{"pageNumber":"260","pageRowStart":"6475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11003,"records":[{"id":30904,"text":"wri014035 - 2001 - Hydrogeology, model description, and flow analysis of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T08:27:01","indexId":"wri014035","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4035","title":"Hydrogeology, model description, and flow analysis of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River alluvial aquifer underlies a 7,000-square-mile area of the Mississippi River alluvial plain in northwestern Mississippi, an area locally known as the Delta. The alluvial aquifer is the most heavily pumped aquifer in Mississippi, and wells yielding more than 2,000 gallons per minute are common. About 98 percent of the pumpage from the alluvial aquifer is for agriculture. The sand and gravel that form the alluvial aquifer averages about 110 feet in thickness. The aquifer is confined over most of the Delta, and the upper confining unit averages about 25 feet in thickness. The average depth to water in the alluvial aquifer during fall 1999 was about 25 feet. The alluvial aquifer receives lateral recharge at the western boundary from the Mississippi River and at the eastern boundary from aquifers that directly underlie the Bluff Hills. The alluvial aquifer receives water vertically from precipitation, internal streams and lakes, and locally from the Cockfield and Sparta aquifers where they directly underlie the alluvial aquifer. The alluvial aquifer also discharges water to the underlying aquifers, and during extended periods with no surface runoff, to the Mississippi River and to the internal streams and lakes. The magnitude of recharge from the Mississippi River, precipitation, and internal lakes and streams can vary greatly depending upon hydrologic and climatic conditions. The U.S. Geological Survey modular threedimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW, was used to simulate the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer flow system in northwestern Mississippi. The model uses one layer with a rectangular-grid and 1-mile square cells to represent the alluvial aquifer. The model was calibrated and verified by using spring and fall water-level measurements from January 1988 through December 1996. The values of selected model calibration-derived parameters for the alluvial aquifer are hydraulic conductivity, 425 feet per day; specific yield, 0.32; and storage coefficient, 0.016. The model showed that the aquifer lost water from storage at an average rate of 404 cubic feet per second during the 9-year simulation period. During this period, the average pumpage rate was 1,270 million gallons per day (1,980 cubic feet per second). Simulated areal recharge from precipitation averaged 2.6 inches per year (1,360 cubic feet per second). Vertical recharge from the internal streams and lakes and lateral recharge from aquifers underlying the Bluff Hills averaged 113 and 108 cubic feet per second, respectively. Model results indicated that net recharge from the Mississippi River and from aquifers directly underlying the alluvial aquifer was small.  ","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/wri014035","usgsCitation":"Arthur, J.K., 2001, Hydrogeology, model description, and flow analysis of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4035, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014035.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352893,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/LPS104393/LPS104393/ms.water.usgs.gov/ms_proj/reports/WRIR_01-4035.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2839,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ms.water.usgs.gov/ms_proj/reports/WRIR_01-4035.pdf ","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.263671875,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7470703125,\n              34.903952965590065\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.25244140624999,\n              33.99802726234877\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.40625,\n              33.00866349457558\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.16455078125,\n              32.24997445586331\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.81298828125,\n              32.30570601389429\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.966796875,\n              33.43144133557529\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.90087890624999,\n              33.90689555128866\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.59326171875,\n              34.27083595165\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.263671875,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479fe4b07f02db492f52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, J. K.","contributorId":56223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31287,"text":"ofr01169 - 2001 - 2001 floods in the Red River of the North basin in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-16T10:36:30","indexId":"ofr01169","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-169","title":"2001 floods in the Red River of the North basin in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The Red River of the North is a complex river system in the north-central plains of the United States. The river continues to impact the people and property within its basin. During the spring of 2001, major flooding occurred for the second time in four years on the Red River of the North and its many tributaries in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. Unlike the 1997 floods, which were the result of record-high snowpacks region-wide and a late spring blizzard, the 2001 floods were the result of above-average soil moistures in some areas of the basin, rapid melting of above-average snowpacks in the upper basin, and heavy rainfall that swept across the region on April 7, 2001.</p><p>&nbsp;The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the principal Federal agencies responsible for the collection and interpretation of water-resources data, works with other Federal, State, and local agencies to ensure that accurate and timely data are available for making decisions regarding the public's welfare. This report presents preliminary water-resources 2001 flood data that were obtained from selected streamflow-gaging stations located in the Red River of the North Basin.</p><p>Flooding in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota usually is caused by spring snowmelt, and the severity of the flooding is affected by (1) substantial precipitation in the fall that produces high levels of soil moisture, (2) above-normal snowfall in the winter, (3) moist, frozen ground that prohibits infiltration of moisture, (4) a late spring thaw, (5) above-normal precipitation during spring thaw, and (6) ice jams (temporary dams of ice) on rivers and streams.</p><p>Stream stages (height of water in a stream above an arbitrarily established datum) and discharges measured by USGS personnel at streamflow-gaging stations are used to define a unique relation between stage and discharge. This relation, commonly called a rating curve, may not be well defined at extreme high discharges because these discharges are rare events of short duration and have unstable conditions that often make measurement extremely difficult. Therefore, estimates for some peak discharges need to be extrapolated from rating curves extended to known peak stages. The peak discharges are used to determine the probability, often expressed in recurrence intervals, that a given discharge will be exceeded in the future. For example, a flood that has a 1-percent chance of exceedance in any given year would, on the long-term average, be expected to occur only about once a century; therefore, the flood would be termed a \"100-year flood.\" However, the chance of such a flood occurring in any given year is 1 percent. Thus, a 100-year flood can occur in successive years at the same location. In some instances, recurrence interval estimates can be based on periods of regulated flow or made with historic adjustments when historic data are available.</p><p>Historical peak stages and peak discharges and the 2001 peak stages, peak discharges, and recurrence intervals are shown in table 1. The streamflow-gaging stations are listed in downstream order by station number, and station locations are shown in figure 1. Revisions to the 2001 peak stages and peak discharges given in this preliminary report may occur as site surveys are completed and additional field data are reviewed in the upcoming months.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr01169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission","usgsCitation":"Macek-Rowland, K., 2001, 2001 floods in the Red River of the North basin in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-169, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01169.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354174,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0169/ofr20010169.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2001–0169"},{"id":161414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0169/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contact":"<div><a href=\"mailto: dc_nd@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto: dc_nd@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://nd.water.usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"https://nd.water.usgs.gov\">Dakota Water Science Center</a>, North Dakota Office<br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>821 East Interstate Avenue</div><div>Bismarck, ND 58503</div>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction<br></li><li>Red River of the North Basin<br></li></ul><p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p><p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd491de4b0b290850eee6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macek-Rowland, K. M.","contributorId":44175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macek-Rowland","given":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30873,"text":"wri004201 - 2001 - Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 1994-96, with emphasis on water quality in the Irondequoit Creek basin: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads to Irondequoit Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-07T20:20:05.96218","indexId":"wri004201","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4201","title":"Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 1994-96, with emphasis on water quality in the Irondequoit Creek basin: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads to Irondequoit Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Irondequoit Creek drains 169 square miles in the eastern part of Monroe County. Nutrients transported by Irondequoit Creek to Irondequoit Bay on Lake Ontario have contributed to the eutrophication of the Bay. Sewage-treatment-plant effluent, a major source of nutrients to the creek and its tributaries, was eliminated from the basin in 1979 by diversion to a regional wastewater-treatment facility, but sediment and contaminants from nonpoint sources continue to enter the creek and Irondequoit Bay.</p><p>This report analyzes data from five surface-water monitoring sites in the Irondequoit Creek basin. Irondequoit Creek at Railroad Mills, East Branch Allen Creek at Pittsford, Allen Creek near Rochester, Irondequoit Creek at Blossom Road, and Irondequoit Creek at Empire Boulevard. It is the third in a series of reports that present interpretive analyses of the hydrologic data collected in Monroe County since 1984. Also included are data from a site on Northrup Creek, which drains a 23.5-square-mile basin west of the Genesee River in western Monroe County, to provide information on surface-water quality in a stream west of the Genesee River and on loads of nutrients delivered to Long Pond, a small eutrophic embayment of Lake Ontario, and data from the Genesee River for comparison of historical water-quality conditions with 1994-96 conditions. Water-level and water-quality data from nine observation wells in Ellison Park, and atmospheric-deposition data from Mendon Ponds, also are included.