{"pageNumber":"2603","pageRowStart":"65050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68827,"records":[{"id":4504,"text":"cir414D - 1960 - Ecological systems and the water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T16:43:18","indexId":"cir414D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"414","chapter":"D","title":"Ecological systems and the water resources","docAbstract":"<p>In ancient Sparta there were two principal classes of society, the citizen and the helot. The citizen was trained principally to be a warrior. The helot, a serf, was the tiller of the land but could be called to military duty. The history of Herodotus makes it amply clear that making war was the biggest business of the times. Because the Spartans were always marching off to war with someone, they found the landbound position of their city, located as its is in a small central basin nearly surrounded by mountains, somewhat of a disadvantage. When they were under attack, of course, this situation was a favorable one inasmuch as a seaborne enemy had to march inland to come to grips with the Lacedaemonians. The relatively small size of the independent states meant that the Spartans had no direct access through their own lands to the sea.</p><p>There is evidence that the Spartans reached an agreement with surrounding states concerning a free corridor. There would be maintained by all the Grecian states of the Peloponnesus an access route stretching essentially from Sparta to Corinth, through which a marching army could have access to a seaport. As a secondary benefit, this no man's land, which in our western lingo might be called a stock driveway, allowed merchants and their caravans to move freely between the flourishing trading port of Corinth and the inland cities to the south and west.</p><p>Apparently one portion of the agreement between the states with regard to the use of this access zone was that there should be no permanent agricultural or grazing in the driveway. As a result, through several centuries B.C. during which there was high population density in the Aegean area, one strip of land was exempted from the pressures of grazing, lumbering, and agriculture which characterized most of the rest of the landscape. Today this driveway maintains a forest cover. In contrast, mountainsides nearby with an even larger annual rainfall support hardly a tree.</p><p>It is not entirely apparent why subsequent centuries did not see this area denuded. Even with the scanty details known to me it seems clear that the peculiar history of this one area potentially offers us a greater insight into some aspects of forest and land conditions of classical times than extant written records. The several references to sources of timber and cutting of forests contained in the vivid chronicle of Herodotus are valuable, but they lack species identification for the most part. Though rich in human understanding and psychological insight, his history strongly resembles the travel sagas of the Spanish Conquistadors of our Southwest, who had no real eye for \"country.\" Even a careful reading of the works of early travelers such as Coronado, Garces, and Espejo, gives no picture of the nature of the country, its vegetation, or its rivers.</p><p>To describe a biota there is no substitute for a sample. It is logical to ask what one might want to know which would require the preservation of a sample. Whether such a question is asked at all is a reflection on the stage of intellectual maturity of a civilization. We take for granted that there is social gain in the erection and maintenance of a museum of fine arts, a museum of natural history, or a historical museum. Sooner or later we should be mature enough to extend this concept to include a \"museum\" consisting of samples of land types as nearly as possible unaffected by man.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Sixth Biennial Wilderness Conference","conferenceDate":"March 20-21, 1959","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"U.s. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir414D","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1960, Ecological systems and the water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 414, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir414D.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338128,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir414C","text":"Circular 414-C: The conservation attitude"},{"id":338127,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir414B","text":"Circular 414-B: The challenge of water management"},{"id":338126,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir414A","text":"Circular 414-A: Conservation and protection"},{"id":117278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0414d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31564,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0414d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publicComments":"Presented before the Sixth Biennial Wilderness Conference, sponsored by California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Calif, March 20-21, 1959","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3553,"text":"cir432 - 1960 - Interpretation and current status of ground-water rights","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:38:32","indexId":"cir432","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"432","title":"Interpretation and current status of ground-water rights","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir432","usgsCitation":"Piper, A., 1960, Interpretation and current status of ground-water rights: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 432, 10 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir432.","productDescription":"10 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30573,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0432/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0432/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e065b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, Arthur M.","contributorId":65060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"Arthur M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3193,"text":"wsp1541A - 1960 - General introduction and hydrologic definitions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1541A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1541","chapter":"A","title":"General introduction and hydrologic definitions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1541A","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., and Iseri, K.T., 1960, General introduction and hydrologic definitions: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1541, 1 v.(Issued as three seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;1-29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1541A.","productDescription":"1 v.