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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5df960","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaudrey, Walter C.","contributorId":24770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaudrey","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1236,"text":"wsp1543A - 1960 - Flood-frequency analyses, Manual of Hydrology: Part 3","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":22463,"text":"ofr5813 - 1958 - Characteristics of frequency curves based on a theoretical 1,000-year record","indexId":"ofr5813","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Characteristics of frequency curves based on a theoretical 1,000-year record"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1236,"text":"wsp1543A - 1960 - Flood-frequency analyses, Manual of Hydrology: Part 3","indexId":"wsp1543A","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Flood-frequency analyses, Manual of Hydrology: Part 3"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1543A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1543","chapter":"A","title":"Flood-frequency analyses, Manual of Hydrology: Part 3","docAbstract":"This report describes the method used by the U.S. Geological Survey to determine the magnitude and frequency of momentary peak discharges at any place on a stream, whether a gaging-station record is available or not. The method is applicable to a region of any size, as a river basin or a State, so long as the region is hydrologically homogeneous. \r\n\r\nThe analysis provides two curves. The first expresses the flood discharge-time relation, showing variation of peak discharge, expressed as a ratio to the mean annual flood, with recurrence interval. The second relates the mean annual flood to the size of drainage area alone, or to the size area and other significant basin characteristics. \r\n\r\nA frequency curve may be defined for any place in the region by use of these two curves. The procedure is: (a) measure the drainage area and other appropriate basin characteristics from maps; (b) from the second curve, select the mean annual flood corresponding to the proper drainage area factors; (c) from the first curve, select ratios of peak discharge to mean annual flood for selected recurrence intervals, as 2, 10, 25, and 50 years; and (d) multiply these ratios by the mean annual flood and plot the resulting discharges of known frequency to define the frequency curve. \r\n\r\nTwo reports not previously given general circulation are included as sections of this report. These are 'Plotting Positions in Frequency Analysis' by W. B. Langbein, and 'Characteristics of Frequency Curves Based on a Theoretical 1,000-Year Record' by M. A. Benson.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1543A","usgsCitation":"Dalrymple, T., 1960, Flood-frequency analyses, Manual of Hydrology: Part 3: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1543, v, 80 p. :ill., map ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1543A.","productDescription":"v, 80 p. :ill., map ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1543a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26164,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1543a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4884e4b07f02db5189fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalrymple, Tate","contributorId":59420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"Tate","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1227,"text":"wsp1480 - 1960 - Evaporation control research, 1955-58","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1480","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1480","title":"Evaporation control research, 1955-58","docAbstract":"One hundred fifty-two compounds and compositions of matter were screened as potential evaporation retardants. The homologous straight-chain fatty alkanols are considered the best materials for retardants. \r\n\r\nSeveral methods of application of the alkanols to the reservoir surface were investigated. Although wick-type drippers for the application of liquids and cage rafts for the application of solids appear to be the most promising methods from an economic standpoint, both methods have serious disadvantages. Considerable study was given to reducing biochemical oxidation of the evaporation retardants. Copper in several forms was found adequate as a bacteriostatic agent but posed a potential hazard because of its toxicity. Many other bactericides that were tested were also toxic. \r\n\r\nTwo sets of large-scale field tests have been completed and several others are still in progress. On the larger reservoirs, the reduction of evaporation was not more than 20 percent under the prevailing conditions and the application procedure used. \r\n\r\nThree major practical problems remain; namely, the effects and action of wind on the monofilm, the effects of biochemical oxidation, and the most effective method of application. Fundamental problems remaining include the effects of various impurities, and the composition of the best evaporation retardant; the long-range effects of monofilms on the limnology of a reservoir, including the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide; toxicological aspects of all components of any evaporation-retardant composition, plus toxicology of any composition chosen for large-scale use; and further studies of the calorimetry and thermodynamics involved in the mechanism of evaporation and its reduction by a monofilm.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1480","usgsCitation":"Cruse, R.R., and Harbeck, G.E., 1960, Evaporation control research, 1955-58: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1480, iv, 45 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1480.