</p><p>Average annual yields of chemical constituents from atmospheric deposition for 1994-96 were generally similar to those for the previous 10 years (1984-93), except for dissolved sodium, dissolved potassium, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate, which ranged from 42 percent (dissolved sodium) to 275 percent (dissolved potassium) greater than during 1984-93, and dissolved sulfate and ammonia, which were about 30 percent less than in 1984-93.</p><p>Loads of all nutrients deposited in the Irondequoit Creek basin from atmospheric sources during water years 1994-96 exceeded those removed by Irondequoit Creek at Blossom Road—ammonia by 5,600 percent, orthophosphate by 2,500 percent, ammonia + organic nitrogen by 350 percent, total phosphorus by 300 percent and nitrite + nitrate by 140 percent. Average yields of dissolved chloride and dissolved sulfate from atmospheric deposition were much less than those transported in streamflow—yields of dissolved chloride from atmospheric sources were only 1.9 percent, and yields of sulfate were only 9.2 percent, of those transported in streamflow at Blossom Road.</p><p>Concentrations of several chemical constituents in streams of the Irondequoit Creek basin showed statistically significant trends from the beginning of their period of record through 1996. The constituents that showed the greatest number of statistically significant trends were dissolved chloride, ammonia, and ammonia + organic nitrogen. Dissolved chloride showed an upward trend at Blossom Road, Allen Creek, and Empire Boulevard and a downward trend at Railroad Mills. Ammonia showed downward trends at Allen Creek, Blossom Road and Railroad Mills. Ammonia + organic nitrogen showed a downward trend at Allen Creek, Blossom Road, and Empire Boulevard. Nitrite + nitrate showed a downward trend at Allen Creek, and orthophosphate showed an upward trend at that site. Turbidity and total suspended solids showed a downward trend at Empire Boulevard. Neither total phosphorus nor volatile suspended solids showed statistically significant trends in concentration at any of the Irondequoit basin sites.</p><p>Northrup Creek showed a downward trend in total suspended solids and ammonia + organic nitrogen, and an upward trend in dissolved chloride. The Genesee River showed a downward trend in ammonia + organic nitrogen and chloride, and an upward trend in orthophosphate.</p><p>Most constituents for the 1994-96 water years showed lower average yields at Blossom Road than for the 1989-93 water years, but dissolved chloride showed higher yields for the 1994-96 water years at all sites except Blossom Road. Ammonia + organic nitrogen and total phosphorus showed a decrease in yield at all sites after 1993, and nitrite + nitrate showed slightly higher yields for 1994-96 at the upstream, predominantly rural sites, and lower yields at the downstream, more urban sites, than during 1989-93.</p><p>The trends and changes in surface-water quality after 1993 can be attributed to several factors within the basin, including land-use changes, annual and seasonal variations in streamflow, and year-to-year variations in the application of deicing salts on area roads. Statistical analyses of long-term (9 years or more) streamflow records of three unregulated streams in Monroe County indicate that annual mean flows for water years 1994-96 were in the normal range (75th to 25th percentile), although Allen Creek showed a statistically significant downward trend in monthly mean streamflow over the 1984-96 water years.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Monroe County Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, D.A., 2001, Water resources of Monroe County, New York, water years 1994-96, with emphasis on water quality in the Irondequoit Creek basin: Atmospheric deposition, ground water, streamflow, trends in water quality, and chemical loads to Irondequoit Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4201, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004201.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401888,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37344.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":324245,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4201/wri20004201.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4201"},{"id":161468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4201/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Monroe County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.3792,43.2748],[-77.3756,43.1898],[-77.3731,43.1221],[-77.3719,43.0329],[-77.4866,43.0321],[-77.4822,42.9431],[-77.5805,42.9438],[-77.635,42.9443],[-77.6374,42.9397],[-77.7582,42.9404],[-77.7602,42.9426],[-77.7583,42.9445],[-77.7527,42.9455],[-77.747,42.9438],[-77.7378,42.9476],[-77.7321,42.9449],[-77.7309,42.9468],[-77.7343,42.9549],[-77.7311,42.9554],[-77.7279,42.9532],[-77.7244,42.9592],[-77.7265,42.9655],[-77.7235,42.9719],[-77.7185,42.9715],[-77.718,42.9738],[-77.7213,42.9797],[-77.7326,42.9818],[-77.731,42.9882],[-77.9101,42.9877],[-77.9098,43.0141],[-77.9068,43.0369],[-77.9527,43.0392],[-77.9083,43.132],[-77.9981,43.1321],[-77.9985,43.2818],[-77.9959,43.3656],[-77.9921,43.3657],[-77.9877,43.3662],[-77.9827,43.3677],[-77.9771,43.3687],[-77.9701,43.3679],[-77.9562,43.3668],[-77.9365,43.3626],[-77.9327,43.3604],[-77.9251,43.3587],[-77.9168,43.3575],[-77.908,43.3572],[-77.9004,43.3565],[-77.8985,43.3551],[-77.894,43.3534],[-77.8902,43.3526],[-77.8737,43.3501],[-77.8592,43.3486],[-77.8523,43.3487],[-77.8333,43.3458],[-77.8149,43.343],[-77.7909,43.3398],[-77.7827,43.3394],[-77.777,43.34],[-77.7733,43.341],[-77.7702,43.3415],[-77.7677,43.3424],[-77.7645,43.3425],[-77.7594,43.3412],[-77.755,43.339],[-77.7486,43.3355],[-77.7409,43.3329],[-77.7339,43.3316],[-77.725,43.3277],[-77.7186,43.3255],[-77.7148,43.3233],[-77.7128,43.3202],[-77.7121,43.3179],[-77.712,43.3161],[-77.712,43.3147],[-77.7126,43.3147],[-77.7145,43.3147],[-77.7152,43.3165],[-77.7178,43.3183],[-77.7216,43.3191],[-77.7247,43.3186],[-77.7278,43.3176],[-77.7291,43.3172],[-77.7284,43.3158],[-77.7252,43.3154],[-77.7214,43.3145],[-77.7189,43.3137],[-77.7176,43.3123],[-77.7181,43.3105],[-77.7181,43.3092],[-77.7105,43.3079],[-77.7079,43.307],[-77.7074,43.3084],[-77.7087,43.3102],[-77.7081,43.3107],[-77.7049,43.3098],[-77.6953,43.3041],[-77.676,43.2916],[-77.6619,43.2832],[-77.6555,43.2797],[-77.6479,43.2775],[-77.639,43.275],[-77.6243,43.2679],[-77.6166,43.2635],[-77.6032,43.256],[-77.5821,43.2463],[-77.5643,43.2393],[-77.5535,43.2367],[-77.5428,43.2351],[-77.539,43.2356],[-77.5359,43.2356],[-77.5272,43.2385],[-77.5135,43.2451],[-77.508,43.2479],[-77.5055,43.2489],[-77.5017,43.2494],[-77.4973,43.249],[-77.4873,43.2505],[-77.4779,43.2538],[-77.4717,43.2562],[-77.4586,43.2587],[-77.4448,43.2616],[-77.4318,43.2673],[-77.4262,43.2701],[-77.4199,43.2697],[-77.4105,43.2703],[-77.403,43.2713],[-77.3961,43.2746],[-77.3886,43.2761],[-77.3792,43.2748]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monroe\",\"state\":\"NY\"}}]}","contact":"<p>Director, New York Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br>425 Jordan Rd<br> Troy, NY 12180<br> (518) 285-5695 <br> <a href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\">http://ny.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Atmospheric deposition</li><li>Ground water</li><li>Surface water</li><li>Summary and conclusions</li><li>References cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0769","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, Donald A.","contributorId":103267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Donald","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23528,"text":"ofr00400 - 2001 - Geology, hydrology, and water quality in the vicinity of a Brownfield redevelopment site in East Moline, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T21:57:49.379715","indexId":"ofr00400","displayToPublicDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-400","title":"Geology, hydrology, and water quality in the vicinity of a Brownfield redevelopment site in East Moline, Illinois","docAbstract":"An investigation of the geology, hydrology, and water quality in the vicinity of a Brownfield redevelopment site in East Moline, Illinois, was designed to determine if metals and organic compounds detected in the fill deposits in this area posed a threat to the water resources. The hydrologic features of concern at the site are surface water at a pond and surrounding wetland, the Mississippi River, and an unnamed stream and ground water in the shallow aquifer. The shallow aquifer is composed of saturated fill, sand and gravel, and weathered bedrock.\r\nThe overall direction of surface- and ground-water flow in the study area is toward the Mississippi River. In the eastern part of the pond and wetland, ground water discharges to surface water. In the western part of the pond and wetland, surface water recharges to ground water. Everyday during the period for which water-level data were available, between 4.7 ' 10-4 and 1.4 ' 10-1 cubic feet of water flowed across a 1 square foot area of aquifer.\r\n\r\nVariations in values for oxidation-reduction potential and specific conductance may be affected by heterogeneity in the chemical composition of the fill and unconsolidated deposits and the bedrock units. Chemical and biological processes are altering the chemistry of the water in the pond relative to its ground-water source. Concentrations of iron and manganese in water samples appear to be affected by the local geochemical environment in the aquifer. The data do not indicate that contaminants in the fill material are having a substantial adverse affect on surface- or ground-water quality in the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00400","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., 2001, Geology, hydrology, and water quality in the vicinity of a Brownfield redevelopment site in East Moline, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-400, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00400.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0400/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":420182,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34753.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52817,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0400/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"East Moline","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.44804992760832,\n              41.53274118166826\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.44804992760832,\n              41.5176579140813\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.43697349005717,\n              41.5176579140813\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.43697349005717,\n              41.53274118166826\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.44804992760832,\n              41.53274118166826\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c67c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70093940,"text":"70093940 - 2001 - Hot, shallow mantle melting under the Cascades volcanic arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-13T16:16:54.190045","indexId":"70093940","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T12:58:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hot, shallow mantle melting under the Cascades volcanic arc","docAbstract":"<p><span>Melting occurs at progressively greater depths and higher temperatures from west to east across the Cascades volcanic arc in northern California, as demonstrated by compositional variations observed in high-alumina olivine tholeiites. The lavas studied erupted from seven vents defining a 75-km-long, east-west transect across the arc, from near Mount Shasta to east of Medicine Lake volcano. The increase in melting depth across the arc parallels modeled isotherms in the mantle wedge and does not parallel the inferred dip of the slab. The depth of mantle melting at which the high-alumina olivine tholeiites were created is ∼36 km at the western end of the transect and 66 km at the eastern end. The very high temperatures of dry melting so close to the crust indicate a transitory condition of the mantle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0631:HSMMUT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Elkins Tanton, L.T., Grove, T., and Donnelly-Nolan, J., 2001, Hot, shallow mantle melting under the Cascades volcanic arc: Geology, v. 29, no. 7, p. 631-634, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0631:HSMMUT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"634","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282410,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascades volcanic arc","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,40.0 ], [ -124.0,44.0 ], [ -118.0,44.0 ], [ -118.0,40.0 ], [ -124.0,40.