No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha39","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1960, Floods near Chicago Heights, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 39, 1 Plate: 30.50 × 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha39.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.50 × 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15770.htm"},{"id":89892,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/039/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago Heights","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.61749999999999,41.5 ], [ -87.61749999999999,41.6175 ], [ -87.5,41.6175 ], [ -87.5,41.5 ], [ -87.61749999999999,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e07ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220539,"text":"70220539 - 1960 - Thickness and consolidation of deep-sea sediments: A discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T18:19:13.269155","indexId":"70220539","displayToPublicDate":"1960-12-31T13:15:14","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thickness and consolidation of deep-sea sediments: A discussion","docAbstract":"Hamilton (1959) concluded that in most sediments excess pore-water pressure is equal to zero - that is, the hydrostatic pressure is at atmospheric pressure. This note points out that in terrestrial environments the occurrence of artesian water (excess pore-water pressure) is commonplace and widespread and that such excess pressure is the source of energy for flowing water wells and for many flowing oil wells, \"gushers,\" or \"blowouts\".
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[1727:TACODS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, G., 1960, Thickness and consolidation of deep-sea sediments: A discussion: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 71, no. 11, p. 1727-1728, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[1727:TACODS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1727","endPage":"1728","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385726,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, G.H.","contributorId":258184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220524,"text":"70220524 - 1960 - Application of seismic methods to a ground-water problem in northeastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T16:25:46.270443","indexId":"70220524","displayToPublicDate":"1960-12-31T10:57:42","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of seismic methods to a ground-water problem in northeastern Ohio","docAbstract":"Valleys cut in the bedrock in northeastern Ohio by Tertiary and Pleistocene streams have been filled by Pleistocene glacial drift so that there is little surface evidence of their existence. Some of these buried valleys are good sources of ground water, so information regarding the location, depth, and cross-section of the buried valleys is important in water-supply investigations. Detailed knowledge of the configuration of the buried valleys is useful also in interpreting the glacial history of the region. Test surveys in Portage and Summit Counties, Ohio, by the U.S. Geological Survey indicate that seismic methods can be used to determine depth to bedrock and thus to be applicable to the study of the buried valleys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1438722","usgsCitation":"Warrick, R., and Winslow, J., 1960, Application of seismic methods to a ground-water problem in northeastern Ohio: Geophysics, v. 25, no. 2, p. 505-519, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438722.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"519","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"northwest Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 39.67337039176558\n ],\n [\n -82.33154296875,\n 39.67337039176558\n ],\n [\n -82.33154296875,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 39.67337039176558\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, R. E.","contributorId":258173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warrick","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winslow, J.D.","contributorId":258174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winslow","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014191,"text":"1014191 - 1960 - Preparation of monolayer cell cultures from tissues of some lower vertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-26T15:34:05.862296","indexId":"1014191","displayToPublicDate":"1960-12-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preparation of monolayer cell cultures from tissues of some lower vertebrates","docAbstract":"Cold trypsin dispersion at pH 7.2 was used to obtain cultivable cells and cell groups from tissues of six species of fresh-water bony fishes, a frog, and a turtle. The cells readily attached to glass and were capable of at least limited, and in some cases extended, division in media consisting of commercially available components.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.132.3443.1890","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., Quimby, M.C., Pyle, E.A., and Dexter, R., 1960, Preparation of monolayer cell cultures from tissues of some lower vertebrates: Science, v. 132, no. 3443, p. 1890-1891.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1890","endPage":"1891","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"3443","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66917a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quimby, M. C.","contributorId":14334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quimby","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pyle, E. A.","contributorId":51243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyle","given":"E.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dexter, R.P.","contributorId":88447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dexter","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220487,"text":"70220487 - 1960 - Position of the salt-water body in the magothy(?) formation in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area of southwestern Nassau county, Long Island, N.Y.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T12:15:02.115934","indexId":"70220487","displayToPublicDate":"1960-12-01T06:52:17","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Position of the salt-water body in the magothy(?) formation in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area of southwestern Nassau county, Long Island, N.Y.","docAbstract":"The position and chloride concentration of a sizable body of salt water, moving slowly landsyard from the south-shore bays of Long Island and the Atlantic Ocean were defined by recent test drilling in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area of southwestern Nassau County, Long Island, N. Most of the salt-water body is in the lower part of a permeable artesian aquifer; the lowermost part of the salt-water body is in clay deposits underlying the permeable aquifer. The upper limit of the salt-water body in this area was found at depths increasing progressively in a landward direction. It was 318 feet below sea level at a well in Cedarhurst and 541 feet below sea level at a well in Woodmere. The lower limit of the salt-water body was determined at depths between 578 and 630 feet below sea level in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area. The salt-water body is more than 300 feet thick at a well in Cedarhurst, and it thins out to zero in the vicinity of a pumping center about 1- miles northeast of the Cedarhurst well. Chloride concentration in the salt-water body in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area ranged from about 40 to 16,000 ppm (parts per million). Isochlors define a zone of diffusion about a mile wide in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area. They indicate a thickness of diffused water ranging from a few tens to more than 150 feet vertically. Electrical-log data show that the upper boundary of the salt-water body moved upward 21 feet between 1952 and 1958 at a site in Woodmere about half a mile southwest of the pumping center. ' From this information it is inferred that between 1952 and 1958 the leading edge of the saltwater front moved landward about 2,000 feet toward the pumping center.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.8.1739","usgsCitation":"Lusczynski, N., and Swarzenski, W., 1960, Position of the salt-water body in the magothy(?) formation in the Cedarhurst-Woodmere area of southwestern Nassau county, Long Island, N.Y.: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 8, p. 1739-1750, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.8.1739.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1739","endPage":"1750","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385667,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.79241943359375,\n 40.561807971278185\n ],\n [\n -73.48892211914062,\n 40.561807971278185\n ],\n [\n -73.48892211914062,\n 40.92388970852943\n ],\n [\n -73.79241943359375,\n 40.92388970852943\n ],\n [\n -73.79241943359375,\n 40.561807971278185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lusczynski, N.J.","contributorId":10779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lusczynski","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, W.V.","contributorId":80243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170699,"text":"70170699 - 1960 - Municipal water supplies on the Mesabi and Vermillion Iron Ranges, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:33:41","indexId":"70170699","displayToPublicDate":"1960-11-02T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesNumber":"1","subseriesTitle":"Ground Water Series Basic Data Release","title":"Municipal water supplies on the Mesabi and Vermillion Iron Ranges, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70170699","usgsCitation":"Cotter, R.D., and Young, L., 1960, Municipal water supplies on the Mesabi and Vermillion Iron Ranges, northeastern Minnesota, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170699.","productDescription":"61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Mesabi and Vermillion Iron ranges","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57248673e4b0b13d39159654","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, R. D.","contributorId":89874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, L.H.","contributorId":169025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171289,"text":"70171289 - 1960 - An automatic-tracking device for visual-accumulation-tube analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:39:29","indexId":"70171289","displayToPublicDate":"1960-11-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automatic-tracking device for visual-accumulation-tube analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., 1960, An automatic-tracking device for visual-accumulation-tube analysis: Water Resources Bulletin, v. November, p. 135-137.