At 4392 m high, glacier-clad Mount Rainier dominates the skyline of the southern Puget Sound region and is the centerpiece of Mount Rainier National Park. About 2.5 million people of the greater Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area can see Mount Rainier on clear days, and 150,000 live in areas swept by lahars and floods that emanated from the volcano during the last 6,000 years (Figure 1). These lahars include the voluminous Osceola Mudflow that floors the lowlands south of Seattle and east of Tacoma, and which was generated by massive volcano flank-collapse. Mount Rainier's last eruption was a light dusting of ash in 1894; minor pumice last erupted between 1820 and 1854; and the most recent large eruptions we know of were about 1100 and 2300 years ago, according to reports from the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/01EO00057","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Vallance, J., and Pringle, P.T., 2001, Progress made in understanding Mount Rainier's hazards: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 82, no. 9, p. 113-120, https://doi.org/10.1029/01EO00057.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478834,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/01eo00057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":282392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.876709,46.787719 ], [ -121.876709,46.939905 ], [ -121.638906,46.939905 ], [ -121.638906,46.787719 ], [ -121.876709,46.787719 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"82","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6e50e4b0b29085105b22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sisson, T. W.","contributorId":108120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pringle, P. T.","contributorId":39806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70164479,"text":"70164479 - 2001 - Water quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Basic water chemistry of rivers and streams, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:10:06","indexId":"70164479","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Basic water chemistry of rivers and streams, 1996-98","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began data-collection activities in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program in September 1995 with the purpose of determining the status and trends in water quality of water from the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River basins. From March 1996 through September 1998, monthly surface-water samples were collected from 11 sites on the study's rivers and streams representing three distinct physiographic regions, the Des Moines Lobe, the Iowan Surface, the Southern Iowa Drift Plain, and one subregion, the Iowan Karst. These water samples were analyzed for basic water chemistry, including, but not limited to the following cations: sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and silica; anions: chloride, fluoride, sulfate, and bicarbonate; and two metals - iron and maganese. Although none of the concentrations of the constituents exceeded health advisories or drinking-water regulations, extremely high or low concentrations could potentially affect aquatic life. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium are essential elements for both plant and animal life; manganese is an essential element in plant metabolism; and silica is important in the growth of diatom algae. Calcium had the largest median concentration of 61 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of the cations, and the largest maximum concentration of 100 mg/L. Bicarbonate had the largest median concentration of 210 mg/L of the anions, and the largest maximum concentration of 400 mg/L.
\nBasic water-quality differences related to physiographic differences and seasonality were evident in streams and rivers in the Eastern Iowa Basins. Of the three major landforms, water samples from sites within the Des Moines Lobe, the youngest landform in the study area, had significantly higher median concentrations of calcium (85 mg/L), magnesium (28 mg/L), sulfate (28 mg/L), fluoride (0.31 mg/L), and silica (16 mg/L). The Des Moines Lobe region is calcium magnesium bicarbonate-rich due to the Paleozoic source rocks (limestones and shales) in the bedrock. Water samples from sites within the Southern Iowa Drift Plain had higher median concentrations of sodium (12 mg/L), potassium (3.2 mg/L), and chloride (21 mg/L). Concentrations also varied according to the time of year. Grouping the data into four seasonal periods, water samples collected during the months of October, November, and December, had higher median concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and chloride, then samples collected during other quarters of the year. Water quality in the streams during this low-flow period (October through December) is representative of that in the contributing aquifers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Water Initiatives Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"State and Federal Water Initiatives Conference","conferenceDate":"March 5-7, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Ames, IA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Barnes, K.K., 2001, Water quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Basic water chemistry of rivers and streams, 1996-98, in Proceedings of the Agriculture and the Environment: State and Federal Water Initiatives Conference, Ames, IA, March 5-7, 2001.","startPage":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b9ca9be4b08d617f63a890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Kimberlee K. 0000-0002-8917-7165 kkbarnes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-7165","contributorId":2683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee","email":"kkbarnes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023280,"text":"70023280 - 2001 - Implications for eruptive processes as indicated by sulfur dioxide emissions from Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1979-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T16:32:42","indexId":"70023280","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications for eruptive processes as indicated by sulfur dioxide emissions from Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1979-1997","docAbstract":"Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, currently hosts the longest running SO2 emission-rate data set on the planet, starting with initial surveys done in 1975 by Stoiber and his colleagues. The 17.5-year record of summit emissions, starting in 1979, shows the effects of summit and east rift eruptive processes, which define seven distinctly different periods of SO2 release. Summit emissions jumped nearly 40% with the onset (3 January 1983) of the Pu`u `Ō`ō-Kūpaianaha eruption on the east rift zone (ERZ). Summit SO2 emissions from Kı̄lauea showed a strong positive correlation with short-period, shallow, caldera events, rather than with long-period seismicity as in more silicious systems. This correlation suggests a maturation process in the summit magma-transport system from 1986 through 1993. During a steady-state throughput-equilibrium interval of the summit magma reservoir, integration of summit-caldera and ERZ SO2 emissions reveals an undegassed volume rate of effusion of 2.1×105 m3/d. This value corroborates the volume-rate determined by geophysical methods, demonstrating that, for Kı̄lauea, SO2 emission rates can be used to monitor effusion rate, supporting and supplementing other, more established geophysical methods. For the 17.5 years of continuous emission rate records at Kı̄lauea, the volcano has released 9.7×106 t (metric tonnes) of SO2, 1.7×106 t from the summit and 8.0×106 t from the east rift zone. On an annual basis, the average SO2 release from Kı̄lauea is 4.6×105 t/y, compared to the global annual volcanic emission rate of 1.2×107 t/y.