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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha19","usgsCitation":"Hall, F.R., and Palmquist, W.N., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky (county group 19): U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 3 Plates: \t27.50 × 27.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha19.","productDescription":"3 Plates: \t27.50 × 27.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108671,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15553.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"15553"},{"id":89843,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89842,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89841,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Clark County, Estill County, Madison County, Powell County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.6310,\n 37.519\n ],\n [\n -84.524,\n 37.519\n ],\n [\n -84.524,\n 38.111\n ],\n [\n -83.6310,\n 38.111\n ],\n [\n -83.6310,\n 37.519\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Francis Ramey","contributorId":38137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmquist, Wilbur Nathaniel Jr.","contributorId":42648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Wilbur","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52074,"text":"ofr6027 - 1960 - Ground water in the Oak Spring formation and hydrologic effects of underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:28","indexId":"ofr6027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-27","title":"Ground water in the Oak Spring formation and hydrologic effects of underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6027","usgsCitation":"Clebsch, A., 1960, Ground water in the Oak Spring formation and hydrologic effects of underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-27, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6027.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d91c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clebsch, Alfred Jr.","contributorId":27886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clebsch","given":"Alfred","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52075,"text":"ofr6028 - 1960 - Analyses of ground water from Rainier Mesa, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:35","indexId":"ofr6028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-28","title":"Analyses of ground water from Rainier Mesa, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6028","usgsCitation":"Clebsch, A., and Barker, F.B., 1960, Analyses of ground water from Rainier Mesa, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-28, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6028.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clebsch, Alfred Jr.","contributorId":27886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clebsch","given":"Alfred","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, F. B.","contributorId":88709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52073,"text":"ofr6024 - 1960 - Supplemental memorandum on ground water in vicinity of Painted Rock Damsite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:28","indexId":"ofr6024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-24","title":"Supplemental memorandum on ground water in vicinity of Painted Rock Damsite","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6024","usgsCitation":"Cahill, J., 1960, Supplemental memorandum on ground water in vicinity of Painted Rock Damsite: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-24, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6024.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahill, J.M.","contributorId":12509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1624,"text":"wsp1637 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 13, Snake River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:14","indexId":"wsp1637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1637","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 13, Snake River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1637","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 13, Snake River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1637, 271 p. :tables. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1637.","productDescription":"271 p. :tables. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1637/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1637/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db6943cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52119,"text":"ofr60102 - 1960 - Water levels in observation wells in Santa Barbara County, California, in 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T13:43:59.374433","indexId":"ofr60102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-102","title":"Water levels in observation wells in Santa Barbara County, California, in 1959","docAbstract":"Investigation of the ground-water resources of Santa Barbara County was continued during 1959 by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Santa Barbara County Water Agency. Monthly water-level measurements were made in 203 wells, in 8 of which automatic water-level recorders were operated. Earlier measurements, covering the period 1941 through 1955, have been published in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers; those for 1956, 1957, and 1958 have been released locally in duplicated form. Water-Supply Paper 1068 contains tabulated descriptions of 2,246 wells in existence in 1942 in the various ground-water basins of the county. The same publication also contains many water-level measurements made prior to 1942 by the city of Santa Barbara, Santa Maria Valley Water Conservation District, San Joaquin Power Division of the Pacific Gas and Electric Co., Union Sugar Co., Union Oil Co., and other organizations and individuals.
Comprehensive reports on the geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Ynez River basin (Upson and Thomasson, 1951, and Wilson, 1959), the south-coast basins (Upson, 1951), the Santa Maria Valley area (Worts, 1951), and the Cuyama Valley (Upson and Worts, 1951) have been published as Water-Supply Papers 1107, 1467, 1108, 1000, and 1110-B, respectively. A report on stream runoff and ground-water storage capacity of the Santa Ynez River valley (Troxell and Wilson, 1952) was released to the open file in October 1952.