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"137","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"November","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e2ce4b07e28b664db81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220489,"text":"70220489 - 1960 - Metallization and post-mineral hypogene argillization, Lost River tin mine, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-17T12:09:18.380166","indexId":"70220489","displayToPublicDate":"1960-11-01T07:04:22","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metallization and post-mineral hypogene argillization, Lost River tin mine, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Lost River tin and tungsten deposit occurs in a buried granite pluton and in associated rhyolite dikes that intrude Paleozoic limestone. The dikes and parts of the granite were greisenized and then argillized irregularly. Metallization accompanied greisenization rather than argilli-zation, although both processes probably were closely related in time. Iron-zinc ratios in sphalerite indicate that the ore minerals were deposited at a temperature between 425°C and 740°C. This temperature is within the range of the temperatures at which topaz, a comman associate of the ore minerals, has been synthesized in the laboratory. The temperature of deposition of the ore minerals is above the temperature interval in which clay minerals are stable. Thus, clay minerals could not have formed while ore was being deposited. As temperatures fell and entered the stability range of the clay minerals, argillic alteration encroached upon greisen ores and wall rocks. Reaction rims between quartz and topaz indicate that kaolinite could have formed according to the following reaction: topaz + quartz + water + limestone -* kaolinite + fluorite + Cajj\"C (Al,F)2Si04 + Si02 +3H2O+ CaCOa - Al2Si20B(OH)41 + CaF2 + H2CO3 The clay minerals, which formed from diverse rock types, consist of kaolinite, dickite, mixed-layered chlorite-montmorillonite, and minor montmorillonite, accompanied by variable amounts of muscovite and zinnwaldite. The dickite is most common in and near late veins that cut the earlier-formed greisen. Temperature is believed to be the principal agent governing the relations between ore deposition and argillization. Similar relations are to be expected in other high-temperature deposits where abundant veining and fracturing indicate that wall rocks reached an isothermal condition above a maximum temperature of 480°C during ore deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.7.1478","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., 1960, Metallization and post-mineral hypogene argillization, Lost River tin mine, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1478-1506, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.7.1478.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1478","endPage":"1506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Bering land bridge","volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220494,"text":"70220494 - 1960 - Geological age of the Claypool site, northeastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-17T12:40:17.718636","indexId":"70220494","displayToPublicDate":"1960-10-01T07:35:55","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological age of the Claypool site, northeastern Colorado","docAbstract":"Artifacts related to the Cody complex occur in medium-grained sand that is spread as a blanket eolian deposit a few feet thick in the Claypool site area, Washington County, Colorado. The artifact-bearing sand lacks noticeable dunal topography and lies unconformably on marl of Yarmouth age and on waterlaid coarse sand and fine gravel of Kansan age that underlie the marl. The deposits underlying the artifact-bearing sand are much too old to date the artifacts precisely, but the physical characteristics of the artifact-bearing sand suggest that it was deposited under conditions cool and dry, rather than warm and dry, possibly during retreat of Valders ice that began about 10,000 years ago. A moderately mature Brown Soil about 5 feet thick developed on the sand, possibly about 7000 to 5000 years ago during a moist phase of the Thermal Maximum. Thus, the artifacts are possibly 10,000 to 7000 years old. Deposits which overlie the artifact-bearing sand reflect several episodes of erosion and sedimentation that are inferred to represent climatic changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for American Archaeology","doi":"10.2307/276202","usgsCitation":"Malde, H., 1960, Geological age of the Claypool site, northeastern Colorado: American Antiquity, v. 26, no. 2, p. 215-222, https://doi.org/10.2307/276202.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"222","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.083984375,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -102.0849609375,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -102.0849609375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -106.083984375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -106.083984375,\n 38.85682013474361\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malde, H.E.","contributorId":65863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malde","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220535,"text":"70220535 - 1960 - Montana earthquakes noted in pennsylvania mine‐water pools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T17:43:32.530024","indexId":"70220535","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T12:40:32","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Montana earthquakes noted in pennsylvania mine‐water pools","docAbstract":"A recent paper by daCosta [1959] reported water‐level fluctuations caused by the Montana earthquake of August 18, 1959, and mentioned the fluctuations registered in three mine‐water pools of the Northern anthracite field in northeastern Pennsylvania, ten miles north of Wilkes‐Barre. This paper will discuss the water‐level phenomena of these pools in more detail. Most of the coal mines near Wilkes‐Barre are idle, and ground water is forming extensive mine‐water pools in the underground mine openings. Some of the pools are interconnected by boreholes, tunnels, and other openings through the barrier pillars between adjacent mines.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR041i003p00435","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, W., and Simpson, T., 1960, Montana earthquakes noted in pennsylvania mine‐water pools: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 41, no. 3, p. 435-436, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR041i003p00435.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"436","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.27929687499999,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -103.271484375,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -103.271484375,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -116.27929687499999,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -116.27929687499999,\n 44.276671273775186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, W.B.","contributorId":10072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, T.A.","contributorId":97553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220529,"text":"70220529 - 1960 - Chemical equilibrium diagrams for ground-water systems/les graphiques de l'équilibre chimique pour les systèmes des eaux souterrainnes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T17:08:40.335274","indexId":"70220529","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T12:06:26","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical equilibrium diagrams for ground-water systems/les graphiques de l'équilibre chimique pour les systèmes des eaux souterrainnes","docAbstract":"Chemical equilibrium in water in contact with calcite is expressed by means of a pH grid overlay on a log-log plot of activities of bicarbonate vs. calcium ions. Solubility of ferrous iron and the solid-phase minerals that would be stable in a solution containing activities of 10 ppm of sulfate and 100 ppm of bicarbonate or related species is expressed by means of a stability-field diagram with pH as abscissa and redox potential as ordinate.The diagrams can be used to tell whether water injected in recharge wells may form precipitates that may plug the aquifer and have other uses in studies of natural water chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493179","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., 1960, Chemical equilibrium diagrams for ground-water systems/les graphiques de l'équilibre chimique pour les systèmes des eaux souterrainnes: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 3, p. 45-53, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493179.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493179","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37517,"text":"37517 - 1960 - Waterfowl status report, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T13:49:59","indexId":"37517","displayToPublicDate":"1960-08-01T13:49:03","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"51","title":"Waterfowl status report, 1960","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Crissey, W., 1960, Waterfowl status report, 1960: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 51, 192 p.","productDescription":"192 p.","numberOfPages":"192","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64deae4b0001bd51477d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crissey, W.F.","contributorId":21656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crissey","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220522,"text":"70220522 - 1960 - Extract ability of humic acid from coalified logs as a guide to temperatures in colorado plateau sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T14:09:06.935516","indexId":"70220522","displayToPublicDate":"1960-08-01T09:04:39","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extract ability of humic acid from coalified logs as a guide to temperatures in colorado plateau sediments","docAbstract":"Coalified logs in Triassic and Jurassic sediments of the Colorado Plateau have been exposed to alkaline ground water. Extraction of humic acids under such conditions is temperature dependent. Study of residual humic acids in a suite of coalified logs has indicated that temperatures up to but not over 120° C prevailed in the sediments. This maximum temperature corresponds with that to be expected from geothermal gradient and estimated from mineralogic evidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.5.1039","usgsCitation":"Breger, I., and Chandler, J., 1960, Extract ability of humic acid from coalified logs as a guide to temperatures in colorado plateau sediments: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 5, p. 1039-1047, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.5.1039.