During 2004, a study to document the occurrence of herbicides and herbicide degradation products was conducted for 10 major Iowa rivers draining to the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Seventy-five water-quality samples were collected to measure isoxaflutole, acetamide, and triazine herbicides and their herbicide degradation products. An analytical method to measure isoxaflutole and its degradation products, diketonitrile and benzoic acid, was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas, using vacuum manifold solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and is described in this report.
\nIsoxaflutole, a low application rate preemergence herbicide for control of annual broadleaf weeds, is used extensively in Iowa. Findings from the study documented in this report indicate that isoxaflutole was designed to degrade quickly to diketonitrile, which appears to be more stable, and then to benzoic acid. Of the 75 samples collected to measure isoxaflutole, there were four detections of isoxaflutole, 53 detections of diketonitrile, and 41 detections of benzoic acid. Also, results of acetamide and triazine water-quality samples correlate with past studies, which indicate that herbicide degradation products are detected more frequently and often at higher concentrations in surface water than their parent compounds.
\nIn addition to analysis of isoxaflutole and its degradation products, samples were analyzed by the USGS National Water-Quality Laboratory schedule 2001 for about 52 pesticides and their degradation products.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065169","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E.A., Meyer, M.T., and Kalkhoff, S.J., 2006, Occurrence of isoxaflutole, acetamide, and triazine herbicides and their degradation products in 10 Iowa rivers draining to the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5169, vi, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065169.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206203,"text":"70206203 - 2006 - An on-campus well field for hydrogeophysics education and undergraduate research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T15:56:04","indexId":"70206203","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-24T15:49:10","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2324,"text":"Journal of Geoscience Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An on-campus well field for hydrogeophysics education and undergraduate research","docAbstract":"
The emerging subdiscipline of hydrogeophysics is underdeveloped in undergraduate curricula relative to its importance in professional engineering/environmental practice. In 2001, the Bucknell Department of Geology initiated efforts to refocus an undergraduate geophysics course on near-surface geophysical methods for hydrologic, environmental, and engineering problems. In addition to offering students practical experience, treatment of hydrogeophysics provides important pedagogical opportunities. Field-based hydrogeophysics labs challenge students to integrate concepts from other geology courses, as well as from physics, math, and chemistry.
We faced two challenges in revising our geophysics course: (1) access to wells for field exercises on borehole geophysics; and (2) the costs of acquiring and maintaining equipment. We pursued two strategies to solve these problems. First, we established an on-campus well field, which serves as a field laboratory for downhole and cross-hole experiments. Second, we incorporated field demonstrations and lectures by professional geoscientists, including alumni, into our courses. By adding field exercises to our syllabi and promoting undergraduate research, we are building a cutting-edge dataset that includes televiewer and standard wellbore logging, cross-hole tomography, and hydraulic-test data. Student-led analysis of these data has already provided valuable insights into the control of fractures on aquifer properties, and these observations are being combined with outcrop studies to place our results in a more regional context.
The Great Basin is a province of high average heat flow (approximately 90 mW m-2), with higher values characteristic of some areas and relatively low heat flow (<60 mW m-2) characteristic of an area in south-central Nevada known as the Eureka Low. There is hydrologic and thermal evidence that the Eureka Low results from a relatively shallow, hydrologically controlled heat sink associated with interbasin water flow in the Paleozoic carbonate aquifers. Evaluating this hypothesis and investigating the thermal state of the Eureka Low at depth is a high priority for the US Geological Survey as it prepares a new national geothermal resource assessment. Part of this investigation is focused on Railroad Valley, the site of the largest petroleum reservoirs in Nevada and one of the few locations within the Eureka Low with a known geothermal system. Temperature and thermal conductivity data have been acquired from wells in Railroad Valley in order to determine heat flow in the basin. The results reveal a complex interaction of cooling due to shallow ground-water flow, relatively low (49 to 76 mW m -2) conductive heat flow at depth in most of the basin, and high (up to 234 mW m-2) heat flow associated with the 125°C geothermal system that encompasses the Bacon Flat and Grant Canyon oil fields. The presence of the Railroad Valley geothermal resource within the Eureka Low may be reflect the absence of deep ground-water flow sweeping heat out of the basin. If true, this suggests that other areas in the carbonate aquifer province may contain deep geothermal resources that are masked by ground-water flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, California","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.F., and Sass, J.H., 2006, Heat flow in Railroad Valley, Nevada and implications for geothermal resources in the south-central Great Basin: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 30, p. 111-116.