Use of radioisotopes has increased rapidly in hydrobiology and fish culture. Their use, especially P32, to study circulation of nutrients has been demonstrated and offers opportunities in problems of lake metabolism. The most extensive use of isotopes has been to determine photosynthetic activity in plankton through C14 uptake. Applications and limitations are discussed. Isotopes have been successfully used in food studies of fish to determine food selection, metabolism, and storage. Water movements in fresh and salt water and in sewage problems have been successfully followed by use of various isotopes. Marking of aquatic animals with radioisotopes has many possible applications, but has been little used because of some inherent problems related to danger to organisms and in field use. Extent of future use of isotopes in hydrobiology will be determined by further study of hazards and public acceptance of field studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1961)90[49:UORIHA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hooper, F., Podoliak, H., and Snieszko, S.F., 1961, Use of radioisotopes in hydrobiology and fish culture: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 90, no. 1, p. 49-57, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1961)90[49:UORIHA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130676,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60447d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, F.F.","contributorId":21908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Podoliak, H.A.","contributorId":62951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podoliak","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161141,"text":"70161141 - 1960 - Mycobacterium salmoniphilum sp. nov. from salmonoid fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-17T11:32:02","indexId":"70161141","displayToPublicDate":"2019-11-27T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5030,"text":"American Review of Respiratory Disease","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mycobacterium salmoniphilum sp. nov. from salmonoid fishes","docAbstract":"The presence of mycobacteria in salmonoid fishes was first recorded by Earp, Ellis, and Ordal (1) in 1953. Acid-fast bacilli had previously been reported from other cold-blooded animals including fishes of fresh-water and marine origin; recent reviews have been presented by Vogel (2) and Parisot (3).
\nThe initiation of an intensive search for bacteria of this group revealed their widespread distribution in salmonoid fish populations. Acidfast bacilli have been demonstrated in livers and kidneys of salmon and trout in Washington, Oregon, and California, as well as from salmon taken in Alaskan waters. While the organisms are generally considered to be associated with fish of hatchery origin (4), they have also been found in young and adult fish from areas presumably supporting only wild populations. Wood and Ordal (4) indicate that the incidence of the tuberculosis-like infection is directly related to the length of time the fish are reared in the hatchery prior to release. This may result from a common hatchery practice of feeding viscera and carcasses from spawned-out adults to juvenile fish. Therefore, in many instances viable mycobacteria are present in the food of young fish.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"American Thoracic Society","usgsCitation":"Ross, A.J., 1960, Mycobacterium salmoniphilum sp. nov. from salmonoid fishes: American Review of Respiratory Disease, v. 81, no. 2, p. 241-250.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/arrd.1960.81.2.241?journalCode=arrd#.VovrX_krK70"}],"volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, A. J.","contributorId":105267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198474,"text":"70198474 - 1960 - Geology and mineral resources of Rockingham County","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T16:51:52","indexId":"70198474","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T14:08:07","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Geology and mineral resources of Rockingham County","largerWorkTitle":"Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin","publisher":"Virginia Division of Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Charlottesville, VA","usgsCitation":"Brent, W., 1960, Geology and mineral resources of Rockingham County, v. 76, 174 p.","productDescription":"174 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":356226,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/BUL_76.pdf","text":"Document"}],"country":"Unites States","state":"Virginia","county":"Rockingham County","volume":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brent, W.B.","contributorId":206737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brent","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179898,"text":"70179898 - 1960 - Ground-water investigations in Utah in 1960 and ground-water reports published by the U.S. Geological Survey or the Utah State Engineer prior to 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T17:25:43","indexId":"70179898","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5271,"text":"Utah State Engineer Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Ground-water investigations in Utah in 1960 and ground-water reports published by the U.S. Geological Survey or the Utah State Engineer prior to 1960","docAbstract":"
Listed below and shown on the map are projects in the ground-water program being conducted cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Utah State Engineer. Project UT-5 is conducted from a field office in Cedar City, project UT-17 from a field office in Richfield, project UT-26 from a field office in Fillmore, and all other projects are operated from the Geological Survey offices in Salt Lake City.