Ground-water quality in the approximately 1,695-square-mile Central Eastside study unit (CESJO) was investigated from March through June 2006 as part of the Statewide Basin Assessment Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Statewide Basin Assessment project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).
The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground-water quality within CESJO, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 78 wells in Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Fifty-eight of the 78 wells were selected using a randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study unit (grid wells). Twenty of the wells were selected to evaluate changes in water chemistry along selected lateral or vertical ground-water flow paths in the aquifer (flow-path wells).
The ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents [volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gasoline oxygenates and their degradates, pesticides and pesticide degradates], constituents of special interest [perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP)], inorganic constituents that can occur naturally [nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements], radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes [tritium, carbon-14, and uranium isotopes and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon], and dissolved noble and other gases also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.
Quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, samples for matrix spikes) were collected for approximately one-sixth of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control results showed that the environmental data were of good quality, with low bias and low variability, and resulted in censoring of less than 0.3 percent of the detections found in ground-water samples.
This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is served to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CADPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CADPH.
VOCs and pesticides were detected in approximately half of the grid wells, and all detections in samples from CESJO wells were below health-based thresholds. All detections of nutrients and major elements in grid wells also were below health-based thresholds. Most detections of constituents of special interest, trace elements, and radioactive constituents in samples from grid wells were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions included two detections of arsenic that were above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US), one detection of lead above the USEPA action level (AL-US), and one detection of vanadium and three detections of 1,2,3-TCP that were above the CADPH notification levels (NL-CA). All detections of radioactive constituents were below health-based thresholds, although fourteen samples had activities of radon-222 above the lower proposed MCL-US. Most of the samples from CESJO grid wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic concerns. A few samples contained manganese or total dissolved solids at concentrations above the SMCL-CA thresholds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds325","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Landon, M.K., and Belitz, K., 2008, Ground-water quality data in the Central Eastside San Joaquin Basin 2006: Results from the California GAMA program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 325, x, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds325.","productDescription":"x, 89 p.","temporalStart":"2006-03-01","temporalEnd":"2006-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403848,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83529.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11126,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/325/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Eastside San Joaquin Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.1083\n ],\n [\n -120.0556,\n 37.1083\n ],\n [\n -120.0556,\n 37.825\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.825\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.1083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d57a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81056,"text":"sir20075165 - 2008 - Microbial consortia development and microcosm and column experiments for enhanced bioremediation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, West Branch Canal Creek wetland area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:33:48.095092","indexId":"sir20075165","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5165","displayTitle":"Microbial Consortia Development and Microcosm and Column Experiments for Enhanced Bioremediation of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds, West Branch Canal Creek Wetland Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","title":"Microbial consortia development and microcosm and column experiments for enhanced bioremediation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, West Branch Canal Creek wetland area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Chlorinated solvents, including 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform, are reaching land surface in localized areas of focused ground-water discharge (seeps) in a wetland and tidal creek in the West Branch Canal Creek area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. In cooperation with the U.S. Army Garrison, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, the U.S. Geological Survey is developing enhanced bioremediation methods that simulate the natural anaerobic degradation that occurs without intervention in non-seep areas of the wetland. A combination of natural attenuation and enhanced bioremediation could provide a remedy for the discharging ground-water plumes that would minimize disturbance to the sensitive wetland ecosystem. Biostimulation (addition of organic substrate or nutrients) and bioaugmentation (addition of microbial consortium), applied either by direct injection at depth in the wetland sediments or by construction of a permeable reactive mat at the seep surface, were tested as possible methods to enhance anaerobic degradation in the seep areas. For the first phase of developing enhanced bioremediation methods for the contaminant mixtures in the seeps, laboratory studies were conducted to develop a microbial consortium to degrade 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and its chlorinated daughter products under anaerobic conditions, and to test biostimulation and bioaugmentation of wetland sediment and reactive mat matrices in microcosms. The individual components required for the direct injection and reactive mat methods were then combined in column experiments to test them under groundwater- flow rates and contaminant concentrations observed in the field. Results showed that both direct injection and the reactive mat are promising remediation methods, although the success of direct injection likely would depend on adequately distributing and maintaining organic substrate throughout the wetland sediment in the seep area.\r\n\r\nFor bioaugmentation, two mixed anaerobic cultures, named the 'West Branch Consortia' (WBC-1 and WBC-2), were developed by enrichment of wetland sediment collected from two contaminated sites in the study area where rapid and complete reductive dechlorination naturally occurs. WBC are capable of degrading 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride to the non-chlorinated end-products ethene and ethane. In addition, the column experiments showed that the consortia could completely degrade carbon tetrachloride and chloroform, although they were not grown on these contaminants. No other cultures are known that can degrade the broad mixture of chlorinated alkanes, alkenes, and methanes as shown for WBC. WBC-2 (suspended in the culture media) is capable of complete dechlorination of 50 micromolar 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane to ethene in 1 to 2 days with little transient accumulation of chlorinated daughter products. Only about 5 percent of the clones sequenced from WBC-1 and WBC-2 were related to dechlorinating bacteria that have been studied previously in culture, indicating the presence of unknown dechlorinators. Dehalococcoides spp. comprised about 1 percent of WBC-1 and WBC-2, which is minor compared to the population size of about 30 percent in other dechlorinating consortia for chlorinated alkenes. Although both WBC-1 and WBC-2 showed efficient degradation in laboratory tests in this study, long-term cultivation of WBC-1, which was developed using hydrogen as the organic substrate, was determined to be infeasible. Thus, WBC-2, cultivated with lactate as the organic substrate, would be used in future tests.\r\n\r\nNutrient (ammonia and phosphate mixture) addition to anaerobic microcosms constructed with wetland sediment and ground water collected from the study area showed some enhancement in the degradation rate of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, but degrada","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Garrison, Aberdeen Proving Ground Environmental Conservation and Restoration Division Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., Majcher, E.H., Jones, E., and Voytek, M.A., 2008, Microbial consortia development and microcosm and column experiments for enhanced bioremediation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, West Branch Canal Creek wetland area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5165, viii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075165.