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"116","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1025017"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Railroad Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 38.33734763569314\n ],\n [\n -114.90600585937499,\n 38.33734763569314\n ],\n [\n -114.90600585937499,\n 39.342794408952365\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 39.342794408952365\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 38.33734763569314\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Colin F. 0000-0003-2196-5496 colin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Colin","email":"colin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205874,"text":"70205874 - 2006 - Ecological consequences of changing hydrological conditions in wetland forests of coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T18:51:20","indexId":"70205874","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-08T18:42:28","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"Ecological consequences of changing hydrological conditions in wetland forests of coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"Large-scale and localized alterations of processes affecting deltaic coastal wetlands have caused the complete loss of some coastal wetland forests and reduced the productivity and vigor of many areas in coastal Louisiana. This loss and degradation threatens ecosystem functions and the services they provide. This paper summarizes ecological relationships controlled by hydrological processes in coastal wetland forests of the Mississippi River delta and presents two case studies that illustrate the complexity of assessing hydrological control on swamp forest establishment and growth. Productivity of overstory trees has been affected by these changes, but the first case study illustrates that the relationship between flooding and growth may be site-specific. An important effect of increased flooding has been to reduce regeneration of swamp forest trees. The second case study is an outline of the kind of hydrological analysis required to assess probability of regeneration success.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Environment and Water Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Water Resources Publications","usgsCitation":"Keim, R., Chambers, J.L., Hughes, M., J. Andrew Nyman, Miller, C.A., Amos, B.J., Conner, W., Day, J., Faulkner, S., Gardiner, E.S., King, S.L., McLeod, K., and Shaffer, G., 2006, Ecological consequences of changing hydrological conditions in wetland forests of coastal Louisiana, chap. of Coastal Environment and Water Quality, p. 383-395.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"395","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/25325"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 29.104176683949984\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 29.104176683949984\n ],\n [\n -89.549560546875,\n 30.95876857077987\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 30.95876857077987\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 29.104176683949984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keim, Richard F.","contributorId":21858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keim","given":"Richard F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, J. L.","contributorId":100787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, M.S.","contributorId":106718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"J. Andrew Nyman","contributorId":172497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"J. Andrew Nyman","affiliations":[{"id":16756,"text":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":772744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, Craig A. 0000-0001-8499-0352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-0352","contributorId":219638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Amos, Blake J.","contributorId":219639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amos","given":"Blake","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Conner, W.H.","contributorId":54165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conner","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Day, Jon","contributorId":27733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Faulkner, Stephen 0000-0001-5295-1383 faulkners@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-1383","contributorId":146152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Stephen","email":"faulkners@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gardiner, Emile S.","contributorId":168576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardiner","given":"Emile","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McLeod, K.W.","contributorId":77366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLeod","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Shaffer, Gary P.","contributorId":72688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Gary P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":79211,"text":"sir20065236 - 2006 - An update of the distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in perched ground water, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, Emphasis 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"sir20065236","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5236","title":"An update of the distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in perched ground water, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, Emphasis 1999-2001","docAbstract":"Radiochemical and chemical wastes generated at facilities at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) were discharged since 1952 to infiltration ponds at the Reactor Technology Complex (RTC) (known as the Test Reactor Area [TRA] until 2005), and the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) and buried at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC). Disposal of wastewater to infiltration ponds and infiltration of surface water at waste burial sites resulted in formation of perched ground water in basalts and in sedimentary interbeds above the Snake River Plain aquifer. Perched ground water is an integral part of the pathway for waste-constituent migration to the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, maintains ground-water monitoring networks at the INL to determine hydrologic trends, and to monitor the movement of radiochemical and chemical constituents in wastewater discharged from facilities to both perched ground water and the aquifer. This report presents an analysis of water-quality and water-level data collected from wells completed in perched ground water at the INL during 1999-2001, and summarizes historical disposal data and water-level-and water-quality trends.\r\n\r\nAt the RTC, tritium, strontium-90, cesium-137, dissolved chromium, chloride, sodium, and sulfate were monitored in shallow and deep perched ground water. In shallow perched ground water, no tritium was detected above the reporting level. In deep perched ground water, tritium concentrations generally decreased or varied randomly during 1999-2001. During October 2001, tritium concentrations ranged from less than the reporting level to 39.4?1.4 picocuries per milliliter (pCi/mL). Reportable concentrations of tritium during July-October 2001 were smaller than the reported concentrations measured during July-December 1998. Tritium concentrations in water from wells at the RTC were likely affected by: well's distance from the radioactive-waste infiltration ponds (commonly referred to as the warm-waste ponds); water depth below the ponds; the amount of tritium discharged to radioactive-waste infiltration ponds in the past; discontinued use of radioactive-waste infiltration ponds; radioactive decay; and dilution from disposal of nonradioactive water.