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1480/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26145,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1480/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cruse, Robert R.","contributorId":93326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruse","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbeck, Guy Earl","contributorId":82290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbeck","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2840,"text":"wsp1481 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Winter Garden district, Texas, 1948","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:51:28","indexId":"wsp1481","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1481","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Winter Garden district, Texas, 1948","docAbstract":"The Winter Garden district, as described in this report, includes all of Dimmit and Zavala Counties and the eastern part of Maverick County a total of about 3,200 square miles. The fleldwork for the investigation was completed in 1948.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1481","usgsCitation":"Turner, S.F., Robinson, T.W., and White, W.N., 1960, Geology and ground-water resources of the Winter Garden district, Texas, 1948: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1481, Report: v, 247 p.; 4 Plates: 24.50 x 31.13 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1481.","productDescription":"Report: v, 247 p.; 4 Plates: 24.50 x 31.13 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29406,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29407,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29408,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29409,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29410,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1481/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, Samuel Foster","contributorId":26287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"Foster","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, T. W.","contributorId":82285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Walter N.","contributorId":99124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2549,"text":"wsp1454 - 1960 - Methods for collection and analysis of water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:24:40.221303","indexId":"wsp1454","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1454","title":"Methods for collection and analysis of water samples","docAbstract":"This manual contains methods used by the U.S. Geological Survey to collect, preserve, and analyze water samples. Throughout, the emphasis is on obtaining analytical results that accurately describe the chemical composition of the water in situ. Among the topics discussed are selection of sampling sites, frequency of sampling, field equipment, preservatives and fixatives, analytical techniques of water analysis, and instruments. Seventy-seven laboratory and field procedures are given for determining fifty-three water properties.","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1454","usgsCitation":"Rainwater, F.H., and Thatcher, L.L., 1960, Methods for collection and analysis of water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1454, ix, 301 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1454.","productDescription":"ix, 301 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28794,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1454/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1454/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rainwater, Frank Hays","contributorId":38967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainwater","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Hays","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Leland Lincoln","contributorId":73985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Leland","email":"","middleInitial":"Lincoln","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2057,"text":"wsp1495 - 1960 - Geology and ground water in Napa and Sonoma Valleys, Napa and Sonoma Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1495","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1495","title":"Geology and ground water in Napa and Sonoma Valleys, Napa and Sonoma Counties, California","docAbstract":"Napa and Sonoma Valleys are adjacent alluvium-filled valleys about 40 miles northeast of San Francisco. They occupy alined and structurally controlled depressions in the northern Coast Ranges physiographic province and drain south into San Pablo Bay. The valleys are surrounded and underlain by unconsolidated marine and continental sediments and volcanic rocks of Pliocene and Pleistocene age, which are water bearing in large part and together make up relatively extensive ground-water basins. Napa Valley, the eastern valley, is the larger and has a valley-floor area of about 85 square miles. Sonoma Valley has a valley-floor area of about 35 square miles; in addition, about 10 square miles is unreclaimed tidal marsh. \r\n\r\nThe rock units of Napa and Sonoma Valleys are divided into four classes on the basis of their distribution and relative capacity to yield water: (a) Consolidated virtually non-water-bearing chiefly sedimentary (some metamorphic) rocks that range in age from Jurassic ( ?) to Pliocene; (b) marine shale and sand of the Petaluma formation (Pliocene) and the Merced formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) that do not crop out within Napa or Sonoma Valleys but perhaps are penetrated by some deep wells drilled in Sonoma Valley; (c) Sonoma volcanics