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd60c3e4b0b290850fd213","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elkins Tanton, Linda T.","contributorId":65762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elkins Tanton","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grove, Timothy L.","contributorId":68546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"Timothy L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie","contributorId":69714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":33092,"text":"b2064W - 2001 - The geology and mineral deposits of part of the western half of the Hailey 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T21:08:20.187064","indexId":"b2064W","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2064","chapter":"W","title":"The geology and mineral deposits of part of the western half of the Hailey 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Rocks in the western half of the Hailey 1°x2° quadrangle of south-central Idaho include various units of the Atlanta lobe of the Idaho batholith (biotite granodiorite to two-mica granite) of Cretaceous age and plutons and dikes of Tertiary (Eocene to Miocene) age that intrude the batholith. Eocene plutonic rocks consist of a bimodal suite of anorogenic granite and tonalite-granodiorite and hypabyssal rhyolite and rhyodacite dikes. Rocks of the Eocene Challis Volcanics are scarce in the map area but are widespread to the east. Rhyolite ash flows of the Miocene Idavada Volcanics and basalt of the Snake River Plain crop out in the southern part of the area. Lacustrine rocks of probable Eocene to Holocene age are present in the vicinity of Anderson Ranch Reservoir. Quaternary basalts and gravels are widespread on the South Fork of the Boise River, and alluvial deposits are common along active drainages. Metasedimentary rocks of unknown age crop out on House Mountain, Chimney Peak, and on the ridges east of Anderson Ranch Reservoir. </p><p>Older structures in the Idaho batholith include a major fault beneath House Mountain that may be a decollement for one of the large thrust sheets in eastern Idaho or part of an extensional core complex. The southern part of the Atlanta lobe of the Idaho batholith is cut by northeast-striking faults (parallel with the Trans-Challis fault system) that are related to Eocene extension and by northwest-oriented faults that formed during basin and range extension in the Miocene. The basin and range faults have prominent scarps typical of basin and range topography. The combination of northeast and northwest faults has broken the batholith into a series of rhomboid blocks. Some of these northeast and northwest faults are older structures that were reactivated in the Eocene or Miocene, as indicated by Ar 40 /Ar 39 dates on mineralized rock contained in some of the structures. </p><p>The Idaho batholith and associated rocks in the map area host several hundred mines and prospects in 18 mining districts. The deposits range in age from Cretaceous to Eocene, and many were developed for precious metals. Most of the deposits are in quartz veins in shear zones in granitic rocks of the batholith. Several districts were actively being explored for low-grade, bulk-minable, precious-metal deposits in the late 1980s and early 1990s.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2064W","usgsCitation":"Bennett, E.H., 2001, The geology and mineral deposits of part of the western half of the Hailey 1 degree x 2 degrees quadrangle, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2064, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2064W.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3294,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2064-w/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388065,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_38252.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.0000,\n              43.000\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7610,\n              43.000\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7610,\n              44.0000\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0000,\n              44.0000\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0000,\n              43.000\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Earl H.","contributorId":97093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30890,"text":"wri004277 - 2001 - Hydrogeology of Picacho Basin, south-central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T07:34:33","indexId":"wri004277","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4277","title":"Hydrogeology of Picacho Basin, south-central Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>The hydrogeology of Picacho Basin was studied to define the stratigraphy, basin structure, physical\nand hydraulic properties of the basin sediments, and predevelopment and postdevelopment conditions of\nground-water flow as of 1985. The study area includes about 900 square miles and contains a sedimentfilled\nasymmetric graben. The greatest sediment thickness occurs along the east margin of the graben.\nBasin sediments contain the principal water-bearing units and are separated into lower, middle, and upper\nunits. The lower unit is several thousand feet thick and contains a conglomerate facies and a playa facies\nthat contains a thick evaporite sequence. The middle and upper units contain alluvial and playa facies that\nare as much as 1,500 feet thick. Ground water occurs in lower and upper aquifer systems separated by a\nmiddle confining unit that comprises the playa facies of the three units. Hydraulic properties and\ncompressibility of the middle and upper units are much greater than those of the lower unit. Vertical-head\ngradients exist, and vertical flow occurs within and between the aquifer systems.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Early development of surface-water supplies resulted in increased recharge through deep percolation\nof irrigation water. Later development of the ground-water supplies resulted in extensive water-level\ndeclines, changes in the direction of ground-water flow, removal of water from storage, aquifer\ncompaction, land subsidence, and earth fissures. Dewatering of pore spaces in the upper unit has been the\nprimary source of water; however, as much as 80 percent of the water derived from storage in the Eloy\narea has resulted from compaction of pore spaces.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri004277","usgsCitation":"Pool, D.R., Carruth, R., and Meehan, W.D., 2001, Hydrogeology of Picacho Basin, south-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4277, vi, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004277.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p.","numberOfPages":"72","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288401,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4277/report.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Picacho Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.833333,32.416667 ], [ -111.833333,33.166667 ], [ -111.083333,33.166667 ], [ -111.083333,32.416667 ], [ -111.833333,32.416667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db546132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pool, Donald R. drpool@usgs.gov","contributorId":1121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"Donald","email":"drpool@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carruth, Rob 0000-0001-7008-2927 rlcarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-2927","contributorId":1162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carruth","given":"Rob","email":"rlcarr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":204287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meehan, Wesley D.","contributorId":80321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meehan","given":"Wesley","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":61480,"text":"mf2362 - 2001 - Map of normal faults and extensional folds in the Tendoy Mountains and Beaverhead Range, Southwest Montana and eastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T08:57:42","indexId":"mf2362","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2362","title":"Map of normal faults and extensional folds in the Tendoy Mountains and Beaverhead Range, Southwest Montana and eastern Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Compilation of a 1:100,000-scale map of normal faults and extensional folds in southwest Montana and adjacent Idaho reveals a complex history of normal faulting that spanned at least the last 50 m.y. and involved six or more generations of normal faults. The map is based on both published and unpublished mapping and shows normal faults and extensional folds between the valley of the Red Rock River of southwest Montana and the Lemhi and Birch Creek valleys of eastern Idaho between latitudes 45°05' N. and 44°15' N. in the Tendoy and Beaverhead Mountains. Some of the unpublished mapping has been compiled in Lonn and others (2000). Many traces of the normal faults parallel the generally northwest to north-northwest structural grain of the preexisting Sevier fold and thrust belt and dip west-southwest, but northeastand east-striking normal faults are also prominent. Northeaststriking normal faults are subparallel to the traces of southeast-directed thrusts that shortened the foreland during the Laramide orogeny. It is unlikely that the northeast-striking normal faults reactivated fabrics in the underlying Precambrian basement, as has been documented elsewhere in southwestern Montana (Schmidt and others, 1984), because exposures of basement rocks in the map area exhibit north-northwest- to northwest-striking deformational fabrics (Lowell, 1965; M’Gonigle, 1993, 1994; M’Gonigle and Hait, 1997; M’Gonigle and others, 1991). The largest normal faults in the area are southwest-dipping normal faults that locally reactivate thrust faults (fig. 1). Normal faulting began before middle Eocene Challis volcanism and continues today. The extension direction flipped by about 90° four times.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2362","usgsCitation":"Janecke, S.U., Blankenau, J., VanDenburg, C., and VanGosen, B., 2001, Map of normal faults and extensional folds in the Tendoy Mountains and Beaverhead Range, Southwest Montana and eastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2362, Sheet 63.5 by 46.5 inches (in color)., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2362.","productDescription":"Sheet 63.5 by 46.5 inches (in color).","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6049,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2362/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110187,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39682.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"39682"}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.75,44.25 ], [ -113.75,45.083333333333336 ], [ -112.5,45.083333333333336 ], [ -112.5,44.25 ], [ -113.75,44.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db657f53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janecke, S. U.","contributorId":42296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janecke","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blankenau, J.J.","contributorId":70855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blankenau","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanDenburg, C.J.","contributorId":103742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanDenburg","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanGosen, B.S.","contributorId":66714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGosen","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70159450,"text":"70159450 - 2001 - Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T10:05:41","indexId":"70159450","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>One objective of the MultiResolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) consortium is to map general land-cover categories for the conterminous United States using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Land-cover mapping and classification accuracy assessment are complete for the eastern United States. The accuracy assessment was based on photo-interpreted reference data obtained from a stratified probability sample of pixels. Agreement was defined as a match between primary or alternate reference land-cover labels assigned to each sample pixel and the mode (most common class) of the map's land-cover labels within a 3&times;3-pixel neighborhood surrounding the sampled point. At 30-m resolution, overall accuracy was 59.7% at an Anderson Level II thematic detail, and 80.5% at Anderson Level I.