\r\n\r\nDuring 1999-2001, the strontium-90 concentrations in two wells completed in shallow perched water near the RTC exceeded the reporting level. Strontium-90 concentrations in water from wells completed in deep perched ground water at the RTC varied randomly with time. During October 2001, concentrations in water from five wells exceeded the reporting level and ranged from 2.8?0.7 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in well USGS 63 to 83.8?2.1 pCi/L in well USGS 54. No reportable concentrations of cesium-137, chromium-51, or cobalt-60 were present in water samples from any of the shallow or deep wells at the RTC during 1999-2001.\r\n\r\nDissolved chromium was not detected in shallow perched ground water at the RTC during 1999-2001. Concentrations of dissolved chromium during July-October 2001 in deep perched ground water near the RTC ranged from 10 micrograms per liter (?g/L) in well USGS 61 to 82 ?g/L in well USGS 55. The largest concentrations were in water from wells north and west of the radioactive-waste infiltration ponds. During July-October 2001, dissolved sodium concentrations ranged from 7 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in well USGS 78 to 20 mg/L in all wells except well USGS 68 (413 mg/L). Dissolved chloride concentrations in shallow perched ground water ranged from 10 mg/L in wells CWP 1, 3, and 4 to 53 mg/L in well TRA A 13 during 1999-2001. Dissolved chloride concentrations in deep perched ground water ranged from 5 mg/L in well USGS 78 to 91 mg/L in well USGS 73. The maximum dissolved sulfate concentration in shallow perched ground water was 419 mg/L in well CWP 1 during July 2000. Concentrations of dissolved sulfate in water from wells USGS 54, 60","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065236","usgsCitation":"Davis, L.C., 2006, An update of the distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in perched ground water, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, Emphasis 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5236, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065236.","productDescription":"58 p.","numberOfPages":"58","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8664,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a858d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Linda C. lcdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Linda","email":"lcdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79227,"text":"ofr20051278 - 2006 - Hydrology, description of computer models, and evaluation of selected water-management alternatives in the San Bernardino area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"ofr20051278","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1278","title":"Hydrology, description of computer models, and evaluation of selected water-management alternatives in the San Bernardino area, California","docAbstract":"The San Bernardino area of southern California has complex water-management issues. As an aid to local water managers, this report provides an integrated analysis of the surface-water and ground-water systems, documents ground-water flow and constrained optimization models, and provides seven examples using the models to better understand and manage water resources of the area. As an aid to investigators and water managers in other areas, this report provides an expanded description of constrained optimization techniques and how to use them to better understand the local hydrogeology and to evaluate inter-related water-management problems.\r\n\r\nIn this report, the hydrology of the San Bernardino area, defined as the Bunker Hill and Lytle Creek basins, is described and quantified for calendar years 1945-98. The major components of the surface-water system are identified, and a routing diagram of flow through these components is provided. Annual surface-water inflow and outflow for the area are tabulated using gaged measurements and estimated values derived from linear-regression equations. Average inflow for the 54-year period (1945-98) was 146,452 acre-feet per year; average outflow was 67,931 acre-feet per year. The probability of exceedance for annual surface-water inflow is calculated using a Log Pearson Type III analysis. Cumulative surface-water inflow and outflow and ground-water-level measurements indicate that the relation between the surface-water system and the ground-water system changed in about 1951, in about 1979, and again in about 1992. Higher ground-water levels prior to 1951 and between 1979 and 1992 induced ground-water discharge to Warm Creek. This discharge was quantified using streamflow measurements and can be estimated for other time periods using ground-water levels from a monitoring well (1S/4W-3Q1) and a logarithmic-regression equation. Annual wastewater discharge from the area is tabulated for the major sewage and power-plant facilities. \r\n\r\nMore...","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051278","collaboration":"released Oct 2006 as OFR pending release as PP 1734","usgsCitation":"Danskin, W.R., McPherson, K.R., and Woolfenden, L.R., 2006, Hydrology, description of computer models, and evaluation of selected water-management alternatives in the San Bernardino area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1278, 194 p.; 2 plates, each 38 x 32 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051278.","productDescription":"194 p.; 2 plates, each 38 x 32 in.","numberOfPages":"194","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8683,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1278/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Danskin, Wesley R. 0000-0001-8672-5501 wdanskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":1034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"Wesley","email":"wdanskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McPherson, Kelly R. 0000-0002-2340-4142 krmcpher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-4142","contributorId":1376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Kelly","email":"krmcpher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woolfenden, Linda R. 0000-0003-3500-4709 lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":1476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"Linda","email":"lrwoolfe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79206,"text":"sir20065177 - 2006 - Numerical Simulation of the Hydrologic Effects of Redistributed and Additional Ground-Water Withdrawal, Island of Molokai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:21","indexId":"sir20065177","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5177","title":"Numerical Simulation of the Hydrologic Effects of Redistributed and Additional Ground-Water Withdrawal, Island of Molokai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Because of increased demand for water associated with a growing population, projected increases in demand over the next few decades, and rising salinity of the water pumped from some existing wells, the County of Maui Department of Water Supply (DWS) is currently (2006) considering drilling additional wells to replace or supplement existing wells on the Island of Molokai, Hawaii. Redistributed and additional ground-water withdrawals will affect ground-water levels, discharge of ground water to the nearshore environment, and, possibly, salinity of the water pumped from existing wells.\r\n\r\nFor this study, an existing numerical ground-water-flow model was used to estimate water-level and coastal-discharge changes, relative to 2005 base-case conditions, caused by withdrawals in the area between Kualapuu and Ualapue on Molokai. For most of the scenarios tested, total withdrawals were either equal to or 0.28 million gallons per day greater than those in the 2005 base case. Model results indicate that a redistribution of withdrawals causes a corresponding redistribution of water levels and coastal discharge. Water levels rise and coastal discharge increases near sites of reduced withdrawal, whereas water levels decline and coastal discharge decreases near sites of increased withdrawal. The magnitude and areal extent of hydrologic changes caused by a redistribution of withdrawals increase with larger changes in withdrawal rates. Simulated water-level changes are greatest at withdrawal sites and decrease outward with distance elsewhere. Simulated water-level declines at proposed withdrawal sites generally were less than 0.5 feet. The low-permeability dike complex of East Molokai Volcano impedes the spread of water-level changes to perennial streams in the northeastern part of the island, and discharge to these streams in the dike complex therefore is unaffected by the proposed withdrawals.\r\n\r\nSimulated coastal-discharge changes generally are greatest immediately downgradient from sites of withdrawal change. Simulated coastal-discharge reductions generally are less than 30,000 gallons per day (and everywhere less than 75,000 gallons per day) within model elements for scenarios that exclude the Hawaii Department of Hawaiian Home Lands reservation (2.905 million gallons per day). (Model elements cover discrete 1,640-feet by 1,640-feet square areas.) Simulated coastal-discharge reductions generally represent less than 5 percent change relative to 2005 base-case conditions. Simulated discharge to some fishponds and springs increased in response to decreased withdrawal at upgradient sites, and simulated discharge to other fishponds and springs decreased in response to increased withdrawal. Simulated water-level declines associated with the Hawaii Department of Hawaiian Home Lands reservation were as much as 4 feet at three arbitrarily selected withdrawal sites, and simulated reductions in coastal discharge between Umipaa and Kamiloloa along the south coast exceeded 200,000 gallons per day from several model elements.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20065177","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., 2006, Numerical Simulation of the Hydrologic Effects of Redistributed and Additional Ground-Water Withdrawal, Island of Molokai, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5177, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065177.","productDescription":"57 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8659,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5177/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.33333333333334,21 ], [ -157.33333333333334,21.25 ], [ -156.66666666666666,21.25 ], [ -156.66666666666666,21 ], [ -157.33333333333334,21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a339","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79217,"text":"ofr20061207 - 2006 - Results of analyses of the fungicide Chlorothalonil, its degradation products, and other selected pesticides at 22 surface-water sites in five Southern states, 2003-04","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T14:44:08.300704","indexId":"ofr20061207","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1207","title":"Results of analyses of the fungicide Chlorothalonil, its degradation products, and other selected pesticides at 22 surface-water sites in five Southern states, 2003-04","docAbstract":"In accordance with the mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, a pesticide study was conducted during 2003–04 to determine the occurrence of the fungicide chlorothalonil and its degradation products at 22 surface-water sites in five Southern States. Water-quality samples were collected during the peanut-growing season (June–September) in 2003. During the peanut-growing season in 2004, samples were collected after large storms.
An analytical method was developed at the USGS Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas, to measure chlorothalonil and its degradation products by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Chlorothalonil was detected in 4 of the 113 surface-water samples. The primary degradation product of chlorothalonil, 4-hydroxy-chlorothalonil, was detected in 26 of the 113 samples with concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.930 microgram per liter. The chlorothalonil degradation products, 1-amide-4-hydroxy-chorothalonil and 1,3-diamide-chlorothalonil, were detected in one water sample each at 0.020 and 0.161 microgram per liter, respectively.
The USGS Methods and Research Development Group, Lakewood, Colorado, developed a custom method for chlorothalonil using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in an effort to achieve a lower laboratory reporting level (LRL) than the USGS National Water-Quality Laboratory (NWQL) schedule 2060, which analyzes the compound chlorothalonil at a LRL of 0.035 µg/L. The group succeeded in achieving a lower GC/MS reporting level of 0.01 µg/L. Chlorothalonil was detected in 5 of 68 water samples analyzed using the custom GC/MS method, whereas chlorothalonil was detected in 2 of 21 water samples analyzed using NWQL schedule 2060.