In addition to the water-level measurements made by the Geological Survey in 1959, measurements made by the Santa Maria Valley Water Conservation District are included in this report. Not included in this report are miscellaneous measurements made by the Geological Survey in wells along the middle reach of the Santa Ynez River between Cachuma Dam and Rucker Crossing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr60102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Santa Barbara County Water Agency","usgsCitation":"Muir, K.S., Merritt, P., and Miller, G., 1960, Water levels in observation wells in Santa Barbara County, California, in 1959: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-102, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60102.","productDescription":"46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":431609,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.61474653419313,\n 35.107477322182945\n ],\n [\n -120.61474653419313,\n 33.603227658961316\n ],\n [\n -119.21258359397822,\n 33.603227658961316\n ],\n [\n -119.21258359397822,\n 35.107477322182945\n ],\n [\n -120.61474653419313,\n 35.107477322182945\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muir, K. S.","contributorId":53764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muir","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merritt, P.M.","contributorId":45344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, G.A.","contributorId":107671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52065,"text":"ofr601 - 1960 - Test drilling in the Walhalla area, Pembina County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T15:32:46","indexId":"ofr601","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-1","title":"Test drilling in the Walhalla area, Pembina County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr601","usgsCitation":"Adolphson, D.G., 1960, Test drilling in the Walhalla area, Pembina County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-1, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr601.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Pembina County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684c18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adolphson, D. G.","contributorId":106081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adolphson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52128,"text":"ofr60118 - 1960 - Reconnaissance of ground water for irrigation, Acoma Indian Reservation, Valencia County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:32","indexId":"ofr60118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-118","title":"Reconnaissance of ground water for irrigation, Acoma Indian Reservation, Valencia County, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr60118","usgsCitation":"Rapp, J.R., 1960, Reconnaissance of ground water for irrigation, Acoma Indian Reservation, Valencia County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-118, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60118.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86664,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db681275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, J. R.","contributorId":29394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52134,"text":"ofr60130 - 1960 - Ground water in the alluvial deposits of Cottonwood Creek Basin, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:28","indexId":"ofr60130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-130","title":"Ground water in the alluvial deposits of Cottonwood Creek Basin, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Cottonwood Creek basin is a 377 square mile area in central Oklahoma. The rim of the basin has altitudes as high as 1,300 feet, and the mouth is at an altitude of 910. Deposits of Quaternary age consist of alluvium along the stream courses and high terrace deposits along the southern rim of the basin. The alluvium contains a high percentage of clay and silt, ranges in thickness from a few inches to 40 feet, and underlies about 36 square miles of the basin. Sandstone, siltstone, and shale of Permian age, which form the bedrock, consist of the Garber sandstone along the eastern edge, the Hennessey shale through the central part, and Flowerpot shale along the western edge.\r\nReplenishment of water in the alluvium is from precipitation, lateral seepage and runoff from adjoining areas, and infiltration from the stream channels during high flows. The major use of ground water in the alluvium is transpiration by cottonwood and willow trees. Virtually no water is withdrawn from the alluvium by wells.\r\n\r\n(available as photostat copy only)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr60130","usgsCitation":"Stacy, B., 1960, Ground water in the alluvial deposits of Cottonwood Creek Basin, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-130, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60130.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d834","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacy, B.L.","contributorId":88816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacy","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52130,"text":"ofr60121 - 1960 - Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52130,"text":"ofr60121 - 1960 - Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota","indexId":"ofr60121","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2657,"text":"wsp1619BB - 1963 - Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1619BB","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"BB","title":"Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2657,"text":"wsp1619BB - 1963 - Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1619BB","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:15:15","indexId":"ofr60121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-121","title":"Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ofr60121","usgsCitation":"Schiner, G., 1960, Ground-water exploration and test pumping in the Halma-Lake Bronson area, Kittson County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-121, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60121.","productDescription":"70 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Kittson County","otherGeospatial":"Halma-Lake Bronson area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.75,\n 48.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 48.5\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 48.5\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 48.75\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 48.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiner, G. R.","contributorId":85175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiner","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52081,"text":"ofr6039 - 1960 - Ground-water conditions during 1959 at the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Training Center, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:35","indexId":"ofr6039","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-39","title":"Ground-water conditions during 1959 at the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Training Center, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6039","usgsCitation":"Dutcher, L., 1960, Ground-water conditions during 1959 at the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Training Center, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-39, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6039.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86643,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0039/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d2bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dutcher, L.C.","contributorId":42191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutcher","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52094,"text":"ofr6061 - 1960 - Bibliography of technical reports, articles, and memoranda published or otherwise released by te Ground Water Branch during the calendar year 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:35","indexId":"ofr6061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-61","title":"Bibliography of technical reports, articles, and memoranda published or otherwise released by te Ground Water Branch during the calendar year 1959","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6061","usgsCitation":"Griffin, M.S., and Clark, E., 1960, Bibliography of technical reports, articles, and memoranda published or otherwise released by te Ground Water Branch during the calendar year 1959: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-61, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6061.