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00187-0","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Stehman, S.V., Smith, J.H., and Wickham, J.D., 2001, Thematic accuracy of MRLC land cover for the eastern United States: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 76, no. 3, p. 418-422, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00187-0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"422","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563496a6e4b0480763480061","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehman, Stephen V.","contributorId":77283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Jonathan H. jhsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":2900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wickham, James D.","contributorId":72278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wickham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70164502,"text":"70164502 - 2001 - Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-19T16:29:13.679736","indexId":"70164502","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey began collection of water samples in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins in 1996 for the analysis of pesticides and pesticide degradates as part of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). This study provides some of the first large scale monitoring data on pesticides and pesticide degradates in Eastern Iowa. Three hundred and forty-four samples were collected from 1996-98 to document the occurrence, distribution, and transport of pesticide compounds. Pesticide analysis included 80 pesticide compounds and 10 pesticide degradates. The Eastern Iowa Basins study encompasses about 50,500 square kilometers (19,500 square miles) and is drained by four major rivers--the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk. Agriculture accounts for approximately 93 percent of the land use in the study area.</p>\n<p>The most commonly detected pesticides were those most heavily used on crops. The triazine (atrazine and cyanazine) and chloroacetanilide (alachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor) pesticides are some of the most heavily used (by weight) historically and during the period of data collection 1996-98. Atrazine and metolachlor were detected in all samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, and cyanazine were detected in more than 70 percent of all surface-water samples. Few non-agricultural herbicides were detected. One exception, prometon was detected in more than 80 percent of the samples at very low concentrations (less than 0.1 micrograms per liter).</p>\n<p>Pesticide degradates were some of the most frequently detected pesticide compounds in the study. Four pesticide degradates--metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid (metolachlor ESA), alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (alachlor ESA), metolachlor oxanilic acid (metolachlor OA), and acetochlor ethane sulfonic acid (acetochlor ESA) were detected in more than 75 percent of the samples.</p>\n<p>A few insecticides that may pose potential risk to aquatic invertebrates were detected in streams from May through September, the months when most application normally occurs. Carbofuran was the most commonly detected insecticide (16 percent of all samples). Although detected in less than 20 percent of all samples, carbofuran was detected in 68 percent of the samples in June. When present, carbofuran concentrations were generally less than 0.80 micrograms per liter. Chloropyrifos was detected in about seven percent of the samples. As with other insecticides, chlorpyrifos was detected most frequently in June (30 percent). The highest concentration was 0.06 micrograms per liter. Diazinon, a common urban insecticide found in other NAWQA studies throughout the Nation, was detected in only 2 percent of the samples in the Eastern Iowa Basins study.</p>\n<p>Pesticides were found to occur in mixtures with several compounds rather than individually. Four or more parent pesticide compounds were detected in 91 percent of the water samples and seven or more parent compounds were detected in 46 percent of the water samples. Four or more pesticide degradates were detected in 93 percent of the water samples and seven or more pesticide degradates were detected in 46 percent of the water samples.</p>\n<p>Commonly applied parent pesticide compounds (acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor) were generally detected at low concentrations with median concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.22 micrograms per liter. The median concentrations for the pesticide degradates were larger than their parent compounds. Median concentrations for the pesticide degradates ranged from 0.07 to 3.7 micrograms per liter. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor pesticides compounds were present at least an order of magnitude or higher in the late spring and summer than at other times of the year. The maximum measured concentrations for acetochlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachor were approximately 11 to 48 micrograms per liter (the maximum for alachlor was 0.56 micrograms per liter). In contrast, maximum measured concentrations for the total pesticide degradates were lower than their parent compounds and ranged from approximately 0.7 to 12 micrograms per liter. The maximum measured concentration of a single pesticide compound was for atrazine at 48 micrograms per liter.</p>\n<p>Seasonal patterns of atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor generally show peak concentrations following application in May and June and decreasing during remainder of the growing season. In addition, a small secondary peak in atrazine, acetochlor, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor concentrations occurred at all sites in late winter. This secondary peak may be attributed to early \"winter thaw\" that can release pesticide residue from soil, making pesticides available to be transported to surface water by snowmelt and early spring rains.</p>\n<p>Pesticide degradates account for a significant portion of the total pesticide load at all sites. Eighty-one percent of the total pesticide load in samples from Iowa River near Rowan, Wolf Creek near Dysart, and the Iowa River at Wapello were as pesticide degradates. The pesticide degradates for the triazine compounds tended to follow the load pattern of the parent pesticide compounds closely throughout the year. In general, the degradate loads calculated for the triazine compounds were smaller than loads calculated for their parent pesticides. The loads for the chloroacetanilide degradate compounds were larger than those for the parent pesticides. The loads for alachlor were found to be small or nonexistent. Alachlor has been heavily used in the past, but since 1995 has been largely replaced by acetochlor or other herbicides. The loads for all degradates were higher than the parent compounds during the winter months. Overland flow may be diminished during the winter months, but shallow sub-soil drainage and ground-water flow may be a source of many pesticide degradates during the late fall and winter.</p>\n<p>Occurrence of pesticide compounds varied by landform region. The triazine herbicides, atrazine and cyanazine and their degradates were present in significantly greater concentrations in the Southern Iowa Drift Plain (predominantly loess soils) than either the Des Moines Lobe or the Iowan Surface (predominantly till soils). Less atrazine and cyanazine are applied to till soils because of pH and organic carbon content. Alachlor, metolachlor, and acetochlor have often been used to offset triazine pesticide reductions in area with till soils.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings from Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Initiatives conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"State and Federal Initiatives conferenc","conferenceDate":"March 5-7, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Ames, IA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D.J., Kalkhoff, S.J., and Becher, K., 2001, Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams of the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98, <i>in</i> Proceedings from Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Initiatives conference, Ames, IA, March 5-7, 2001, p. 85-86.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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,{"id":70164501,"text":"70164501 - 2001 - Quality of water in alluvial aquifers in eastern Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-19T16:38:07.348341","indexId":"70164501","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quality of water in alluvial aquifers in eastern Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>The goal of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is to assess the status and trends in the quality of the Nation's surface and ground water, and to better understand the natural and human factors affecting water quality. The Eastern Iowa Basins study unit encompasses an area of about 50,500 square kilometers (19,500 square miles) in eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota and is one of 59 study units in the NAWQA program. Land-use studies are an important component of the NAWQA program, and are designed to assess the concentration and distribution of water-quality constituents in recently recharged ground water associated with the most significant land use and hydrogeologic settings within a study unit. The focus of the land-use study in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit is agricultural and urban land uses and alluvial aquifers. Agriculture is the dominant land use in the study unit. Urban areas, although not extensive, represent important potential source areas of contaminants associated with residential, commercial, and industrial activities. Alluvial aquifers are present throughout much of the study unit, and constitute a major ground-water supply that is susceptible to contamination from land-use activities.</p>\n<p>Ground-water samples were collected from monitoring wells at 31 agricultural and 30 urban sites in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit during June-August 1997 to evaluate the effects of land use and hydrogeology on the water quality of alluvial aquifers. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in most samples and were likely derived from solution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) present in alluvial detrital deposits. Tritium-based ages indicate ground water was most likely recharged after the 1950's at all but one sampling site. Agricultural and urban land-use areas have remained relatively stable in the study area since the 1950's, therefore the effects of current land use should be reflected in ground water sampled during this study. Sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly higher in samples from urban areas, where roads are more numerous and road salts may be more frequently applied, than in agricultural areas. Nitrate was detected in 94 percent of samples from agricultural areas and 77 percent of samples from urban areas. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in agricultural areas than in urban areas and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water (10 milligrams per liter as N) in 39 percent of samples from agricultural areas. Nitrate concentrations in samples from urban areas did not exceed the maximum contaminant level. Greater usage of fertilizers in agricultural areas most likely contributes to higher nitrate concentrations in samples from those areas.