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367589,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5165/pdf/SIR%202007-5165_508.pdf"},{"id":10943,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.36749999999999,39.266666666666666 ], [ -76.36749999999999,39.45 ], [ -76.11749999999999,39.45 ], [ -76.11749999999999,39.266666666666666 ], [ -76.36749999999999,39.266666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62de66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Majcher, Emily H.","contributorId":61109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majcher","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Elizabeth J.","contributorId":96791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Elizabeth J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81036,"text":"sir20085012 - 2008 - Quality of Shallow Ground Water in Three Areas of Unsewered Low-Density Development in Wyoming and Montana, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"sir20085012","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5012","title":"Quality of Shallow Ground Water in Three Areas of Unsewered Low-Density Development in Wyoming and Montana, 2001","docAbstract":"The quality of shallow ground water underlying unsewered low-density development outside of Sheridan and Lander, Wyo., and Red Lodge, Mont., was evaluated. In 2001, 29 wells (10 each in Sheridan and Lander and 9 in Red Lodge) were installed at or near the water table and sampled for a wide variety of constituents to identify potential effects of human activities on shallow ground-water quality resulting from development on the land surface. All wells were completed in unconfined aquifers in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age with shallow water tables (less than 50 feet below land surface). Land use and land cover was mapped in detail within a 500-meter radius surrounding each well, and potential contaminant sources were inventoried within the radii to identify human activities that may affect shallow ground-water quality. This U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment ground-water study was conducted to examine the effects of unsewered low-density development that often surrounds cities and towns of many different sizes in the western United States?a type of development that often is informally referred to as ?exurban? or ?rural ranchette? development. This type of development has both urban and rural characteristics. Residents in these developments typically rely on a private ground-water well for domestic water supply and a private septic system for sanitary waste disposal.\r\n\r\nAlthough the quality of shallow ground water generally was suitable for domestic or other uses without treatment, some inorganic constituents were detected infrequently in ground water in the three study areas at concentrations larger than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards or proposed standards. Natural factors such as geology, aquifer properties, and ground-water recharge rates likely influence most concentrations of these constituents. These inorganic constituents generally occur naturally in the study areas and were more likely to limit suitability of water for drinking or other intended uses rather than any constituents suspected of being introduced as a result of human activities.\r\n\r\nEffects of human activities associated with low-density development, such as septic systems; fertilizer and pesticide use on pastures, lawns and gardens; manure from horses, cattle, and pets; and increases in road construction and vehicular traffic, were minimal at the time of sampling (2001) but were apparent in the presence of a few types of constituents in shallow ground water. Concentrations of nitrate generally were less than a national background level (1.1 milligrams per liter) assumed to indicate effects from human activities. Total coliform bacteria were detected infrequently (in samples from three wells), and Escherichia coli were not detected in samples from a subset of wells. Trace concentrations of methylene blue active substances (ingredients in laundry detergents) were detected at concentrations slightly greater than laboratory reporting levels in samples from 11 wells, but it is unclear if the detections are indicative of natural sources or possible aquifer contamination from septic-tank effluent. Pesticides were detected in both the Sheridan and Lander, Wyo., study areas. Volatile organic compounds were detected very infrequently in all three study areas. Most pesticides and volatile organic compounds were found in water from a few wells in each study area, and commonly as mixtures. The primary exception to this generalization was the relatively widespread detection of the pesticide prometon at trace levels in the Sheridan and Lander study areas. Concentrations of pesticides and volatile organic compounds generally were small and always were smaller than applicable drinking-water standards. Detections of all constituents indicating possible human effects on shallow ground-water quality were consistent with overlying land use mapped during the study, and potential sources of contamination inventoried du","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085012","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Bartos, T.T., Quinn, T.L., Hallberg, L.L., and Eddy-Miller, C., 2008, Quality of Shallow Ground Water in Three Areas of Unsewered Low-Density Development in Wyoming and Montana, 2001 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5012, xii, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085012.","productDescription":"xii, 118 p.","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10899,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,42 ], [ -111.5,48.5 ], [ -103,48.5 ], [ -103,42 ], [ -111.5,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65512c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartos, Timothy T. 0000-0003-1803-4375 ttbartos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4375","contributorId":1826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartos","given":"Timothy","email":"ttbartos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, Thomas L.","contributorId":88812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hallberg, Laura L. 0000-0001-9983-8003 lhallber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-8003","contributorId":1825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallberg","given":"Laura","email":"lhallber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eddy-Miller, Cheryl A.","contributorId":86755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddy-Miller","given":"Cheryl A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81009,"text":"ofr20081086 - 2008 - Ground-Water Quality in the Mohawk River Basin, New York, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"ofr20081086","displayToPublicDate":"2008-03-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1086","title":"Ground-Water Quality in the Mohawk River Basin, New York, 2006","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 27 wells from August through November 2006 to characterize ground-water quality in the Mohawk River Basin. The Mohawk River Basin covers 3,500 square miles in central New York; most of the basin is underlain by sedimentary bedrock, including shale, sandstone, and carbonates. Sand and gravel form the most productive aquifers in the basin. Samples were collected from 13 sand and gravel wells and 14 bedrock wells, including production and domestic wells. The samples were collected and processed through standard U.S. Geological Survey procedures and were analyzed for 226 physical properties and constituents, including physical properties, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, radon-222, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and bacteria.\r\n\r\nMany constituents were not detected in any sample, but concentrations of some constituents exceeded current or proposed Federal or New York State drinking-water quality standards, including color (1 sample), pH (2 samples), sodium (11 samples), chloride (2 samples), fluoride (1 sample), sulfate (1 sample), aluminum (2 samples), arsenic (2 samples), iron (10 samples), manganese (10 samples), radon-222 (12 samples), and bacteria (6 samples). Dissolved oxygen concentrations were greater in samples from sand and gravel wells (median 5.6 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) than from bedrock wells (median 0.2 mg/L). The pH was typically neutral or slightly basic (median 7.3); the median water temperature was 11?C. The ions with the highest concentrations were bicarbonate (median 276 mg/L), calcium (median 58.9 mg/L), and sodium (median 41.9 mg/L). Ground water in the basin is generally very hard (180 mg/L as CaCO3 or greater), especially in the Mohawk Valley and areas with carbonate bedrock. Nitrate-plus-nitrite concentrations were generally higher samples from sand and gravel wells (median concentration 0.28 mg/L as N) than in samples from bedrock wells (median < 0.06 mg/L as N), although no concentrations exceeded established State or Federal drinking-water standards of 10 mg/L as N for nitrate and 1 mg/L as N for nitrite. Ammonia concentrations were higher in samples from bedrock wells (median 0.349 mg/L as N) than in those from samples from sand and gravel wells (median 0.006 mg/L as N). The trace elements with the highest concentrations were strontium (median 549 micrograms per liter [?g/L]), iron (median 143 ?g/L), boron (median 35 ?g/L), and manganese (median 31.1 ?g/L). Concentrations of several trace elements, including boron, copper, iron, manganese, and strontium, were higher in samples from bedrock wells than those from sand and gravel wells. The highest radon-222 activities were in samples from bedrock wells (maximum 1,360 pCi/L); 44 percent of all samples exceeded a proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standard of 300 pCi/L. Nine pesticides and pesticide degradates were detected in six samples at concentrations of 0.42 ?g/L or less; all were herbicides or their degradates, and most were degradates of alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor. Six volatile organic compounds were detected in four samples at concentrations of 0.8 ?g/L or less, including four trihalomethanes, tetrachloroethene, and toluene; most detections were in sand and gravel wells and none of the concentrations exceeded drinking water standards. Coliform bacteria were detected in six samples but fecal coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, were not detected in any sample.