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1047","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -108.9404296875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breger, Irving A.","contributorId":41901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breger","given":"Irving A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chandler, J.C.","contributorId":225572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chandler","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220813,"text":"5220813 - 1960 - Problems associated with practices that increase the reported recoveries of waterfowl bands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-05T15:23:03.011465","indexId":"5220813","displayToPublicDate":"1960-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems associated with practices that increase the reported recoveries of waterfowl bands","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3797514","usgsCitation":"Atwood, E.L., and Geis, A.D., 1960, Problems associated with practices that increase the reported recoveries of waterfowl bands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 24, no. 3, p. 272-279, https://doi.org/10.2307/3797514.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"272","endPage":"279","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Louisiana, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.570927,33.439351],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-122.289533,42.007764],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.46862,34.707573],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.387187,34.462021],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.134768,34.268965],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.524599,33.552231],[-114.643302,33.416745],[-114.725282,33.405048],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.729904,33.305745],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.707819,33.091102],[-114.66506,33.033908],[-114.523578,33.030961],[-114.469039,32.972295],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.528849,32.796307],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.615733,32.729427],[-114.69879,32.744846],[-114.717665,32.721654],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.1755,33.763617],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.227743,34.161728],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.929666,36.636959],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.116112,37.505386],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.329159,37.783173],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.363655,38.014166],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.448413,37.988313],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.43925,37.88392],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.976764,37.99568],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.991953,38.233185],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-122.289533,42.007764]]],[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.940346,29.657234],[-88.8312,29.878839],[-88.840866,29.995613],[-88.881454,30.053202],[-88.817017,29.93425],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-89.486709,29.621003],[-89.64975,29.672941],[-89.641228,29.635773],[-89.684486,29.624804],[-89.668648,29.580322],[-89.700845,29.520785],[-89.589536,29.437662],[-89.528429,29.454702],[-89.508551,29.386168],[-89.47714,29.411241],[-89.340304,29.381412],[-89.350694,29.349544],[-89.283028,29.356467],[-89.24087,29.310081],[-89.189354,29.345061],[-89.100106,29.25022],[-89.10065,29.206314],[-89.029103,29.220956],[-89.000674,29.180091],[-89.047233,29.157833],[-89.024149,29.137298],[-89.062335,29.070234],[-89.121542,29.069074],[-89.164788,29.008703],[-89.254726,29.083261],[-89.41148,28.925011],[-89.408157,28.965341],[-89.334735,29.040335],[-89.354798,29.072543],[-89.405654,29.086936],[-89.409371,29.127855],[-89.482844,29.215053],[-89.697258,29.296679],[-89.850305,29.311768],[-89.816155,29.393518],[-89.849642,29.477996],[-89.932598,29.429288],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.035415,29.368201],[-90.009678,29.294785],[-90.097678,29.26199],[-90.096038,29.240673],[-90.06361,29.209474],[-89.959509,29.267677],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.348768,29.057817],[-90.234235,29.110268],[-90.302846,29.175098],[-90.271251,29.204639],[-90.332796,29.276956],[-90.387924,29.252786],[-90.399465,29.201046],[-90.472489,29.192688],[-90.494928,29.216713],[-90.450674,29.263739],[-90.510555,29.290925],[-90.582525,29.276037],[-90.589724,29.248521],[-90.544311,29.224292],[-90.633819,29.209128],[-90.647042,29.12858],[-90.764189,29.113374],[-90.803699,29.063709],[-90.637623,29.072084],[-90.839345,29.039167],[-90.862757,29.094863],[-90.961278,29.180817],[-91.094015,29.187711],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.33275,29.305816],[-91.291821,29.311357],[-91.251546,29.368659],[-91.197465,29.369882],[-91.217448,29.432549],[-91.447345,29.544749],[-91.531021,29.531543],[-91.553537,29.632766],[-91.648941,29.633635],[-91.618479,29.710816],[-91.632829,29.742576],[-91.752259,29.748264],[-91.88075,29.710839],[-91.854677,29.807436],[-91.889118,29.836023],[-92.056398,29.772313],[-92.149349,29.697052],[-92.111787,29.62177],[-91.965031,29.608019],[-91.922825,29.633173],[-91.841294,29.62962],[-91.774686,29.576387],[-91.712002,29.56474],[-91.782387,29.482882],[-91.8385,29.478874],[-92.046316,29.584362],[-92.158624,29.581616],[-92.309357,29.533026],[-92.61627,29.578729],[-93.088182,29.749125],[-93.267456,29.778113],[-93.68364,29.747153],[-93.852868,29.675885],[-94.056506,29.671163],[-94.594853,29.467903],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.681541,29.471389],[-94.608557,29.483345],[-94.566674,29.531988],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.503429,29.54325],[-94.553988,29.573882],[-94.779674,29.530533],[-94.78954,29.546494],[-94.708741,29.625226],[-94.693154,29.694453],[-94.735271,29.785433],[-94.816085,29.75671],[-94.893107,29.661336],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.013777,29.644322],[-94.984831,29.604361],[-95.016889,29.548303],[-94.981916,29.511141],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.930861,29.450504],[-94.8908,29.433432],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-95.151925,29.151162],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-95.136221,29.084537],[-94.824953,29.306005],[-94.810696,29.353435],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.081773,29.111222],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-96.220376,28.491966],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-96.21505,28.509679],[-95.98616,28.606319],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-96.228909,28.580873],[-96.212624,28.622604],[-96.230944,28.641433],[-96.19125,28.69436],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.499648,28.635835],[-96.563262,28.644487],[-96.584091,28.722798],[-96.645867,28.710457],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.61059,28.638889],[-96.611099,28.585962],[-96.526111,28.557972],[-96.403973,28.44245],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.705247,28.348811],[-96.710336,28.406827],[-96.775985,28.405809],[-96.809573,28.290287],[-96.787181,28.255681],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-97.007539,28.136087],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.137421,28.057037],[-97.023824,28.103517],[-97.025859,28.041939],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.225176,27.825723],[-97.272253,27.881427],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.393291,27.782905],[-97.368355,27.741683],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.546981,27.290791],[-97.483877,27.338628],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.636549,27.282139],[-97.639094,27.253131],[-97.54291,27.229213],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.443673,27.116235],[-97.495836,27.094098],[-97.478533,26.999186],[-97.555378,26.99028],[-97.540874,26.90631],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.471663,26.758727],[-97.416955,26.553637],[-97.441383,26.455418],[-97.369627,26.394603],[-97.391001,26.332262],[-97.330441,26.350582],[-97.352833,26.318521],[-97.343927,26.267376],[-97.311866,26.273737],[-97.295072,26.108342],[-97.199651,26.077044],[-97.195071,26.04193],[-97.224842,26.027426],[-97.208557,25.991802],[-97.167208,26.007069],[-97.18273,26.053126],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.145567,25.971132],[-97.156608,25.949022],[-97.229226,25.958753],[-97.350398,25.925241],[-97.37443,25.907444],[-97.372864,25.840117],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.454727,25.879337],[-97.521762,25.886458],[-97.649176,26.021499],[-97.88653,26.066339],[-98.028759,26.06647],[-98.039239,26.041275],[-98.084755,26.070808],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.264514,26.085507],[-98.265698,26.12037],[-98.323828,26.121249],[-98.336837,26.166432],[-98.386694,26.157872],[-98.450976,26.219904],[-98.496684,26.212853],[-98.599154,26.257612],[-98.669397,26.23632],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-98.890965,26.357569],[-99.039107,26.412947],[-99.082002,26.39651],[-99.113808,26.434002],[-99.105031,26.500335],[-99.170704,26.540316],[-99.208907,26.724761],[-99.240023,26.745851],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.316753,26.865831],[-99.324684,26.915973],[-99.379149,26.93449],[-99.378435,26.980034],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.441549,27.24992],[-99.536443,27.312538],[-99.504837,27.338289],[-99.480419,27.481596],[-99.52582,27.496696],[-99.515978,27.572131],[-99.55495,27.614454],[-99.585148,27.606398],[-99.594038,27.638573],[-99.638929,27.626758],[-99.668942,27.659974],[-99.711511,27.658365],[-99.813086,27.773952],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-99.877677,27.799427],[-99.90008,27.912142],[-99.937142,27.940537],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-99.991447,27.99456],[-100.083393,28.144035],[-100.208059,28.190383],[-100.220284,28.23221],[-100.293468,28.278475],[-100.286471,28.312296],[-100.341869,28.384953],[-100.337797,28.44296],[-100.368288,28.477196],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.38886,28.515748],[-100.411414,28.551899],[-100.398385,28.584884],[-100.500354,28.66196],[-100.53583,28.805888],[-100.602054,28.901944],[-100.640568,28.914212],[-100.674656,29.099777],[-100