(Issued as three seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;1-29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30178,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0c8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iseri, Kathleen T.","contributorId":77910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iseri","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3217,"text":"wsp1315B - 1960 - Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 11-A. Pacific slope basins in California, except Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T20:14:05.560614","indexId":"wsp1315B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1315","chapter":"B","title":"Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 11-A. Pacific slope basins in California, except Central Valley","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1315B","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 11-A. Pacific slope basins in California, except Central Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1315, Report: v, 414 p.; 1 Plate:  28.50 × 41.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1315B.","productDescription":"Report: v, 414 p.; 1 Plate:  28.50 × 41.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394464,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24318.htm"},{"id":30209,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1315b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247309,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1315b/plate-2.pdf","size":"3724","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1315b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.02636718749999,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.58740234375,\n              32.879587173066305\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.27978515625,\n              34.867904962568716\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.05859375,\n              39.2832938689385\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.08056640625,\n              42.09822241118974\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.38720703124999,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.45312499999999,\n              40.6306300839918\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              38.685509760012\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9921875,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.60791015625,\n              34.488447837809304\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.1904296875,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.02636718749999,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3499,"text":"cir423 - 1960 - Occurrence of ground waters of low hardness and of high chloride content in Lyon County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:13:04","indexId":"cir423","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"423","title":"Occurrence of ground waters of low hardness and of high chloride content in Lyon County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The ground water in Lyon County and elsewhere in southwestern Minnesota is generally hard and low in chloride. It is the purpose of this report to describe briefly the occurrence in Lyon County of waters of low hardness and of high chloride content. The waters are found largely in Cretaceous sandstone.</p>\n<p>The data were collected in conjunction with a countywide study of the geology and groundwater resources that is being made as part of a statewide investigation in cooperation with the Division of Waters, Minnesota Department of Conservation. The work is under the direct supervision of the junior author, who is district geologist for Minnesota.</p>\n<p>Hardness and chloride determinations were made with field-testing kits at the time data were obtained on most of the farm wells in the county. Tests were made on wells that were reported to yield relatively soft or \"salty\" water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir423","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Waters, Minnesota Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., and Schneider, R., 1960, Occurrence of ground waters of low hardness and of high chloride content in Lyon County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 423, iii, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir423.","productDescription":"iii, 2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0423/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30509,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0423/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Lyon County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.0914,44.631],[-95.6023,44.6309],[-95.6028,44.5433],[-95.5938,44.5434],[-95.5921,44.1964],[-96.0628,44.1987],[-96.0788,44.1993],[-96.0747,44.5455],[-96.0932,44.5456],[-96.0914,44.631]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lyon\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db6923bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3195,"text":"wsp1541C - 1960 - Graphical correlation of gaging-station records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1541C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1541","chapter":"C","title":"Graphical correlation of gaging-station records","docAbstract":"A gaging-station record is a sample of the rate of flow of a stream at a given site. This sample can be used to estimate the magnitude and distribution of future flows if the record is long enough to be representative of the long-term flow of the stream. The reliability of a short-term record for estimating future flow characteristics can be improved through correlation with a long-term record. Correlation can be either numerical or graphical, but graphical correlation of gaging-station records has several advantages. \r\n\r\nThe graphical correlation method is described in a step-by-step procedure with an illustrative problem of simple correlation, illustrative problems of three examples of multiple correlation--removing seasonal effect--and two examples of correlation of one record with two other records. Except in the problem on removal of seasonal effect, the same group of stations is used in the illustrative problems. The purpose of the problems is to illustrate the method--not to show the improvement that can result from multiple correlation as compared with simple correlation. \r\n\r\nHydrologic factors determine whether a usable relation exists between gaging-station records. Statistics is only a tool for evaluating and using an existing relation, and the investigator must be guided by a knowledge of hydrology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1541C","usgsCitation":"Searcy, J., 1960, Graphical correlation of gaging-station records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1541, 1 v.