In addition to analysis of chlorothalonil and its degradation products, samples were analyzed using the USGS NWQL schedules 2001 and 2060 for about 114 pesticides and their degradation products. Samples also were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon, suspended sediment, and percentage of silt- and clay-sized particles.
Overall, it was found that chlorothalonil was detected only infrequently and at relatively low concentrations. Chlorothalonil’s major degradation product, 4-hydroxy-chlorothalonil, was detected most frequently, occurred generally at higher concentrations in water samples than did the parent fungicide, and the data from this study reaffirmed that it is the dominant degradation product of chlorothalonil in the peanut-growing environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061207","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E.A., Orlando, J., Battaglin, W.A., Sandstrom, M.W., Kuivila, K., and Meyer, M.T., 2006, Results of analyses of the fungicide Chlorothalonil, its degradation products, and other selected pesticides at 22 surface-water sites in five Southern states, 2003-04: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1207, vi, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061207.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"69","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":519,"text":"Organic Geochemistry Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8671,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102,27 ], [ -102,39 ], [ -81,39 ], [ -81,27 ], [ -102,27 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Elisabeth A.","contributorId":80265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orlando, James L. 0000-0002-0099-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7221","contributorId":95954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"James L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":1367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn ","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70184340,"text":"70184340 - 2006 - A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:30:26","indexId":"70184340","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment","docAbstract":"Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) are widely used in many countries worldwide to treat disease and protect the health of animals. They are also incorporated into animal feed to improve growth rate and feed efficiency. As antibiotics are poorly adsorbed in the gut of the animals, the majority is excreted unchanged in faeces and urine. Given that land application of animal waste as a supplement to fertilizer is often a common practice in many countries, there is a growing international concern about the potential impact of antibiotic residues on the environment. Frequent use of antibiotics has also raised concerns about increased antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. We have attempted in this paper to summarize the latest information available in the literature on the use, sales, exposure pathways, environmental occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics in animal agriculture. The review has focused on four important groups of antibiotics (tylosin, tetracycline, sulfonamides and, to a lesser extent, bacitracin) giving a background on their chemical nature, fate processes, occurrence, and effects on plants, soil organisms and bacterial community. Recognising the importance and the growing debate, the issue of antibiotic resistance due to the frequent use of antibiotics in food-producing animals is also briefly covered. The final section highlights some unresolved questions and presents a way forward on issues requiring urgent attention.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026","usgsCitation":"Sarmah, A.K., Meyer, M.T., and Boxall, A.B., 2006, A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment: Chemosphere, v. 65, no. 5, p. 725-759, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026.","productDescription":"35 p. ","startPage":"725","endPage":"759","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58bfd4fbe4b014cc3a3ba50a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarmah, Ajit K.","contributorId":187615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sarmah","given":"Ajit","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boxall, Alistair B.A.","contributorId":187614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boxall","given":"Alistair","email":"","middleInitial":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79181,"text":"sir20065212 - 2006 - An assessment of flow data from Klamath River sites between Link River Dam and Keno Dam, south-central Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"sir20065212","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5212","title":"An assessment of flow data from Klamath River sites between Link River Dam and Keno Dam, south-central Oregon","docAbstract":"Records of diversion and return flows for water years 1961?2004 along a reach of the Klamath River between Link River and Keno Dams in south-central Oregon were evaluated to determine the cause of a water-balance inconsistency in the hydrologic data. The data indicated that the reach was losing flow in the 1960s and 1970s and gaining flow in the 1980s and 1990s. The absolute mean annual net water-balance difference in flows between the first and second half of the 44-year period (1961-2004) was approximately 103,000 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr). The quality of the diversion and return-flow records used in the water balance was evaluated using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) criteria for accuracy. With the exception of the USGS Klamath River at Keno record, which was rated as 'good' or 'excellent,' the eight other flow records, all from non-USGS flow-measurement sites, were rated as 'poor' by USGS standards due to insufficient data-collection documentation and a lack of direct discharge measurements to verify the rating curves. The record for the Link River site, the most upstream in the study area, included both river and westside power canal flows. Because of rating curve biases, the river flows might have been overestimated by 25,000 acre-ft/yr on average from water years 1961 to 1982 and underestimated by 7,000 acre-ft/yr on average from water years 1983 to 2004. For water years 1984-2004, westside power canal flows might have been underestimated by 11,000 acre-ft/yr.\r\n\r\nSome diversion and return flows (for mostly agricultural, industrial, and urban use) along the Klamath River study reach, not measured continuously and not included in the water-balance equation, also were evaluated. However, the sum of these diversion and return flows was insufficient to explain the water-balance inconsistency.\r\n\r\nThe possibility that ground-water levels in lands adjacent to the river rose during water years 1961-2004 and caused an increase in ground-water discharge to the river also was evaluated. However, water-level data from local wells did not have a rising trend during the period.