.772649,29.168492],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-101.010614,29.368669],[-101.060151,29.458661],[-101.144337,29.473246],[-101.173821,29.514566],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.242023,29.592512],[-101.307332,29.587847],[-101.311219,29.648491],[-101.361756,29.657821],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-101.475269,29.780663],[-101.522695,29.759671],[-101.546797,29.796991],[-101.646418,29.754304],[-101.852604,29.801895],[-102.115682,29.79239],[-102.181894,29.846034],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.364542,29.845387],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.508313,29.783219],[-102.539417,29.751629],[-102.677192,29.738261],[-102.739991,29.599041],[-102.768341,29.594734],[-102.771429,29.548546],[-102.808692,29.522319],[-102.843021,29.357988],[-102.883722,29.348059],[-102.906296,29.260011],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-102.994653,29.17962],[-103.015028,29.12577],[-103.100266,29.0577],[-103.113922,28.988547],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-103.334819,29.039801],[-103.361998,29.018914],[-103.427754,29.042334],[-103.558679,29.154962],[-103.697314,29.177194],[-103.816642,29.270927],[-104.038282,29.320156],[-104.166563,29.399352],[-104.264155,29.514001],[-104.334811,29.519463],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.565688,29.770462],[-104.679772,29.924659],[-104.706874,30.050685],[-104.687296,30.179464],[-104.761634,30.301148],[-104.859521,30.390413],[-104.876787,30.511004],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-104.967167,30.608107],[-105.006801,30.686039],[-105.062334,30.686303],[-105.195144,30.792138],[-105.394242,30.852979],[-105.399609,30.888941],[-105.55743,30.990229],[-105.60333,31.082625],[-105.773257,31.166897],[-105.869353,31.288634],[-105.938452,31.318735],[-105.953943,31.364749],[-106.203969,31.465378],[-106.378039,31.72831],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-106.484642,31.747809],[-106.602727,31.825024],[-106.645296,31.894859],[-106.614346,31.918003],[-106.638186,31.97682],[-106.599096,32.000731],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-100.003762,36.499699],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.574367,34.418281],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.264167,34.405149],[-99.271281,34.381604],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.048792,34.198209],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.749291,34.124238],[-98.603978,34.160249],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.367494,34.156191],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.114506,34.154727],[-98.09066,34.12198],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-97.946473,33.990732],[-97.972662,33.944527],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.582744,33.900785],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.365507,33.823763],[-97.336524,33.872827],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.242092,33.906277],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-96.981337,33.956378],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.918618,33.958926],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.766235,33.825458],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.670618,33.914914],[-96.592948,33.895616],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.502286,33.77346],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.294867,33.764771],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-95.993624,33.866211],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.937202,33.884652],[-95.831948,33.835161],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.556915,33.92702],[-95.53979,33.879904],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.768057,33.753446],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.471152,33.601588],[-94.413155,33.569368],[-94.379649,33.580607],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.345513,33.567313],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.287025,33.58241],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.240179,33.589536],[-94.251569,33.558188],[-94.196395,33.555123],[-94.214431,33.583187],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.128658,33.550952],[-94.061283,33.568805],[-94.04345,33.552253],[-94.042964,33.019219],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-91.214027,32.93032],[-91.175405,32.899998],[-91.134041,32.917676],[-91.135517,32.979657],[-91.09693,32.986412],[-91.063684,32.906364],[-91.143559,32.844739],[-91.165328,32.751301],[-91.054481,32.722259],[-91.149753,32.644041],[-91.151318,32.615919],[-91.119854,32.584795],[-91.014286,32.640482],[-91.010228,32.601927],[-91.080398,32.556442],[-90.987831,32.49419],[-91.033906,32.48854],[-91.093741,32.549128],[-91.116008,32.48314],[-91.052907,32.438442],[-90.96959,32.43949],[-90.993625,32.354047],[-90.912363,32.339454],[-90.878289,32.374548],[-90.882161,32.357552],[-90.933991,32.290343],[-90.979475,32.293702],[-90.988672,32.215812],[-91.046507,32.241149],[-91.164171,32.196888],[-91.165452,32.13429],[-91.053175,32.124237],[-91.050207,32.178451],[-91.004106,32.146152],[-91.080008,32.079154],[-91.079108,32.050255],[-91.16031,32.070354],[-91.075908,32.016828],[-91.18481,31.965557],[-91.18061,31.917959],[-91.269012,31.858661],[-91.255611,31.812662],[-91.282212,31.814762],[-91.293413,31.86016],[-91.343014,31.846861],[-91.365529,31.761628],[-91.263406,31.754468],[-91.371804,31.742948],[-91.397115,31.711364],[-91.401015,31.620365],[-91.492748,31.644279],[-91.516659,31.627332],[-91.488618,31.587466],[-91.422716,31.597065],[-91.405415,31.576466],[-91.521445,31.523912],[-91.47887,31.364955],[-91.521836,31.37517],[-91.540647,31.430758],[-91.576265,31.410498],[-91.510049,31.316822],[-91.515614,31.27821],[-91.654027,31.255753],[-91.590051,31.193693],[-91.626476,31.119125],[-91.559907,31.054119],[-91.636942,30.999416],[-89.732504,31.004831],[-89.848879,30.665202],[-89.795388,30.547452],[-89.68341,30.451793],[-89.683686,30.405873],[-89.629727,30.339287],[-89.64344,30.287682],[-89.612556,30.219496],[-89.574454,30.181697],[-89.524504,30.180753],[-89.640989,30.138612],[-89.683712,30.076018],[-89.727453,30.062661],[-89.724649,30.022454],[-89.829762,30.033275],[-89.854533,30.007821],[-89.844202,29.955645],[-89.804463,29.932588],[-89.727933,29.95878],[-89.71291,29.946349],[-89.742727,29.935894],[-89.742479,29.90817],[-89.711158,29.879287],[-89.613159,29.87216],[-89.58136,29.994722],[-89.501587,30.034037],[-89.481926,30.079128],[-89.372375,30.054729],[-89.433411,29.991205],[-89.379227,29.963804],[-89.368019,29.911491],[-89.315453,29.923208],[-89.273315,29.99382],[-89.218071,29.97275],[-89.231178,29.925484],[-89.280144,29.924915],[-89.322289,29.887333],[-89.236298,29.877081],[-89.383789,29.838928],[-89.33197,29.790524],[-89.277298,29.807608],[-89.269325,29.760912],[-89.386063,29.788815],[-89.428207,29.74155],[-89.42421,29.697638],[-89.530258,29.74375],[-89.651237,29.749479],[-89.644562,29.710957],[-89.53376,29.670204],[-89.486709,29.621003]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.390078,27.156512],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-97.231383,27.632336],[-97.200743,27.650144],[-97.203474,27.684533],[-97.103326,27.789068],[-97.098874,27.82285],[-97.134489,27.825206],[-97.056713,27.842294],[-96.967807,28.020041],[-96.886233,28.084396],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.83003,28.111842],[-96.791958,28.188687],[-96.703838,28.198246],[-96.592934,28.296972],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.4137,28.327343],[-96.694666,28.18212],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.166682,27.676583],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.370941,27.161166],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.194644,26.306513],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.240849,26.411504]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db496596","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwood, E. L.","contributorId":43870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atwood","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geis, A. D.","contributorId":72885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221609,"text":"70221609 - 1960 - Deposits of the manganese oxides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-29T13:23:55.213152","indexId":"70221609","displayToPublicDate":"1960-06-25T08:24:04","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposits of the manganese oxides","docAbstract":"One of the problems of the wartime program of studies of domestic manganese deposits concerned the identification of, and modes of origin of the manganese oxide minerals. Of the hundreds of specimens of the oxides collected in the United States, the minerals of about 250 specimens were identified by X-ray analysis; complete chemical analyses were made of about 35 specimens and partial analyses of about 150 specimens. This report presents the conclusions that arise out of a review of the geologic environment under which the specimens were found. One conclusion of this review concerns the supergene vs. hypogene origin of the oxides. In order to reach conclusions concerning the supergene and hypogene origin of the 33 oxides of manganese recognized thus far, it was necessary to define the criteria that seemed usable.One group of oxides appears to be persistently supergene: groutite, hydrohausmannite, lithiophorite, rancieite, hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, chalcophanite, crednerite, woodruffite, and wad. Another group of oxides appears to have been formed only by hypogene processes: manganosite, hausmannite, pyrochroite, bixbyite, galaxite, jacobsite, franklinite, pyrophanite, and ilmenite. A third group of oxides appear to have been formed by supergene processes in some places and by hypogene processes in other places: manganite, pyrolusite, ramsdellite, cryptomelane, psilomelane, hollandite, braunite, and coronadite.Another conclusion concerns a genetic relation between: (1) veins of manganese oxides in the southwest, largely in Tertiary volcanic rocks, (2) bodies of oxides in travertine aprons near active hot springs, and inactive Pleistocene springs, and (3) stratified oxides, largely in late Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the southwest. From the features of these three groups of deposits of oxides and their geologic and geographic distribution, it appears that hot water from great depth rose on fractures in areas of volcanic activity, deposited oxides in the fractures, appeared at the surface as hot springs, deposited oxides in the aprons near the springs and continuing to local basins, deposited manganese oxides with local debris as persistent beds in sediments, partly or wholly of volcanic origin.
