was directed eastward over the Talkeetna and Wrangell mountains and into the Yukon Territory of Canada. Over 50 mass-per-unit-area (MPUA) samples were collected for each of the latter two fall deposits at distances ranging from about 2 km to 370 km downwind from the volcano. Only 10 (mostly proximal) samples were collected for the June fall deposit due to inaccessible terrain and funding constraints. MPUA data were plotted and contoured (isomass lines) to graphically display the distribution of each fall deposit. For the August and September eruptions, fallout was concentrated along a narrow (30 to 50 km wide) belt. The fallout was most concentrated (100,000 to greater than 250,000 g/m2) within about 80 km of the volcano. Secondary maxima occur at 200 km (2,620 g/m2) and 300 km (4,659 g/m2), respectively, down axis for the August and September deposits. The maxima contain bimodal grain size distributions (with peaks at 88.4 and 22.1 microns) indicating aggregation within the ash cloud. Combined tephra-volume for the 1992 Mount Spurr eruptions (41 x 106 m3 DRE) is comparable to that (tephra-fall only) of the 1989-90 eruptions of nearby Redoubt volcano (31-49 x 106 m3 DRE).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/ofr01370","usgsCitation":"McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C., and Riley, C.M., 2001, Areal distribution, thickness, mass, volume, and grain size of tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mt. Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-370, Report: iv, 32 p.; 3 Figures: 26.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01370.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; 3 Figures: 26.00 x 22.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01370.gif"},{"id":406635,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51972.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282789,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig16.pdf","text":"Figure 16","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282787,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig8.pdf","text":"Figure 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282786,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/of01-370.pdf","size":"10.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/pdf/fig11.pdf","text":"Figure 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3614,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0370/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -144.11865234375,\n 63.025074210117246\n ],\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 63.025074210117246\n ],\n [\n -154.48974609375,\n 58.99531118795094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67374f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riley, Colleen M.","contributorId":31045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riley","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39912,"text":"ofr01482 - 2001 - Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-03T13:44:28","indexId":"ofr01482","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-482","title":"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Mount Spurr volcano is an ice- and snow-covered stratovolcano complex located in the north-central Cook Inlet region about 100 kilometers west of Anchorage, Alaska. Mount Spurr volcano consists of a breached stratovolcano, a lava dome at the summit of Mount Spurr, and Crater Peak vent, a small stratocone on the south flank of Mount Spurr volcano. Historical eruptions of Crater Peak occurred in 1953 and 1992. These eruptions were relatively small but explosive, and they dispersed volcanic ash over areas of interior, south-central, and southeastern Alaska. Individual ash clouds produced by the 1992 eruption drifted east, north, and south. Within a few days of the eruption, the south-moving ash cloud was detected over the North Atlantic. Pyroclastic flows that descended the south flank of Crater Peak during both historical eruptions initiated volcanic-debris flows or lahars that formed temporary debris dams across the Chakachatna River, the principal drainage south of Crater Peak. Prehistoric eruptions of Crater Peak and Mount Spurr generated clouds of volcanic ash, pyroclastic flows, and lahars that extended to the volcano flanks and beyond. A flank collapse on the southeast side of Mount Spurr generated a large debris avalanche that flowed about 20 kilometers beyond the volcano into the Chakachatna River valley. The debris-avalanche deposit probably formed a large, temporary debris dam across the Chakachatna River.\n\nThe distribution and thickness of volcanic-ash deposits from Mount Spurr volcano in the Cook Inlet region indicate that volcanic-ash clouds from most prehistoric eruptions were as voluminous as those produced by the 1953 and 1992 eruptions. Clouds of volcanic ash emitted from the active vent, Crater Peak, would be a major hazard to all aircraft using Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport and other local airports and, depending on wind direction, could drift a considerable distance beyond the volcano. Ash fall from future eruptions could disrupt many types of economic and social activities, including oil and gas operations and shipping activities in the Cook Inlet area. Eruptions of Crater Peak could involve significant amounts of ice and snow that would lead to the formation of large lahars, formation of volcanic debris dams, and downstream flooding. The greatest hazards in order of importance are described below and shown on plate 1.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01482","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Nye, C.J., 2001, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-482, Report: iv, 39 p.; 1 Plate: 23.50 x 20.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01482.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.; 1 Plate: 23.50 x 20.74 inches","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr01482.PNG"},{"id":3616,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0482/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283176,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0482/pdf/of01-482.pdf"},{"id":283177,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0482/pdf/pl1-scrn.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -152.5,61.0 ], [ -152.5,61.5 ], [ -151.5,61.5 ], [ -151.5,61.0 ], [ -152.5,61.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":222581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50803,"text":"ofr01406 - 2001 - U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop proceedings, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 22-26, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T15:54:52","indexId":"ofr01406","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-406","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop proceedings, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 22-26, 2001","docAbstract":"Some of nature's most magnificent creations on Earth are the picturesque landscape and the terrestrial and aquatic inhabitants of the Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States. Mother Nature has been kind to the region but man, often, has not. The Appalachian mountains and valleys have been home to a variety of human cultures, dating back approximately 12,000 years. A series of Native American peoples, including most recently the Cherokee Nation, inhabited the region prior to European settlement which began in the 1600's. All of these peoples have had the desire to reap the benefits of the land.