of Pliocene age, parts of which are non-water-bearing and parts of which locally yield large quantities of water; and (d) unconsolidated alluvial deposits mainly of Quaternary age. The deposits of classes (c) and (d) contain the most important aquifers in the area. \r\n\r\nMost of the water used in these valleys is pumped from wells in the younger and older alluvium in the Huichica and Glen Ellen formations. and in the Sonoma volcanics. The principal aquifers are the younger and older alluvium. but appreciable quantities of water are pumped locally from the Sonoma volcanics. The Huichica and Glen Ellen formations yield water in small quantities and at most places supply water only for limited domestic uses. \r\n\r\nThe younger alluvium COIM3ists of interbedded deposits of unconsolidated gravel. sand, silt. and. locally, peat. These deposits underlie the flood plains and channels of the Napa River. Sonoma Creek, and their tributaries, low alluvial fans or plains graded to these streams. and the tidal marshlands. The older alluvium of Napa and Sonoma Valleys is composed of lenticular deposits of unconsolidated and poorly sorted clay, silt. sand. and gravel. Where exposed, claypan or hardpan soil is characteristically developed at the surface. \r\n\r\nThe Huichica formation is composed of deformed continental beds consisting mostly of yellow silt with some interbedded lenses of silt and gravel, and silt and boulders. At the base are beds of redeposited volcanic material, silt, clay, and lenses of coarse gravel and boulders. The Glen Ellen fcrmation consists of alluvial clay, silt, sand, and gravel in clearly stratified but generally lenticular beds. The Sonoma volcanics constitute a thick and highly variate series of continental volcanic rocks, including andesite, basalt, and minor rhyolite flows and interbedded coarse- to fine-grained pyroclastic tuff and breccia, redeposited tuff and pumice, and diatomaceous mud, silt, and sand. A prominent body of rhyolite flows and tuff with some obsidian and perlitic glass, called the St. Helena rhyolite member, occurs in the upper part. \r\n\r\nEstimated ground-water pumpage for all uses in the year 1949-50 was about 5,600 acre-feet in Napa Valley and about 2,400 acre-feet in Sonoma Valley. Of this quantity the amounts pumped for irrigation were about 2,900 and 1,900 acre-feet, respectively. \r\n\r\nWater levels in wells in the central parts of the valleys range from a few feet above the land surface to about 50 feet below, with an average of about 25 feet. The quality of the water in most wells is satisfactory for domestic use and irrigation. Locally at the southern end of the valley some contamination of the native waters is caused by the movement of salty wate","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1495","usgsCitation":"Kunkel, F., and Upson, J.E., 1960, Geology and ground water in Napa and Sonoma Valleys, Napa and Sonoma Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1495, v, 252 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1495.","productDescription":"v, 252 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27593,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27594,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27595,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27596,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27597,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27598,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1495/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68604a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunkel, Fred","contributorId":47766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upson, Joseph Edwin","contributorId":21528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upson","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2809,"text":"wsp1464 - 1960 - Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16241,"text":"ofr56137 - 1956 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Putah and Suisun-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California, with special references to the usable ground-water storage capacity","indexId":"ofr56137","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Putah and Suisun-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California, with special references to the usable ground-water storage capacity"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2809,"text":"wsp1464 - 1960 - Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","indexId":"wsp1464","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":51192,"text":"ofr52152 - 1952 - Summary of ground-water pumpage, recharge from Putah Creek, and fluctuations of ground-water levels in the Putah area, California","indexId":"ofr52152","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of ground-water pumpage, recharge from Putah Creek, and fluctuations of ground-water levels in the Putah area, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2809,"text":"wsp1464 - 1960 - Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","indexId":"wsp1464","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":51375,"text":"ofr53219 - 1953 - Appendix A, Description of wells in the Putah and Suisan-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California","indexId":"ofr53219","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Appendix A, Description of wells in the Putah and Suisan-Fairfield areas, Solano County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2809,"text":"wsp1464 - 1960 - Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","indexId":"wsp1464","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":52994,"text":"ofr50111 - 1950 - Progress report on the ground-water investigation in