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00291-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., Gerlach, T., and Stokes, J.B., 2001, Implications for eruptive processes as indicated by sulfur dioxide emissions from Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1979-1997: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 283-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00291-2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3917e4b0c8380cd617ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elias, T. 0000-0002-9592-4518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":71195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stokes, J. B.","contributorId":19182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023295,"text":"70023295 - 2001 - Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:50:49.814591","indexId":"70023295","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","docAbstract":"Array data from a seismic experiment carried out at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in February 1997, are analyzed by the frequency-slowness method. The slowness vectors are determined at each of three small-aperture seismic antennas for the first arrivals of 1129 long-period (LP) events and 147 samples of volcanic tremor. The source locations are determined by using a probabilistic method which compares the event azimuths and slownesses with a slowness vector model. The results show that all the LP seismicity, including both discrete LP events and tremor, was generated in the same source region along the east flank of the Halemaumau pit crater, demonstrating the strong relation that exists between the two types of activities. The dimensions of the source region are approximately 0.6×1.0×0.5 km. For LP events we are able to resolve at least three different clusters of events. The most active cluster is centered ∼200 m northeast of Halemaumau at depths shallower than 200 m beneath the caldera floor. A second cluster is located beneath the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau at a depth of ∼400 m. The third cluster is <200 m deep and extends southeastward from the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau. Only one source zone is resolved for tremor. This zone is coincident with the most active source zone of LP events, northeast of Halemaumau. The location, depth, and size of the source region suggest a hydrothermal origin for all the analyzed LP seismicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000309","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Almendros, J., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2001, Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13581-13597, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000309.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13581","endPage":"13597","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498705,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/97987","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.26777118658742,\n 19.398103039773005\n ],\n [\n -155.26519626593304,\n 19.40231282179836\n ],\n [\n -155.2530083081693,\n 19.407655849794338\n ],\n [\n -155.23910373663622,\n 19.406846311379084\n ],\n [\n -155.23704380011282,\n 19.414941514169755\n ],\n [\n -155.24974674200735,\n 19.42433144440021\n ],\n [\n -155.26021808600137,\n 19.43015940404547\n ],\n [\n -155.279959144351,\n 19.4316163612869\n ],\n [\n -155.29849857306192,\n 19.41332250585515\n ],\n [\n -155.29884189581594,\n 19.40490340274536\n ],\n [\n -155.29437870001507,\n 19.40490340274536\n ],\n [\n -155.29386371588427,\n 19.394055069727003\n ],\n [\n -155.28013080572794,\n 19.396807700313744\n ],\n [\n -155.26777118658742,\n 19.398103039773005\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947ae4b08c986b31aaf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendros, J.","contributorId":73369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendros","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023305,"text":"70023305 - 2001 - Historical effects of El Nino and La Nina events on the seasonal evolution of the montane snowpack in the Columbia and Colorado River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:07:22","indexId":"70023305","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical effects of El Nino and La Nina events on the seasonal evolution of the montane snowpack in the Columbia and Colorado River Basins","docAbstract":"Snow‐water equivalent (SWE) data measured at several hundred montane sites in the western United States are used to examine the historic effects of El Nino and La Nina events on seasonal snowpack evolution in the major subbasins in the Columbia and Colorado River systems. Results are used to predict annual runoff. In the Columbia River Basin, there is a general tendency for decreased SWE during El Nino years and increased SWE in La Nina years. However, the SWE anomalies for El Nino years are much less pronounced. This occurs in part because midlatitude circulation anomalies in El Nino years are located 35° east of those in La Nina years. This eastward shift is most evident in midwinter, at which time, SWE anomalies associated with El Nino are actually positive in coastal regions of the Columbia River Basin. In the Colorado River Basin, mean anomalies in SWE and annual runoff during El Nino years depict a transition between drier‐than‐average conditions in the north, and wetter‐than‐average conditions in the southwest. Associations during La Nina years are generally opposite those in El Nino years. SWE anomalies tend to be more pronounced in spring in the Lower Colorado River Basin. Our predictions of runoff reveal modest skill for scenarios using only historic El Nino and La Nina information. Predictions based on the water stored in the seasonal snowpack are, in almost all cases, much higher than those based on El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) information alone. However, combining observed midwinter snow conditions with information on seasonal snowpack evolution associated with ENSO improves predictions for basins in which ENSO signals exhibit strong seasonality.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900305","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., Serreze, M.C., and McCabe, G., 2001, Historical effects of El Nino and La Nina events on the seasonal evolution of the montane snowpack in the Columbia and Colorado River Basins: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 741-757, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900305.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"741","endPage":"757","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a318be4b0c8380cd5dff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Martyn P.","contributorId":21445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Martyn P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Serreze, Mark C.","contributorId":98491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Serreze","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023331,"text":"70023331 - 2001 - Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:38:25.438611","indexId":"70023331","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"Observations of deformation from 1992 to 1997 in the southern Coso Range using satellite radar interferometry show deformation rates of up to 35 mm yr−1 in an area ∼10 km by 15 km. The deformation is most likely the result of subsidence in an area around the Coso geothermal field. The deformation signal has a short-wavelength component, related to production in the field, and a long-wavelength component, deforming at a constant rate, that may represent a source of deformation deeper than the geothermal reservoir. We have modeled the long-wavelength component of deformation and inferred a deformation source at ∼4 km depth. The source depth is near the brittle-ductile transition depth (inferred from seismicity) and ∼1.5 km above the top of the rhyolite magma body that was a source for the most recent volcanic eruption in the Coso volcanic field [Manley and Bacon, 2000]. From this evidence and results of other studies in the Coso Range, we interpret the source to be a leaking deep reservoir of magmatic fluids derived from a crystallizing rhyolite magma body.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000298","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wicks, C., Thatcher, W., Monastero, F.C., and Hasting, M., 2001, Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13769-13780, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000298.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"13769","endPage":"13780","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coso Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.89559644239358,\n 35.89167901231488\n ],\n [\n -117.86382285667506,\n 35.88069794333961\n ],\n [\n -117.82587104704612,\n 35.900463360140265\n ],\n [\n -117.7635216455132,\n 35.878501481359535\n ],\n [\n -117.7486120060162,\n 35.99263670709071\n ],\n [\n -117.69846140043526,\n 35.95643857292819\n ],\n [\n -117.60900356345303,\n 35.94217414472901\n ],\n [\n -117.59333738713559,\n 36.04306668149583\n ],\n [\n -117.64619883626153,\n 36.0934647030478\n ],\n [\n -117.65839763221352,\n 36.158058361857655\n ],\n [\n -117.68550606766281,\n 36.2368124823233\n ],\n [\n -117.7370120950161,\n 36.27725252573944\n ],\n [\n -117.76547595223772,\n 36.31111860387172\n ],\n [\n -117.84544583681263,\n 36.37116739197613\n ],\n [\n -117.93083740847753,\n 36.324224106229806\n ],\n [\n -117.95387957860949,\n 36.24774428806599\n ],\n [\n -117.93219283025019,\n 36.20400789299022\n ],\n [\n -117.98098801405847,\n 36.11208188608808\n ],\n [\n -117.85628921099229,\n 36.01895186796541\n ],\n [\n -117.91999403429787,\n 35.959729671303165\n ],\n [\n -117.89559644239358,\n 35.89167901231488\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b981ae4b08c986b31be1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicks, C.W.","contributorId":6615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monastero, Francis C.","contributorId":91276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monastero","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hasting, M.A.","contributorId":80039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasting","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023412,"text":"70023412 - 2001 - Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023412","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru","docAbstract":"Rodent (Abrocoma, Lagidium, Phyllotis) middens collected from 2350 to 2750 m elevation near Arequipa, Peru (16??S), provide an ???9600-yr vegetation history of the northern Atacama Desert, based on identification of >50 species of plant macrofossils. These midden floras show considerable stability throughout the Holocene, with slightly more mesophytic plant assemblages in the middle Holocene. Unlike the southwestern United States, rodent middens of mid-Holocene age are common. In the Arequipa area, the midden record does not reflect any effects of a mid-Holocene mega drought proposed from the extreme lowstand (100 m below modern levels, >6000 to 3500 yr B.P.) of Lake Titicaca, only 200 km east of Arequipa. This is perhaps not surprising, given other evidence for wetter summers on the Pacific slope of the Andes during the middle Holocene as well as the poor correlation of summer rainfall among modern weather stations in the central AndesAtacama Desert. The apparent difference in paleoclimatic reconstructions suggests that it is premature to relate changes observed during the Holocene to changes in El Nin??o Southern Oscillation modes. ?? 