A newly compiled geobotanical map of the U.S.S.R. scale 1:4,000,000 is described. Two hundred and ten categories of vegetation are mapped, classified under 15 major groups. The relation of the mapped vegetation units to climate, soil, ground condition (permafrost), watersheds, and major geomorphic features is emphasized.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206816009473565","usgsCitation":"Sochava, V., 1960, Geobotanical map of the U.S.S.R.: International Geology Review, v. 2, no. 4, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206816009473565.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sochava, V.B.","contributorId":24400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sochava","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70217848,"text":"70217848 - 1960 - Part I, the development of the method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T19:37:35.63249","indexId":"70217848","displayToPublicDate":"1960-04-01T13:34:38","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Part I, the development of the method","docAbstract":"A freshly exposed surface of obsidian will take up water from the atmosphere to form a hydrated surface layer. This layer has a different density and refractive index than does the remainder of the obsidian. Using special techniques, a thin section of the obsidian cut at right angles to the surface can be prepared. When examined under the microscope the hydrated layer is visible and its thickness can be measured. Photomicrographs of such thin sections are shown. Factors that determine the rate of hydration were considered. Using artifacts from archaeological sites of known age, the influence of temperature, relative humidity, chemical composition of the obsidian, burning and erosion of the obsidian on the rates of hydration was determined. Temperature and chemical composition are the main factors controlling the rate of hydration. Obsidian hydrates more rapidly at a higher temperature, and thus progresses at a faster rate in tropical than in arctic climates. Rhyolitic obsidian hydrates more slowly than does trachytic obsidian. Using archaeological data from various parts of the world, several tentative hydration rates were determined for tropical, temperate, and arctic climates. The method in its present state of development is especially suited to determine relative chronologies in layered sequences of artifacts from a single site, or region. It is also useful for detecting fake artifacts. Future work to refine the method is suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge","doi":"10.2307/276634","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Smith, R., 1960, Part I, the development of the method: American Antiquity, v. 25, no. 4, p. 476-493, https://doi.org/10.2307/276634.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"476","endPage":"493","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R.","contributorId":83874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220591,"text":"70220591 - 1960 - The zone of aeration and ground-water recharge in sandy sediments at Seabrook, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-20T19:02:53.80984","indexId":"70220591","displayToPublicDate":"1960-03-01T13:53:53","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The zone of aeration and ground-water recharge in sandy sediments at Seabrook, New Jersey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.","doi":"10.1097/00010694-196003000-00005","usgsCitation":"Remson, I., Randolph, J., and Barksdale, H., 1960, The zone of aeration and ground-water recharge in sandy sediments at Seabrook, New Jersey: Soil Science, v. 89, no. 3, p. 145-156, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196003000-00005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385805,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"southern New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.56121826171875,\n 38.935911987561624\n ],\n [\n -74.55871582031251,\n 38.935911987561624\n ],\n [\n -74.55871582031251,\n 39.871803651624404\n ],\n [\n -75.56121826171875,\n 39.871803651624404\n ],\n [\n -75.56121826171875,\n 38.935911987561624\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remson, I.","contributorId":67218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remson","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randolph, J.R.","contributorId":19532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randolph","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barksdale, H.C.","contributorId":65912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175755,"text":"70175755 - 1960 - Ground water in alluvial channel deposits, Nobles County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:35:57","indexId":"70175755","displayToPublicDate":"1960-02-02T09:45:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":105,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Ground water in alluvial channel deposits, Nobles County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Norvitch, R., 1960, Ground water in alluvial channel deposits, Nobles County, Minnesota: Bulletin 14, 23 p.","productDescription":"23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Nobles County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.4622,43.8507],[-95.4527,43.8504],[-95.4548,43.5037],[-95.6883,43.5039],[-95.8594,43.5034],[-96.0526,43.5028],[-96.053,43.8525],[-95.4622,43.8507]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nobles\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dc2e4b03fd6b7da3743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norvitch, R.F.","contributorId":107742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norvitch","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181751,"text":"70181751 - 1960 - Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T10:04:16","indexId":"70181751","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":130,"text":"Progress Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Kalamazoo report area includes about 150 square miles of Kalamazoo County, Mich. The area is principally one of industry and commerce, although agriculture also is of considerable importance. It has a moderate and humid climate and lies within the Lake Michigan “snow belt”. Precipitation averages about 35 inches per year. Snowfall averages about 55 inches.
The surface features of the area were formed during and since the glacial epoch and are classified as outwash plain, morainal highlands, and glaciated channels or drainageways. The area is formed largely on the remnants of an extensive outwash plain, which is breached by the Kalamazoo River in the northeastern part and is dissected elsewhere by several small tributaries to the river. Most of the land drained by these tributaries lies within the report area. A small portion of the southern part drains to the St. Joseph River.
The Coldwater shale, which underlies the glacial deposits throughout the area, and the deeper bedrock formations are not tapped for water by wells and they have little or no potential for future development.
Deposits of glacial drift, which are the source of water to all the wells in the area, have considerable potential for future development. These deposits range in thickness from about 40 feet along the Kalamazoo River to 350 feet where valleys were eroded in the bedrock surface. Permeable outwash and channel deposits are the sources of water for wells of large capacity. The moraines are formed dominantly by till of lower permeability which generally yields small supplies of water, but included sand and gravel beds of higher permeability yield larger supplies locally.
The aquifers of the Kalamazoo area are recharged by infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt and by infiltration of surface waters induced by pumping of wells near the surface sources. Water pumped from most of the municipal well fields is replenished in part by such induced infiltration. Many of the industrial wells along the Kalamazoo River and Portage Creek are recharged in part from these streams. Locally, however, recharge from the streams is impeded, as their bottoms have become partly sealed by silt and solid waste matter.
Water levels fluctuate with seasonal and annual changes in precipitation and in response to pumping. Pumpage by the city of Kalamazoo increased from about 300 million gallons in 1880 to 4.6 billion gallons in 1957. Despite the fact that billions of gallons are pumped annually from well fields in the Axtell Creek area, water levels in this vicinity have declined only a few feet, as the discharge from the fields is approximately compensated by recharge from precipitation and surface water. Pumpage of ground water by industry in 1948 was estimated at about 14 billion gallons, but the use of ground water for industrial purposes has since declined.