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah State Engineer's Office","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Goode, H.D., 1960, Ground-water investigations in Utah in 1960 and ground-water reports published by the U.S. Geological Survey or the Utah State Engineer prior to 1960: Utah State Engineer Information Bulletin 4, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333510,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=21-4-070"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5881defae4b01192927da003","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Harry D.","contributorId":178286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179897,"text":"70179897 - 1960 - Ground-water areas and well logs, central Sevier Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T17:20:38","indexId":"70179897","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5271,"text":"Utah State Engineer Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"Ground-water areas and well logs, central Sevier Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"Between September 1959 and June 1960 the United States Geological Survey and the Utah State Engineer, with financial assistance from Garfield, Millard, Piute, Sanpete, and Sevier Counties and from local water-users’ associations, cooperated in an investigation to determine the structural framework of the central Sevier Valley and to evaluate the valley’s ground-water potential. An important aspect of the study was the drilling of 22 test holes under private contract. These data and other data collected during the course of the larger ground-water investigation of which the test drilling was a part will be evaluated in a report on the geology and ground-water resources of the central Sevier Valley. The present report has been prepared to make available the logs of test holes and to describe in general terms the availability of ground water in the different areas of the valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Young, R.A., 1960, Ground-water areas and well logs, central Sevier Valley, Utah: Utah State Engineer Information Bulletin 3, 20 p.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=21-4-060"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Sevier Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5881defae4b01192927da005","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Richard A.","contributorId":38975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176014,"text":"70176014 - 1960 - Ground-water levels in observation wells in Furness, L.W., 1960, Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:29:59","indexId":"70176014","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Ground-water levels in observation wells in Furness, L.W., 1960, Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency","language":"English","publisher":"State of Kansas Water Resources Board","publisherLocation":"Topeka, KS","usgsCitation":"Fishel, V., and Broeker, M., 1960, Ground-water levels in observation wells in Furness, L.W., 1960, Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency: Technical Report, v. 2, no. 2, 179 p. .","productDescription":"179 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73dde4b03fd6b7df2d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishel, V.C.","contributorId":6126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broeker, M.E.","contributorId":173983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Broeker","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176012,"text":"70176012 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of Gove County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:24:07","indexId":"70176012","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Gove County, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Hodson, W., and Wahl, K., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Gove County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 145, 126 p.","productDescription":"126 p.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73d9e4b03fd6b7df2ccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodson, W.G.","contributorId":12042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodson","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wahl, K.D.","contributorId":167129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wahl","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176009,"text":"70176009 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:14:32","indexId":"70176009","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, H., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 148, 200 p. .","productDescription":"200 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327705,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"},{"id":327706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73d8e4b03fd6b7df2cc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, H.G.","contributorId":173877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Connor","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176015,"text":"70176015 - 1960 - Kansas stream-flow characteristics, part 3, Flood frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:32:15","indexId":"70176015","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Kansas stream-flow characteristics, part 3, Flood frequency","language":"English","publisher":"State of Kansas Water Resources Board","publisherLocation":"Topeka, KS","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D., and Edelen, G., 1960, Kansas stream-flow characteristics, part 3, Flood frequency: Technical Report, v. 3, 221.","productDescription":"221","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327726,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73e2e4b03fd6b7df2d26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D.W.","contributorId":99220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelen, G.W. Jr.","contributorId":32592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelen","given":"G.W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176016,"text":"70176016 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of Harper County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:34:17","indexId":"70176016","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Harper County, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":" University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Bayne, C., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Harper County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 143, 183 p.","productDescription":"183 p.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"143","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73dae4b03fd6b7df2cd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayne, C.K.","contributorId":173976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayne","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176011,"text":"70176011 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of Kingman County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:21:54","indexId":"70176011","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Kingman County, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Lane, C., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Kingman County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 144, 174 p.","productDescription":"174 p.