2001 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2001.2262","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Holmgren, C., Betancourt, J., Rylander, K., Roque, J., Tovar, O., Zeballos, H., Linares, E., and Quade, J., 2001, Holocene vegetation history from fossil rodent middens near Arequipa, Peru: Quaternary Research, v. 56, no. 2, p. 242-251, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2262.","startPage":"242","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207449,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2262"},{"id":232404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31fbe4b0c8380cd5e404","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmgren, C.A.","contributorId":19692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmgren","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rylander, K.A.","contributorId":58414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rylander","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roque, J.","contributorId":82992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roque","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tovar, O.","contributorId":36022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tovar","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zeballos, H.","contributorId":64520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeballos","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Linares, E.","contributorId":60919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linares","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1001025,"text":"1001025 - 2001 - First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T18:17:00.363635","indexId":"1001025","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","title":"First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The first finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan is documented. These two species are widespread and abundant in the lower lakes, but had not yet been reported from Lake Michigan. E. ischnus is generally considered a warmwater form that is typically associated with hard substrates and Dreissena clusters in the nearshore zone. Along the eastern shoreline of Lake Michigan, this species was present at rocky, breakwall habitats along the entire north-south axis of the lake. Although not abundant, this species was also found at soft-bottomed sites as deep as 94 m in the southern basin. The finding of this species in deep offshore waters apparently extends the known habitat range for this species in the Great Lakes, but it is found in deep water areas within its native range (Caspian Sea). D. bugensis was not abundant, but was present in both the southern and northern portions of the lake. Individuals of up to 36 mm in length were collected, indicating that it had probably been present in the lake for 2 or more years. Also presented are depth-defined densities of D. polymorpha at 37 sites in the Straits of Mackinac in 1997, and densities at up to 55 sites in the southern basin in 1992/93 and 1998/99. Mean densities decreased with increased water depth in both regions. Maximum mean density in the Straits in 1997 was 13,700/m2 (≤ 10 m), and maximum density in the southern basin in 1999 was 2,100/m2 (≤ 30 m). Mean densities at the ≤ 30-m interval in the southern basin remained relatively unchanged between 1993 and 1999, but increased from 25/m2 to 1,100/m2 at the 31 to 50 m interval over the same time period. D. polymorpha was rare at sites > 50 m. The presence of E. ischnus and the expected population expansion of D. bugensis will likely contribute to further foodweb changes in the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70653-3","usgsCitation":"Nalepa, T., Schloesser, D.W., Pothoven, S.A., Hondorp, D.W., Fanslow, D.L., Tuchman, M.L., and Fleischer, G.W., 2001, First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 27, no. 3, p. 384-391, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70653-3.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"391","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 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motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T13:46:40","indexId":"70023424","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mean and modal ϵ in the deaggregation of probabilistic ground motion","docAbstract":"An important element of probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis (PSHA) is the incorporation of ground-motion uncertainty from the earthquake sources. The standard normal variate ϵ measures the difference between any specified spectral-acceleration level, or SA0, and the estimated median spectral acceleration from each probabilistic source. In this article, mean and modal values of ϵ for a specified SA0 are defined and computed from all sources considered in the USGS 1996 PSHA maps. Contour maps of ϵ are presented for the conterminous United States for 1-, 0.3-, and 0.2-sec SA0 and for peak horizontal acceleration, PGA0 corresponding to a 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 yr, or mean annual rate of exceedance, r, of 0.000404.
\nMean and modal ϵ exhibit a wide variation geographically for any specified PE. Modal ϵ for the 2% in 50 yr PE exceeds 2 near the most active western California faults, is less than –1 near some less active faults of the western United States (principally in the Basin and Range), and may be less than 0 in areal fault zones of the central and eastern United States (CEUS). This geographic variation is useful for comparing probabilistic ground motions with ground motions from scenario earthquakes on dominating faults, often used in seismic-resistant provisions of building codes. An interactive seismic-hazard deaggregation menu item has been added to the USGS probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis Web site, http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/, allowing visitors to compute mean and modal distance, magnitude, and ϵ corresponding to ground motions having mean return times from 250 to 5000 yr for any site in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000289","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S., 2001, Mean and modal ϵ in the deaggregation of probabilistic ground motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 6, p. 1537-1552, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000289.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1537","endPage":"1552","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207581,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000289"}],"volume":"91","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52b6e4b0c8380cd6c60b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, Stephen C. harmsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"Stephen C.","email":"harmsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023453,"text":"70023453 - 2001 - A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023453","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey (USGS) is completing a national assessment of coal resources in the five top coal-producing regions in the US. Point-located data provide measurements on coal thickness and sulfur content. The sample data and their geologic interpretation represent the most regionally complete and up-to-date assessment of what is known about top-producing US coal beds. The sample data are analyzed using a combination of geologic and Geographic Information System (GIS) models to estimate tonnages and qualities of the coal beds. Traditionally, GIS practitioners use contouring to represent geographical patterns of \"similar\" data values. The tonnage and grade of coal resources are then assessed by using the contour lines as references for interpolation. An assessment taken to this point is only indicative of resource quantity and quality. Data users may benefit from a statistical approach that would allow them to better understand the uncertainty and limitations of the sample data. To develop a quantitative approach, geostatistics were applied to the data on coal sulfur content from samples taken in the Pittsburgh coal bed (located in the eastern US, in the southwestern part of the state of Pennsylvania, and in adjoining areas in the states of Ohio and West Virginia). Geostatistical methods that account for regional and local trends were applied to blocks 2.7 mi (4.3 km) on a side. The data and geostatistics support conclusions concerning the average sulfur content and its degree of reliability at regional- and economic-block scale over the large, contiguous part of the Pittsburgh outcrop, but not to a mine scale. To validate the method, a comparison was made with the sulfur contents in sample data taken from 53 coal mines located in the study area. The comparison showed a high degree of similarity between the sulfur content in the mine samples and the sulfur content represented by the geostatistically derived contours. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00035-0","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Watson, W., Ruppert, L., Bragg, L.J., and Tewalt, S., 2001, A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00035-0.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207467,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00035-0"},{"id":232445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e408e4b0c8380cd4636e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, W.D.","contributorId":96730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bragg, L. J.","contributorId":104055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tewalt, S.J.","contributorId":55838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023466,"text":"70023466 - 2001 - Water source to four U.S. wetlands: Implications for wetland management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023466","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water source to four U.S. wetlands: Implications for wetland management","docAbstract":"Results of long-term field studies of wetlands in four different hydrogeologic and climatic settings in the United States indicate that each has considerably different sources of water, which affects their response to climate variability and land-use practices. A fen wetland in New Hampshire is supplied almost entirely by ground water that originates as seepage from Mirror Lake; therefore, stream discharge from the fen closely follows the pattern of Mirror Lake stage fluctuations. A fen wetland in northern Minnesota is supplied largely by discharge from a regional ground-water flow system that has its recharge area 1 to 2 km to the east. Because of the size of this wetland's ground-water watershed, stream discharge from the fen has little variability. A prairie-pothole wetland in North Dakota receives more than 90 percent of its water from precipitation and loses more than 90 percent of its water to evapotranspiration, resulting in highly variable seasonal and annual water levels. A wetland in the sandhills of Nebraska lies in a regional ground-water flow field that extends for tens of kilometers and that contains numerous lakes and wetlands. The wetland receives water that moves through the ground-water system from the upgradient lakes and from ground water in local flow systems that are recharged between the lakes. The difference in sources of water to these wetlands implies that they would require different techniques to protect their water supply and water quality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D., Buso, D., and Merk, D., 2001, Water source to four U.S. wetlands: Implications for wetland management: Wetlands, v. 21, no. 4, p. 462-473.","startPage":"462","endPage":"473","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcc74e4b08c986b32db60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":397749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buso, D.C.","contributorId":31392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buso","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Merk, D.A.","contributorId":86357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merk","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023467,"text":"70023467 - 2001 - Thermal maturity patterns in New York State using CAI and %Ro","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70023467","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2897,"text":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal maturity patterns in New York State using CAI and %Ro","docAbstract":"New conodont alteration index (CAI) and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) data collected from drill holes in the Appalachian basin of New York State allow refinement of thermal maturity maps for Ordovician and Devonian rocks. CAI isotherms on the new maps show a pattern that approximates that published by Harris et al. (1978) in eastern and western New York, but it differs in central New York, where the isotherms are shifted markedly westward by more than 100 km and are more tightly grouped. This close grouping of isograds reflects a steeper thermal gradient than previously noted by Harris et al. (1978) and agrees closely with the abrupt west-to-east increase in thermal maturity across New York noted by Johnsson (1986). These data show, in concordance with previous studies, that thermal maturity levels in these rocks are higher than can be explained by simple burial heating beneath the present thickness of overburden. The Ordovician and Devonian rocks of the Appalachian Basin in New York must have been buried by very thick post-Devonian sediments (4-6 km suggested by Sarwar and Friedman 1995) or were exposed to a higher-than-normal geothermal flux caused by crustal extension, or a combination of the two.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01941453","usgsCitation":"Weary, D., Ryder, R.T., and Nyahay, R., 2001, Thermal maturity patterns in New York State using CAI and %Ro: Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences, v. 23, no. 4, p. 356-376.","startPage":"356","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb248e4b08c986b3256c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weary, D. J.","contributorId":40617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weary","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryder, R. T.","contributorId":96673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nyahay, R.E.","contributorId":38405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyahay","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023550,"text":"70023550 - 2001 - Water-quality trends for a stream draining the Southern Anthracite Field, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T16:46:00.151273","indexId":"70023550","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-quality trends for a stream draining the Southern Anthracite Field, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Stream flow, chemical and biological data for the northern part of Swatara Creek, which drains a 112 km2 area in the Southern Anthracite Field of eastern Pennsylvania, indicate progressive improvement in water quality since 1959, after which most mines in the watershed had been flooded. Drainage from the flooded mines contributes substantially to base flow in Swatara Creek. Beginning in 1995, a variety of treatment systems and surface reclamation were implemented at some of the abandoned mines. At Ravine, Pa., immediately downstream of the mined area, median SO4 concentration declined from about 150 mg l−1 in 1959 to 75 mg l−1 in 1999 while pH increased from acidic to near-neutral values (medians: c. pH 4 before 1975; c. pH 6 after 1975). Fish populations rebounded from non-existent during 1959–1990 to 21 species identified in 1999. Nevertheless, recent monitoring indicates (1) episodic acidification and elevated concentrations and transport of Fe, Al, Mn, and trace metals during storm flow; (2) elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in streambed sediments relative to unmined areas and to toxicity guidelines for aquatic invertebrates and fish; and (3) elevated concentrations of metals in fish tissue, notably Zn. The metals are ubiquitous in the fine fraction (<0.063 mm) of bed sediment in mining-affected tributaries and the main stem of Swatara Creek. As a result of scour and transport of streambed deposits, concentrations of suspended solids and total metals in the water column are correlated, and those for storm flow typically exceed base flow. Nevertheless, the metals concentrations are poorly correlated with stream flow because concentrations of suspended solids and total metals typically peak prior to peak stream stage. In contrast, SO4, specific conductance and pH are inversely correlated with stream flow as a result of dilution of poorly buffered stream water with weakly acidic storm runoff derived mainly from low-pH rainfall. Declines in pH to values approaching 5.0 during storm flow events or declines in redox potential during burial of sediment could result in the remobilization of metals associated with suspended solids and streambed deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","doi":"10.1144/geochem.1.1.33","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C., and Bilger, M.D., 2001, Water-quality trends for a stream draining the Southern Anthracite Field, Pennsylvania: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 1, no. 1, p. 33-50, https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem.1.1.33.