</p>\n<p>Pesticides were detected in 84 percent of samples from agricultural areas and 70 percent from urban areas. Atrazine and metolachlor were the most frequently detected pesticides in samples from agricultural areas; atrazine and prometon were the most frequently detected pesticides in samples from urban areas. None of the pesticide concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels or lifetime health advisories for drinking water. Pesticide degradates were detected in 94 percent of samples from agricultural areas and 53 percent from urban areas. Metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid and deethylatrazine were the most frequently detected metabolites in samples from agricultural areas; metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid and alachlor ethane sulfonic acid were the most frequently detected degradates in samples from urban areas. Total degradate concentrations were significantly higher in samples from agricultural areas than in samples from urban areas. Total pesticide concentrations (parent compounds) tended to be higher in samples from agricultural areas; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Degradates constituted the major portion of the total residue concentration in the alluvial aquifer.</p>\n<p>Volatile organic compounds were detected in 40 percent of samples from urban areas and 10 percent from agricultural areas. Methyl tert-butyl ether was the most commonly detected volatile organic compound and was present in 23 percent of samples from urban areas. Elevated concentrations (greater than 30 micrograms per liter) of methyl tert-butyl ether and BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) in two samples from urban areas suggest the possible presence of point-source gasoline leaks or spills.</p>\n<p>Factors other than land use may contribute to observed differences in water quality between and within agricultural and urban areas. Nitrate, atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine concentrations were significantly higher in shallow wells with sample intervals nearer the water table and in wells with thinner cumulative clay thickness above the sample intervals, suggesting that longer flow paths allow for greater residence time and increase opportunities for sorbtion, degradation, and dispersion which may contribute to decreases in nutrient and pesticide concentrations with depth. Nitrogen speciation was influenced by redox conditions. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in ground water with dissolved-oxygen concentrations in excess of 0.5 milligrams per liter. Ammonia concentrations were higher in ground water with dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 0.5 milligrams per liter or less, however, this relation was not statistically significant. The amount of available organic matter may limit denitrification rates. Elevated nitrate concentrations (greater than 2.0 mg/L) were significantly related to lower dissolved organic carbon concentrations in water samples from both agricultural and urban areas. A similar relation between nitrate concentrations (in water) and organic carbon concentrations (in aquifer material) also was observed but was not statistically significant.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings from Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Initiatives conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"State and Federal Initiatives conference","conferenceDate":"March 5-7, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Ames, IA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Savoca, M.E., Sadorf, E.M., Linhart, S.M., and Barnes, K., 2001, Quality of water in alluvial aquifers in eastern Iowa, <i>in</i> Proceedings from Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Initiatives conference, Ames, IA, March 5-7, 2001, p. 87-88.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water 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Findings are explained in the context of selected national U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmarks, such as those for drinking water quality and the protection of aquatic organisms.</p>\n<p>The Eastern Iowa Basins Study Unit includes the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River basins and covers approximately 19,500 square miles in eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota. More than 90 percent of the land in the study unit is used for agricultural purposes. Forested areas account for only 4 percent of the land area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Iowa State University Extension","publisherLocation":"Ames, IA","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S.J., Barnes, K.K., Becher, K., Savoca, M.E., Schnoebelen, D.J., Sadorf, E.M., Porter, S.D., Sullivan, D.J., and Creswell, J., 2001, Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins: Integrated Crop Management, v. 23, p. 185-186.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/10-22-2001/waterqual.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  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sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Kimberlee K. 0000-0002-8917-7165 kkbarnes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-7165","contributorId":2683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee","email":"kkbarnes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becher, Kent 0000-0002-3947-0793 kdbecher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-0793","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sadorf, Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":597593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":597595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Creswell, John","contributorId":156355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Creswell","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70023314,"text":"70023314 - 2001 - Effects of stream acidification and habitat on fish populations of a North American river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-03T18:00:56.680776","indexId":"70023314","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":873,"text":"Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of stream acidification and habitat on fish populations of a North American river","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water quality, physical habitat, and fisheries at sixteen reaches in the Neversink River Basin were studied during 1991-95 to identify the effects of acidic precipitation on stream-water chemistry and on selected fish-species populations, and to test the hypothesis that the degree of stream acidification affected the spatial distribution of each fish-species population. Most sites on the East Branch Neversink were strongly to severely acidified, whereas most sites on the West Branch were minimally to moderately acidified. Mean density of fish populations ranged from 0 to 2.15 fish/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>; biomass ranged from 0 to 17.5 g/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>. Where brook trout were present, their population density ranged from 0.04 to 1.09 fish/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>, biomass ranged from 0.76 to 12.2 g/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>, and condition (K) ranged from 0.94 to 1.07. Regression analyses revealed strong relations (</span><i>r</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sup><i>2</i></sup><span>± 0.41 to 0.99;&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>≤ 0.05) between characteristics of the two most common species (brook trout and slimy sculpin) populations and mean concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum (Al</span><sub>im</sub><span>), pH, Si, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>, NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>-</sup><span>, NH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>+</sup><span>, DOC, Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>, and Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>; acid neutralizing capacity (ANC); and water temperature. Stream acidification may have adversely affected fish populations at most East Branch sites, but in other parts of the Neversink River Basin these effects were masked or mitigated by other physical habitat, geochemical, and biological factors.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00001352","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B., and Lawrence, G.B., 2001, Effects of stream acidification and habitat on fish populations of a North American river: Aquatic Sciences, v. 63, no. 2, p. 196-222, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00001352.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Neversink River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.75,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.75,\n              41.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.3,\n              41.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.3,\n              42.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.75,\n              42.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07e0e4b0c8380cd51897","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":25174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":60890,"text":"mf2331 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Silt quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31868,"text":"ofr94696 - 1994 - Preliminary geologic map of the Silt Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"ofr94696","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Silt Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":60890,"text":"mf2331 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Silt quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","indexId":"mf2331","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Silt quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T21:45:34.639744","indexId":"mf2331","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2331","title":"Geologic map of the Silt quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping in the Silt 7.5' quadrangle, in support of the USGS Western Colorado I-70 Corridor Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, provides new interpretations of the stratigraphy, structure, and geologic hazards in the area of the southwest flank of the White River uplift, the Grand Hogback, and the eastern Piceance Basin. The Wasatch Formation was subdivided into three formal members, the Shire, Molina, and Atwell Gulch Members. Also a sandstone unit within the Shire Member was broken out. The Mesaverde Group consists of the upper Williams Fork Formation and the lower Iles Formation. Members for the Iles Formation consist of the Rollins Sandstone, the Cozzette Sandstone, and the Corcoran Sandstone Members. The Cozzette and Corcoran Sandstone Members were mapped as a combined unit. Only the upper part of the Upper Member of the Mancos Shale is exposed in the quadrangle. From the southwestern corner of the map area toward the northwest, the unfaulted early Eocene to Paleocene Wasatch Formation and underlying Mesaverde Group gradually increase in dip to form the Grand Hogback monocline that reaches 45-75 degree dips to the southwest (section A-A'). The shallow west-northwest-trending Rifle syncline separates the northern part of the quadrangle from the southern part along the Colorado River. Geologic hazards in the map area include erosion, expansive soils, and flooding. Erosion includes mass wasting, gullying, and piping. Mass wasting involves any rock or surficial material that moves downslope under the influence of gravity, such as landslides, debris flows, or rock falls, and is generally more prevalent on steeper slopes. Locally, where the Grand Hogback is dipping greater than 60 degrees and the Wasatch Formation has been eroded, leaving sandstone slabs of the Mesa Verde Group unsupported over vertical distances as great as 500 m, the upper part of the unit has collapsed in landslides, probably by a process of beam-buckle failure. In the source area of these landslides strata are overturned and dip shallowly to the northeast. Landslide deposits now armor Pleistocene pediment surfaces and extend at least 1 km into Cactus Valley. Gullying and piping generally occur on more gentle slopes. Expansive soils and expansive bedrock are those unconsolidated materials or rocks that swell when wet and shrink when dry. Most floods are restricted to low-lying areas. Several gas-producing wells extract methane from coals from the upper part of the Iles Formation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2331","usgsCitation":"Shroba, R., and Scott, R.B., 2001, Geologic map of the Silt quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2331, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2331.