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081086","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Nystrom, E.A., 2008, Ground-Water Quality in the Mohawk River Basin, New York, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1086, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081086.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-08-01","temporalEnd":"2006-11-30","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10873,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,42 ], [ -76,43.75 ], [ -73.5,43.75 ], [ -73.5,42 ], [ -76,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nystrom, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-0886-3439 nystrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-3439","contributorId":1072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"Elizabeth","email":"nystrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80954,"text":"sir20075212 - 2008 - Real-Time and Delayed Analysis of Tree and Shrub Cores as Indicators of Subsurface Volatile Organic Compound Contamination, Durham Meadows Superfund Site, Durham, Connecticut, August 29, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20075212","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5212","title":"Real-Time and Delayed Analysis of Tree and Shrub Cores as Indicators of Subsurface Volatile Organic Compound Contamination, Durham Meadows Superfund Site, Durham, Connecticut, August 29, 2006","docAbstract":"This study examined volatile organic compound concentrations in cores from trees and shrubs for use as indicators of vadose-zone contamination or potential vapor intrusion by volatile organic compounds into buildings at the Durham Meadows Superfund Site, Durham, Connecticut. The study used both (1) real-time tree- and shrub-core analysis, which involved field heating the core samples for 5 to 10 minutes prior to field analysis, and (2) delayed analysis, which involved allowing the gases in the cores to equilibrate with the headspace gas in the sample vials unheated for 1 to 2 days prior to analysis. General correspondence was found between the two approaches, indicating that preheating and field analysis of vegetation cores is a viable approach to real-time monitoring of subsurface volatile organic compounds. In most cases, volatile organic compounds in cores from trees and shrubs at the Merriam Manufacturing Company property showed a general correspondence to the distribution of volatile organic compounds detected in a soil-gas survey, despite the fact that most of the soil-gas survey data in close proximity to the relevant trees were collected about 3 years prior to the tree-core collection. Most of the trees cored at the Durham Meadows Superfund Site, outside of the Merriam Manufacturing Company property, contained no volatile organic compounds and were in areas where indoor air sampling and soil-gas sampling showed little or no volatile organic compound concentrations. An exception was tree DM11, which contained barely detectable concentrations of trichloroethene near a house where previous investigations found low concentrations of trichloroethene (0.13 to 1.2 parts per billion by volume) in indoor air and 7.7 micrograms per liter of trichloroethene in the ground water. The barely detectable concentration of trichloroethene in tree DM11 and the lack of volatile organic compound detection in nearby tree DM10 (adjacent to the well having 7.7 micrograms of trichloroethene) may be attributable to the relatively large depth to water (17.6 feet), the relatively low soil-vapor trichloroethene concentration, and the large amount of rainfall during and preceding the tree-coring event. The data indicate that real-time and delayed analyses of tree cores are viable approaches to examining subsurface volatile organic compound soil-gas or vadose-zone contamination at the Durham Meadows Superfund Site and other similar sites. Thus, the methods may have application for determining the potential for vapor intrusion into buildings.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., Willey, R.E., Clifford, S., and Murphy, J.J., 2008, Real-Time and Delayed Analysis of Tree and Shrub Cores as Indicators of Subsurface Volatile Organic Compound Contamination, Durham Meadows Superfund Site, Durham, Connecticut, August 29, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5212, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075212.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-08-29","temporalEnd":"2006-08-29","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10812,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683eb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":293951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willey, Richard E.","contributorId":30972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clifford, Scott","contributorId":63042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifford","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murphy, James J.","contributorId":96776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80919,"text":"ds285 - 2008 - Ground-water quality data in the Southern Sacramento Valley, California, 2005 — Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T20:04:05.45029","indexId":"ds285","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"285","title":"Ground-water quality data in the Southern Sacramento Valley, California, 2005 — Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality in the approximately 2,100 square-mile Southern Sacramento Valley study unit (SSACV) was investigated from March to June 2005 as part of the Statewide Basin Assessment Project of Ground-Water Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. This study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground-water quality within SSACV, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 83 wells in Placer, Sacramento, Solano, Sutter, and Yolo Counties. Sixty-seven of the wells were selected using a randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area. Sixteen of the wells were sampled to evaluate changes in water chemistry along ground-water flow paths. Four additional samples were collected at one of the wells to evaluate water-quality changes with depth.
The GAMA Statewide Basin Assessment project was developed in response to the Ground-Water Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).
The ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of man-made organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs], pesticides and pesticide degradates, pharmaceutical compounds, and wastewater-indicator constituents), constituents of special interest (perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, and carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.
Quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, matrix spikes) were collected at ten percent of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control data resulted in censoring of less than 0.03 percent of the analyses of ground-water samples.
This study did not evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is served to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Health Services (CADHS) (Maximum Contaminant Levels [MCLs], notification levels [NLs], or lifetime health advisories [HA-Ls]) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels [SMCLs]).
All wells were sampled for organic constituents and selected general water quality parameters; subsets of wells were sampled for inorganic constituents, nutrients, and radioactive constituents. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 49 out of 83 wells sampled and pesticides were detected in 34 out of 82 wells; all detections were below health-based thresholds, with the exception of 1 detection of 1,2,3-trichloropropane above a NL. Of the 43 wells sampled for trace elements, 27 had no detections of a trace element above a health-based threshold and 16 had at least one detection above. Of the 18 trace elements with health-based thresholds, 3 (arsenic, barium, and boron) were detected at concentrations higher an MCL. Of the 43 wells sampled for nitrate, only 1 well had a detection above the MCL. Twenty wells were sampled for radioactive constituents; only 1 (radon-222) was measured at activities higher than the proposed MCL. Radon-222 was detected below the threshold in 7 wells and above the threshold in 13 wells.