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Southern Anthracite Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.58500671386719,\n 40.4537397627549\n ],\n [\n -76.19636535644531,\n 40.4537397627549\n ],\n [\n -76.19636535644531,\n 40.6462615921222\n ],\n [\n -76.58500671386719,\n 40.6462615921222\n ],\n [\n -76.58500671386719,\n 40.4537397627549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bce4ce4b08c986b32e313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilger, Michael D.","contributorId":14861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023610,"text":"70023610 - 2001 - Geographic deaggregation of seismic hazard in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023610","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic deaggregation of seismic hazard in the United States","docAbstract":"The seismic hazard calculations for the 1996 national seismic hazard maps have been geographically deaggregated to assist in the understanding of the relative contributions of sources. These deaggregations are exhibited as maps with vertical bars whose heights are proportional to the contribution that each geographical cell makes to the ground-motion exceedance hazard. Bar colors correspond to average source magnitudes. We also extend the deaggregation analysis reported in Harmsen et al. (1999) to the western conterminous United States. In contrast to the central and eastern United States (CEUS); the influence of specific faults or characteristic events can be clearly identified. Geographic deaggregation for 0.2-sec and 1.0-sec pseudo spectral acceleration (SA) is performed for 10% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 yr (475-yr mean return period) and 2% PE in 50 yr (2475-yr mean return period) for four western U.S. cities, Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, and Seattle, and for three central and eastern U.S. cities, Atlanta, Boston, and Saint Louis. In general, as the PE is lowered, the sources of hazard closer to the site dominate. Larger, more distant earthquakes contribute more significantly to hazard for 1.0-sec SA than for 0.2-sec SA. Additional maps of geographically deaggregated seismic hazard are available on the Internet for 120 cities in the conterminous United States (http://geohazards. cr.usgs.gov/eq/) for 1-sec SA and for 0.2-sec SA with a 2% PE in 50 yr. Examination of these maps of hazard contributions enables the investigator to determine the distance and azimuth to predominant sources, and their magnitudes. This information can be used to generate scenario earthquakes and corresponding time histories for seismic design and retrofit. Where fault density is lower than deaggregation cell dimensions, we can identify specific faults that contribute significantly to the seismic hazard at a given site. Detailed fault information enables investigators to include rupture information such as source directivity, radiation pattern, and basin-edge effects into their scenario earthquakes used in engineering analyses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000007","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S., and Frankel, A., 2001, Geographic deaggregation of seismic hazard in the United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 1, p. 13-26, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000007.","startPage":"13","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207410,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000007"},{"id":232337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a175ce4b0c8380cd5549f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, S.","contributorId":79600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023640,"text":"70023640 - 2001 - Olivine-liquid relations of lava erupted by Kilauea volcano from 1994 to 1998: Implications for shallow magmatic processes associated with the ongoing east-rift-zone eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T16:47:22.112866","indexId":"70023640","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Olivine-liquid relations of lava erupted by Kilauea volcano from 1994 to 1998: Implications for shallow magmatic processes associated with the ongoing east-rift-zone eruption","docAbstract":"From 1994 through 1998, the eruption of Kîlauea, in Hawai’i, was dominated by steady-state effusion at Pu‘u ‘Ô‘ô that was briefly disrupted by an eruption 4 km uprift at Nāpau Crater on January 30, 1997. In this paper, I describe the systematic relations of whole-rock, glass, olivine, and olivine-inclusion compositions of lava samples collected throughout this interval. This suite comprises vent samples and tube-contained flows collected at variable distances from the vent. The glass composition of tube lava varies systematically with distance and allows for the “vent-correction” of glass thermometry and olivine–liquid KD as a function of tube-transport distance. Combined olivine–liquid data for vent samples and “vent-corrected” lava-tube samples are used to document pre-eruptive magmatic conditions. KD values determined for matrix glasses and forsterite cores define three types of olivine phenocrysts: type A (in equilibrium with host glass), type B (Mg-rich relative to host glass) and type C (Mg-poor relative to host glass). All three types of olivine have a cognate association with melts that are present within the shallow magmatic plumbing system during this interval. During steady-state eruptive activity, the compositions of whole-rock, glass and most olivine phenocrysts (type A) all vary sympathetically over time and as influenced by changes of magmatic pressure within the summit-rift-zone plumbing system. Type-A olivine is interpreted as having grown during passage from the summit magma-chamber along the east-rift-zone conduit. Type-B olivine (high Fo) is consistent with equilibrium crystallization from bulk-rock compositions and is likely to have grown within the summit magma-chamber. Lower-temperature, fractionated lava was erupted during non-steady-state activity of the Nāpau Crater eruption. Type-A and type-B olivine–liquid relations indicate that this lava is a mixture of rift-stored and summit-derived magmas. Post- Nāpau lava (at Pu‘u ‘Ô‘ô) gradually increases in temperature and MgO content, and contains type-C olivine with complex zoning, indicating magma hybridization associated with the flushing of rift-stored components through the eruption conduit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.39.2.239","usgsCitation":"Thornber, C.R., 2001, Olivine-liquid relations of lava erupted by Kilauea volcano from 1994 to 1998: Implications for shallow magmatic processes associated with the ongoing east-rift-zone eruption: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 39, no. 2, p. 239-266, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.2.239.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.401611328125,\n 19.169815723556237\n ],\n [\n -155.01434326171872,\n 19.321511226817176\n ],\n [\n -155.137939453125,\n 19.469181787843322\n ],\n [\n -155.30548095703125,\n 19.43421929772403\n ],\n [\n -155.40298461914062,\n 19.338357615423384\n ],\n [\n -155.47164916992188,\n 19.233363381183896\n ],\n [\n -155.401611328125,\n 19.169815723556237\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d6ce4b0c8380cd75125","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023793,"text":"70023793 - 2001 - Apatite fission-track evidence of widespread Eocene heating and exhumation in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T13:30:55","indexId":"70023793","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Apatite fission-track evidence of widespread Eocene heating and exhumation in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, interior Alaska","docAbstract":"We present an apatite fission-track (AFT) study of five plutonic rocks and seven metamorphic rocks across 310 km of the YukonTanana Upland in east-central Alaska. Samples yielding ~40 Ma AFT ages and mean confined track lengths > 14 µm with low standard deviations cooled rapidly from >120°C to <50°C during a 35 Ma period, beginning at about 40 Ma. Data from samples yielding AFT ages >40 Ma suggest partial annealing and, therefore, lower maximum temperatures (~90105°C). A few samples with single-grain ages of ~20 Ma apparently remained above ~50°C after initial cooling. Although the present geothermal gradient in the western YukonTanana Upland is ~32°C/km, it could have been as high as 45°C/km during a widespread Eocene intraplate magmatic episode. Prior to rapid exhumation, samples with ~40 Ma AFT ages were >3.82.7 km deep and samples with >50 Ma AFT ages were >3.32.0 km deep. We calculate a 440320 m/Ma minimum rate for exhumation of all samples during rapid cooling. Our AFT data, and data from rocks north of Fairbanks and from the Eielson deep test hole, indicate up to 3 km of post-40 Ma vertical displacement along known and inferred northeast-trending high-angle faults. The predominance of 4050 Ma AFT ages throughout the YukonTanana Upland indicates that, prior to the post-40 Ma relative uplift along some northeast-trending faults, rapid regional cooling and exhumation closely followed the Eocene extensional magmatism. We propose that Eocene magmatism and exhumation were somehow related to plate movements that produced regional-scale oroclinal rotation, northward translation of outboard terranes, major dextral strike-slip faulting, and subduction of an oceanic spreading ridge along the southern margin of Alaska.