Aquifer tests indicate that the coefficient of transmissibility of aquifers in the area ranges from as little as 18,000 to as high as 300,000 gpd (gallons per day) per foot, and that ground water occurs under watertable and artesian conditions.
The ground water is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. It is generally hard to very hard and commonly contains objectionable amounts of iron. Locally, the water contains appreciable amounts of sulfate. Study of the chemical analyses of waters from the area show that all of the tributaries to the Kalamazoo River are fed primarily by ground-water discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","collaboration":"Prepared cooperatively by the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey ","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, M., Vanlier, K., and Giroux, P., 1960, Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan: Progress Report 23, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-PR23_216205_7.PDF","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.200038266046754\n ],\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.38619069220356\n ],\n [\n -85.49114227294922,\n 42.38619069220356\n ],\n [\n -85.49114227294922,\n 42.200038266046754\n ],\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.200038266046754\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a2d3c5e4b0c82512869a4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, Morris","contributorId":69119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Morris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vanlier, K.E.","contributorId":24332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanlier","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giroux, P.R.","contributorId":59055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giroux","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170336,"text":"70170336 - 1960 - Basic geology and ground-water data for Clay County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:10:46","indexId":"70170336","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":105,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Basic geology and ground-water data for Clay County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters","usgsCitation":"Bingham, J., 1960, Basic geology and ground-water data for Clay County, Minnesota: Bulletin 8, 138 p.","productDescription":"138 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320140,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Clay County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.1955,47.1522],[-96.1943,46.9768],[-96.1737,46.9772],[-96.1745,46.7187],[-96.1729,46.6307],[-96.2827,46.6308],[-96.7846,46.6305],[-96.7859,46.6314],[-96.7872,46.6315],[-96.7892,46.6315],[-96.7919,46.6311],[-96.7938,46.6312],[-96.7954,46.6309],[-96.7973,46.6312],[-96.7955,46.6341],[-96.7936,46.636],[-96.7924,46.6374],[-96.7911,46.6388],[-96.7898,46.6398],[-96.7896,46.6419],[-96.7907,46.6434],[-96.7927,46.6443],[-96.7947,46.6442],[-96.7954,46.6442],[-96.7967,46.6451],[-96.7961,46.646],[-96.795,46.6464],[-96.7936,46.6487],[-96.7937,46.6507],[-96.7953,46.6528],[-96.7958,46.6534],[-96.7979,46.6547],[-96.7999,46.6551],[-96.8016,46.6557],[-96.8026,46.6564],[-96.802,46.6575],[-96.8017,46.6582],[-96.8008,46.6589],[-96.8006,46.6595],[-96.7999,46.6608],[-96.7989,46.6625],[-96.799,46.6648],[-96.7992,46.667],[-96.7992,46.6684],[-96.7973,46.6698],[-96.7958,46.6704],[-96.7934,46.6709],[-96.7929,46.6716],[-96.7935,46.6727],[-96.7955,46.6731],[-96.7975,46.6735],[-96.7988,46.6744],[-96.7989,46.6758],[-96.7976,46.6763],[-96.7956,46.6763],[-96.793,46.6764],[-96.7924,46.6768],[-96.7924,46.6782],[-96.7937,46.6781],[-96.7943,46.6784],[-96.7958,46.6791],[-96.7964,46.6803],[-96.7936,46.6821],[-96.79,46.6829],[-96.7888,46.6843],[-96.7878,46.686],[-96.7887,46.687],[-96.7893,46.6884],[-96.7905,46.6898],[-96.791,46.6911],[-96.7913,46.6918],[-96.7917,46.6936],[-96.7906,46.6934],[-96.7882,46.6953],[-96.7883,46.6964],[-96.7875,46.6981],[-96.7863,46.7009],[-96.7878,46.7026],[-96.7905,46.7032],[-96.7917,46.7039],[-96.7898,46.7049],[-96.7866,46.7064],[-96.7874,46.7091],[-96.7855,46.7114],[-96.7856,46.7146],[-96.7866,46.7163],[-96.787,46.7168],[-96.7889,46.7183],[-96.7885,46.7192],[-96.7866,46.7201],[-96.7846,46.7206],[-96.7827,46.7211],[-96.7821,46.7225],[-96.7828,46.7234],[-96.784,46.7236],[-96.7847,46.7237],[-96.7854,46.724],[-96.7861,46.7243],[-96.7872,46.7251],[-96.7852,46.7264],[-96.7844,46.7269],[-96.7823,46.7282],[-96.782,46.7292],[-96.7827,46.7296],[-96.7838,46.7303],[-96.7851,46.7312],[-96.7852,46.7321],[-96.7855,46.7329],[-96.784,46.734],[-96.7815,46.7372],[-96.7816,46.7395],[-96.7818,46.7436],[-96.7854,46.75],[-96.7862,46.7518],[-96.7862,46.7532],[-96.7857,46.7555],[-96.7854,46.7576],[-96.7839,46.7588],[-96.782,46.7602],[-96.7814,46.7616],[-96.7818,46.7631],[-96.7844,46.764],[-96.7862,46.7641],[-96.7869,46.7658],[-96.786,46.7661],[-96.7823,46.7666],[-96.7817,46.768],[-96.7844,46.7693],[-96.7873,46.7705],[-96.7886,46.7715],[-96.7899,46.7725],[-96.7899,46.7742],[-96.788,46.7752],[-96.786,46.7757],[-96.7848,46.7766],[-96.7848,46.7775],[-96.7858,46.7781],[-96.7882,46.7784],[-96.7889,46.7784],[-96.7915,46.778],[-96.7922,46.7776],[-96.7929,46.7771],[-96.7941,46.7778],[-96.7939,46.7794],[-96.7934,46.7804],[-96.7913,46.7817],[-96.7884,46.7825],[-96.7879,46.7839],[-96.787,46.7858],[-96.7884,46.7871],[-96.7906,46.788],[-96.7933,46.7888],[-96.7953,46.7906],[-96.7959,46.7912],[-96.7967,46.7924],[-96.7971,46.7931],[-96.7976,46.794],[-96.7977,46.7961],[-96.7975,46.7985],[-96.797,46.7997],[-96.7973,46.8011],[-96.7987,46.8025],[-96.8007,46.8042],[-96.8012,46.8058],[-96.7989,46.807],[-96.7974,46.809],[-96.7977,46.8098],[-96.799,46.8108],[-96.8018,46.8125],[-96.801,46.8149],[-96.8008,46.8155],[-96.7979,46.8181],[-96.7943,46.8218],[-96.7915,46.8248],[-96.7908,46.8257],[-96.7888,46.8266],[-96.7875,46.8261],[-96.7859,46.8253],[-96.7832,46.8258],[-96.7828,46.8269],[-96.7834,46.8281],[-96.7848,46.8294],[-96.7872,46.8307],[-96.7898,46.8317],[-96.7925,46.8334],[-96.793,46.8345],[-96.7923,46.8352],[-96.791,46.8357],[-96.7897,46.8353],[-96.7864,46.835],[-96.7854,46.8352],[-96.7851,46.8358],[-96.7858,46.8377],[-96.7865,46.8381],[-96.7873,46.8403],[-96.7866,46.8417],[-96.7854,46.8418],[-96.7834,46.8414],[-96.782,46.84],[-96.7813,46.8396],[-96.7786,46.8397],[-96.7767,46.8402],[-96.7755,46.8413],[-96.7761,46.8429],[-96.7771,46.8439],[-96.7788,46.8442],[-96.7801,46.8452],[-96.7806,46.8456],[-96.7811,46.8461],[-96.7798,46.8473],[-96.7784,46.848],[-96.7777,46.8484],[-96.777,46.8486],[-96.7764,46.8488],[-96.7758,46.8494],[-96.7766,46.8512],[-96.7774,46.8513],[-96.7781,46.8517],[-96.7794,46.8518],[-96.7801,46.8521],[-96.7825,46.8522],[-96.7832,46.8524],[-96.7844,46.854],[-96.784,46.8547],[-96.7832,46.8548],[-96.7821,46.8552],[-96.7794,46.8548],[-96.7781,46.8553],[-96.7774,46.8558],[-96.7775,46.8571],[-96.7789,46.8585],[-96.781,46.8612],[-96.7838,46.8643],[-96.7839,46.866],[-96.784,46.8685],[-96.7834,46.8699],[-96.7822,46.8717],[-96.7809,46.8717],[-96.7797,46.8725],[-96.7791,46.8728],[-96.7783,46.8736],[-96.7784,46.8755],[-96.7792,46.8773],[-96.7792,46.8782],[-96.7786,46.8792],[-96.7773,46.8796],[-96.7747,46