Current and historic use of the land ranges from mineral extraction to agricultural development to timber production to industrial and residential development, all of which have now threatened the landscape. Many individuals and organizations desire to save the awe and beauty of the Appalachians for the generations to come, in a way that is environmentally and economically sustainable. They have tried for years to raise alarms that this area is threatened and worth the attention of all who are interested in an effort of restitution and preservation. Residents, environmental groups, land managers, scientists, business groups, and the multitude of visitors who pass through the national parks and other public lands located within the Appalachians have raised these same alarms. There is a need to not only identify the issues resulting from anthropogenic pressures on the landscape, but also to collect the information and conduct the science that will allow land managers and policy makers to become better informed and better able to execute their responsibilities.
","conferenceTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop","conferenceDate":"October 22-26, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Gatlinburg, TN","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norcross, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01406","usgsCitation":"2001, U.S. Geological Survey Appalachian region integrated science workshop proceedings, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 22-26, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-406, xi, 152 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01406.","productDescription":"xi, 152 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0406/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0406/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613a12","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Adams, D. Briane","contributorId":35707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Briane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":727911,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, Katrina B. kburke@usgs.gov","contributorId":5481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Katrina","email":"kburke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":727912,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, Bruce S.","contributorId":13689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruce S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":727913,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keay, Jeffrey A. jkeay@usgs.gov","contributorId":331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keay","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkeay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":727914,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yurewicz, Michael C. mcyurewi@usgs.gov","contributorId":5409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yurewicz","given":"Michael","email":"mcyurewi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":727915,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":61528,"text":"mf2341 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19149,"text":"ofr93700 - 1993 - Preliminary geologic map of the Rifle Falls Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"ofr93700","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Rifle Falls Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":61528,"text":"mf2341 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"mf2341","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T16:22:58","indexId":"mf2341","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2341","title":"Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the Rifle Falls 7.5' quadrangle, in support of the USGS Western Colorado I-70 Corridor Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, provides new interpretations of the stratigraphy, structure, and geologic hazards in the area of the southwest flank of the White River uplift.\r\n Bedrock strata include the Upper Cretaceous Iles Formation through Ordovician and Cambrian units. The Iles Formation includes the Cozzette Sandstone and Corcoran Sandstone Members, which are undivided. The Mancos Shale is divided into three members, an upper member, the Niobrara Member, and a lower member. The Lower Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone, the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, and the Entrada Sandstone are present. Below the Upper Jurassic Entrada Sandstone, the easternmost limit of the Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic Glen Canyon Sandstone is recognized. Both the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation and the Lower Triassic(?) and Permian State Bridge Formation are present. The Pennsylvanian and Permian Maroon Formation is divided into two members, the Schoolhouse Member and a lower member. All the exposures of the Middle Pennsylvanian Eagle Evaporite intruded into the Middle Pennsylvanian Eagle Valley Formation, which includes locally mappable limestone beds. The Middle and Lower Pennsylvanian Belden Formation and the Lower Mississippian Leadville Limestone are present. The Upper Devonian Chaffee Group is divided into the Dyer Dolomite, which is broken into the Coffee Pot Member and the Broken Rib Member, and the Parting Formation. Ordovician through Cambrian units are undivided.\r\n The southwest flank of the White River uplift is a late Laramide structure that is represented by the steeply southwest-dipping Grand Hogback, which is only present in the southwestern corner of the map area, and less steeply southwest-dipping older strata that flatten to nearly horizontal attitudes in the northern part of the map area. Between these two is a large-offset, mid-Tertiary(?) Rifle Falls normal fault, that dips southward placing Leadville Limestone adjacent to Eagle Valley and Maroon Formations. Diapiric Eagle Valley Evaporite intruded close to the fault on the down-thrown side and presumably was injected into older strata on the upthrown block creating a blister-like, steeply north-dipping sequence of Mississippian and older strata. Also, removal of evaporite by either flow or dissolution from under younger parts of the strata create structural benches, folds, and sink holes on either side of the normal fault. A prominent dipslope of the Morrison-Dakota-Mancos part of the section forms large slide blocks that form distinctly different styles of compressive deformation called the Elk Park fold and fault complex at different parts of the toe of the slide.