\r\n\r\nThe most likely cause of the water-balance inconsistency was flow measurement error in the eight non-USGS flow records. Part of the water-balance inconsistency can be explained by a 43,000 acre-foot error in the river and canal flow portions of the Link River flow record. A remaining 60,000 acre-foot error might have been distributed among the seven other flow records, or much of the remaining 60,000 acre-foot error might have been in the Link River flow record because flows in that record had a greater magnitude than flows in the seven other records.\r\n\r\nAs an additional analysis of the water-balance issue, flow records used in the water balance were evaluated for trends and compared to known changes in water management in the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project and Lower Klamath and Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuges over the 44-year period. Many of the water-management changes were implemented in the early 1980s. For three diversion flow records, 1983-2004 mean annual flows were 16,000, 8,000, and 21,000 acre-ft/yr greater than their 1961-82 mean annual flows. Return flows to the Klamath River at two flow-measurement sites decreased by 31,000 and 27,000 acre-ft/yr for 1983-2004 compared with the 1961-82 period. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065212","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., Hess, G.W., and Fisher, B.J., 2006, An assessment of flow data from Klamath River sites between Link River Dam and Keno Dam, south-central Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5212, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065212.","productDescription":"38 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8637,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, Glen W.","contributorId":19136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Bruce J.","contributorId":40293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79175,"text":"sir20065137 - 2006 - A graphical modeling tool for evaluating nitrogen loading to and nitrate transport in ground water in the mid-Snake region, south-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"sir20065137","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5137","title":"A graphical modeling tool for evaluating nitrogen loading to and nitrate transport in ground water in the mid-Snake region, south-central Idaho","docAbstract":"A flow and transport model was created with a graphical user interface to simplify the evaluation of nitrogen loading and nitrate transport in the mid-Snake region in south-central Idaho. This model and interface package, the Snake River Nitrate Scenario Simulator, uses the U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW 2000 and MOC3D models. The interface, which is enabled for use with geographic information systems (GIS), was created using ESRI's royalty-free MapObjects LT software. The interface lets users view initial nitrogen-loading conditions (representing conditions as of 1998), alter the nitrogen loading within selected zones by specifying a multiplication factor and applying it to the initial condition, run the flow and transport model, and view a graphical representation of the modeling results.\r\n\r\nThe flow and transport model of the Snake River Nitrate Scenario Simulator was created by rediscretizing and recalibrating a clipped portion of an existing regional flow model. The new subregional model was recalibrated with newly available water-level data and spring and ground-water nitrate concentration data for the study area. An updated nitrogen input GIS layer controls the application of nitrogen to the flow and transport model. Users can alter the nitrogen application to the flow and transport model by altering the nitrogen load in predefined spatial zones contained within similar political, hydrologic, and size-constrained boundaries.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065137","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.W., Skinner, K.D., and Pollock, D.W., 2006, A graphical modeling tool for evaluating nitrogen loading to and nitrate transport in ground water in the mid-Snake region, south-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5137, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065137.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"40","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8632,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8633,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":21,"text":"Referenced Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5137/Software.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, David W.","contributorId":77146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, Kenneth D. 0000-0003-1774-6565 kskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-6565","contributorId":1836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"Kenneth","email":"kskinner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, David W. dwpolloc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"David","email":"dwpolloc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79176,"text":"sir20065167 - 2006 - Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing recharge to extraction wells at the Drake Chemical Superfund Site, City of Lock Haven and Castanea Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T17:41:48","indexId":"sir20065167","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5167","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing recharge to extraction wells at the Drake Chemical Superfund Site, City of Lock Haven and Castanea Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Extensive remediation of the Drake Chemical Superfund Site has been ongoing since 1983. Contaminated soils were excavated and incinerated on site between 1996 and 1999. After 1999, remedial efforts focused on contaminated ground water. A ground-water remediation system was started in November 2000. The source area of the contaminated ground water was assumed to be the zone 1 area on the Drake Chemical site. The remedial system was designed to capture ground water migrating from zone 1. Also, the remediation system was designed to pump and treat the water in an anoxic environment and re-infiltrate the treated water underground through an infiltration gallery that is hydrologically downgradient of the extraction wells. A numerical ground-water flow model of the surrounding region was constructed to simulate the areas contributing recharge to remedial extraction wells installed on the Drake Chemical site. The three-dimensional numerical flow model was calibrated using the parameter-estimation process in MODFLOW-2000. The model included three layers that represented three poorly sorted alluvial sediment units that were characterized from geologic well and boring logs.