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110170,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36784.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"36784"},{"id":6024,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2331/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Garfield","otherGeospatial":"Silt quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.75,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.625,\n              39.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.625,\n              39.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.75,\n              39.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.75,\n              39.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shroba, R. R.","contributorId":44133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"R. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, R. B.","contributorId":13638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180468,"text":"70180468 - 2001 - Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","indexId":"70180468","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70180476,"text":"70180476 - 2001 - Reconnaissance geology north of the Hoholitna River, Taylor Mountains D-1 1:63,360-scale quadrangle, southwestern Alaska: A section in <i>Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999</i>","indexId":"70180476","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geology north of the Hoholitna River, Taylor Mountains D-1 1:63,360-scale quadrangle, southwestern Alaska: A section in <i>Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70180477,"text":"70180477 - 2001 - Use of Landsat MSS and TM imagery to improve reconnaissance geologic mapping in the Ruby quadrangle, west-central Alaska: A section in <i>Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999</i>","indexId":"70180477","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Use of Landsat MSS and TM imagery to improve reconnaissance geologic mapping in the Ruby quadrangle, west-central Alaska: A section in <i>Geological studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-09T19:20:12.272945","indexId":"pp1633","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1633","title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","docAbstract":"<p>The collection of nine papers that follow continue the series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigative reports in Alaska under the broad umbrella of the geologic sciences. The series presents new and sometimes preliminary findings that are of interest to earth scientists in academia, government, and industry; to land and resource managers; and to the general public. Reports presented in Geologic Studies in Alaska cover a broad spectrum of topics from various parts of the State (fig. 1), serving to emphasize the diversity of USGS efforts to meet the Nation's needs for earth-science information in Alaska.</p>\n<p>The papers in this volume are organized under the topics: Hazards, Geologic Framework, Environment and Climate, and Resources. This organization is intended to reflect the scope and objectives of USGS geologic programs currently active in Alaska. The two Hazards studies discuss volcano-related topics in the seismically active southcentral Alaska region. The first paper revisits the eruptive events of Redoubt Volcano that occurred more than a decade ago and the subsequent development of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). This treatise documents the historic impact of this eruption and briefly summarizes the state of our knowledge of the other Cook Inlet, Alaska Peninsula, and Aleutian Island volcanoes. Finally, it discusses the recent role that AVO has had in seismic station installation and hazard assessment at volcanically active sites throughout the world. The second paper discusses the eruptive history of Snowy Mountain in the upper Alaska Peninsula. Because subsets of its 25-30 lava flows erupted as packages in short episodes, calculation of the volcano's lifetime average volumetric eruption rate is problematic. A portion of the cone was hydrothermally weakened and collapsed in the late Holocene producing a 22-km2 debris avalanche.</p>\n<p>Geologic Framework studies provide background information that is the scientific basis for present and future earth science investigations. The first paper compares and contrasts the Insular-Intermontane suture zone (IISZ) of southeast Alaska with the Adria-Europe suture zone (AESZ) of Switzerland and Hungary. The study develops the hypothesis that the zones have distinct differences as well as similarities and neither is a simple lithotectonic terrane boundary. The second paper discusses the relation among volcanic, glacial, and tectonic activity in the Cold Bay and False Pass 1 :250,000-scale quadrangles on the Alaska Peninsula. During Pleistocene time, continental-shelf glaciations and two massive volcanic centers were the dominant controls over landscape development. The third paper gives detailed geologic information for Paleozoic rocks within the Taylor Mountains D-1 quadrangle portion of the Holitna Lowland of southwestern Alaska. Because of the excellent preservation of megafossils, these Silurian and Ordovician strata lend themselves to detailed statigraphic investigations. Further, low thermal alteration indices of this area have made them a potential target of petroleum exploration. The final report in this section discusses the development of a new spectral enhancement approach for interpreting Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images. This technique enhances the use of remote sensing data in identifying geologic units in areas that have been poorly investigated. This study used this technique to better define the distribution of a JMtu (mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary) unit and a PzZrqs (pelitic and quartzitic schist) unit.</p>\n<p>Environment and climate studies are the emphasis of two papers. One presents the first radiocarbon-dated postglacial vegetation history of the Kenai Mountains of southcentral Alaska. This reconstruction is the result of the analysis of pollen assemblages and peat from sediments collected in Tern Lake and presents a minimum age for deglaciation of these interior valleys at 9,31 0&plusmn;200 yr B .P. Current vegetation, however, developed within the past ca. 2,500 years. A second study discusses the cycling of arsenic and cadmium in sub-arctic boreal forest ecosystems typical of interior Alaska and defines the importance of various natural (geogenic) sources. The transport and uptake into vegetation of these elements from soils developed from loess as well as soils developed from the major rock units is presented. The bioaccumulation of cadmium in willow (Salix sp.) and its potential consequence to the health of browsing animals is discussed.</p>\n<p>Papers related to resource issues comprise the topic of the final report. This paper presents a brief statistical summary of the geochemistry of rock samples collected in the east-central portion of the Eagle 1 :250,000-scale quadrangle. 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,{"id":30848,"text":"wri964038E - 2001 - Benthic algae of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T15:02:06","indexId":"wri964038E","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4038","chapter":"E","title":"Benthic algae of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Benthic algae were collected from 20 streams in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages by the U.S. Geological Survey in May and June of 1993 as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. These streams were selected to represent \"benchmark\" streams that were minimally affected by human activities, especially agriculture, for comparison to other streams in similar environmental settings. Streams were chosen from four relatively homogeneous units (RHU's) in agricultural areas with differing texture of surficial deposits and bedrock type.</p>\n<p>Blue-green algae were the dominant algal cells at all but 5 of the 20 stream sites, and the most abundant species at these sites was Calothrix parietina, a nitrogen-fixer typically found in pristine streams. Most of the taxa at all sites were diatoms. The dominant diatom guilds observed were the Achnanthes spp., erect forms, and Navicula spp.</p>\n<p>Except for three streams thought to have low productivity, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index for diatoms was high at all benchmark streams and indicated either minor stress or no stress on the diatom community. With regard to water quality, additional diatom indexes for 17 of 20 benchmark streams indicated no pollution effects and no significant siltation. All benchmark streams had good to excellent biological integrity and either minor or no impairment of aquatic life with regard to diatoms.</p>\n<p>A variety of algal metrics and relative abundances of diatom morphological guilds correlated with basin-, segment-and reach-level habitat characteristics, including drainage area, basin drainage density, basin soil permeability, Q/Q2 (instantaneous discharge measured at time of sampling divided by the estimated 2-year flood discharge), stream length, and average width of natural riparian vegetation. Algal taxa richness decreased with higher percentages of agricultural land and lower percentages of forested land. The relative abundance of pollution-tolerant diatoms was higher in streams where the basin land was primarily agricultural as compared to forested. The Shannon- Wiener diversity index for diatoms, the percentage of diatom taxa, and the percent relative abundances of diatom cells, pollution tolerant diatoms, Achnanthes spp., erect diatom forms, nitrogen-fixing algae, and blue-green algae differed significantly among either RHU's or ecoregions. Higher abundances of pollution-sensitive diatoms and a higher pollution index indicate that water quality in sampled streams in the North Central Hardwood Forests ecoregion may be less degraded than in streams in the Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains ecoregion. Algal taxa richness decreased as specific conductance, dissolved nitrate plus nitrite, and suspended sediment increased. This relation may indicate a negative effect of agricultural activities on the algal taxa richness of the stream. Pollution-tolerant diatoms and the pollution index increased as these and additional factors correlated with agriculture increased.</p>\n<p>Multivariate analyses indicated multiple scales of environmental factors affect algae. Although two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) generally separated sites according to RHU, only DCA ordination indicated a separation of sites according to ecoregion. Environmental variables con-elated with DCA axes 1 and 2 and therefore indicated as important explanatory factors for algal distribution and abundance were factors related to stream size, basin land use/cover, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and riparian disturbance. CCA analyses with a more limited set of environmental variables indicated that pH, average width of natural riparian vegetation (segment scale), basin land use/cover and Q/Q2 were the most important variables affecting the distribution and relative abundance of benthic algae at the 20 benchmark streams,</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964038E","usgsCitation":"Scudder, B.C., and Stewart, J.S., 2001, Benthic algae of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4038, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964038E.