.8797],[-96.7732,46.879],[-96.7719,46.8784],[-96.77,46.878],[-96.7686,46.8785],[-96.7673,46.8794],[-96.7667,46.8804],[-96.7674,46.8817],[-96.7683,46.8834],[-96.7709,46.8849],[-96.7716,46.8857],[-96.7737,46.8875],[-96.7744,46.8889],[-96.7745,46.8898],[-96.7732,46.8908],[-96.7718,46.8913],[-96.7712,46.8918],[-96.7698,46.8927],[-96.7704,46.8941],[-96.771,46.895],[-96.7723,46.8955],[-96.7734,46.8953],[-96.7746,46.8969],[-96.7756,46.8981],[-96.7756,46.899],[-96.7754,46.8997],[-96.7732,46.902],[-96.7718,46.9032],[-96.7718,46.9047],[-96.7706,46.9055],[-96.768,46.9065],[-96.7667,46.9074],[-96.7649,46.9091],[-96.7639,46.9104],[-96.7636,46.9112],[-96.7637,46.9135],[-96.7625,46.9149],[-96.7605,46.9154],[-96.7592,46.9154],[-96.7565,46.9155],[-96.7554,46.9167],[-96.756,46.9183],[-96.7569,46.9184],[-96.7576,46.9189],[-96.7587,46.9191],[-96.7596,46.9192],[-96.7615,46.9194],[-96.7628,46.9222],[-96.7615,46.9235],[-96.7602,46.9241],[-96.7583,46.9246],[-96.756,46.9249],[-96.7546,46.9253],[-96.7564,46.927],[-96.7584,46.9274],[-96.7611,46.9282],[-96.7624,46.9283],[-96.7642,46.9293],[-96.7639,46.93],[-96.76,46.9315],[-96.7587,46.9324],[-96.7588,46.9343],[-96.7595,46.9356],[-96.7615,46.936],[-96.7641,46.9355],[-96.7674,46.9344],[-96.7707,46.9329],[-96.7712,46.9325],[-96.7729,46.9313],[-96.7758,46.9288],[-96.7765,46.9284],[-96.7784,46.9274],[-96.781,46.9268],[-96.783,46.9268],[-96.7843,46.9272],[-96.7869,46.9283],[-96.7895,46.9295],[-96.7918,46.9303],[-96.7925,46.9321],[-96.792,46.9351],[-96.791,46.9411],[-96.7911,46.9427],[-96.7912,46.9445],[-96.7919,46.9468],[-96.7933,46.9472],[-96.7953,46.9472],[-96.7999,46.9462],[-96.8026,46.947],[-96.8035,46.9484],[-96.8024,46.9501],[-96.8003,46.9514],[-96.799,46.954],[-96.8025,46.9576],[-96.8027,46.9585],[-96.8029,46.9591],[-96.8022,46.9604],[-96.8005,46.9615],[-96.7983,46.9637],[-96.7975,46.9655],[-96.7974,46.9683],[-96.7987,46.9692],[-96.8,46.9693],[-96.8013,46.9693],[-96.8028,46.9671],[-96.8042,46.9658],[-96.8062,46.9653],[-96.8069,46.9662],[-96.8076,46.9671],[-96.8103,46.9679],[-96.8108,46.9668],[-96.8122,46.9661],[-96.8135,46.9662],[-96.8156,46.9669],[-96.8183,46.9682],[-96.8206,46.9694],[-96.8204,46.9709],[-96.8213,46.975],[-96.8207,46.9764],[-96.8202,46.9787],[-96.8196,46.9815],[-96.8197,46.9833],[-96.8207,46.9853],[-96.8219,46.9874],[-96.8226,46.9883],[-96.8227,46.9897],[-96.8229,46.9929],[-96.8223,46.9952],[-96.8211,46.9971],[-96.8205,46.9989],[-96.8213,47.0012],[-96.8224,47.0038],[-96.8237,47.005],[-96.8246,47.0058],[-96.8272,47.0058],[-96.83,47.0056],[-96.8322,47.0055],[-96.8348,47.0055],[-96.8369,47.0063],[-96.8383,47.0082],[-96.8383,47.0095],[-96.8364,47.011],[-96.8345,47.0128],[-96.8333,47.0156],[-96.8328,47.0179],[-96.8317,47.0202],[-96.8282,47.0238],[-96.8252,47.0255],[-96.8226,47.0266],[-96.8219,47.0268],[-96.8207,47.0271],[-96.8201,47.0272],[-96.8184,47.0282],[-96.818,47.0288],[-96.8181,47.0298],[-96.8188,47.0302],[-96.8218,47.031],[-96.8244,47.0315],[-96.8257,47.0325],[-96.8263,47.0338],[-96.8249,47.0347],[-96.8236,47.0347],[-96.821,47.0352],[-96.8203,47.0353],[-96.8178,47.0355],[-96.8158,47.0363],[-96.8145,47.0372],[-96.8119,47.0382],[-96.8112,47.0391],[-96.8111,47.0407],[-96.8127,47.0414],[-96.8147,47.0413],[-96.8153,47.041],[-96.8166,47.0404],[-96.8173,47.04],[-96.8186,47.0395],[-96.8192,47.0396],[-96.8199,47.0398],[-96.8206,47.0403],[-96.8194,47.0426],[-96.8181,47.0435],[-96.819,47.0451],[-96.8196,47.0463],[-96.8229,47.0471],[-96.8256,47.0471],[-96.8262,47.0476],[-96.8269,47.0481],[-96.8261,47.0499],[-96.8251,47.0507],[-96.8232,47.0522],[-96.8212,47.053],[-96.8205,47.0535],[-96.8207,47.055],[-96.8224,47.0567],[-96.8236,47.058],[-96.8255,47.0596],[-96.8261,47.0605],[-96.8261,47.0619],[-96.8247,47.0628],[-96.8224,47.0627],[-96.8205,47.0642],[-96.8205,47.0654],[-96.8206,47.0669],[-96.822,47.0683],[-96.8227,47.0692],[-96.8222,47.071],[-96.8223,47.0729],[-96.8234,47.0742],[-96.8241,47.0745],[-96.8267,47.0747],[-96.8285,47.0741],[-96.8289,47.0746],[-96.8293,47.0753],[-96.8281,47.0765],[-96.8252,47.0788],[-96.8226,47.0797],[-96.8217,47.0801],[-96.82,47.0807],[-96.8196,47.0819],[-96.8188,47.083],[-96.8192,47.0847],[-96.8183,47.0858],[-96.8177,47.0872],[-96.8177,47.0886],[-96.8191,47.089],[-96.8204,47.089],[-96.8224,47.0889],[-96.8239,47.0889],[-96.8252,47.089],[-96.8265,47.0895],[-96.8271,47.0909],[-96.8257,47.0922],[-96.8238,47.0936],[-96.8233,47.0941],[-96.8222,47.0942],[-96.8209,47.0944],[-96.8202,47.0948],[-96.8195,47.0962],[-96.8189,47.0991],[-96.8197,47.101],[-96.8198,47.1032],[-96.8192,47.1046],[-96.8179,47.1051],[-96.8169,47.1062],[-96.8167,47.1074],[-96.817,47.1084],[-96.8175,47.1102],[-96.8196,47.1115],[-96.8218,47.1137],[-96.8237,47.1165],[-96.8249,47.1184],[-96.8273,47.1196],[-96.83,47.1205],[-96.8314,47.1209],[-96.8354,47.1217],[-96.8368,47.1226],[-96.8375,47.1235],[-96.8369,47.1244],[-96.8343,47.1254],[-96.8316,47.125],[-96.8292,47.1249],[-96.8272,47.1253],[-96.8243,47.1256],[-96.823,47.1261],[-96.8219,47.1274],[-96.823,47.1289],[-96.8242,47.1303],[-96.8256,47.1303],[-96.8272,47.1306],[-96.8279,47.1311],[-96.8286,47.1329],[-96.8288,47.1352],[-96.8291,47.1409],[-96.8298,47.143],[-96.8299,47.1453],[-96.8307,47.1471],[-96.8319,47.1484],[-96.8335,47.1498],[-96.8345,47.1499],[-96.8364,47.1519],[-96.1955,47.1522]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clay\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160531e4b0ef3b7ca91fd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bingham, J.W.","contributorId":35295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bingham","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220587,"text":"70220587 - 1960 - Occurrence of strontium in the surface and ground waters of Champaign county, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T14:39:50.079798","indexId":"70220587","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T13:30:04","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of strontium in the surface and ground waters of Champaign county, Ohio","docAbstract":"Naturally occurring strontium was found in both surface and ground waters during an investigation of the water resources of Champaign County, Ohio. The strontium is related to the presence of celestite (strontium sulfate) in rocks associated with evaporite deposition. The principal source of celestite in Ohio is in rocks of Late Silurian age. Celestite is present also in the glacial deposits of western Ohio, which contain rock material of Late Silurian age. Total time in contact with the rock material seems to have a large effect upon concentrations of strontium in ground water. Streamflow, during low-flow periods, is made up largely of ground-water seepage and contains detectable strontium. Strontium has been found in ground water in other counties in western Ohio and in the brines of eastern Ohio.