(Issued as three seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;67-100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1541C.","productDescription":"1 v.(Issued as three seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;67-100 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30180,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6723b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Searcy, James K.","contributorId":44519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"James K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3194,"text":"wsp1541B - 1960 - Double-mass curves, with a section fitting curves to cyclic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T07:59:56","indexId":"wsp1541B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1541","chapter":"B","title":"Double-mass curves, with a section fitting curves to cyclic data","docAbstract":"The double.-mass curve is used to check the consistency of many kinds of hydrologic data by comparing data for a single station with that of a pattern composed of the data from several other stations in the area The double-mass curve can be used to adjust inconsistent precipitation data. \r\n\r\nThe graph of the cumulative data of one variable versus the cumulative data of a related variable is a straight line so long as the relation between the variables is a fixed ratio. Breaks in the double-mass curve of such variables are caused by changes in the relation between the variables. These changes may be due to changes in the method of data collection or to physical changes that affect the relation. \r\n\r\nApplications of the double-mass curve to precipitation, streamflow, and sediment data, and to precipitation-runoff relations are described. A statistical test for significance of an apparent break in the slope of the double-mass curve is described by an example. Poor correlation between the variables can prevent detection of inconsistencies in a record, but an increase in the length of record tends to offset the effect of poor correlation. \r\n\r\nThe residual-mass curve, which is a modification of the double-mass curve, magnifies imperceptible breaks in the double-mass curve for detailed study. Of the several methods of fitting a smooth curve to cyclic or periodic data, the moving-arc method and the double-integration method deserve greater use in hydrology. Both methods are described in this manual. The moving-arc method has general applicability, and the double integration method is useful in fitting a curve to cycles of sinusoidal form.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1541B","usgsCitation":"Searcy, J., Hardison, C.H., and Langbein, W., 1960, Double-mass curves, with a section fitting curves to cyclic data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1541, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1541B.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db496791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Searcy, James K.","contributorId":44519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"James K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardison, Clayton H.","contributorId":46073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardison","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langbein, Walter B.","contributorId":98294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":759856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3817,"text":"cir434 - 1960 - Progress report on use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"cir434","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"434","title":"Progress report on use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona","docAbstract":"Measurements of streamflow, ground-water levels, and meterological data obtained in a 4.1-mile reach of the flood plain of Cottonwood Wash, Mohave County, Ariz., define the use of water by riparian vegetation in that part of the stream valley. The computed evapotranspiration loss during the growing season of 1959 was 175 acre-feet, which represented about 33 percent of the water that entered the reach. The maximum rate of loss during the season was slightly more than 8 acre-feet per week, or about 60 percent of the inflow. \r\n\r\nThe project reach is divided into two parts: An upstream subreach of 2.6 miles and a downstream subreach of 1.5 miles. Seasonal losses in the upstream and downstream subreaches were 75 and 100 acre-feet respectively. Losses in the shorter downstream subreach were larger because of the greater plant population. \r\n\r\nDuring the summer of 1960 the vegetation in the lower subreach will be chemically defoliated as a part of the experiment to determine the savings in water losses that can be effected by modifying riparian vegetation. Tests on chemical defoliants indicate that a single spraying eliminates the leaves on cottonwood trees for 7 or 8 days and that no permanent damage results.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir434","usgsCitation":"Hendricks, E.L., Kam, W., and Bowie, J.E., 1960, Progress report on use of water by riparian vegetation, Cottonwood Wash, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 434, iii, 11 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir434.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0434/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30887,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0434/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hendricks, E. L.","contributorId":50126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kam, William","contributorId":85159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kam","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowie, James E.","contributorId":29393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3565,"text":"cir429 - 1960 - Water-resources summary for southern California, 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir429","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"429","title":"Water-resources summary for southern California, 1959","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir429","usgsCitation":"Peterson, W.C., 1960, Water-resources summary for southern California, 1959: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 429, iii, 10 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir429.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0429/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30593,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0429/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4db6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, William C.","contributorId":54970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3573,"text":"cir417 - 1960 - Sources of ground water in southeastern New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir417","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"417","title":"Sources of ground water in southeastern New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir417","usgsCitation":"Perlmutter, N., 1960, Sources of ground water in southeastern New York: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 417, 9 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir417.