SMCLs have been established for nine constituents or parameters analyzed in SSACV. Six were measured at levels higher than an SMCL: chloride, iron, manganese, pH, specific conductance, and total dissolved solids. Chloride, iron, manganese, pH, and total dissolved solids were measured in 43 wells: 27 wells had no measurements above a threshold and 16 wells had a measurement above a threshold. Specific conductance was measured in 83 wells. In 68 wells, specific conductance was measured lower than the threshold and in 15 wells it was measured above the threshold.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds285","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Milby Dawson, B.J., Bennett, G.L., and Belitz, K., 2008, Ground-water quality data in the Southern Sacramento Valley, California, 2005 — Results from the California GAMA Program (Version 1.0: February 2008; Version 1.1: August 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 285, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds285.","productDescription":"HTML Document","temporalStart":"2005-03-01","temporalEnd":"2005-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405485,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83241.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":10767,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/285/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.1667,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.0833,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.0833,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -122.1667,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -122.1667,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: February 2008; Version 1.1: August 2018","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d54a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milby Dawson, Barbara J.","contributorId":57133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milby Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, George L. V V 0000-0002-6239-1604 georbenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-1604","contributorId":1373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"George","suffix":"V","email":"georbenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L. V","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047431,"text":"pp175037 - 2008 - Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from 210Po-210Pb-226Ra disequilibria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:44:00","indexId":"pp175037","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:03:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-37","displayTitle":"Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from 210Po-210Pb-226Ra disequilibria: Chapter 37 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from 210Po-210Pb-226Ra disequilibria","docAbstract":"Disequilibrium between 210Po, 210Pb, and 226Ra was \nmeasured on rocks and plagioclase mineral separates erupted \nduring the first year of the ongoing eruption of Mount St. \nHelens. The purpose of this study was to monitor the volatile \nfluxing and crystal growth that occurred in the weeks, years, \nand decades leading up to eruption. Whole-rock samples were \nleached in dilute HCl to remove 210Po precipitated in open \nspaces. Before leaching, samples had variable initial (210Po) \nvalues, whereas after leaching, the groundmasses of nearly all \njuvenile samples were found to have had (210Po) ≈ 0 when they \nerupted. Thus, most samples degassed 210Po both before and \nafter the magmas switched from open- to closed-system degassing. All juvenile samples have (210Pb)/(226Ra) ratios within \n2 δ of equilibrium, suggesting that the magmas involved in the \nongoing eruption did not have strong, persistent fluxes of 222Rn \nin or out of magmas during the decades and years leading to \neruption. These equilibrium values also require a period of at \nleast a century after magma generation and the last significant \ndifferentiation of the Mount St. Helens dacites. Despite this, \nthe elevated (210Pb)/(226Ra) value measured in a plagioclase \nmineral separate from lava erupted in 2004 suggests that a \nsignificant proportion of this plagioclase grew within a few \ndecades of eruption. The combined dataset suggests that for \nmost 2004-5 lavas, the last stage of open-system degassing \nof the dacite magmas at Mount St. Helens is confined to the \nperiod between 1-2 years and 1-2 weeks before eruption, whereas plagioclase large enough to be included in the mineral \nseparate grew around the time of the 1980s eruption or earlier.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175037","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 37 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Reagan, M.K., Cooper, K.M., Pallister, J.S., Thornber, C.R., and Wortel, M., 2008, Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from 210Po-210Pb-226Ra disequilibria: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-37, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175037.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"847","endPage":"856","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276082,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276083,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter37.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c96ae4b009d47a4c23fa","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509548,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509550,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509549,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Reagan, Mark K.","contributorId":54496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagan","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Kari M.","contributorId":32814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wortel, Matthew","contributorId":76632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wortel","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70047394,"text":"pp175022 - 2008 - Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:48:29","indexId":"pp175022","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:39:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-22","displayTitle":"Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption: Chapter 22 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption","docAbstract":"During the ongoing eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, lava has extruded continuously at a rate that decreased \nfrom ~7-9 m3\n/s in October 2004 to 1-2 m3\n/s by December \n2005. The volume loss in the magma reservoir estimated from \nthe geodetic data, 1.6-2.7×10\n7\n m3\n, is only a few tens of percent \nof the 7.5×10\n7\n m3\n volume that had erupted by the end of 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175022","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 22 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., Roeloffs, E., Beeler, N.M., and Quick, J.E., 2008, Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-22, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175022.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"488","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275982,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275983,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter22.pdf"},{"id":275984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175022.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4e0e4b0296e5a4b5c12","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509503,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509505,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509504,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn","contributorId":35417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beeler, Nick M.","contributorId":96185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"Nick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quick, James E.","contributorId":21552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047423,"text":"pp175033 - 2008 - Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:55:54","indexId":"pp175033","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:49:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-33","displayTitle":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: Chapter 33 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","docAbstract":"Major element, trace element, and volatile concentrations in 187 glassy melt inclusions and 25 groundmass glasses from the 1980-86 eruption of Mount St. Helens are presented, together with 103 analyses of touching FE-Ti oxide pairs from the same samples. These data are used to evaluate the temporal evolution of the magmatic plumbing system beneath the volcano during 1980-86 and so provide a framework in which to interpret analyses of melt inclusions from the current (2004-2006) eruption.\n\nMajor and trace element concentrations of all melt inclusions lie at the high SiO2 end of the data array defined by eruptive products of the late Quaternary age from Mount St. Helens. For several major and trace elements, the glasses define a trend that is oblique to the whole-rock trend, indicating that different mineral assemblages were responsible for the two trends. The whole-rock trend can be ascribed to differentiation of hydrous basaltic parents in a deep-seated magma reservoir, probably at depths great enough to stabilize garnet. In contrast, the glass trends were generated by closed-system crystallization of the phenocryst and microlite mineral assemblages at low pressures.