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59580,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Western Lake Michigan Drainages","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scudder, Barbara C.","contributorId":100319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, Jana S. 0000-0002-8121-1373 jsstewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8121-1373","contributorId":539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Jana","email":"jsstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70164480,"text":"70164480 - 2001 - Occurrence, distribution, and transport of nutrients in Eastern Iowa Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:13:49","indexId":"70164480","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Occurrence, distribution, and transport of nutrients in Eastern Iowa Rivers","docAbstract":"<p>Eleven streams in the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River basins in eastern Iowa were sampled monthly from March 1996 through September 1998 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. At least one form of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus was detected in every sample collected. Nitrate accounted for 92 percent of the dissolved nitrogen. About 22 percent of the samples contained nitrate that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) as nitrogen in drinking water. The median concentration of total nitrogen for surface water in the study area was 7.2 mg/L. Dissolved phosphorus was predominately in the form of orthophosphate. The median total phosphorus concentration for the study area was 0.22 mg/L. About 75 percent of the total phosphorus concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended total phosphorus concentration of 0.10 mg/L or less to minimize algal growth in streams not discharging directly into lakes or impoundments. Median suspended-sediment concentration for the study area was 82 mg/L.</p>\n<p>Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations varied annually and seasonally. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentrations increased each year of the study due to increased precipitation and runoff. Concentrations were typically higher in the spring after fertilizer application and runoff. In winter, nitrogen concentrations typically increased when there was little instream assimilation by aquatic plants and algae. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased in late summer when there was less runoff and instream assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus by aquatic plants and algae was high. Suspended-sediment concentrations were highest in early summer during runoff and lowest in January when there was ice cover with very little overland flow contributing to rivers and streams.</p>\n<p>Streams draining small- to medium-sized watersheds that have uniform land use and geology had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher total dissolved-nitrogen concentrations (median, 8.2 mg/L) than did samples from large rivers (median, 6.2 mg/L) that drain basins with mixed land use and geology. Samples from large rivers typically had significantly (p&lt; 0.05) higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations than did samples from small rivers and streams.</p>\n<p>Concentrations varied between drainage basins due to land use and physiography. Basins that are located in areas with a higher percentage of row-crop agriculture typically had samples with higher nitrogen concentrations than did basins with less row-crop agriculture. In addition, basins that drain the Southern Iowa Drift Plain and the Des Moines Lobe typically had samples with higher total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations than did basins that drain other landform regions.</p>\n<p>Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads were typically proportional to the size of the drainage basin. Total nitrogen loads increased each year from 1996 through 1998 in conjunction with increased concentrations and runoff. However, total phosphorus loads in the Skunk River Basin decreased in 1997 due to less runoff. Total phosphorus loads followed the same pattern as total nitrogen loads with increases in 1998. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads varied seasonally and the highest loads typically occurred in early spring and summer after fertilizer application and runoff. Loads were lowest in January and September when there was little runoff to transport nitrogen and phosphorus to the rivers and streams.</p>\n<p>Total nitrogen loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 97,000, 120,000, and 230,000 metric tons respectively. Total phosphorus loads contributed to the Mississippi River from the Eastern Iowa Basins during 1996, 1997, and 1998 were 6,900, 4,600, and 8,800 metric tons, respectively. The highest nitrogen and phosphorus yields typically occurred in streams draining small watersheds that were dominated by a single land use and geology. Sampling sites located in drainage basins with higher row-crop percentage typically had higher nitrogen and phosphorus yields. Sites that were located in the Des Moines Lobe and the Southern Iowa Drift Plain typically had higher phosphorus yields probably due to more erodible soils and steeper slopes.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Water Initiatives Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"State and Federal Water Initiatives Conference","conferenceDate":"March 5-7. 2001","conferenceLocation":"Ames, IA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Becher, K., 2001, Occurrence, distribution, and transport of nutrients in Eastern Iowa Rivers, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Water Initiatives Conference, Ames, IA, March 5-7. 2001, p. 83-84.","productDescription":"2 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,{"id":4808,"text":"fs01201 - 2001 - Some Facts About Asbestos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:44","indexId":"fs01201","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"012-01","title":"Some Facts About Asbestos","docAbstract":"For information on historic asbestos mines, historic prospects and natural asbestos occurrences in the U.S., see: \r\nEastern U.S. ---> Open-File Report 2005-1189 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1189/); \r\nCentral U.S. ---> Open-File Report 2006-1211 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1211/); \r\nRocky Mountain States ---> Open-File Report 2007-1182 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1182/); \r\nSouthwest U.S. ---> Open-File Report 2008-1095 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1095/).\r\nFor commodity statistics and information see: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/asbestos/","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs01201","usgsCitation":"Virta, R., 2001, Some Facts About Asbestos ( *This report has been withdrawn.*): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 012-01, 4 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01201.","productDescription":"4 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":" *This report has been withdrawn.*","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a366","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, R.L.","contributorId":39357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31173,"text":"ofr00376 - 2001 - Geologic map and database of the Roseburg 30' x 60' quadrangle, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:50:44.822765","indexId":"ofr00376","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-376","title":"Geologic map and database of the Roseburg 30' x 60' quadrangle, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Roseburg 30' x 60' Quadrangle covers the southeastern margin of the Oregon Coast Range and its tectonic boundary with Mesozoic terranes of the Klamath Mountains (see figures 1 and 2 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheet). The geologic framework of the Roseburg area was established by the pioneering work of Diller (1898), Wells and Peck, (1961) and Ewart Baldwin (1974) and his students (see figure 3 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheet). Baldwin and his students focussed on the history of the Eocene Tyee basin, where the sediments lap across the tectonic boundary with the Mesozoic terranes and record the accretion of the Coast Range basement to the continent. Others have examined the sedimentary fill of the Tyee basin in detail, recognizing the deep marine turbidite facies of the Tyee Formation (Snavely and others, 1964) and proposing several models for the Eocene evolution of the forearc basin (Heller and Ryberg, 1983; Chan and Dott, 1983; Heller and Dickinson, 1985; Molenaar, 1985; see Ryu and others, 1992 for a comprehensive summary). Along the eastern margin of the quadrangle, both the Tyee basin and the Klamath terranes are overlain by Eocene volcanic rocks of the Western Cascade arc (Walker and MacLeod, 1991).\n\nThe thick Eocene sedimentary sequence of the Tyee basin has significant oil and gas potential (Armentrout and Suek, 1985; Gautier and others, 1993; Ryu and others, 1996). Although 13 deep test wells have been drilled in the Roseburg quadrangle (see figure 2 and table 1 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheet), exploration to date has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the basin�s tectonic setting and evolution. In response, the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) initiated a five year assessment of the oil and gas potential of the Tyee basin.\n\nThis map is a product of a cooperative effort by the U. S. Geological Survey, Oregon State University, and DOGAMI to systematically map the sedimentary facies and structure of the Tyee basin. New geologic mapping of twenty-eight 7.5' quadrangles is summarized on the map (see figure 3, also shown on map sheet), and the digital database contains geologic information suitable for both 1:100K and 1:24K scale analysis. DOGAMI has published a compilation and synthesis of previous mapping (Niem and Niem, 1990), a basin-wide sequence stratigraphic model and correlations (Ryu and others, 1992), and a report on the oil and gas potential (Ryu and others, 1996). Readers interested in the oil and gas potential of the Roseburg quadrangle should use the map in combination with Ryu and others (1996) to address specific stratigraphic units and structural plays.\n\nStratigraphic terminology for the Tyee basin adopts the type sections, formation names, and framework of Ryu and others (1992, 1996), which were developed concurrently with the mapping and are recognized throughout the basin. For detailed discussion of nomenclature, type sections, lithology, thickness and distribution, age, contact relationships, and depositional environment of stratigraphic units, the reader is referred to Ryu and others (1992). In this report we focus on the spatial, temporal, and structural relationships between units revealed by geologic mapping. Map unit ages (see figure 4 in pamphlet, also shown on map sheeet) are adjusted slightly from Ryu and others (1992, 1996) to fit new coccolith age determinations (D. Bukry, cited in pamphlet), paleomagnetic polarity data (Simpson, 1977 and new data cited in pamphlet), and the time scale of Berggren and others (1995).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00376","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., Jayko, A.S., Niem, A.R., Black, G., Wiley, T., Baldwin, E., Molenaar, K.M., Wheeler, K., DuRoss, C., and Givler, R., 2001, Geologic map and database of the Roseburg 30' x 60' quadrangle, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-376, Report: 55 p., 3 ReadMe files, 2 Plates: 49.09 x 31.30 inches and 43.89 33.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00376.","productDescription":"Report: 55 p., 3 ReadMe files, 2 Plates: 49.09 x 31.30 inches and 43.89 33.06 inches","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00376.png"},{"id":397740,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34069.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":281852,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rbofrps.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":281851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rbofr.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":281845,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_geol.