\r\n The major geologic hazard in the area consist of large landslides both associated with dip-slope slide blocks and the steep slopes of the Eagle Valley Formation and Belden Formation in the northern part of the map. Significant uranium and vanadium deposits were mined prior to 1980.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/mf2341","usgsCitation":"Scott, R.B., Shroba, R.R., and Egger, A., 2001, Geologic map of the Rifle Falls quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2341, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2341.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110186,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39197.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"39197"},{"id":6057,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.75,39.6175 ], [ -107.75,39.75 ], [ -107.61749999999999,39.75 ], [ -107.61749999999999,39.6175 ], [ -107.75,39.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Robert B. rbscott@usgs.gov","contributorId":766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert","email":"rbscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":265883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shroba, Ralph R. 0000-0002-2664-1813 rshroba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-1813","contributorId":1266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"Ralph","email":"rshroba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":265884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Egger, Anne","contributorId":100945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egger","given":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61464,"text":"mf2391 - 2001 - Surficial geologic map of the greater Omaha area, Nebraska and Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T10:00:21","indexId":"mf2391","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2391","title":"Surficial geologic map of the greater Omaha area, Nebraska and Iowa","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping, in support of the USGS Omaha-Kansas City Geologic Mapping Project, shows the spatial distribution of artificial-fill, alluvial, eolian, and glacial deposits and bedrock in and near Omaha, Nebraska. Artificial fill deposits are mapped chiefly beneath commercial structures, segments of interstate highways and other major highways, railroad tracks, airport runways, and military facilities, and in landfills and earth fills. Alluvial deposits are mapped beneath flood plains, in stream terraces, and on hill slopes. They include flood-plain and stream-channel alluvium, sheetwash alluvium, and undivided sheetwash alluvium and stream alluvium. Wind-deposited loess forms sheets that mantle inter-stream areas and late Wisconsin terrace alluvium. Peoria Loess is younger of the two loess sheets and covers much of the inter-stream area in the map area. Loveland Loess is older and is exposed in a few small areas in the eastern part of the map area. Glacial deposits are chiefly heterogeneous, ice-deposited, clayey material (till) and minor interstratified stream-deposited sand and gravel. Except for small outcrops, glacial deposits are covered by eolian and alluvial deposits throughout most of the map area. Bedrock is locally exposed in natural exposures along the major streams and in quarries. It consists of Dakota Sandstone and chiefly limestone and shale of the Lansing and Kansas City Groups. Sand and gravel in flood plain and stream-channel alluvium in the Platte River valley are used mainly for concrete aggregate. Limestone of the Lansing and Kansas City Groups is used for road-surfacing material, rip rap, and fill material.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2391","usgsCitation":"Shroba, R., Brandt, T.R., and Blossom, J., 2001, Surficial geologic map of the greater Omaha area, Nebraska and Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2391, Sheet 36 by 29 inches (in color), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2391.","productDescription":"Sheet 36 by 29 inches (in color)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6035,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2391/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110234,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46630.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"46630"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.25,41 ], [ -96.25,41.3675 ], [ -95.86749999999999,41.3675 ], [ -95.86749999999999,41 ], [ -96.25,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shroba, R. R.","contributorId":44133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"R. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandt, T. R.","contributorId":77553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blossom, J.C.","contributorId":84002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blossom","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38281,"text":"pp1649 - 2001 - Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-28T14:36:00","indexId":"pp1649","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1649","title":"Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"Dikes and irregular intrusive bodies of distinctive Oligocene biotite dacite and serially related hornblende latite and felsite occur widely in the central and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, and are related to the Telegraph Peak granodiorite pluton. Identical dacite is locally present beneath Middle Miocene Topanga Group Glendora Volcanics at the northeastern edge of the Los Angeles Basin, where it is termed Mountain Meadows Dacite. This study mapped the western and southwestern limits of the dacite distribution to understand the provenance of derived redeposited clasts, to perceive Neogene offsets on several large strike-slip faults, to test published palinspastic reconstructions, and to better understand the tectonic boundaries that separate contrasting pre-Tertiary rock terranes where the Peninsular Ranges meet the central and western Transverse Ranges and the Los Angeles Basin.