Reconstruction of continental palaeoclimate and palaeohydrology is currently hampered by limited information about isotopic patterns in the modern hydrologic cycle. To remedy this situation and to provide baseline data for other isotope hydrology studies, more than 4800, depth- and width-integrated, stream samples from 391 selected sites within the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) and Hydrologic Benchmark Network (HBN) were analysed for δ18O and δ2H (http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr/ofr00-160/pdf/ofr00-160.pdf). Each site was sampled bimonthly or quarterly for 2·5 to 3 years between 1984 and 1987. The ability of this dataset to serve as a proxy for the isotopic composition of modern precipitation in the USA is supported by the excellent agreement between the river dataset and the isotopic compositions of adjacent precipitation monitoring sites, the strong spatial coherence of the distributions of δ18O and δ2H, the good correlations of the isotopic compositions with climatic parameters, and the good agreement between the ‘national’ meteoric water line (MWL) generated from unweighted analyses of samples from the 48 contiguous states of δ2H=8·11δ18O+8·99 (r2=0·98) and the unweighted global MWL of sites from the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) of δ2H=8·17δ18O+10·35.
\nThe national MWL is composed of water samples that arise in diverse local conditions where the local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) usually have much lower slopes. Adjacent sites often have similar LMWLs, allowing the datasets to be combined into regional MWLs. The slopes of regional MWLs probably reflect the humidity of the local air mass, which imparts a distinctive evaporative isotopic signature to rainfall and hence to stream samples. Deuterium excess values range from 6 to 15‰ in the eastern half of the USA, along the northwest coast and on the Colorado Plateau. In the rest of the USA, these values range from −2 to 6‰, with strong spatial correlations with regional aridity. The river samples have successfully integrated the spatial variability in the meteorological cycle and provide the best available dataset on the spatial distributions of δ18O and δ2H values of meteoric waters in the USA.
\nThe ecology of the strain of West Nile virus (WNV) introduced into the United States in 1999 has similarities to the native flavivirus, St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus, but has unique features not observed with SLE virus or with WNV in the old world. The primary route of transmission for most of the arboviruses in North America is by mosquito, and infected native birds usually do not suffer morbidity or mortality. An exception to this pattern is eastern equine encephalitis virus, which has an alternate direct route of transmission among nonnative birds, and some mortality of native bird species occurs. The strain of WNV circulating in the northeastern United States is unique in that it causes significant mortality in exotic and native bird species, especially in the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Because of the lack of information on the susceptibility and pathogenesis of WNV for this species, experimental studies were conducted at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center. In two separate studies, crows were inoculated with a 1999 New York strain of WNV, and all experimentally infected crows died. In one of the studies, control crows in regular contact with experimentally inoculated crows in the same room but not inoculated with WNV succumbed to infection. The direct transmission between crows was most likely by the oral route. Inoculated crows were viremic before death, and high titers of virus were isolated from a variety of tissues. The significance of the experimental direct transmission among captive crows is unknown.
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The production of similar ECP in the eastern oyster (in vivo) and their role in pathogenicity, however, remain to be elucidated. The induction and dissemination of these proteins within infected eastern oysters could be critical to understanding the pathologic mechanisms employed as well as to providing the means for rapid and specific diagnosis. To quantify and examine the production of these proteins in the host, polyclonal antibodies were produced against ECP produced during the in vitro culture of P. marinus. By the use of a Western blot technique, these antibodies were shown to recognize a 62-kDa protein antigen expressed in lightly infected oysters, whereas three antigens (62, 38, and 28 kDa) were recognized in heavily infected oysters. Additionally, there was an antigen that is expressed in vitro (40 kDa) that was not detected in vivo and two that were detected in vivo (120 and 32 kDa) but not in vitro. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing these antibodies indicated that the concentration of secreted antigens is significantly related (P < 0.05) to the number of cells of P. marinus in infected eastern oyster tissues, as determined by the standard Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) assay. Significant differences (P < 0.025) between the ELISA and RFTM assays were only observed when oysters possessed less than one hypnospore per gram of tissue. Thus this ELISA proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool, generating values that correlated with the number of protozoal cells present within infected tissues.