Steady-state ground-water flow was simulated to estimate the areas contributing recharge to three extraction wells for three different pumping scenarios--all wells pumping at 2 gallons per minute, at approximately 5 gallons per minute, and at 8 gallons per minute. Simulation results showed the contributing areas to the three extraction wells encompassed 92 percent of zone 1 at a pumping rate of approximately 5 gallons per minute. The contributing areas did not include a very small area in the southwestern part of zone 1 when the three extraction wells were pumped at approximately 5 gallons per minute. Pumping from a fourth extraction well in that area was discontinued early in the operation of the remediation system because the ground water in that area met performance standards. The areas contributing recharge to the three extraction wells did encompass zone 1 at a pumping rate of 8 gallons per minute. At pumping rates of 2 gallons per minute, the contributing areas for the three extraction wells did not encompass zone 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065167","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Schreffler, C.L., 2006, Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing recharge to extraction wells at the Drake Chemical Superfund Site, City of Lock Haven and Castanea Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5167, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065167.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8635,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5167/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Castanea Township, Lock Haven","otherGeospatial":"Drake Chemical Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.51266479492188,\n 41.09849932105247\n ],\n [\n -77.35404968261719,\n 41.09849932105247\n ],\n [\n -77.35404968261719,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -77.51266479492188,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -77.51266479492188,\n 41.09849932105247\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5bf1e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreffler, Curtis L. clschref@usgs.gov","contributorId":333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreffler","given":"Curtis","email":"clschref@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70214388,"text":"70214388 - 2006 - Nitrate reduction and microbial numbers in Upper Mississippi River sediments, Pool 8, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T17:32:31.546296","indexId":"70214388","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-25T12:28:05","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2097,"text":"Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrate reduction and microbial numbers in Upper Mississippi River sediments, Pool 8, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/03680770.2005.11902948","usgsCitation":"Warren, E., Godsy, E.M., Duff, J.H., Triska, F.J., and Jackman, A.P., 2006, Nitrate reduction and microbial numbers in Upper Mississippi River sediments, Pool 8, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA: Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen, p. 1578-1582, https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2005.11902948.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1582","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"La Crosse","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.31561279296875,\n 43.756712928570245\n ],\n [\n -91.18995666503905,\n 43.756712928570245\n ],\n [\n -91.18995666503905,\n 43.83353616014345\n ],\n [\n -91.31561279296875,\n 43.83353616014345\n ],\n [\n -91.31561279296875,\n 43.756712928570245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":799652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godsy, E. Michael","contributorId":45842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duff, John H. jhduff@usgs.gov","contributorId":961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"John","email":"jhduff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":799654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79172,"text":"ofr20061228 - 2006 - Water and sediment quality of the Yukon River and its tributaries, from Eagle to St. Marys, Alaska, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:43","indexId":"ofr20061228","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1228","title":"Water and sediment quality of the Yukon River and its tributaries, from Eagle to St. Marys, Alaska, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"The Yukon River basin is a vast and diverse ecosystem covering more than 330,000 square miles, an area larger than Texas. Approximately 126,000 people live within the basin and depend on the Yukon River and its tributaries for drinking water, commerce, and recreational and subsistence fish and game resources.\r\n\r\nMuch of the Yukon River basin is underlain by permafrost containing vast amounts of organic carbon and nutrients. Recent climatic warming of the basin has resulted in lengthening of the growing season, melting of permafrost, deepening of the soil active layer, drying of upland soils, and shrinking of wetlands. These mostly terrestrial effects also affect the hydrology of the basin, changing the timing, magnitude, and fate of water and dissolved and particulate materials delivery to the Yukon River and its tributaries.\r\n\r\nAs permafrost melts, stored carbon and nutrients are expected to become available for decomposition by soil organisms or for export downstream and to the Bering Sea. Such changes can have numerous, far-reaching effects on the ecosystem, including increased emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane; changes in stream productivity, including salmon populations; changes in the productivity and chemistry of the Bering Sea; and increased fire frequency. One important question is whether organic carbon export to rivers will increase or decrease downstream from large wetland areas presently having substantial carbon storage, such as Yukon Flats.\r\n\r\nBecause very few historical water-quality data are available for the Yukon River basin, scientists are unable to quantitatively assess potential effects of climate warming on aquatic ecosystems in the basin. In order to address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a comprehensive baseline water-quality characterization of the Yukon River and its major tributaries during 2000-05. The study included frequent water-quality sampling at a fixed-site network. In addition to the fixed-site sampling, intensive synoptic sampling of tributaries draining directly into the Yukon River was conducted along its entire length. This report contains observations of water and sediment quality made in the Yukon River basin during the synoptic sampling cruises in years 2002 and 2003. Chemical and biological data are presented for the Yukon River and its major tributaries between the towns of Eagle and St. Marys, Alaska.