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"},{"id":327715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73dbe4b03fd6b7df2cd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, C.W.","contributorId":102863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176010,"text":"70176010 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:20:02","indexId":"70176010","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"University of Kansas, 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of Douglas County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327713,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73d9e4b03fd6b7df2ccb"} ,{"id":70160891,"text":"70160891 - 1960 - Chemical and histological studies of wild and hatchery salmon in fresh water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T14:21:44","indexId":"70160891","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-04T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and histological studies of wild and hatchery salmon in fresh water","docAbstract":"In a study of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), the gross chemical and histological changes occurring over a 14-month period spent in fresh water were determined. The determinations were made at 3-month intervals on: 1) hatchery-reared fish, 2) fish hatchery-reared for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then planted in a controlled stream for the remainder of the period; and 3) an indigenous group of wild fish in this stream. Wild fish showed high incidence of tissue damage from spinose hairs of the moth larva, Halisidota argentata. Hatchery fish were similarly affected with the severity and incidence of lesions varying directly with the time of exposure of the larvae in the wild environment. Both groups of fish were heavily parasitized by sporozoan organisms in the kidney and spinal cord. Kidney disease appeared in both wild and planted hatchery fish. The gross chemical composition of hatchery fish transformed rapidly after planting to that of the wild fish. Although the initial rate of fat loss is essentially constant for all hatchery groups after planting, fish that were hatchery reared for 9 to 12 months did not complete the transformation to the wild-type body composition by the time of downstream migration at 14 months.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[301:CAHSOW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, E.M., Yasutake, W.T., Halver, J., and Woodall, A., 1960, Chemical and histological studies of wild and hatchery salmon in fresh water: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 89, no. 3, p. 301-307, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[301:CAHSOW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5c7e4b0e7594ee77663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, E. M.","contributorId":68685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yasutake, W. T.","contributorId":103222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halver, J.E.","contributorId":88675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halver","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodall, A.N.","contributorId":150830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodall","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160887,"text":"70160887 - 1960 - Ovarian fluid: Its role in fertilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T14:15:57","indexId":"70160887","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-27T09:30:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ovarian fluid: Its role in fertilization","docAbstract":"FISH-CULTURISTs, in general, do not agree as to the time of actual fertilization of artificially spawned salmonid eggs. Some fish-culturists believe that the eggs are fertilized in the milt before water is added, while others are equally certain that fertilization is not achieved until after water is added. This difference of opinion has probably existed since the advent of the dry spawning method, in which milt is added to the eggs without the presence of water in the spawning pan. According to the \"Manual of Fish-Culture\" published by the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries in 1900, it was known that eggs and milt from salmon maintain their viability for many hours if held in open containers, that both eggs and milt soon lose their viability when water is added, and that the milt and fluid around the eggs can be \"utilized in impregnating masses of eggs when there is a scarcity of males, as sometimes occurs toward the close of the spawning season.\"
\nThe object of the studies reported here was to confirm some of the foregoing observations and to determine whether salmonid eggs could be fertilized without the supportive action of water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Fisheries, U.S. Department of Commerce","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1960)22[77:OF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rucker, R., Conrad, J., and Dick, C., 1960, Ovarian fluid: Its role in fertilization: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 22, no. 2, p. 77-78, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1960)22[77:OF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5dae4b0e7594ee776b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrad, J.F.","contributorId":98244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dick, C.W.","contributorId":151044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dick","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176013,"text":"70176013 - 1960 - Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T14:27:41","indexId":"70176013","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency","language":"English ","publisher":"State of Kansas Water Resources Board","publisherLocation":"Topeka, KS","usgsCitation":"Furness, L., 1960, Kansas streamflow characteristics, part 2, Low-flow frequency: Technical Report, v. 2, no. 2, 179 p. .","productDescription":"179 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73e3e4b03fd6b7df2d2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furness, L.W.","contributorId":16908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furness","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160878,"text":"70160878 - 1960 - A Virus-like disease of chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T13:15:53","indexId":"70160878","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-07T03:45:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Virus-like disease of chinook salmon","docAbstract":"Consideration is given to a recurring disease of early feeding chinook salmon fingerlings at the Coleman, California, Federal Fish Cultural Station. The infection becomes manifest in the early spring months at low water temperatures and abates as the water temperature rises. Bacteriological studies have failed to yield the presence of a disease agent, either by cultural or staining procedures. The disease has been successfully transmitted from infected fish to healthy fish by the injection of bacteria-free filtrates prepared from diseased fish tissue. The causative agent is therefore believed to be a virus-like entity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[160:AVDOCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, A.J., Pelnar, J., and Rucker, R., 1960, A Virus-like disease of chinook salmon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 89, no. 2, p. 160-163, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1960)89[160:AVDOCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5bde4b0e7594ee7763e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, A. J.","contributorId":105267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pelnar, J.","contributorId":151038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelnar","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71726,"text":"tei763 - 1960 - Analyses of ground water from Rainier Mesa, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T16:25:11","indexId":"tei763","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-14T16:23:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"763","title":"Analyses of ground water from Rainier Mesa, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei763","collaboration":"Work done on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Clebsch, A., and Barker, F., 1960, Analyses of ground water from Rainier Mesa, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 763, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei763.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.1972,35.9618 ], [ -118.1972,39.1634 ], [ -114.999,39.1634 ], [ -114.999,35.9618 ], [ -118.1972,35.9618 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fbe7e4b0b58d96eeb54a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clebsch, Alfred","contributorId":57047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clebsch","given":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, Fred","contributorId":78332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71723,"text":"tei759 - 1960 - Ground water in the Oak Spring Formation and hydrologic effects of underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada test site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T16:12:49","indexId":"tei759","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-14T16:08:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"759","title":"Ground water in the Oak Spring Formation and hydrologic effects of underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada test site","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei759","collaboration":"Work done on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Clebsch, A., 1960, Ground water in the Oak Spring Formation and hydrologic effects of underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada test site: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 759, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei759.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.01,35.0 ], [ -120.01,42.0 ], [ -114.04,42.0 ], [ -114.04,35.0 ], [ -120.01,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc2ee4b0b58d96eeb5b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clebsch, Alfred","contributorId":57047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clebsch","given":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047666,"text":"70047666 - 1960 - Ground-water levels in New Mexico, 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-16T15:09:58","indexId":"70047666","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:07:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":138,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Ground-water levels in New Mexico, 1956","language":"English","publisher":"New Mexico Office of the State Engineer","publisherLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","usgsCitation":"Reeder, H.O., 1960, Ground-water levels in New Mexico, 1956: Technical Report 19, viii, 251 p.","productDescription":"viii, 251 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.05,31.33 ], [ -109.05,37.0 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -103.0,31.33 ], [ -109.05,31.33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e3e4b0fc50304bc4d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeder, Harold O.","contributorId":14381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeder","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046342,"text":"70046342 - 1960 - National water resources and problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-08T12:57:39","indexId":"70046342","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"National water resources and problems","docAbstract":"Water problems exist in all parts of the United States. Furthermore, the problems are becoming more acute and widespread as population and industry grow. The need is pressing for wider appreciation of the nature of water problems. This requires a background of basic facts about the occurrence of water, its quantity and quality, and the manner in which it is used. This report records some of these basic facts. The facts are that the United States as a whole is well endowed with water. Many water problems (which exist in our country) are caused, however,by poor distribution of water in time and place. Because the nationwide supply of water is large, any given locality could be supplied with water sufficient in quantity and suitable in quality, provided that those who need the water can pay the cost. For the most part, then, water problems are basically social and economic. While management is needed, both locally and regionally, with flexibility to respond to broad geographic patterns of economic and social development.