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A. 0000-0003-2551-1985","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":8796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, T.D.","contributorId":85543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, D.A.","contributorId":100799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Faisal, M.","contributorId":19116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faisal","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaattari, S.L.","contributorId":52116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaattari","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022713,"text":"70022713 - 2001 - Spatial and temporal variation in diets of Spotted Owls in Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022713","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in diets of Spotted Owls in Washington","docAbstract":"We studied diets of Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in three different regions of Washington State during 1983-96. Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) were the most important prey in most areas, comprising 29-54% of prey numbers and 45-59% of prey biomass. Other important prey included snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), bushy-tailed woodrats (Neoloma cinerea), boreal red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), and mice (Peromyscus maniculatus, P. oreas). Non-mammalian prey generally comprised less than 15% of prey numbers and biomass. Mean prey mass was 111.4 ?? 1.5 g on the Olympic Peninsula, 74.8 ?? 2.9 g in the Western Cascades, and 91.3 ?? 1.7 g in the Eastern Cascades. Diets varied among territories, years, and seasons. Annual variation in diet was characterized by small changes in relative occurrence of different prey types rather than a complete restructuring of the diet. Predation on snowshoe hares was primarily restricted to small juveniles captured during spring and summer. Mean prey mass did not differ between nesting and nonnesting owls in 19 of 21 territories examined. However, the direction of the difference was positive in 15 of the 21 cases (larger mean for nesting owls), suggesting a trend toward larger prey in samples collected from nesting owls. We suggest that differences in diet among years, seasons, and territories are probably due primarily to differences in prey abundance. However, there are other factors that could cause such differences, including individual variation in prey selection, variation in the timing of pellet collections, and variation in prey accessibility in different cover types. ?? 2001 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Forsman, E., Otto, I., Sovern, S., Taylor, M., Hays, D., Allen, H., Roberts, S., and Seaman, D., 2001, Spatial and temporal variation in diets of Spotted Owls in Washington: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 35, no. 2, p. 141-150.","startPage":"141","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9455e4b08c986b31a9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otto, I.A.","contributorId":6634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otto","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sovern, S.G.","contributorId":21725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovern","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, M.","contributorId":97872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hays, D.W.","contributorId":70967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Allen, H.","contributorId":59209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roberts, S.L.","contributorId":102246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Seaman, D.E.","contributorId":102845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaman","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70022774,"text":"70022774 - 2001 - Influences of watershed, riparian-corridor, and reach-scale characteristics on aquatic biota in agricultural watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T15:21:08.338381","indexId":"70022774","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influences of watershed, riparian-corridor, and reach-scale characteristics on aquatic biota in agricultural watersheds","docAbstract":"Multivariate analyses and correlations revealed strong relations between watershed and riparian-corridor land cover, and reach-scale habitat versus fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages in 38 warmwater streams in eastern Wisconsin. Watersheds were dominated by agricultural use, and ranged in size from 9 to 71 km2 Watershed land cover was summarized from satellite-derived data for the area outside a 30-m buffer. Riparian land cover was interpreted from digital orthophotos within 10-, 10-to 20-, and 20-to 30-m buffers. Reach-scale habitat, fish, and macroinvertebrates were collected in 1998 and biotic indices calculated. Correlations between land cover, habitat, and stream-quality indicators revealed significant relations at the watershed, riparian-corridor, and reach scales. At the watershed scale, fish diversity, intolerant fish and EPT species increased, and Hilsenhoff biotic index (HBI) decreased as percent forest increased. At the riparian-corridor scale, EPT species decreased and HBI increased as riparian vegetation became more fragmented. For the reach, EPT species decreased with embeddedness. Multivariate analyses further indicated that riparian (percent agriculture, grassland, urban and forest, and fragmentation of vegetation), watershed (percent forest) and reach-scale characteristics (embeddedness) were the most important variables influencing fish (IBI, density, diversity, number, and percent tolerant and insectivorous species) and macroinvertebrate (HBI and EPT) communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03654.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., Wang, L., Lyons, J., Horwatich, J., and Bannerman, R., 2001, Influences of watershed, riparian-corridor, and reach-scale characteristics on aquatic biota in agricultural watersheds: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1475-1487, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03654.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1475","endPage":"1487","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.79411037018296,\n 42.496596072001864\n ],\n [\n -87.77213771393271,\n 42.58304812737711\n ],\n [\n -87.78861720612075,\n 42.62752287389381\n ],\n [\n -87.70621974518264,\n 42.736553529629816\n ],\n [\n -87.79960353424521,\n 42.861500881038495\n ],\n [\n -87.81608302643323,\n 42.958061008195955\n ],\n [\n -87.87650783112043,\n 43.034397148839076\n ],\n [\n -87.8270693545577,\n 43.06249708484481\n ],\n [\n -87.87650783112043,\n 43.13469494838111\n ],\n [\n -87.8545351748702,\n 43.17476808606034\n ],\n [\n -87.8874941592449,\n 43.256788164545725\n ],\n [\n -87.84354884674502,\n 43.38467326870554\n ],\n [\n -87.76664454986981,\n 43.46047767547816\n ],\n [\n -87.75565822174467,\n 43.54016923908526\n ],\n [\n -87.68424708893232,\n 43.6714303332671\n ],\n [\n -87.66227443268207,\n 43.73893789589496\n ],\n [\n -87.7007265811197,\n 43.822224625116775\n ],\n [\n -87.70621974518195,\n 43.90143744776549\n ],\n [\n -87.63480861236961,\n 44.03585768576417\n ],\n [\n -87.62382228424447,\n 44.083227488666694\n ],\n [\n -87.55790431549505,\n 44.11478630216129\n ],\n [\n -87.47550685455693,\n 44.19360963880467\n ],\n [\n -87.51395900299455,\n 44.311647225737175\n ],\n [\n -87.4700136904947,\n 44.48042125903953\n ],\n [\n -89.17289454986945,\n 44.4921780257917\n ],\n [\n -89.22782619049511,\n 42.50064614668156\n ],\n [\n -87.79411037018296,\n 42.496596072001864\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bade4b0c8380cd62755","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, L.","contributorId":76904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, J.","contributorId":13411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horwatich, J.A.","contributorId":50591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horwatich","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bannerman, R.","contributorId":95657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannerman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022980,"text":"70022980 - 2001 - Crustal deformation rates in Central and Eastern U.S. inferred from GPS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T13:57:24","indexId":"70022980","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation rates in Central and Eastern U.S. inferred from GPS","docAbstract":"Analysis of continuous GPS observations between 1996 and 2000 at 62 stations distributed throughout the central and eastern United States suggests that the area is generally stable. Seven of the 62 stations show anomalous velocities, but there is reason to suspect their monument stability. Assuming the remaining 55 stations are stable with respect to interior North America, we have found the North America-ITRF97 Euler vector (-1.88o ± 1.04oN, 77.67o ± 0.39oW, 0.201o ± 0.004o Myr-1) that minimizes the RMS station velocity. Referred to fixed North America, all of these velocities are less than 3.2 mm yr-1. Motion of several stations suggests the Mississippi embayment may be moving southward away from the rest of the continent at a rate of 1.7±0.9 mm yr-1. The motion of the embayment produces a large gradient in velocity which, in turn, implies the highest seismic moment accumulation rate that we found. Although the highest rate is only marginally significant, the fact that it occurs near New Madrid, where earthquake risk is thought to be high, argues that the anomaly may be real. Nevertheless, the identification of the anomaly remains tentative.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001GL013266","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gan, W., and Prescott, W., 2001, Crustal deformation rates in Central and Eastern U.S. inferred from GPS: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 19, p. 3733-3736, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013266.