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0417/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0417/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perlmutter, Nathaniel M.","contributorId":32139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlmutter","given":"Nathaniel M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3435,"text":"cir420 - 1960 - Occurrence of strontium in natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T16:15:35","indexId":"cir420","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"420","title":"Occurrence of strontium in natural water","docAbstract":"The regions where the stable strontium content of surface waters is relatively low (less than 0.50 ppm) include the Pacific Northwest, Northeastern United States, and the Central Lowlands, Particularly the Lower Mississippi basin and the Western Gulf Coast area. Moderate concentrations of strontium (0.50 to 1.5 ppm) are found in streams of Southeastern United States, most of the Great Plains Region, the Western Mountain and Plateau Regions, and California. Relatively high concentrations of strontium occur in the surface waters of an area that includes Northern and Western Texas and Southern New Mexico and Arizona. Exceptions to the above distribution are due to local geologic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir420","usgsCitation":"Skougstad, M., and Horr, C.A., 1960, Occurrence of strontium in natural water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 420, iii, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir420.","productDescription":"iii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30450,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0420/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0420/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","publicComments":"Prepared on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and published with the permission of the Commission","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db69219d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skougstad, M. W.","contributorId":59418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skougstad","given":"M. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horr, C. Albert","contributorId":43333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horr","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3053,"text":"wsp1636 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1636","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1636","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1636","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 12, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1636, x, 402 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1636.","productDescription":"x, 402 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1636/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1636/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db6943ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3609,"text":"cir415 - 1960 - Water management, agriculture, and ground-water supplies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir415","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"415","title":"Water management, agriculture, and ground-water supplies","docAbstract":"Encyclopedic data on world geography strikingly illustrate the drastic inequity in the distribution of the world's water supply. About 97 percent of the total volume of water is in the world's oceans. The area of continents and islands not under icecaps, glaciers, lakes, and inland seas is about 57.5 million square miles, of which 18 million (36 percent) is arid to semiarid. The total world supply of water is about 326.5 million cubic miles, of which about 317 million is in the oceans and about 9.4 million is in the land areas. Atmospheric moisture is equivalent to only about 3,100 cubic miles of water. \r\n\r\nThe available and accessible supply of ground water in the United States is somewhat more than 53,000 cubic miles (about 180 billion acre ft). The amount of fresh water on the land areas of the world at any one time is roughly 30,300 cubic miles and more than a fourth of this is in large fresh-water lakes on the North American Continent. \r\n\r\nAnnual recharge of ground water in the United States may average somewhat more than 1 billion acre-feet yearly, but the total volume of ground water in storage is equivalent to all the recharge in about the last 160 years. This accumulation of ground water is the nation's only reserve water resource, but already it is being withdrawn or mined on a large scale in a few areas. \r\n\r\nThe principal withdrawals of water in the United States are for agriculture and industry. Only 7.4 percent of agricultural land is irrigated, however; so natural soil moisture is the principal source of agricultural water, and on that basis agriculture is incomparably the largest water user. In view of current forecasts of population and industrial expansion, new commitments of water for agriculture should be scrutinized very closely, and thorough justification should be required. The 17 Western States no longer contain all the large irrigation developments. Nearly 10 percent of the irrigated area is in States east of the western bloc, chiefly in several Southeastern States. \r\n\r\nGround water is not completely 'self-renewing' because, where it is being mined, the reserve is being diminished and the reserve would be renewed only if pumping were stopped. \r\n\r\nWater is being mined at the rate of 5 million acre-feet per year in Arizona and 6 million in the High Plains of Texas. In contrast, water has been going into storage in the Snake River Plain of Idaho, where deep percolation from surface-water irrigation has added about 10 million acre-feet of storage since irrigation began. \r\n\r\nSituations in California illustrate problems of land subsidence resulting from pumping and use of water, and deterioration of ground-water reservoirs due to sea-water invasion. Much water development in the United States has been haphazard and rarely has there been integrated development of ground water and surface water. Competition is sharpening and new codes of water law are in the making. New laws, however, will not prevent the consequences of bad management. An important task for water management is to recognize the contingencies that may arise in the future and to prepare for them. \r\n\r\nThe three most important tasks at hand are to make more efficient use of water, to develop improved quantitative evaluations of water supplies arid their quality, and to develop management practices which are based on scientific hydrology.