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046342","usgsCitation":"Oltman, R.E., MacKichan, K.A., Mesnier, G.N., Rainwater, F., and Thomasson, H.G., 1960, National water resources and problems, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70046342.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046342/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":274622,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046342/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b6f56be4b0097a7158e5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oltman, Roy E.","contributorId":88720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltman","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKichan, Kenneth A.","contributorId":28150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKichan","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mesnier, Glennon N.","contributorId":67488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesnier","given":"Glennon","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rainwater, Frank H.","contributorId":6429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainwater","given":"Frank H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thomasson, Horace G.","contributorId":74277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomasson","given":"Horace","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5222088,"text":"5222088 - 1960 - Racoon predation on waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:52","indexId":"5222088","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:29","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Racoon predation on waterfowl","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Llewellyn, L.M., and Webster, C., 1960, Racoon predation on waterfowl: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 25, p. 180-185.","productDescription":"180-185","startPage":"180","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649df6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Llewellyn, L. M.","contributorId":104998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Llewellyn","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webster, Clark G.","contributorId":9732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"Clark G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230103,"text":"5230103 - 1960 - Hunter kill of migratory waterfowl in the Pacific Flyway during the 1958-59 hunting season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5230103","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"45 (Supplement)","title":"Hunter kill of migratory waterfowl in the Pacific Flyway during the 1958-59 hunting season","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Atwood, E.L., 1960, Hunter kill of migratory waterfowl in the Pacific Flyway during the 1958-59 hunting season: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 45 (Supplement), 5.","productDescription":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwood, E. L.","contributorId":43870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atwood","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230102,"text":"5230102 - 1960 - Waterfowl harvest in the United States during the 1959-60 hunting season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T13:51:40","indexId":"5230102","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"52","title":"Waterfowl harvest in the United States during the 1959-60 hunting season","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Atwood, E.L., and Wells, C., 1960, Waterfowl harvest in the United States during the 1959-60 hunting season: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 52, 25 p.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924055486710?urlappend=%3Bseq=469"},{"id":202444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwood, E. L.","contributorId":43870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atwood","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, C.F.","contributorId":31879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230144,"text":"5230144 - 1960 - Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Pesticide-Wildlife Review: 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5230144","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":14,"text":"Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 84 revised","title":"Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Pesticide-Wildlife Review: 1959","docAbstract":" Research findings of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, State agencies and independent research workers in Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Mass., Mich., Mont., N. Dak., Tex., and Wis. are summarized in this report together with recommendations for reducing damage from pest control operations. Major topics discussed are: Scope of Pesticide-Wildlife Problem; Effects on Wildlife-General; Laboratory Studies and Toxicology; Direct and Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Wildlife; Recent Pesticide Legislation; Value of Wildlife; and Recommendations for Safeguarding Wildlife Values during Pest Control. To avoid undue hazards to wildlife, applications must not exceed the toxicity equivalent of the following concentrations of DDT to the respective forms of wildlife: 0.1 pounds of DDT/acre for crustaceans; 0.2 for fish; 1.0 for amphibians; 2.0 for reptiles and birds; and 5.0 for most mammals. Other suggestions are: 1) Chemical treatment should be used only when entomological research has proved it to be necessary; 2) Before pesticides are used, the effects on different kinds of animals and on animals living in different habitats should be known and carefully considered; 3) Only minimum quantities of chemicals necessary to achieve adequate control of pests should be applied; 4) Pesticides should not be applied to areas that are any larger than is necessary and the chemicals that are used should be the ones whose effects are no more long-lasting than necessary; 5) Whenever possible, chemicals should be applied at the seasons of the year when wildlife damage will be least; 6) Conscientious effort should be made to be sure that pesticides are applied at no more than the intended rates and that no areas receive double doses. Alternates to chemical control are suggested. Among these are biological control, modified agricultural practices, destruction of insect wintering quarters, and the manipulation of water levels. 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