\n\nThe dissolved H2O content of the melt inclusions from 1980-86, as measured by the ion microprobe, ranges from 0 to 6.7 wt. percent, with the highest values obtained from the plinian phase of May 18, 1980. Water contents decrease with increasing SiO2, consistent with decompression-driven crystallization. Preliminary data for dissolved CO2 in melt inclusions from the May 18 plinian phase from August 7, 1980, indicate that XH2O in a vapor phase was approximately constant at 0.80, irrespective of H2O content, suggestive of closed-system degassing with a high bubble fraction or gas streaming through the subvolcanic system. Temperature and f\nO2\n estimates \nfor touching Fe-Ti oxides show evidence for heating during \ncrystallization owing to release of latent heat. Consequently, \nmagmas with the highest microlite crystallinities record the \nhighest temperatures. Magmas also become progressively \nreduced during ascent and degassing, probably as a result of \nredox equilibria between exsolving S-bearing gases and magmas. The lowest temperature oxides have f\nO2\n≈ NNO, similar \nto high-temperature fumarole gases from the volcano. The \ntemperature and f\nO2\n of the magma tapped by the plinian phase \nof May 18, 1980, are 870-875°C and NNO+0.8, respectively.\nThe dissolved volatile contents of the melt inclusions \nhave been used to calculate sealing pressures; that is, the \npressure at which chemical exchange between inclusion and \nmatrix melt ceased. These are greatest for the May 18 plinian \nmagma (120 to 320 MPa); lower pressures are recorded by \nsamples of the preplinian cryptodome and by all post-May 18 \nmagmas. Magma crystallinity, calculated from melt-inclusion \nRb contents, is negatively correlated with sealing pressure, \nconsistent with decompression crystallization. Elevated \ncontents of Li in melt inclusions from the cryptodome and \npost-May 18 samples are consistent with transfer of Li in a \nmagmatic vapor phase from deeper parts of the magma system to magma stored at shallower levels. The Li enrichment \nattains its maximum extent at ~150 MPa, which is ascribed to \nseparation of a single vapor phase into H2\nO-rich gas and dense \nLi-rich brine at the top of the magma column.\nThere are striking correlations between melt-inclusion \nchemistry and monitoring data for the 1980-86 eruption. Dissolved SO2\n contents of melt inclusions from any given event, \nmultiplied by the mass of magma erupted during that event, correlate with the measured flux of SO2\n at the surface, suggesting that magma degassing and melt-inclusion sealing are \nclosely related in time and space.\nTextural and chemical evidence indicates that melt inclusions became effectively sealed (physically or kinetically) \nshortly before eruption. Thus by converting pressure to depth \nusing a density model and edifice-loading algorithm for the \nvolcano, changing depths of magma extraction with time can \nbe tracked and compared to the seismic record. The plinian \neruption of May 18, 1980, involved magma stored 5-11 km \nbelow sea level; this is inferred to be the subvolcanic magma \nchamber. The preceding eruptions, including the May 18, \n1980, blast, involved magma withdrawal from the cryptodome \nand conduit down to 5 km below sea level. Subsequent 1980 \neruptions tapped magma down to depths of ≤10 km below \nsea level. Tapping of magma stored deeper than 2 km below \nsea level stopped abruptly at the end of 1980, coincident \nwith the onset of extensive shallow seismicity and a change \nfrom explosive to effusive eruption style from 1981 to 1986. \nOverall, the 1980-86 eruption is consistent with the evisceration of a thin, vertically extensive body of magma extending \nfrom 5 to at least 11 km below sea level and connected to the \nsurface by a thin conduit. In the absence of sustained high \nmagma-supply rates from depth, decompression crystallization of magma ascending through the system leads eventually \nto plugging of the conduit.\nThe current eruption of Mount St. Helens shares some \nsimilarities with the 1981-86 dome-building phase of the \nprevious eruption, in that there is extensive shallow seismicity \nand extrusion of highly crystalline material in the form of a \nsequence of flows and spines. Melt inclusions from the current eruption have low H2\nO contents, consistent with magma \nextraction from shallow depths. Highly enriched Li in melt \ninclusions suggests that vapor transport of Li is a characteristic \nfeature of Mount St. Helens. Melt inclusions from the current \neruption have subtly different trace-element chemistry from \nall but one of the 1980-86 melt inclusions, with steeper rareearth-element (REE) patterns and low U, Th, and high-fieldstrength elements (HFSE), indicating addition of a new melt \ncomponent to the magma system. It is anticipated that increasing involvement of the new melt component will be evident as \nthe current eruption proceeds.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175033","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 33 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Blundy, J., Cashman, K., and Berlo, K., 2008, Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-33, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175033.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175033.png"},{"id":276063,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276064,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter33.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c960e4b009d47a4c236a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509536,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509538,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509537,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Blundy, Jon","contributorId":89050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blundy","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlo, Kim","contributorId":55324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlo","given":"Kim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047417,"text":"pp175030 - 2008 - Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:50:56","indexId":"pp175030","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T13:28:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-30","displayTitle":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: Chapter 30 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering","docAbstract":"Eighteen years after dome-forming eruptions ended in \n1986, and with little warning, Mount St. Helens began to \nerupt again in October 2004. During the ensuing two years, \nthe volcano extruded more than 80×106\n m3\n of gas-poor, \ncrystal-rich dacite lava. The 2004-6 dacite is remarkably \nuniform in bulk-rock composition and, at 65 percent SiO2\n, \namong the richest in silica and most depleted in incompatible \nelements of the magmas erupted at Mount St. Helens during the past 500 years. Since shortly after the first spine of \nlava appeared, samples have been collected using a steel box \ndredge (“Jaws”) suspended 20-35 m below a helicopter and, \noccasionally, by hand sampling. As of the spring of 2006, 25 \nage-controlled samples have been collected from the seven \nspines of the new lava dome. Samples were obtained from \nboth the interiors of spines and from their carapaces, which \nare composed of fault gouge and cataclasite 1-2 m thick. The \ndacite lava is crystal rich, with 40-50 percent phenocrysts. \nThe groundmass is extensively crystallized to a cotectic \nassemblage of quartz, tridymite, and Na- and K-rich feldspar \nmicrolites, raising the total crystal content to more than 80 \npercent on a vesicle-free basis in all but the earliest erupted samples. Early samples and those collected from near the \nspine margin are more glassy and vesicular that those collected later and from the interior of the spines. Oxide thermobarometer determinations for the earliest erupted samples \nwe collected cluster at temperatures of approximately 850°C \nand at an oxygen fugacity one log unit above the nickel-nickel \noxide (NNO) buffer curve. In contrast, samples from relatively glass-poor samples erupted in late 2004 and early 2005 \nhave zoned oxides with apparent temperatures that range to \ngreater than 950°C. The higher temperatures in these microlite-rich rocks are attributed to latent heat evolved during \nextensive and rapid groundmass crystallization. Low volatile \ncontents of matrix glasses and presence of tridymite and \nquartz in the high-silica rhyolite matrix glass indicate extensive shallow (<1 km) crystallization of the matrix, driven by \ndegassing of water and solidifying the magma below the level \nof the vent. The mode of eruption of the dacite as a series of \nfault-gouge-mantled spines is explained by this process of \nextensive subvent degassing and solidification.\nAlthough the dacite from this eruption is more silica \nrich than 1980-86 dome rocks, most major and trace element \nconcentrations of the 1980-86 and 2004-6 magma batches are \nsimilar, and magmatic gas emissions have been low and have \nhad similar ratios to those of the 1980s, raising the possibility \nthat the magma might be residual from the 1980–86 reservoir. \nHowever, titanium and chromium are enriched slightly relative \nto the most recent 1980-86 and Goat Rocks (A.D. 1800-1857) \neruptive cycles, and heavy rare-earth-element abundances are \nslightly depleted relative to those erupted during the past 500 \nyears at Mount St. Helens. These data suggest either addition \nof new gas-poor dacite magma or tapping of a region of the \npreexisting reservoir that was not erupted previously.\nA relatively low pressure of last phenocryst growth \nsuggests that the magma was derived from near the apex of \nthe Mount St. Helens magma reservoir at a depth of about 5 km. Viewed in the context of seismic, deformation, and \ngas-emission data, the petrologic and geochemical data can \nbe explained by ascent of a geochemically distinct batch \nof magma into the apex of the reservoir during the period \n1987-97, followed by upward movement of magma into a new \nconduit beginning in late September 2004.