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061228","usgsCitation":"Dornblaser, M.M., and Halm, D.R., 2006, Water and sediment quality of the Yukon River and its tributaries, from Eagle to St. Marys, Alaska, 2002-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1228, xii, 201 p.; plate, 34 x 22 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061228.","productDescription":"xii, 201 p.; plate, 34 x 22 in.","numberOfPages":"213","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8627,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1228/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8628,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1228/downloads/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -165,66 ], [ -165,68 ], [ -130,68 ], [ -130,66 ], [ -165,66 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ad80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dornblaser, Mark M. 0000-0002-6298-3757 mmdornbl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-3757","contributorId":1636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dornblaser","given":"Mark","email":"mmdornbl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halm, Douglas R. drhalm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halm","given":"Douglas","email":"drhalm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79167,"text":"ofr20061167 - 2006 - Salt marsh dieback in coastal Louisiana: Survey of plant and soil conditions in Barataria and Terrebonne basins, June 2000-September 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T19:25:56.159055","indexId":"ofr20061167","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1167","title":"Salt marsh dieback in coastal Louisiana: Survey of plant and soil conditions in Barataria and Terrebonne basins, June 2000-September 2001","docAbstract":"Sudden and extensive dieback of the perennial marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel (smooth cordgrass), which dominates regularly flooded salt marshes along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coastlines, occurred in the coastal zone of Louisiana. The objectives of this study were to assess soil and plant conditions in dieback areas of the Barataria-Terrebonne estuarine system as well as vegetative recovery during and after this dieback event. Multiple dieback sites were examined along 100 km of shoreline from the Atchafalaya River to the Mississippi River during the period from June 2000 through September 2001. The species primarily affected was S. alterniflora; sympatric species such as Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn (black mangrove) and Juncus roemerianus Scheele (needlegrass rush) showed no visible signs of stress. The pattern of marsh dieback was distinctive with greatest mortality in the marsh interior, suggesting a correlation with local patterns of soil chemistry and/or hydrology. Little or no expansion of dieback occurred subsequent to the initial event, and areas with 50 percent or less mortality in the fall of 2000 had completely recovered by April 2001. Recovery was slower in interior marshes with 90 percent or greater mortality initially. However, regenerating plants in dieback areas showing some recovery were robust, and reproductive output was high, indicating that the causative agent was no longer present and that post-dieback soil conditions were actually promoting plant growth. Stands of other species within or near some dieback sites remained largely unchanged or expanded (A. germinans) into the dead salt marsh.\r\n\r\nThe cause of the dieback is currently unknown. Biotic agents and excessive soil waterlogging/high sulfide were ruled out as primary causes of this acute event, although they could have contributed to overall plant stress and/or interacted with the primary agent to cause plant mortality. Our observations over the 15 month study specifically do not support the contention that dieback was caused by excessive grazing by Littoraria irrorata (marsh periwinkle). Instead, the data show that snails were responding to plant mortality and played an important role in rapid degradation of dead material in some areas. The dieback event was coincident with an extreme drought, low river discharge, and low sea level. These conditions could have caused plant mortality by directly decreasing water availability, increasing salinity, and/or causing oxidation and acidification of soils. The latter scenario was supported by findings of higher pyrite and acid-extractable aluminum and iron, higher acidification potential of dieback soils, and higher concentrations of aluminum and iron in dieback plant tissues (indicating uptake of potentially toxic metals) when compared to reference marshes showing no dieback. The implication of these findings is that periodic weather extremes may play a greater role in shaping coastal plant communities than has previously been recognized. Although such events may not be controlled directly, the resilience and recovery of the system may be altered by management. Such considerations will become increasingly important as global climate changes and human pressures in the coastal zone grow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061167","usgsCitation":"McKee, K.L., Mendelssohn, I.A., and Materne, M.D., 2006, Salt marsh dieback in coastal Louisiana: Survey of plant and soil conditions in Barataria and Terrebonne basins, June 2000-September 2001 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1167, x, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061167.","productDescription":"x, 71 p.","numberOfPages":"81","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-06-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8622,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1167/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":408275,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_77671.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Barataria and Terrebonne basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.5,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -89.5833,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -89.5833,\n 29.333\n ],\n [\n -91.5,\n 29.333\n ],\n [\n -91.5,\n 29\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdeeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Karen L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":8927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendelssohn, Irving A.","contributorId":97203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendelssohn","given":"Irving","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Materne, Michael D.","contributorId":53486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Materne","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}