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627da3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, M. S.","contributorId":93534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, E.N.","contributorId":75622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52095,"text":"ofr6063 - 1960 - Well records and table of chemical analysis for report \"The geology and ground-water resources of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah\"","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52095,"text":"ofr6063 - 1960 - Well records and table of chemical analysis for report \"The geology and ground-water resources of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah\"","indexId":"ofr6063","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Well records and table of chemical analysis for report \"The geology and ground-water resources of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah\""},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38852,"text":"pp521A - 1969 - Regional hydrogeology of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, with a section on vegetation","indexId":"pp521A","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Regional hydrogeology of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, with a section on vegetation"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38852,"text":"pp521A - 1969 - Regional hydrogeology of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, with a section on vegetation","indexId":"pp521A","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Regional hydrogeology of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, with a section on vegetation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:35","indexId":"ofr6063","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-63","title":"Well records and table of chemical analysis for report \"The geology and ground-water resources of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah\"","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6063","usgsCitation":"Harshbarger, J.W., Repenning, C., and Callahan, J., 1960, Well records and table of chemical analysis for report \"The geology and ground-water resources of the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah\": U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-63, 189 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6063.","productDescription":"189 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0b45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harshbarger, J. W.","contributorId":22309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harshbarger","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repenning, C.A.","contributorId":56700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repenning","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Callahan, J.T.","contributorId":100920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callahan","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52102,"text":"ofr6071 - 1960 - Availability of ground water in the vicinity of Cloudcroft, Otero County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:35","indexId":"ofr6071","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-71","title":"Availability of ground water in the vicinity of Cloudcroft, Otero County, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6071","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.W., 1960, Availability of ground water in the vicinity of Cloudcroft, Otero County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-71, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6071.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114584,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0071/report.pdf","size":"1410","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0071/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d8ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, J. W.","contributorId":87908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52107,"text":"ofr6077 - 1960 - Progress report number 2: investigations of some sedimentation characteristics of sand-bed streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-27T01:01:44","indexId":"ofr6077","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-77","title":"Progress report number 2: investigations of some sedimentation characteristics of sand-bed streams","docAbstract":"Hydraulic and sediment characteristics at six river sections upstream and downstream from the confluence of the Middle Loup and Dismal Rivers were measured and studied to determine some of the interrelationships between variables and the differences that exist between common variables when two flows unite. The two streams, which flow through the Sandhills region of Nebraska, have about the same water discharge, sediment concentration, and particle-size distribution of suspended sediment and bed material. Sediment discharges and flow resistances varied widely, although water discharges remained almost constant. The factor affecting the variations was water temperature, which ranged from 32° to 80° F. The bed form, which also varied with the water temperature, seemed to have a dominating influence on the sediment discharge, flow resistance, and possibly the vertical distribution of velocity and suspended sediment. Multiple regression with parameters derived from dimensional analysis yielded an expression for predicting the flow resistance and the widths and depths of individual channel sections. Contrary to those near many other confluences, slopes were steeper and channels were wider downstream from the junction of the two rivers than they were upstream. An investigation of specific sediment-transport phenomena and field procedures was made during 1956 and 1957 in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The purposes of this investigation were to provide information on the regime of rivers and to improve the procedures related to the collection of sediment data. The basic data and results of the studies made in 1956 were presented in progress report number 1, \"Investigations of Some Sedimentation Characteristics of a Sand-Bed Stream.\" Some of the basic data and results of the studies made in 1957 are given in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6077","collaboration":"Prepared as part of a program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin","usgsCitation":"Hubbell, D.W., 1960, Progress report number 2: investigations of some sedimentation characteristics of sand-bed streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-77, 53 p.; Tables: pgs. 54-78, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6077.","productDescription":"53 p.; Tables: pgs. 54-78","startPage":"1","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_60_77.jpg"},{"id":257892,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/hubbell/Hubbell_et_al_1960.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6495d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbell, D. W.","contributorId":15997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39742,"text":"pp282D - 1960 - Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-24T13:33:57","indexId":"pp282D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"D","title":"Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels","docAbstract":"The resistance to fully developed turbulent flow at constant depth in an open channel increases as the square of the mean velocity as long as the boundary conditions remain completely unchanged. The presence of the free water surface allows the possibility of departure from the relationship of resistance to the square of the velocity. Experimental evidence is given, which is in quantitative agreement with fluid dynamic theory, that such departure may be abrupt, with a marked increase of resistance. These departures are observed under conditions of boundary and flow which occur commonly in natural rivers.
It is shown that the condition under which this discontinuous increase in resistance occurs is definable by the mean Froude number for the whole flow which may be as small as 0.4. At this initial state, the rate of resistance increase with the square of the velocity may be more than double.
The phenomenon, which is absent in straight uniform channels, is associated with excessive deformations of the free surface due to transverse deflections of the whole or a part of the flow by changes along the channel in the curvature of the flow boundary.