\nThe question of new versus residual magma has implications for the long-term eruptive behavior of Mount St. Helens, \nbecause arrival of a new batch of dacitic magma from the deep \ncrust could herald the beginning of a new long-term cycle of \neruptive activity. It is also important to our understanding of \nwhat triggered the eruption and its future course. Two hypotheses for triggering are considered: (1) top-down fracturing \nrelated to the shallow groundwater system and (2) an increase \nin reservoir pressure brought about by recent magmatic replenishment. With respect to the future course of the eruption, \nsimilarities between textures and character of eruption of the \n2004-6 dome and the long-duration (greater than 100 years) \npre-1980 summit dome, along with the low eruptive rate of the \ncurrent eruption, suggest that the eruption could continue sluggishly or intermittently for years to come.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175030","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 30 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J.S., Thornber, C.R., Cashman, K., Clynne, M.A., Lowers, H., Mandeville, C., Brownfield, I.K., and Meeker, G.P., 2008, Petrology of the 2004-2006 Mount St. Helens lava dome -- implications for magmatic plumbing and eruption triggering: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-30, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175030.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175030.png"},{"id":276043,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276044,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter30.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c965e4b009d47a4c23a7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509527,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509529,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509528,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brownfield, Isabelle K.","contributorId":97108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Isabelle","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70047406,"text":"pp175026 - 2008 - Emission rates of CO2, SO2, and H2S, scrubbing, and preeruption excess volatiles at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T09:04:41","indexId":"pp175026","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:55:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-26","displayTitle":"Emission rates of CO2, SO2, and H2S, scrubbing, and preeruption excess volatiles at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: Chapter 26 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Emission rates of CO2, SO2, and H2S, scrubbing, and preeruption excess volatiles at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"Airborne surveillance of gas emissions began at Mount \nSt. Helens on September 27, 2004. Reconnaissance measurements--SO2\n column abundances and CO2\n, SO2\n, and H2\nS \nconcentrations--showed neither a gas plume downwind of \nthe volcano nor gas sources within the crater. Subsequent \nmeasurements taken during the period of unrest before the \neruption began on October 1 and for several days after October \n1 showed only small point sources of gas within the crater. \nThese sources defined a pattern of scrubbed degassing that \nevolved from near-zero emissions, to scattered CO2\n-only \nsources, to growing sources of CO2\n with minor H2\nS and SO2\n, \nand finally to myriad sources of CO2\n with increasingly SO2\n-\ndominant sulfur gases. Scrubbing strongly hydrolyzed SO2\n but \nalso affected CO2\n and H2\nS.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175026","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 26 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T.M., McGee, K.A., and Doukas, M.P., 2008, Emission rates of CO2, SO2, and H2S, scrubbing, and preeruption excess volatiles at Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-26, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175026.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"571","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175026.png"},{"id":276015,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276016,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter26.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c960e4b009d47a4c2366","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509515,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509517,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509516,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, Terrence M.","contributorId":30246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doukas, Michael P. mdoukas@usgs.gov","contributorId":2686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"Michael","email":"mdoukas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047405,"text":"pp175025 - 2008 - Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70047405,"text":"pp175025 - 2008 - Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005","indexId":"pp175025","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005: Chapter 25 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97424,"text":"pp1750 - 2008 - A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","indexId":"pp1750","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97424,"text":"pp1750 - 2008 - A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","indexId":"pp1750","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"A volcano rekindled: The renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:43:53","indexId":"pp175025","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T10:42:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-25","displayTitle":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005: Chapter 25 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005","docAbstract":"Samples of gas and water from thermal springs in \nLoowit and Step canyons and creeks that drain the crater at \nMount St. Helens have been collected since October 2004 \nto monitor the flux of dissolved magmatic volatiles in the \nhydrologic system. The changing composition of the waters \nhighlights a trend that began as early as 1994 and includes \ndecreasing SO4\n and Cl concentrations and large increases in \nHCO3\n. Geochemical models indicate that mineral sources and \nsinks are not the main controls on the changing water chemistry, and carbon and helium isotopes indicate that their sources \nin the gases and waters have remained unchanged during \nthis time. The present-day molar ratios of C, S, and Cl in the \nsprings approximate ratios measured in plume emissions in \nAugust 2005 and provide supporting evidence that changes \nin water chemistry most likely reflect changes in the release \nrates of sulfur gases, HCl, and CO2\n from the magma and a \nvarying degree of efficiency of gas scrubbing by the overlying \nwater. Results from coupled chemical analyses and discharge \nmeasurements on the creeks yield an estimate of the dissolved \nflux of magmatic HCl, SO2\n, and CO2\n of around 5.2, 4.7, and \n22 metric tons per day, respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175025","usgsCitation":"Bergfeld, D., Evans, W.C., McGee, K.A., and Spicer, K.R., 2008, Pre- and post-eruptive investigations of gas and water samples from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 2002 to 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-25, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175025.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175025.png"},{"id":276009,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276008,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter25.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","publicComments":"This report is Chapter 25 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006. For more information, see: Professional Paper 1750","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c966e4b009d47a4c23b2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509512,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509514,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509513,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Bergfeld, D. dbergfel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spicer, Kurt R. 0000-0001-5030-3198 krspicer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-3198","contributorId":2684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Kurt","email":"krspicer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032591,"text":"70032591 - 2008 - Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T16:48:35","indexId":"70032591","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"In order to evaluate and further constrain models for volatile movement and vapor enrichment of magma stored at shallow levels, amphibole phenocrysts from 2004–2005 Mount St. Helens dacite were analyzed for major and selected trace elements (Li, Cu, Zn, Mn, and REE) and Li isotopes. Several recent studies have examined fluid-mobile trace element abundances in phencryst phases and melt inclusions as a means of tracking volatile movement within subvolcanic magmatic systems, and high Li contents in plagioclase phenocrysts from 1980 and 2004 Mount St. Helens dacites have been interpreted as evidence that shallow magma was fluxed by a Li-bearing vapor phase prior to eruption.
In amphibole phenocrysts, Zn and Mn behave compatibly, correlating to FeO⁎ and Al2O3, and show no systematic change with time. In contrast, Li and Cu abundances in amphibole vary by up to 3 orders of magnitude (7.6–1140 μg/g and 1.7 to 94 μg/g, respectively), and do not generally correlate with either major or trace elements. However, they do correlate moderately well (R2 = 0.54, >> 95% confidence) with each other and show systematic temporal variations that are opposite to those observed for plagioclase, precluding a simple 1-step diffusion model for Li enrichment. We propose a Diffusion-Crystallization Multi-Stage (DCMS) model to explain the temporal variations and co-variations of Li and Cu. In early erupted dacite (October–December 2004) profiles of Li isotopes in conjunction with measured 7Li intensities and core-to-rim increases in Li concentration are characteristic of Li diffusion into the amphiboles, consistent with prior models of plagioclase enrichment.