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281846,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_sh2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281847,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_sh1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281848,"rank":7,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rb_readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":281849,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/pdf/rb_readme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281850,"rank":9,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/rb_readme.doc"},{"id":2679,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0376/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Coos County, Douglas County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,43.0 ], [ -124.0,43.5 ], [ -123.0,43.5 ], [ -123.0,43.0 ], [ -124.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a49cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":205216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niem, A. R.","contributorId":54984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Black, G.","contributorId":6494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiley, T.","contributorId":55871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baldwin, E.","contributorId":30260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Molenaar, K. M.","contributorId":75591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molenaar","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wheeler, K.L.","contributorId":48181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"DuRoss, C. B.","contributorId":86003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"C. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Givler, R. W.","contributorId":78782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Givler","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":67545,"text":"i2740 - 2001 - Geologic map of Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T19:29:09.263641","indexId":"i2740","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2740","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic map of Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping in the Colorado National Monument Quadrangle and adjacent areas, in support of the USGS Western Colorado I-70 Corridor Cooperative Geologic Mapping Project, provides new interpretations of and data for the stratigraphy, structure, geologic hazards in the area from the Colorado River in Grand Valley onto the Uncompahgre Plateau. The plateau drops abruptly along northwest-trending structures toward the northeast 800 m to the Redlands area and the Colorado River in Grand Valley. In addition to common alluvial and colluvial deposits, surficial deposits include Holocene and late Pleistocene charcoal-bearing valley-fill deposits, late to middle Pleistocene river-gravel terrace deposits, Holocene to middle Pleistocene younger, intermediate, and old fan-alluvium deposits, late to middle Pleistocene local gravel deposits, Holocene to late Pleistocene rock-fall deposits, Holocene to middle Pleistocene young and old landslide deposits, Holocene to late Pleistocene sheetwash deposits and eolian deposits, and Holocene Cienga-type deposits. Only the lowest part of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale is exposed in the map area near the Colorado River. The Upper and Lower? Cretaceous Dakota Formation and the Lower Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation form resistant dipslopes in the Grand Valley and a prominent ridge on the plateau. Less resistant strata of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation consisting of the Brushy Basin, Salt Wash, and Tidwell Members form slopes on the plateau and low areas below the mountain front of the plateau. The Middle Jurassic Wanakah Formation nomenclature replaces the previously used Summerville Formation. Because an upper part of the Middle Jurassic Entrada Formation is not obviously correlated with strata found elsewhere, it is therefore not formally named; however, the lower rounded cliff former Slickrock Member is clearly present. The Lower Jurassic silica-cemented Kayenta Formation forms the cap rock for the Lower Jurassic carbonate-cemented Wingate Sandstone, which forms the impressive cliffs of the monument. The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation was deposited on the eroded and weathered Middle Proterozoic meta-igneous gneiss, pegmatite dikes, and migmatitic gneiss. Structurally the area is deceptively challenging. Nearly flat-lying strata on the plateau are folded by northwest-trending fault-propagation folds into at least two S-shaped folds along the mountain front of the plateau. Strata under Grand Valley dip at about 6 degrees to the northeast. In the absence of local evidence, the uplifted plateau is attributed to Laramide deformation by dated analogous structures elsewhere in the Colorado Plateau. The major exposed fault records high-angle reverse relationships in the basement rocks but dissipates strain as a triangular zone of distributed microfractures and cataclastic flow into overlying Mesozoic strata that absorb the fault strain, leaving only folds. Evidence for younger, probably late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, uplift does exist at the antecedent Unaweep Canyon south and east of the map area. To what degree this younger deformation affected the map area is unknown. Several geologic hazards affect the area. Middle and late Pleistocene landslides involving the smectite-bearing Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation are extensive on the plateau and common in the Redlands below the plateau. Expansive clay in the Brushy Basin and other strata create foundation stability problems for roads and homes. Flash floods create a serious hazard to people on foot in narrow canyons in the monument and to homes close to water courses downstream from narrow restrictions close to the monument boundary.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2740","usgsCitation":"Scott, R.B., Harding, A.E., Hood, W.C., Cole, R.D., Livaccari, R.F., Johnson, J.B., Shroba, R.R., and Dickerson, R.P., 2001, Geologic map of Colorado National Monument and adjacent areas, Mesa County, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2740, Report: iv, 40 p.; 1 Plate: 56.00 x 39.50 inches; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2740.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 40 p.; 1 Plate: 56.00 x 39.50 inches; Metadata","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110180,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_38261.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"38261"},{"id":189086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2740/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91696,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2740/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91697,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2740/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":6157,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2740/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Mesa County","otherGeospatial":"Colorado National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.756,\n              38.976\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.756,\n              39.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.621,\n              39.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.621,\n              38.976\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.756,\n              38.976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2a3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Robert B. rbscott@usgs.gov","contributorId":766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert","email":"rbscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":276629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harding, Anne E.","contributorId":106554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hood, William C.","contributorId":100946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, Rex D.","contributorId":50979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rex","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livaccari, Richard F.","contributorId":65548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livaccari","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, James B.","contributorId":55088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shroba, Ralph R. 0000-0002-2664-1813 rshroba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-1813","contributorId":1266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shroba","given":"Ralph","email":"rshroba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":276630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dickerson, Robert P.","contributorId":6461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70243315,"text":"70243315 - 2001 - Coastal-zone hazard maps and recommendations: Eastern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T15:39:12.218808","indexId":"70243315","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T11:01:06","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1541,"text":"Environmental Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal-zone hazard maps and recommendations: Eastern Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p>A series of coastal zone hazard maps cover the area impacted by Hurricane Hugo (1989) in eastern Puerto Rico. The mapping strategy was to develop a tool for quick visualization of multiple hazards for use by coastal planners, managers, property owners, and potential property owners. The Puerto Rico shoreline is heavily developed in places and also highly compartmentalized in terms of shoreline types, geology, and adjacent shelf conditions. Hazards such as coastal erosion, storm surge, riverine flooding, landsliding, and seismic impact also may be compartmentalized. From a management perspective, resources therefore can be allocated on a compartment-by-compartment basis.</p><p>Six types of hazards were considered in this investigation: (1) shoreline-setting hazards (long-term coastal problems), (2) marine hazards (short-term impacts of coastal storms), (3) earthquake and slope hazards (ground shaking, landslides, and liquefaction), (4) riverine hazards (historical floods), (5) development hazards (high-density development at risk or lowdensity development in extreme-hazard settings), and (6) engineering hazards (special cases in which shoreline engineering projects such as breakwaters or sand mining have significant detrimental effects on portions of the shoreline). Shoreline segments were ranked as being at extreme, high, moderate, or low risk, depending on the number of hazards present within that segment. These rankings are likely to change, gradually over decades with natural coastal evolution, more rapidly as human development infringes on the coastal zone, or in an instant during a severe storm. The hazard maps provide a basis for hazard mitigation and management recommendations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-0984.2001.008001038.x","usgsCitation":"Bush, D.M., Richmond, B.M., and Neal, W., 2001, Coastal-zone hazard maps and recommendations: Eastern Puerto Rico: Environmental Geosciences, v. 8, no. 1, p. 38-60, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0984.2001.008001038.x.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.33547990983809,\n              18.492484792946584\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.33547990983809,\n              17.997058709848986\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.25594875041435,\n              17.997058709848986\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.25594875041435,\n              18.492484792946584\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.33547990983809,\n              18.492484792946584\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bush, David M.","contributorId":98658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neal, William J.","contributorId":304957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neal","given":"William J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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