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir415","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1960, Water management, agriculture, and ground-water supplies: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 415, 12 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir415.","productDescription":"12 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0415/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30645,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0415/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3783,"text":"cir424 - 1960 - Ground-water supplies in shale and sandstone in Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William Counties, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:38:28","indexId":"cir424","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"424","title":"Ground-water supplies in shale and sandstone in Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William Counties, Virginia","docAbstract":"The Triassic rocks of northern Virginia may be a potential source of moderately large supplies of ground water for municipal end industrial use if the performance of two deep wells drilled at the site of the new Dulles International Airport is a criterion. These two wells produced 327 and 600 gpm (gallons per minute) from depths of 860-and 955 feet in sedimentary rocks in an immediate area where the previous maximum depth reported was 180 feet and the maximum yield 12 gpm. \r\n\r\nChemical analyses of the water indicates that it is extremely hard--533 and 500 ppm (parts per million) in the two wells--and would require treatment to be satisfactory for domestic and some industrial uses. However, water of better quality may be present at greater depths, and it may be possible to case off the more highly mineralized water. Further exploration and sampling of water from various depths will be necessary for efficient development of the Triassic groundwater reservoir.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir424","usgsCitation":"Johnston, P.M., 1960, Ground-water supplies in shale and sandstone in Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William Counties, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 424, iv, 7 p. :map, tables. ;27cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir424.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p. :map, tables. ;27cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30855,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0424/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0424/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Paul McKelvey","contributorId":8828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"McKelvey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3052,"text":"wsp1633 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 9, Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1633","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1633","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 9, Colorado River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1633","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 9, Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1633, xi, 506 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1633.","productDescription":"xi, 506 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1633/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29906,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1633/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694361","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3050,"text":"wsp1625 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 3-A, Ohio River Basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:36","indexId":"wsp1625","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1625","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 3-A, Ohio River Basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1625","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1959, Part 3-A, Ohio River Basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1625, xii, 565 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1625.","productDescription":"xii, 565 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1625/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29904,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1625/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db6943a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3551,"text":"cir425 - 1960 - Are you concerned about water?--you will be","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:38:33","indexId":"cir425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"425","title":"Are you concerned about water?--you will be","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir425","usgsCitation":"Piper, A., 1960, Are you concerned about water?--you will be: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 425, 6 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir425.","productDescription":"6 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30571,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0425/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0425/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, Arthur M.","contributorId":65060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"Arthur M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3304,"text":"cir422 - 1960 - Availability of ground water at the border stations at Laurier and Ferry, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24788,"text":"ofr59137 - 1959 - Availability of ground water at the border stations at Laurier and Ferry, Ferry County, Washington","indexId":"ofr59137","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Availability of ground water at the border stations at Laurier and Ferry, Ferry County, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3304,"text":"cir422 - 1960 - Availability of ground water at the border stations at Laurier and Ferry, Washington","indexId":"cir422","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Availability of ground water at the border stations at Laurier and Ferry, Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T22:20:28.092334","indexId":"cir422","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"422","title":"Availability of ground water at the border stations at Laurier and Ferry, Washington","docAbstract":"In the Laurier area, Washington, the Kettle River has cut into crystalline rocks in the deepest part of the valley. Sand and gravel fill were deposited in the valley during Pleistocene time