In amphiboles from 2005 dacite, average Li and Cu concentrations are high (∼ 260–660 μg/g and ∼ 29–45 μg/g, respectively) and in contrast to amphiboles from earlier-erupted dacite, correlate weakly with Al2O3 wt.%. Amphibole Al2O3 concentrations are an indicator of pressure, with high-Al amphiboles crystallizing at higher pressures, and we suggest that Li and Cu are partitioned into a fluid phase during ascent and crystallization of the magma so that amphiboles crystallizing at lower pressure have correspondingly lower Li and Cu concentrations. However, low Li and Cu in amphiboles from the dacite at the start of the eruption also require crystallization from a low Li–Cu bearing melt or residence times long enough for amphiboles to re-equilibrate with a Li–Cu depleted melt. Estimated residence times suggest that amphiboles in early dacite could have been present since the end of the 1980–1986 eruptive episode at Mount St. Helens.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012","issn":"03770","usgsCitation":"Rowe, M., Kent, A., and Thornber, C., 2008, Using amphibole phenocrysts to track vapor transfer during magma crystallization and transport: An example from Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 178, no. 4, p. 593-607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"607","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213855,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.012"}],"volume":"178","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc02be4b08c986b329f89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowe, M.C.","contributorId":42041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, A.J.R.","contributorId":76123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"A.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033127,"text":"70033127 - 2008 - Volatile emissions and gas geochemistry of Hot Spring Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T10:36:05","indexId":"70033127","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile emissions and gas geochemistry of Hot Spring Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA","docAbstract":"We characterize and quantify volatile emissions at Hot Spring Basin (HSB), a large acid-sulfate region that lies just outside the northeastern edge of the 640 ka Yellowstone Caldera. Relative to other thermal areas in Yellowstone, HSB gases are rich in He and H2, and mildly enriched in CH4 and H2S. Gas compositions are consistent with boiling directly off a deep geothermal liquid at depth as it migrates toward the surface. This fluid, and the gases evolved from it, carries geochemical signatures of magmatic volatiles and water-rock reactions with multiple crustal sources, including limestones or quartz-rich sediments with low K/U (or 40*Ar/4*He). Variations in gas chemistry across the region reflect reservoir heterogeneity and variable degrees of boiling. Gas-geothermometer temperatures approach 300 C and suggest that the reservoir feeding HSB is one of the hottest at Yellowstone. Diffuse CO2 flux in the western basin of HSB, as measured by accumulation-chamber methods, is similar in magnitude to other acid-sulfate areas of Yellowstone and is well correlated to shallow soil temperatures. The extrapolation of diffuse CO2 fluxes across all the thermal/altered area suggests that 410 ?? 140??t d- 1 CO2 are emitted at HSB (vent emissions not included). Diffuse fluxes of H2S were measured in Yellowstone for the first time and likely exceed 2.4 t d- 1 at HSB. Comparing estimates of the total estimated diffuse H2S emission to the amount of sulfur as SO42- in streams indicates ~ 50% of the original H2S in the gas emission is lost into shallow groundwater, precipitated as native sulfur, or vented through fumaroles. We estimate the heat output of HSB as ~ 140-370 MW using CO2 as a tracer for steam condensate, but not including the contribution from fumaroles and hydrothermal vents. Overall, the diffuse heat and volatile fluxes of HSB are as great as some active volcanoes, but they are a small fraction (1-3% for CO2, 2-8% for heat) of that estimated for the entire Yellowstone system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.016","issn":"03770","usgsCitation":"Werner, C., Hurwitz, S., Evans, W.C., Lowenstern, J.B., Bergfeld, D., Heasler, H., Jaworowski, C., and Hunt, A., 2008, Volatile emissions and gas geochemistry of Hot Spring Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 178, no. 4, p. 751-762, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.016.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"762","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213246,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.016"}],"volume":"178","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2bfe4b08c986b32ad2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Werner, C.","contributorId":72917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bergfeld, D.","contributorId":58053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heasler, H.","contributorId":7818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heasler","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jaworowski, C.","contributorId":90941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaworowski","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hunt, A.","contributorId":107883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70031895,"text":"70031895 - 2008 - Composition and quality of coals in the Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031895","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition and quality of coals in the Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui, China","docAbstract":"The Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui Province, China, is one of the largest coalfields in China. The coals of Permian age are used mainly for power generation. Coal compositions and 47 trace elements of the No. 10 Coal of the Shanxi Formation, the No. 7, 5, and 4 Coals of the Lower Shihezi Formation, and the No. 3 Coal of the Upper Shihezi Formation from the Huaibei Coalfield were studied. The results indicate that the Huaibei coals have low ash, moisture, and sulfur contents, but high volatile matter and calorific value. The ash yield increases stratigraphically upwards, but the volatile matter and total sulfur contents show a slight decrease from the lower to upper seams. Magmatic intrusion into the No. 5 Coal resulted in high ash, volatile matter, and calorific value, but low moisture value in the coal. Among the studied 47 trace elements, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Th, U, V, and Zn are of environmental concerns. Four elements Hg, Mo, Zn, and Sb are clearly enriched in the coals as compared with the upper continental crust. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.11.002","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Zheng, L., Liu, G., Wang, L., and Chou, C.L., 2008, Composition and quality of coals in the Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui, China: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 97, no. 2-3, p. 59-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.11.002.","startPage":"59","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214868,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.11.002"},{"id":242624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f921e4b0c8380cd4d453","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zheng, Lingyun","contributorId":68495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Lingyun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Gaisheng","contributorId":15158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Gaisheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, L.","contributorId":76904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chou, C. L.","contributorId":32655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031972,"text":"70031972 - 2008 - Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T08:21:14","indexId":"70031972","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems","docAbstract":"Reduction/oxidation (redox) conditions in 15 principal aquifer (PA) systems of the United States, and their impact on several water quality issues, were assessed from a large data base collected by the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the USGS. The logic of these assessments was based on the observed ecological succession of electron acceptors such as dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate and threshold concentrations of these substrates needed to support active microbial metabolism. Similarly, the utilization of solid-phase electron acceptors such as Mn(IV) and Fe(III) is indicated by the production of dissolved manganese and iron. An internally consistent set of threshold concentration criteria was developed and applied to a large data set of 1692 water samples from the PAs to assess ambient redox conditions. The indicated redox conditions then were related to the occurrence of selected natural (arsenic) and anthropogenic (nitrate and volatile organic compounds) contaminants in ground water. For the natural and anthropogenic contaminants assessed in this study, considering redox conditions as defined by this framework of redox indicator species and threshold concentrations explained many water quality trends observed at a regional scale. An important finding of this study was that samples indicating mixed redox processes provide information on redox heterogeneity that is useful for assessing common water quality issues. Given the interpretive power of the redox framework and given that it is relatively inexpensive and easy to measure the chemical parameters included in the framework, those parameters should be included in routine water quality monitoring programs whenever possible.","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., and Chapelle, F.H., 2008, Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems: Ground Water, v. 46, no. 2, p. 259-271, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215024,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3c0e4b0e8fec6cdb965","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70031938,"text":"70031938 - 2008 - Comparison of total mercury and methylmercury cycling at five sites using the small watershed approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T10:25:49","indexId":"70031938","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of total mercury and methylmercury cycling at five sites using the small watershed approach","docAbstract":"The small watershed approach is well-suited but underutilized in mercury research. We applied the small watershed approach to investigate total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) dynamics in streamwater at the five diverse forested headwater catchments of the US Geological Survey Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program. At all sites, baseflow THg was generally less than 1 ng L−1 and MeHg was less than 0.2 ng L−1. THg and MeHg concentrations increased with streamflow, so export was primarily episodic. At three sites, THg and MeHg concentration and export were dominated by the particulate fraction in association with POC at high flows, with maximum THg (MeHg) concentrations of 94 (2.56) ng L−1 at Sleepers River, Vermont; 112 (0.75) ng L−1 at Rio Icacos, Puerto Rico; and 55 (0.80) ng L−1 at Panola Mt., Georgia. Filtered (<0.7 μm) THg increased more modestly with flow in association with the hydrophobic acid fraction (HPOA) of DOC, with maximum filtered THg concentrations near 5 ng L−1 at both Sleepers and Icacos. At Andrews Creek, Colorado, THg export was also episodic but was dominated by filtered THg, as POC concentrations were low. MeHg typically tracked THg so that each site had a fairly constant MeHg/THg ratio, which ranged from near zero at Andrews to 15% at the low-relief, groundwater-dominated Allequash Creek, Wisconsin. Allequash was the only site with filtered MeHg consistently above detection, and the filtered fraction dominated both THg and MeHg. Relative to inputs in wet deposition, watershed retention of THg (minus any subsequent volatilization) was 96.6% at Allequash, 60% at Sleepers, and 83% at Andrews. Icacos had a net export of THg, possibly due to historic gold mining or frequent disturbance from landslides. Quantification and interpretation of Hg dynamics was facilitated by the small watershed approach with emphasis on event sampling.
Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2007.0079","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Vogel, J.R., Majewski, M.S., and Capel, P.D., 2008, Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, no. 3, p. 1101-1115, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0079.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1101","endPage":"1115","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214621,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0079"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7758e4b0c8380cd7848e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogel, Jason R.","contributorId":82006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":434295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":434296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032126,"text":"70032126 - 2008 - Biological and chemical characterization of metal bioavailability in sediments from Lake Roosevelt, Columbia River, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T13:59:13","indexId":"70032126","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological and chemical characterization of metal bioavailability in sediments from Lake Roosevelt, Columbia River, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"We studied the bioavailability and toxicity of copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and lead in sediments from Lake Roosevelt (LR), a reservoir on the Columbia River in Washington, USA that receives inputs of metals from an upstream smelter facility. We characterized chronic sediment toxicity, metal bioaccumulation, and metal concentrations in sediment and pore water from eight study sites: one site upstream in the Columbia River, six sites in the reservoir, and a reference site in an uncontaminated tributary. Total recoverable metal concentrations in LR sediments generally decreased from upstream to downstream in the study area, but sediments from two sites in the reservoir had metal concentrations much lower than adjacent reservoir sites and similar to the reference site, apparently due to erosion of uncontaminated bank soils. Concentrations of acid-volatile sulfide in LR sediments were too low to provide strong controls on metal bioavailability, and selective sediment extractions indicated that metals in most LR sediments were primarily associated with iron and manganese oxides. Oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus) accumulated greatest concentrations of copper from the river sediment, and greatest concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead from reservoir sediments. Chronic toxic effects on amphipods (Hyalella azteca; reduced survival) and midge larvae (Chironomus dilutus; reduced growth) in whole-sediment exposures were generally consistent with predictions of metal toxicity based on empirical and equilibrium partitioning-based sediment quality guidelines. Elevated metal concentrations in pore waters of some LR sediments suggested that metals released from iron and manganese oxides under anoxic conditions contributed to metal bioaccumulation and toxicity. Results of both chemical and biological assays indicate that metals in sediments from both riverine and reservoir habitats of Lake Roosevelt are available to benthic invertebrates. These findings will be used as part of an ongoing ecological risk assessment to determine remedial actions for contaminated sediments in Lake Roosevelt. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-007-9074-5","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Besser, J., Brumbaugh, W.G., Ivey, C., Ingersoll, C., and Moran, P., 2008, Biological and chemical characterization of metal bioavailability in sediments from Lake Roosevelt, Columbia River, Washington, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 557-570, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9074-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"570","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214786,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9074-5"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f161e4b0c8380cd4ac1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, J.M.","contributorId":91569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":434642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ivey, C.D.","contributorId":33876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moran, P.W.","contributorId":9401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70031751,"text":"70031751 - 2008 - Use of volatile organic components in scat to identify canid species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:12","indexId":"70031751","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of volatile organic components in scat to identify canid species","docAbstract":"Identification of wildlife species from indirect evidence can be an important part of wildlife management, and conventional +methods can be expensive or have high error rates. We used chemical characterization of the volatile organic constituents (VOCs) in scat as a method to identify 5 species of North American canids from multiple individuals. We sampled vapors of scats in the headspace over a sample using solid-phase microextraction and determined VOC content using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. We used linear discriminant analysis to develop models for differentiating species with bootstrapping to estimate accuracy. Our method correcdy classified 82.4% (bootstrapped 95% CI = 68.8-93.8%) of scat samples. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) scat was most frequendy misclassified (25.0% of scats misclassified); red fox was also the most common destination for misclassified samples. Our findings are the first reported identification of animal species using VOCs in vapor emissions from scat and suggest that identification of wildlife species may be plausible through chemical characterization of vapor emissions of scat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2007-330","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Burnham, E., Bender, L.C., Eiceman, G., Pierce, K., and Prasad, S., 2008, Use of volatile organic components in scat to identify canid species: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 3, p. 792-797, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-330.","startPage":"792","endPage":"797","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-330"},{"id":239876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfaee4b08c986b329ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, E.","contributorId":61648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bender, Louis C.","contributorId":72509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eiceman, G.A.","contributorId":90113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eiceman","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pierce, K.M.","contributorId":94101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prasad, S.","contributorId":35949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prasad","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":432968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032103,"text":"70032103 - 2008 - Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T09:26:48","indexId":"70032103","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"Samples of ambient ground water were collected during 1985-2002 from 3,498 wells in 98 aquifer studies throughout the United States. None of the sampled wells were selected because of prior knowledge of nearby contamination. Most of these samples were analyzed for 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to characterize their national occurrence. Volatile organic compounds were found in samples collected from 90 of the 98 aquifer studies. Occurrence frequencies of one or more VOCs for the 98 aquifer studies ranged from 0 to about 77% at an assessment level of 0.2 microgram per liter (??g/l). The aquifer studies with the largest occurrence frequencies were in southern Florida, southern New York, southern California, New Jersey, and Nevada. Trihalomethanes and solvents were the most frequently occurring VOC groups. Of the 55 VOCs included in this assessment, 42 occurred in at least one sample at an assessment level of 0.2 ??g/l. Chloroform, perchloroethene, and methyl tert-butyl ether were the most frequently occurring VOCs. Many factors, such as the hydrogeology of the aquifer, use of VOCs, land use, and the transport and fate properties of VOCs, affect the occurrence of VOCs in ground water. ?? 2008 American Water Resources Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00170.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., Lapham, W., and Zogorski, J., 2008, Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 44, no. 2, p. 399-416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00170.x.","startPage":"399","endPage":"416","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215001,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00170.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c5be4b0c8380cd74b97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":17637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":434563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033744,"text":"70033744 - 2008 - Monitoring a supervolcano in repose: Heat and volatile flux at the yellostone caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:30","indexId":"70033744","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1490,"text":"Elements","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring a supervolcano in repose: Heat and volatile flux at the yellostone caldera","docAbstract":"Although giant calderas (\"supervolcanoes\") may slumber for tens of thousands of years between eruptions, their abundant earthquakes and crustal deformation reveal the potential for future upheaval. Any eventual supereruption could devastate global human populations, so these systems must be carefully scrutinized. Insight into dormant but restless calderas can be gained by monitoring their output of heat and gas. At Yellowstone, the large thermal and CO2 fluxes require massive input of basaltic magma, which continues to invade the lower to mid-crust, sustains the overlying high-silica magma reservoir, and may result in volcanic hazard for millennia to come. The high flux of CO2 may contribute to the measured deformation of the caldera floor and can also modify the pressure, thermal, and chemical signals emitted from the magma. In order to recognize precursors to eruption, we must scrutinize the varied signals emerging from restless calderas with the goal of discriminating magmatic, hydrothermal, and hybrid phenomena.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Elements","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.35","issn":"18115209","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., and Hurwitz, S., 2008, Monitoring a supervolcano in repose: Heat and volatile flux at the yellostone caldera: Elements, v. 4, no. 1, p. 35-40, https://doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.35.","startPage":"35","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214408,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.35"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d81e4b0c8380cd703fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hurwitz, S.","contributorId":61110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}