\nTransported and redeposited clasts of dacite-latite occur in deformed lower Miocene and lower middle Miocene sandy conglomerates (nonmarine, nearshore, and infrequent upper bathyal) close to the northern and northeastern margins of the Los Angeles Basin for a distance of nearly 60 km. Tie-lines between distinctive source suites and clast occurrences indicate that large tracts of the ancestral San Gabriel Mountains were elevated along range-bounding faults as early as 16–15 Ma. The tie-lines prohibit very large strike-slip offsets on those faults. Transport of eroded dacite began south of the range as early as 18 Ma.
\nPublished and unpublished data about rocks adjacent to the active Santa Monica-Hollywood-Raymond oblique reverse left-lateral fault indicate that cumulative left slip totals 13–14 km and total offset postdates 7 Ma. This cumulative slip, with assembly of stratigraphic and paleogeographic data, invalidates prior estimates of 60 to 90 km of left slip on these faults beginning about 17–16 Ma.
\nA new and different palinspastic reconstruction of a region southwest of the San Andreas Fault Zone is proposed. Our reconstruction incorporates 20° of clockwise rotation of tracts north of the Raymond Fault from the easternmost Santa Monica Mountains to the Vasquez Creek Fault (San Gabriel south branch). We interpret the Vasquez Creek Fault as a reverse and right-lateral tear fault. Right slip on the tear becomes reverse dip slip on the northeast-striking Clamshell-Sawpit fault complex, interpreted as an offset part of the Mount Lukens Fault. This explains the absence of evidence for lateral offset of the Glendora Volcanics and associated younger marine strata where those are broken farther east by the eastern Sierra Madre reverse fault system. About 34 km of right slip is suggested for all breaks of the San Gabriel fault system.
\nNew paleogeographic maps of the Paleogene basin margin and of a Middle Miocene marine embayment and strandline derive in part from our palinspastic reconstruction. These appealingly simple maps fit well with data from the central Los Angeles Basin to the south and southwest.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1649","usgsCitation":"McCulloh, T.H., Beyer, L.A., and Morin, R.W., 2001, Mountain Meadows Dacite: Oligocene intrusive complex that welds together the Los Angeles Basin, northwestern Peninsular Ranges, and central Transverse Ranges, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1649, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1649.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3508,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1649/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1649/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64660,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1649/pdf/pp1649.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Transverse Ranges;Los Angeles Basin;Northwestern Peninsular Ranges","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.25,34.0 ], [ -118.25,34.25 ], [ -117.75,34.25 ], [ -117.75,34.0 ], [ -118.25,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloh, Thane H.","contributorId":100450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"Thane","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, Larry A. lbeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"Larry","email":"lbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, Ronald W.","contributorId":106182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31008,"text":"wri014237 - 2001 - Seepage investigation for Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds creeks in the Pine Valley Mountains, Washington County, Utah, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T15:12:04","indexId":"wri014237","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4237","title":"Seepage investigation for Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds creeks in the Pine Valley Mountains, Washington County, Utah, 1998","docAbstract":"Seepage loss-gain data were collected along four creeks (Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds) that drain the eastern flank of the Pine Valley Mountains in southwestern Utah. Streamflow was measured at a minimum of eight sites on each of the four creeks during each of three (four on South Ash) seepage investigations at higher streamflows in May and June, and at lower streamflows during August, October, and November 1998. Only two reaches on Leap and Leeds Creeks showed a significant reversal of loss or gain trends between high and low streamflow where the difference in streamflow exceeded the measurement error.
\nError analyses were computed both for individual reaches between consecutive measurement sites and for composite reaches between specified, nonconsecutive measurement sites to determine if seepage losses or gains exceed the error associated with measurement of streamflow. Computed losses or gains at 31 individual reaches exceed the normalized measurement error; 16 were along channel reaches that traverse unconsolidated deposits, 7 were associated with reaches that traverse sedimentary rocks other than Navajo Sandstone, 6 were associated with reaches that traverse the Navajo Sandstone, and 2 were associated with reaches that traverse rocks of igneous origin.