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3733","endPage":"3736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208034,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013266"}],"volume":"28","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdde4b0c8380cd4e493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gan, Weijun","contributorId":33083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gan","given":"Weijun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023061,"text":"70023061 - 2001 - Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T17:11:35.897701","indexId":"70023061","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone","docAbstract":"Although the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) (strike ∼N25°W) does not quite coincide with a small circle drawn about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation, trilateration and GPS measurements demonstrate that the motion within the zone corresponds to right-lateral simple shear across a vertical plane (strike N33°W±5°) roughly parallel to the tangent to that local small circle (strike ∼N40°W). If the simple shear is released by slip on faults subparallel to the shear zone, the accumulated rotation is also released, leaving no secular rotation. South of the Garlock fault the principal faults (e.g., Calico-Blackwater fault) strike ∼N40°W, close enough to the strike of the vertical plane across which maximum right-lateral shear accumulates to almost wholly accommodate that accumulation of both strain and rotation by right-lateral slip. North of the Garlock fault dip slip as well as strike slip on the principal faults (strike ∼N20°W) is required to accommodate the simple shear accumulation. In both cases the accumulated rotation is released with the shear strain. The Garlock fault, which transects the ECSZ, is not offset by north-northwest striking faults nor, despite geological evidence for long-term left-lateral slip, does it appear at the present time to be accumulating left-lateral simple shear strain across the fault due to slip at depth. Rather the motion is explained by right-lateral simple shear across the orthogonal ECSZ. Left-lateral slip on the Garlock fault will release the shear strain accumulating there but would augment the accumulating rotation, resulting in a secular clockwise rotation rate ∼80 nrad yr−1 (4.6° Myr−1).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB000127","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Gan, W., and Svarc, J.L., 2001, Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B10, p. 21995-22007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000127.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21995","endPage":"22007","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb000127","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eastern California Shear Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.17617731296215,\n 33.90722665078704\n ],\n [\n -115.82534723483732,\n 33.943690904375\n ],\n [\n -115.95718317233727,\n 36.058303559917135\n ],\n [\n -119.22012262546211,\n 38.44529712195299\n ],\n [\n -119.49478082858732,\n 38.290249721167356\n ],\n [\n -119.2530816098371,\n 37.979159501227514\n ],\n [\n -119.08828668796218,\n 37.553603921401375\n ],\n [\n -118.70376520358735,\n 37.46645524726959\n ],\n [\n -118.61587457858705,\n 37.08179391586194\n ],\n [\n -118.44009332858712,\n 37.07302878512587\n ],\n [\n -118.33023004733718,\n 36.668738911783464\n ],\n [\n -118.26431207858721,\n 36.50995680917217\n ],\n [\n -118.14346246921227,\n 36.44812003740685\n ],\n [\n -118.12148981296228,\n 36.24459493263403\n ],\n [\n -117.97866754733735,\n 35.90717243793462\n ],\n [\n -118.00064020358732,\n 35.7200818327625\n ],\n [\n -119.16519098483712,\n 35.74683604455291\n ],\n [\n -119.17617731296215,\n 33.90722665078704\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9893e4b08c986b31c0a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gan, Weijun","contributorId":33083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gan","given":"Weijun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Svarc, J. L.","contributorId":75995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023081,"text":"70023081 - 2001 - Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T15:33:13.720137","indexId":"70023081","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey examined 25 agricultural streams in eastern Wisconsin to determine relations between fish, invertebrate, and algal metrics and multiple spatial scales of land cover, geologic setting, hydrologic, aquatic habitat, and water chemistry data. Spearman correlation and redundancy analyses were used to examine relations among biotic metrics and environmental characteristics. Riparian vegetation, geologic, and hydrologic conditions affected the response of biotic metrics to watershed agricultural land cover but the relations were aquatic assemblage dependent. It was difficult to separate the interrelated effects of geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, and base flow. Watershed and buffer land cover, geologic setting, reach riparian vegetation width, and stream size affected the fish IBI, invertebrate diversity, diatom IBI, and number of algal taxa; however, the invertebrate FBI, percentage of EPT, and the diatom pollution index were more influenced by nutrient concentrations and flow variability. Fish IBI scores seemed most sensitive to land cover in the entire stream network buffer, more so than watershed-scale land cover and segment or reach riparian vegetation width. All but one stream with more than approximately 10 percent buffer agriculture had fish IBI scores of fair or poor. In general, the invertebrate and algal metrics used in this study were not as sensitive to land cover effects as fish metrics. Some of the reach-scale characteristics, such as width/depth ratios, velocity, and bank stability, could be related to watershed influences of both land cover and geologic setting. The Wisconsin habitat index was related to watershed geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, riparian vegetation width, and base flow, and appeared to be a good indicator of stream quality. Results from this study emphasize the value of using more than one or two biotic metrics to assess water quality and the importance of environmental characteristics at multiple scales.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03655.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Scudder, B.C., Lenz, B.N., and Sullivan, D.J., 2001, Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1489-1507, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03655.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1489","endPage":"1507","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scudder, B. C.","contributorId":71588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023243,"text":"70023243 - 2001 - Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:46:43","indexId":"70023243","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","docAbstract":"The Barite Hill gold deposit, at the southwestern end of the Carolina slate belt in the southeastern United States, is one of four gold deposits in the region that have a combined yield of 110 metric tons of gold over the past 10 years. At Barite Hill, production has dominantly come from oxidized ores. Sulfur isotope data from hypogene portions of the Barite Hill gold deposit vary systematically with pyrite–barite associations and provide insights into both the pre-metamorphic Late Proterozoic hydrothermal and the Paleozoic regional metamorphic histories of the deposit. The δ34S values of massive barite cluster tightly between 25.0 and 28.0‰, which closely match the published values for Late Proterozoic seawater and thus support a seafloor hydrothermal origin. The δ34S values of massive sulfide range from 1.0 to 5.3‰ and fall within the range of values observed for modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits. In contrast, δ34S values for finer-grained, intergrown pyrite (5.1–6.8‰) and barite (21.0–23.9‰) are higher and lower than their massive counterparts, respectively. Calculated sulfur isotope temperatures for the latter barite–pyrite pairs (Δ=15.9–17.1‰) range from 332–355 °C and probably reflect post-depositional equilibration at greenschist-facies regional metamorphic conditions. Thus, pyrite and barite occurring separately from one another provide pre-metamorphic information about the hydrothermal origin of the deposit, whereas pyrite and barite occurring together equilibrated to record the metamorphic conditions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from sphalerite are consistent with a modified seawater source for the mineralizing fluids, but data from quartz and barite may reflect later metamorphic and (or) more recent meteoric water input. Lead isotope values from pyrites range for 206Pb/204Pb from 18.005–18.294, for 207Pb/204Pb from 15.567–15.645, and for 208Pb/204Pb from 37.555–38.015. The data indicate derivation of the ore leads from the country rocks, which themselves show evidence for contributions from relatively unradiogenic, mantle-like lead, and more evolved or crustal lead. Geological relationships, and stable and radiogenic isotopic data, suggest that the Barite Hill gold deposit formed on the Late Proterozoic seafloor through exhalative hydrothermal processes similar to those that were responsible for the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan. On the basis of similarities with other gold-rich massive sulfide deposits and modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the gold at Barite Hill was probably introduced as an integral part of the formation of the massive sulfide deposit.
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