by melt water from glaciers, and subsequent erosion and alluviation formed three terrace levels. The highest level, on which Laurier Border Station is situated is about 200 feet above present river level The intermediate terrace is 150 to 180 feet above river level. Wells on the intermediate terrace yield about 4 gpm (gallons per minute) per foot of drawdown. Larger yields probably could be obtained from wells on the lowest terrace (flood plain). \r\n\r\nIn the Ferry area the valley fill of the Kettle River valley is as much as 150 feet thick and contains boulders that are as much as 18 inches in diameter. Small to moderate quantities of water probably would be available from wells on the high-terrace level. Large quantities of water are obtained from irrigation wells on the low terrace. The bedrock at both sites is relatively impermeable and probably would yield very meager supplies of water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir422","usgsCitation":"Walters, K.L., 1960, Availability of ground water at the border stations at Laurier and Ferry, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 422, iii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir422.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425417,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53900.htm","text":"Ferry","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":425416,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53876.htm","text":"Laurier","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0422/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124408,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0422/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Ferry, Laurier","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.21290290235422,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.54725623478598,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.54630574034938,\n              48.955\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21290290235422,\n              48.9555\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21290290235422,\n              49\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667ee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Kenneth Lyle","contributorId":32493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"Lyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4177,"text":"cir431 - 1960 - Wetland and water supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"cir431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"431","title":"Wetland and water supply","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey has received numerous inquiries about the effects of proposed changes in the wetland environment. The nature of the inquiries suggests a general confusion in the public mind as to wetland values and an increasing concern by the public with the need for facts as a basis for sound decisions when public action is required. \r\n\r\nPerhaps the largest gap in our knowledge is in regard to the role played by the wetland in the natural water scheme. Specialists in such fields as agriculture and conservation have studied the wetland in relation to its special uses and values for farming and as a habitat for fish and wildlife. However, except as studied incidentally by these specialists, the role of the wetland with respect to water has been largely neglected. This facet of the wetland problem is of direct concern to the Geological Survey. \r\n\r\nWe commonly speak of water in terms of its place in the hydrologic environment---as, for example, surface water or ground water. These terms imply that water can be neatly pigeonholed. With respect to the wetland environment nothing can be further from the truth. In fact, one objective of this discussion is to demonstrate that for the wetland environment surface water, ground water, and soil water cannot be separated realistically, but are closely interrelated and must be studied together. It should be noted that this statement holds true for the hydrologic environment in general, and that the wetland environment is by no means unique in this respect. Our second and principal objective is to identify some of the problems that must be studied in order to clarify the role of the wetland in relation to water supply. \r\n\r\nWe have chosen to approach these objectives by briefly describing one area for which we have some information, and by using this example to point out some of the problems that need study. First, however, let us define what we, as geohydrologists, mean by wetland and briefly consider wetland classifications. \r\n\r\nFor our purpose wetlands are land areas that are covered with shallow water or subjected to intermittent flooding and subsequent slow drainage, and which generally are characterized by an accumulation of organic matter hereafter termed \u001Cswamp deposits.' These wetlands may be classified in a number of different ways depending on the purpose of the classifier. For example, the Fish and Wildlife Service classifies wetlands into 20 different types based on water quality (fresh or salty), drainage, and vegetation. At the risk of some oversimplification we might consider 4 types of wetland from the standpoint of hydrology: (1) fresh-water swamps in which the swamp deposits are underlain by glacial till or bedrock; (2)fresh-water swamps in which the swamp deposits are underlain by marine or lacustrine clay and silt; (3) fresh-water swamps in which the swamp deposits are underlain by glacial outwash or alluvium consisting mostly of sand or sand and gravel; and (4) salt .marshes and salt meadows. The three fresh-water types of wetland are of interest with respect to water supply, and of these, the type in which swamp deposits are underlain by glacial outwash is of particular interest in New England. \r\n\r\nIn the Ipswich River basin above the Geological Survey gaging station at South Middleton, Mass., is an area of 44 square miles which forms the headwaters section of the basin. The relief of the area is low. About half the area consists of hills mostly underlain by bedrock but mantled by a thin layer of glacial till. The other half consists Of lowlands---including swamps, low terraces and plains---underlain by glacial outwash, Swampland, used hereafter as a synonym for wetland, forms about a fourth of the area. Some of the swamps occupy depressions in the till blanket and are situated at somewhat higher levels than the lowlands. The largest swamps, however, border the Ipswich River and its tributaries. Here the swamp deposits, which consist of muck and peat mixed with s","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir431","usgsCitation":"Baker, J.A., 1960, Wetland and water supply: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 431, 3 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir431.","productDescription":"3 