\nComposite reaches that encompass the outcrop of one of four hydrogeologic units (Navajo Sandstone, unconsolidated deposits, igneous rocks, or sedimentary rocks other than Navajo Sandstone) were used to compute the loss or gain based on the amount measured at the upstream and downstream nonconsecutive sites. For composite reaches that traverse outcrops of Navajo Sandstone, less water was measured at (or near) the downstream contact than at (or near) the upstream contact for 11 of the 13 seepage investigations. Of those 11 investigations with computed losses, the normalized difference (N d) was greater than the normalized error (Ne) for 6 investigations and confirms that a source of recharge to the Navajo Sandstone is seepage loss from the measured streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wri014237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Wilberg, D.E., Swenson, R.L., Slaugh, B.A., Howells, J.H., and Christiansen, H.K., 2001, Seepage investigation for Leap, South Ash, Wet Sandy, and Leeds creeks in the Pine Valley Mountains, Washington County, Utah, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4237, iv, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014237.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"49","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014237.jpg"},{"id":286072,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4237/report.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Leap Creek, Leeds Creek, Pine Valley Mountains, South Ash Creek, Wet Sandy Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.519989,37.159934 ], [ -113.519989,37.479938 ], [ -113.187757,37.479938 ], [ -113.187757,37.159934 ], [ -113.519989,37.159934 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":101275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, Robert L.","contributorId":64697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slaugh, Bradley A.","contributorId":43003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaugh","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howells, James H. jhowells@usgs.gov","contributorId":969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"James","email":"jhowells@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christiansen, Howard K.","contributorId":47830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31012,"text":"wri014270 - 2001 - Stratigraphy and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining unit in townships 25-27 N. and ranges 01-02 W., southeastern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T15:28:05","indexId":"wri014270","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4270","title":"Stratigraphy and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining unit in townships 25-27 N. and ranges 01-02 W., southeastern Missouri","docAbstract":"The St. Francois confining unit (DerbyDoerun\nDolomite and Davis Formation) lies\nbeneath the Ozark aquifer (Jefferson City Dolomite\nto the Potosi Dolomite) and impedes the circulation\nof water between the overlying Ozark\naquifer and the underlying St. Francois aquifer\n(Bonneterre Formation and Lamotte Sandstone).\nThe Bonneterre Formation is the potential host\nformation for lead-zinc deposits in the area. There\nis concern that mine dewatering in the Bonneterre\nFormation could lower water levels in the Ozark\naquifer. To address this concern, the vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining\nunit in six townships (T. 25-27 N. and R. 01-\n02 W.) of Oregon, Carter, and Ripley Counties of\nsoutheastern Missouri was evaluated by describing\nthe stratigraphy and measuring the vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of core samples.\nThe Davis Formation is an intrashelf basin\nfacies consisting of a series of shales interbedded\nwith shaley limestones, shale-free limestones, and\nlocal dolostones, and ranges from 24 to 320ft\n(feet) thick, but typically the thickness is 100 to\n200 ft. Shale-dominant sequences can be tens of\nfeet thick, and contain as much as 90 percent shale.\nCarbonate-dominant zones may be 70 ft thick or\ngreater. The top of the Davis Formation (based on\n56 data points) ranges from 620 to 2,022 ft deep\nand ranges in altitude from 40ft below sea level in\nthe northern part of the study area to 1, 182 ft below\nsea level in the southern part of the study area.\nThe Derby-Doerun Dolomite represents a\npair of superimposed carbonate ramp cycles.\nWhere present, the basal shaley sequence represents\na transition with the Davis Formation. The\nformation (based on 50 data points) ranges from\n50 to 386ft thick, but typically is 120 to 180ft\nthick in the study area. The top of the DerbyDoerun\nDolomite ranges from 495 to 2,020 ft deep\n(based on 53 data points), and ranges in altitude\nfrom 85 ft above sea level to 94 7 ft below sea level.\nThe St. Francois confining unit is thickest in\nthe central and southern parts of the study area.\nThe thickness, as determined by 51 core logs that\ncompletely penetrate the unit, ranges from less\nthan 200ft in the northwestern and east-central\nparts of the study area to 411 ft in the central part,\nbut typically ranges from 270 to 340 ft. The net\nshale thickness of the confining unit (based on 29\ndata points) ranges from 1. 7 ft in the east -central\npart of the study area to 89 ft in the southwest part.