In the simple cases examined the critical Froude number at which the sudden jump occurs depends mainly on the ratio of channel width to mean radius of channel curvature, though the inclination of the banks appears also to have a minor effect
Over the range of values of the above ratio usually to be found in natural rivers, the critical Froude number ranges between 0.4 and 0.55. The possible significance is discussed of the remarkable correspondence between this range of critical Froude number and the range of Froude number within which river flow at bankfull stage appears to be restricted.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282D","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., Bagnold, R.A., Wolman, M.G., and Brush, L.M., 1960, Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels (111): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282D.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","startPage":"134","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338228,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282C","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-C: River flood plains: Some observations on their formation"},{"id":338227,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282B","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-B: River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight"},{"id":338226,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":67524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"111","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d7e4b07f02db5deb81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bagnold, Ralph A.","contributorId":78724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagnold","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brush, Lucien M. Jr.","contributorId":107343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brush","given":"Lucien","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":47380,"text":"b1082F - 1960 - Geology and fluorspar deposits, Northgate district, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":43620,"text":"ofr5182 - 1951 - Geologic maps of the Northgate fluorspar district, Colorado","indexId":"ofr5182","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic maps of the Northgate fluorspar district, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47380,"text":"b1082F - 1960 - Geology and fluorspar deposits, Northgate district, Colorado","indexId":"b1082F","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Geology and fluorspar deposits, Northgate district, Colorado"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47380,"text":"b1082F - 1960 - Geology and fluorspar deposits, Northgate district, Colorado","indexId":"b1082F","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Geology and fluorspar deposits, Northgate district, Colorado"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"id":2}],"isPartOf":{"id":33208,"text":"b1082 - 1962 - Contributions to economic geology, 1958","indexId":"b1082","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology, 1958"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-18T14:10:41","indexId":"b1082F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1082","chapter":"F","title":"Geology and fluorspar deposits, Northgate district, Colorado","docAbstract":"The fluorspar deposits in the Northgate district, Jackson County, Colo., are among the largest in Western United States. The mines were operated intermittently during the 1920's and again during World War II, but production during these early periods of operation was not large. Mining was begun on a larger scale in 1951, and the district has assumed a prominent position among the fluorspar producers in the United States.
Within the Northgate district, Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks crop out largely in the Medicine Bow Mountains, and later sedimentary rocks underlie North Park and fill old stream valleys in the mountains.
The metamorphic rocks constitute a gneiss complex that formed under progressively changing conditions of regional metamorphism. They consist principally of hornblende-plagioclase gneiss (hornblende gneiss), quartz monzonite gneiss, pegmatite, biotite-garnet-quartz-plagioclase gneiss (biotite-garnet gneiss), hornblende-biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss (hornblende-biotite gneiss) and mylonite gneiss.
The igneous rocks comprise some local fine-grained dacite porphyry dikes near the west margin of the district, and a quartz monzonitic stock and associated dikes in the central and eastern parts of the district.
The sedimentary rocks in the district range in age from Permian to Recent. Folded Permian and Mesozoic rocks underlie the basin of North Park, and consist in sequence from oldest to youngest, of Satanka(?) shale (0-50 feet of brick-red shale) and Forelle(?) limestone (8-15 feet of pink to light-gray laminated limestone) of Permian age, Chugwater formation of Permian and Triassic age (690 feet of red silty shale and sandstone), Sundance formation of Late Jurassic age (145 feet of sandstone containing some shale and limestone), Morrison formation of Late Jurassic age (445 feet of variegated shale and minor sandstone and limestone), Dakota group as used by Lee (1927), now considered to be of Early Cretaceous age in this area (200-320 feet of pebbly sandstone, sandstone, and shale), Ben ton shale of Early and Late Cretaceous age (665 feet of dark-gray thin-bedded shale), Niobrara formation of Late Cretaceous age (865 feet of yellow to gray limy siltstone and shale), and Pierre shale of Late Cretaceous age (more than 60 feet of dark-gray fissile shale). Unconformities separate the Chugwater and Sundance formations, and the Morrison formation and the Dakota group.
Nonmarine strata of the White River formation of Oligocene age and the North Park formation of Miocene and Pliocene (?) age fill Tertiary valleys cut in the Precambrian rocks of the mountain areas, and Quaternary terrace gravel, alluvium, and dune sand mantle much of the floor of North Park.
The main outlines of the modern Rocky Mountains formed during the Laramide orogeny in late Mesozoic and early Tertiary time. Most of the Laramide structures that can be recognized in the Northgate district involve the sedimentary rocks underlying North Park which are folded into northwest-trending anticlines and synclines. The folds are open and in most the beds dip 60° or less. Yet many anticlines are cut by reverse faults of widely different trends and directions of offset. Transverse faults offset some of the folds, and the character of folding commonly is markedly different on opposing sides of these faults. The North Park basin is cut off on the north by the east-trending Independence Mountain fault, a north-dipping reverse fault along which hard Precambrian rocks have been thrust up across the trend of the earlier Laramide structures. The North Park basin is still a major structure where it is interrupted by the Independence Mountain fault, and the original basin must have extended much farther north.