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0431/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31289,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0431/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545334","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, John Augustus","contributorId":48159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Augustus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3049,"text":"wsp1568 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 14, Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"wsp1568","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1568","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 14, Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1568","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 14, Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1568, viii, 292 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1568.","productDescription":"viii, 292 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1568/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29903,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1568/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696078","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3048,"text":"wsp1565 - 1960 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 11, Pacific slope basins in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"wsp1565","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1565","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 11, Pacific slope basins in California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1565","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1960, Surface water supply of the United States, 1958, Part 11, Pacific slope basins in California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1565, xiv, 681 p. :tables ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1565.","productDescription":"xiv, 681 p. :tables ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1565/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29902,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1565/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69609d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3318,"text":"cir435 - 1960 - Summary of preliminary findings in ground-water studies of southern Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"cir435","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"435","title":"Summary of preliminary findings in ground-water studies of southern Oahu, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir435","usgsCitation":"Visher, F.N., and Mink, J., 1960, Summary of preliminary findings in ground-water studies of southern Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 435, iii, 16 p. : ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir435.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p. : ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0435/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30327,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1960/0435/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db698ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Visher, F. N.","contributorId":52554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visher","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mink, John F.","contributorId":89510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mink","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":16691,"text":"ofr60162 - 1960 - Petrography of the Upper Cambrian dolomites of Warren County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-25T10:58:14","indexId":"ofr60162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-162","title":"Petrography of the Upper Cambrian dolomites of Warren County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p>Petrographic investigation of the Upper Cambrian dolomites along the Delaware River in Warren County, New Jersey, has led to the distinction of six different microfacies each representing a specific sedimentary environment. In order of decreasing relative depth these microfacies are: dololutite, dolarenite, oolitic dolarenite, dolorudite, cryptozoan dolomite and desiccation dolorudite. </p><p>Over 1,200 samples spaced at an average interval of 1.8 feet were collected from two measured sections, one at Riegelsville, N. J., and another at Carpentersville, N. J. Thin sections, cut perpendicular to the bedding were made and analyzed according to the method used by Albert V. Carozzi which consists of the statistical measurement of the sizes and frequencies of detrital, authigenic and organic components of a sedimentary rock. In this investigation, three general types of parameters were investigated: detrital components, degree of crystallinity and chemical composition. The detrital components present in sufficient abundance for study are quartz, pyrite, oolites and reworked lithic fragments. The maximum size of the largest optically continuous dolomite crystals for each thin section was measured to obtain the degree of crystallinity. Chemical composition was investigated by means of an X-ray diffractometer. </p><p>The results of the statistical measurements are interpreted by means of a bathymetrical curve showing the variations of relative depth as a function of thickness. The oscillations in the bathymetrical curve exhibit superposed asymmetrical cycles of sedimentation. The ideal cycle begins with structureless dololutite (deepest water facies) and grades upward through progressively shallower facies and terminates with desiccation dolorudite. Immediately overlying this dolorudite is a dololutite which begins the superjacent cycle. The bathymetrical curve also displays a rhythmic occurrence of series of cycles or megacycles. Within each megacycle, each superposed cycle terminates in a progressively shallower microfacies. </p><p>The two investigated sections do not overlap stratigraphically and therefore correlation could not be attempted. Although correlation on the basis of individual cycles is probably limited to short distances, the megacycles and the major groups of cycles could provide a valuable means of correlation in this general area. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr60162","usgsCitation":"Zadnik, V.E., 1960, Petrography of the Upper Cambrian dolomites of Warren County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-162, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60162.","productDescription":"96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":354495,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Warren County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.23334503173828,\n              40.577716343708545\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.14476776123045,\n              40.577716343708545\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.14476776123045,\n              40.668399962792876\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.23334503173828,\n              40.668399962792876\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.23334503173828,\n              40.577716343708545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zadnik, Valentine E.","contributorId":93505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zadnik","given":"Valentine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16686,"text":"ofr60160 - 1960 - Waterpower resources in the Trask River basin, Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16686,"text":"ofr60160 - 1960 - Waterpower resources in the Trask River basin, Oregon","indexId":"ofr60160","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Waterpower resources in the Trask River basin, Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3035,"text":"wsp1610B - 1963 - Waterpower resources in Trask River basin, Oregon","indexId":"wsp1610B","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Waterpower resources in Trask River basin, Oregon"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":3035,"text":"wsp1610B - 1963 - Waterpower resources in Trask River basin, Oregon","indexId":"wsp1610B","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Waterpower resources in Trask River basin, Oregon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:05","indexId":"ofr60160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-160","title":"Waterpower resources in the Trask River basin, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr60160","usgsCitation":"Young, L.L., 1960, Waterpower resources in the Trask River basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-160, 48 p. ill., maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60160.","productDescription":"48 p. ill., maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6498cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Loyd L.","contributorId":14805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Loyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16077,"text":"ofr60128 - 1960 - Geology of damsites on the upper tributaries of the Columbia River in Idaho and Montana - Knowles and Perma damsites, lower Flathead River, Sanders County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T19:35:00.599693","indexId":"ofr60128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-128","title":"Geology of damsites on the upper tributaries of the Columbia River in Idaho and Montana - Knowles and Perma damsites, lower Flathead River, Sanders County, Montana","docAbstract":"<p>Knowles and Perma damsites, at river miles 3 and 11 respectively, are alternates for developing the lower Flathead River. A high dam with a flow line at altitude 2,705 feet would back water to Kerr Dam at river mile 72 and would produce a hydraulic head of 235 feet at Knowles and 225 at Perma. Low head dams in combination with upstream dams could be used to develop the sites also. Economic studies of both development schemes should be made.</p><p>Precambrian metasedimentary rocks including quartzites, impure quartzites, and argillites, of the Prichard formation, Belt series, make up the valley walls. At Knowles the river is flowing along the crest of a gentle anticline. At Perma the river is flowing across the nose of a southeast-plunging asymmetrical fold well outlined by two large diorite sills. At both sites the valley bottom is filled with about 255 feet of interbedded very fine-grained sand, silt, and clay deposited in glacial lakes. Either site is feasible only for an earthfill dam. Additional testing of the unconsolidated valley fill is necessary.</p><p>At Knowles damsite a rock knob 800 to 1,600 feet south of the right valley wall extends through the valley fill and rises to slightly above 2,650 feet. Either line A-A', which crosses the knob, or B-B', 400 feet upstream, is suitable for a high dam. B-B' has the smaller valley cross section. A-A' has a narrower section underlain by lake beds and offers a wider choice of sites for appurtenant works. A-A' is the best axis for a low dam and most likely for a high dan too.</p><p>At Perma damsite sections C-C' and D-D' are possible axes for a dam with a flow line between 2,600 and 2,705 feet. The abutments are in strong rock that would be good foundation sites for the appurtenant structures. At C-C', a wide terrace south of the river is underlain by 23 to 5o feet of pervious sand and gravel. Contact between the gravel and underlying lake beds is between altitude 2,444-2,480 feet. Two spillway sites are present on D-D': one is across the rock spur forming the right abutment; the other is along an abandoned high level channel of Flathead River that swings 2,200 feet south of the left abutment. For a high dam, geological conditions are slightly better at D-D' than at C-C'. D-D' and E-E' are possible axes for a darn with a flow line between altitudes 514 and 2,600 feet. At either axis the foundation and right abutment would be unconsolidated lake beds. At D-D', the left abutment is the Prichard formation and at E-E' a diorite sill. The sill would be an excellent foundation for appurtenant structures. Geologically, E-E' is the best axis for a low dam.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr60128","usgsCitation":"Soward, K.S., 1960, Geology of damsites on the upper tributaries of the Columbia River in Idaho and Montana - Knowles and Perma damsites, lower Flathead River, Sanders County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-128, Report: v, 57 p.; 1 Figure: 36.85 x 27.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60128.","productDescription":"Report: v, 57 p.; 1 Figure: 36.85 x 27.68 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":431155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0128/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":431154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0128/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.19739648622374,\n              48.93816844251765\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.19739648622374,\n              41.91251748670368\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.63116544794224,\n              41.91251748670368\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.63116544794224,\n              48.93816844251765\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.19739648622374,\n              48.93816844251765\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68373a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soward, Kenneth S.","contributorId":39351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soward","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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