\nThese net shale thickness values include the cumulative\nshale thickness of rock from the top of the\nDerby-Doerun Dolomite to the base of the False\nDavis.\nVertical hydraulic conductivities of 35 rock\ncore samples from the St. Francois confining unit\nin the study area range from 7.6 x 10-15 to 2.1 x\n10-10 ft/s (foot per second). The logarithmic transformed\nvertical hydraulic conductivities of the\nDerby-Doerun Dolomite and Davis Formation are\nsimilar (p-value = 0.073) using the statistical twosample\nt-test; however, this p-value approaches\nthe level of significance value of 0.05. The vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of the Derby-Doerun\nDolomite is larger and less variable than the Davis\nFormation. When grouped by rock type, the vertical\nhydraulic conductivity of samples that contain\ncarbonate, shale, or both carbonate and shale, are\nsimilar.\nA comparison on the ranked data using the\nMann-Whitney test shows the confining unit in the\nstudy area is statistically different (p-value =\n0.020) from the confining unit in the prospecting\narea (west and adjacent to the study area). The\nmedian value of the vertical hydraulic conductivity\ndata from the study area (6.7 x 10-13 ft/s) is three\ntimes larger than the median vertical hydraulic\nconductivity value for the prospecting area (2.2 x\n10-13 ft/s ). The interquartile range shows that the\nvariability of the study area data spans one order of\nmagnitude (2.0 x 10-13 to 2.2 x 10-12 ft/s) and that\nthe corresponding data from the prospecting area\nspans nearly two orders of magnitude (3.2 x 10-14\nto 1.1 x 10-12 ft/s).\nThe ranked vertical hydraulic conductivities\nof the Derby-Doerun Dolomite in the two areas are\nstatistically similar (p-value = 0.514). The median\nvertical hydraulic conductivity of the study area\ndata ( 1.2 X 10-12 ft/s) is about three times greater\nthan the median value of the prospecting area data\n(4.4 x 10-13 ft/s). The variability of the data, as\nshown by the interquartile range, is less in the\nstudy area (5.5 x 10-13 to 2.2 x 10-12 ft/s; spanning\nless than one order of magnitude) as compared to\nthe prospecting area (3.2 x 10-14 to 6.3 x 10-10\nft/s; spanning over four orders of magnitude).\nThe ranked vertical hydraulic conductivities\nof the Davis Formation in the two areas show these\ndata sets are statistically similar (p-value = 0.076).\nThe median vertical hydraulic conductivity value\nof study area samples ( 4.5 x 10-13 ft/s) is three\ntimes greater than the median value of the prospecting\narea data (1.6 x 10-13 ft/s). The interquartile\nrange of the study area data spans one order of\nmagnitude (1.2 x 10-13 to 1.4 x 10-12 ft/s) and the corresponding data from the prospecting area\nspans nearly 1.5 orders of magnitude (3.2 x 10-14\nto 7.4 x 10-13 ft/s).\nThe Mann-Whitney test shows the ranked\nvertical hydraulic conductivities of each rock type\nfrom the study area are statistically similar to the\nsame rock type in the prospecting area [carbonates\n(p-value = 0.225), shales (p-value = 0.668), and\ncarbonates and shales (p-value = 0.227)]. However,\nin each of the three cases the study area samples\nhave larger median values and less variability\nthan the prospecting area samples.\nBecause the vertical hydraulic conductivity\nof the various rock types of the confining unit in\nthe study area are statistically similar, the entire\ncarbonate-shale thickness is the primary factor\ndetermining the effectiveness of the confining unit.\nThe range of effective vertical hydraulic conductivity\nof the St. Francois confining unit in the study\narea using appropriate minimum and maximum\nthickness, net shale thickness, and vertical hydraulic\nconductivities is 3 X 10-13 to 2 X 10-12 ft/s. The\nvertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining\nunit is small, and the confining unit effectively\nimpedes the ground-water flow between the Ozark\naquifer and the St. Francois aquifer, unless preferred-\npath secondary permeability has developed\nalong faults and fractures that extend through the\nconfining unit.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Rolla, MO","doi":"10.3133/wri014270","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, and Missouri Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M., and Seeger, C., 2001, Stratigraphy and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confining unit in townships 25-27 N. and ranges 01-02 W., southeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4270, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014270.","productDescription":"63 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri014270.jpg"},{"id":286074,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4270/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, Zone 15","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Mark Twain National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.621674,36.420187 ], [ -91.621674,37.19669 ], [ -90.689163,37.19669 ], [ -90.689163,36.420187 ], [ -91.621674,36.420187 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7c5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, M. J.","contributorId":73222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seeger, C.M.","contributorId":55484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeger","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}