Solano County, California","indexId":"ofr50111","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on the ground-water investigation in Solano County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2809,"text":"wsp1464 - 1960 - Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","indexId":"wsp1464","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T11:35:01","indexId":"wsp1464","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1464","title":"Geology, water resources and usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California","docAbstract":"The area described is confined largely to the valley-floor and foothill lands of Solano County, which lies directly between Sacramento, the State capital, and San Francisco. The area is considered in two subareas: The Putah area, which extends from Putah Creek southward to the Montezuma Hills and from the foothills of the Coast Ranges eastward to the west edge of the Yolo Bypass; and the Suisun-Fairfield area, which is to the southwest in the notch in the Coast Ranges through which the waters of the Great Central Valley of California reach San Francisco Bay. There are no known hydrologic interconnections between the two subareas, through either surface streams or underground aquifers. The climate of the area is characterized by warm, rainless summers and by cool winters in which temperatures seldom drop much below freezing. The rainfall ranges from about 17 inches per year along the east side to perhaps 24 inches in the foothills to the west, and irrigation is necessary for all crops except dry-farmed grains, pastures, and some orchards. PUTAH AREA The Putah area occupies the southwestern corner of the Sacramento Valley, a topographic and structural basin underlain by a thick accumulation of sediments eroded from the surrounding hills and mountains by the Sacramento River and its tributaries. The eastern Coast Ranges and foothills lying west of the Sacramento Valley are a generally northward-trending belt of eastward-dipping sedimentary rocks that range in age from Cretaceous to Pleistocene. Successively younger strata are exposed eastward, and the essentially undeformed deposits of late Pleistocene and Recent age that immediately underlie the valley lap onto the tilted sediments of the foothills. Most of the streams of the Putah area rise east of the high ridge of Cretaceous rocks marking the western boundaries of Solano and Yolo Counties, but Putah Creek, the largest stream in the area, rises far west of that ridge and flows across it in a deep, narrow canyon. Putah Creek and the smaller streams have constructed an alluvial plain, herein designated the Putah plain, which slopes eastward and southeastward from the foothills toward the Sacramento River. A large part of the Putah plain is traversed by a branching set of distributary channel ridges or natural levees formed at times of overflow of Putah Creek. The rocks in the Putah area range in age from Cretaceous to Recent. For the purposes of this investigation they are divided into eight geologic or stratigraphic units, from youngest to oldest: (1) Stream-channel deposits, (2) younger alluvium, (3) older alluvium, (4) Tehama formation and related continental sediments, (5) volcanic sedimentary rocks, (6) basalt, (7) undifferentiated sedimentary rocks of Paleocene(?) and Eocene age, and (8) undifferentiated rocks of Cretaceous age. The stream-channel deposits are predominantly loose sand and gravel along the channel of Putah Creek. In part they are actively moving downstream and shifting. The younger alluvium, of Recent age, consists of flood-plain deposits underlying the Putah plain, Vaca Valley, Pleasants Valley, and the small valleys in the foothills north of Putah Creek and in the English Hills. Exposures of younger alluvium are characterized by soils lacking significant profile development and in many places by channel-ridge topography. The older alluvium occupies the stratigraphic interval between the younger alluvium and the Tehama formation and related continental sediments and is probably of late Pleistocene age. Its contact with the underlying Tehama formation and related continental sediments is unconformable near the foothills, but it may be gradational beneath much of the Putah plain. The base of the older alluvium is not well defined at many places but is inferred to be at the bottom of an irregular and ill-defined zone of coarse deposits, which ranges from about 50 feet to more than 150 feet below the land surface. Exposures of the older
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In each method the assumptions are discussed to enable the user to select an appropriate technique. \r\n\r\nIn the stage-storage method the storage is related to the mean gage height in the reach under consideration. In the discharge-storage method the storage is determined, from weighted values of inflow and outflow discharge. In the reservoir-storage method the storage is considered as a function of outflow discharge alone. \r\n\r\nA detailed example is given for each method to illustrate that particular technique.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1543B","usgsCitation":"Carter, R.W., and Godfrey, R., 1960, Storage and flood routing: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1543, iv, p. 81-104 :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1543B.","productDescription":"iv, p. 81-104 :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1543b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25880,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1543b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b44a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, R. 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