Disrupted gradients at the base of pre-White River valleys suggest that the Northgate district and adjacent areas may have been deformed in middle Tertiary time, but the evidence is not conclusive. A more definite period of deformation took place in Pliocene time following deposition of the North Park formation. North Park strata in south-central North Park were folded into a northwest-trending syncline, and the central part of the Northgate district probably was warped up along a north- or northwestward-trending axis.
Four north- to northwestward-trending faults cut the Precambrian rocks and White River formation on Pinkham Mountain and the area to the southeast. Similar faults 2½ and 15 miles west of the Northgate district cut rocks of the North Park formation, and all probably formed during the Pliocene period of deformation. The known commercial fluorspar deposits are localized along the two larger faults of the Northgate district, and they have been studied in detail.
The White River formation in early Oligocene time covered a hilly terrain drained by southward-flowing streams. By late Miocene, the northward-flowing streams had cut to about the same levels reached by the pre-White River streams and had partly exhumed and modified the older terrain. During late Miocene and early Pliocene (?) time, the Northgate area was buried beneath the clays, sands, and gravels of the North Park formation. Subsequent erosion removed the higher part of the North Park formation, cut a surface of low relief across the exhumed Precambrian rocks, and removed all topographic evidence of the Pliocene period of deformation. The present courses of the major streams were superimposed across the buried terrains during this period of erosion. Rejuvenation during middle Pleistocene caused all major streams to become incised in sharp canyons.
Copper minerals occur in small concentrations in some of the pegmatite masses in the gneiss complex. The copper-rich masses rarely exceed a few feet in diameter and constitute only a small part of the associated pegmatite body.
Vermiculite is exposed in prospect pits and mine workings along the west margin of the Northgate district. All the venniculite that was seen is associated with small masses of horablendite, massive chlorite, or serpentinite where these masses are near or are cut by pegmatite bodies. Some of the deposits may be potential producers of commercial-grade vermiculite, but most are small and erratic in shape or grade.
Fluorspar is the main mineral commodity that has been produced from the Northgate district. It was deposited during two distinct periods of mineralization, but only the younger deposits have been productive.
Small bodies of silicified breccia containing minor coarsely crystalline fluorite occur along the Independence Mountain fault, and in a few places along other Laramide faults. The fluorspar is an integral part of the fault breccia and apparently was deposited while the enclosing fault was still active.
The largest deposits of fluorspar in the Northgate district occur along the late Tertiary (?) faults on Pinkham Mountain. The fluorspar consists typically of botryoidal layers that formed as successive encrustations along open fractures, or as finely granular aggregates replacing and cementing fault gouge and White River formation. Many incompletely filled cavities, called water courses, still exist. Fluorite is the principal vein material; fragments of country rock constitute the chief impurity although finely granular quartz or chalcedony is common locally. Soft powdery manganese oxide coats many fractures and in places is associated with a fine white clay.
Fluorspar was deposited in or adjacent to open spaces along the late Tertiary (?) faults. Fractures in hard granitic rocks tended to remain open after faulting and were the favored sites for fluorspar deposition; fractures in the less competent hornblende and hornblende-biotite gneiss and schist generally were tight and little fluorspar was deposited. The White River rocks, although soft, were permeable and were widely impregnated or replaced by fluorspar.
Both of the main vein zones are along faults that have predominant rightlateral strike-slip displacement. As they theoretically should be, the vein zones are narrower and contain less fluorspar where the containing fault is deflected to the left than where the fault is deflected to the right and the fractures remained open.
The crustified, vuggy structure of the fluorspar and the common association with chalcedony or finely granular quartz suggest deposition in a very shallow environment, but no direct evidence bearing on the depth at which the fluorspar formed was seen. Fluorspar was deposited throughout a vertical range of 600 feet or more on each of the main vein zones, and for a vertical range of 1,050 feet for the district as a whole. None of the deposits had been bottomed at the time this report was prepared.
Exploration at depth beneath known ore bodies is favorable for developing large tonnages of fluorspar. The best possibilities for finding new ore bodies near the surface are along the northwestern and southeastern parts of the Fluorine-Camp Creek vein zone where large bodies of granitic rocks are intersected by the fault. These areas are generally mantled by a thick overburden, and have been inadequately tested so far.
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