","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.1.176","usgsCitation":"Feulner, A., and Hubble, J., 1960, Occurrence of strontium in the surface and ground waters of Champaign county, Ohio: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 176-186, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.1.176.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"186","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Champaign County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.83186340332031,\n 40.063884174719156\n ],\n [\n -83.64303588867186,\n 40.063884174719156\n ],\n [\n -83.64303588867186,\n 40.16680597002458\n ],\n [\n -83.83186340332031,\n 40.16680597002458\n ],\n [\n -83.83186340332031,\n 40.063884174719156\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feulner, A.J.","contributorId":70796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feulner","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubble, J.H.","contributorId":99624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubble","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1094,"text":"1094 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Redlands-Beaumont area, California, with special reference to ground-water outflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-03T21:05:26.158835","indexId":"1094","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T12:39:48","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Redlands-Beaumont area, California, with special reference to ground-water outflow","docAbstract":"The Redlands-Beaumont area is bordered by the Santa Ana River on the north, the San Bernadina River on the northeast, the Yucaipa Hills and the San Gorgonio Pass on the east, and the Badlands and the San Jacinto fault on the south and south-west. Large alluvial fans underlie much of the area, but other landforms include alluvial benches, dissected alluvial hills, plains, terraces, and bedrock hills which locally protrude above the floors of the alluvial valleys.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/1094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Bernardino County Flood Control District.","usgsCitation":"Burnham, W., and Dutcher, L.C., 1960, Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Redlands-Beaumont area, California, with special reference to ground-water outflow, 352 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/1094.","productDescription":"352 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":433421,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/1094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":289641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/1094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Beaumont, Redlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2637864386227,\n 34.105233250065254\n ],\n [\n -117.2637864386227,\n 33.87256760375355\n ],\n [\n -116.9107764193285,\n 33.87256760375355\n ],\n [\n -116.9107764193285,\n 34.105233250065254\n ],\n [\n -117.2637864386227,\n 34.105233250065254\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be6474e4b0527d5d4097b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, W.L.","contributorId":58668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dutcher, Lee Carlton","contributorId":32229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutcher","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"Carlton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160871,"text":"70160871 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Kauai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T08:58:28","indexId":"70160871","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Kauai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Kauai is one of the oldest, and is structurally the most complicated, of the Hawaiian Islands. Like the others, it consists principally of a huge shield volcano, built up from the sea floor by many thousands of thin flows of basaltic lava. The volume of the Kauai shield was on the order of 1,000 cubic miles. Through much of its growth it must have resembled rather closely the presently active shield volcano Mauna Loa, on the island of Hawaii. When the Kauai volcano started its growth is not known with certainty, but it is believed that activity started late in the Tertiary period, possibly in the early or middle part of the Pliocene epoch. Growth of the shield was rapid and probably was completed before the end of the Pliocene.
Toward the end of the growth of the shield, its summit collapsed to form a broad caldera, the largest that has been found in the Hawaiian Islands. Like the calderas of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, that of Kauai volcano had boundaries that were, in part, rather indefinite. The principal depression was bordered by less depressed fault blocks, some of which merged imperceptibly with the outer slopes of the volcano. Elsewhere the caldera rim was low, and flows spilled over it onto the outer slopes. The well-defined central depression of the Kauai caldera was approximately 10 to 12 miles across.
At about the same time as the formation of the major caldera, another, smaller caldera was formed by collapse around a minor eruptive center on the southeastern side of the Kauai shield. Lavas accumulated in the calderas, gradually filling them and burying banks of talus that formed along the foot of the boundary cliffs. The caldera-filling lavas differed from those that built the major portion of the shield in being much thicker and more massive as a result of ponding in the depressions. The petrographic types for the most part are the same throughout. Both the flank flows that built most of the shield and the flows that filled the calderas are predominantly olivine basalt. Picrite-basalt (oceanite), containing very abundant large phenocrysts of olivine, and basalt containing little or no olivine are present but together comprise less than 10 percent of the whole. Late in the period of filling of the major caldera a small amount of basaltic andesine andesite was extruded.
Near the end of the period of filling of the major caldera further collapse occurred, forming a large graben on the southwestern side of the shield. Lava flows erupting within the caldera poured southwestward over the cliff bounding the graben and spread over the gently sloping graben floor. Near the present Waimea Canyon their advance was obstructed by the fault scarp at the west edge of the graben. The cliff along the northeast edge of the graben eventually was buried by lava flows from within the caldera, but that along the west edge continued to stand above the level of the flows in the graben. The flows that accumulated in the graben are of the same types as those that filled the caldera, and like them are mostly thick and massive because of ponding by the graben walls and of the gentle slopes of the graben floor over which they spread.
The rocks of the major Kauai shield volcano are known as the Waimea Canyon volcanic series. The thin flows that accumulated on the flanks of the shield, which compose the major portion of the volcanic edifice, are named the Napali formation of the Waimea Canyon volcanic series. The rocks that accumulated in the big summit caldera are named the Olokele formation, and those that filled the small caldera on the southeast flank of the shield are named the Haupu formation. The volcanic rocks accumulated in the graben on the southwestern side of the shield are named the Makaweli formation of the Waimea Canyon volcanic series, and sedimentary rocks interbedded with them are known as the Mokuone member of the Makaweli formation.
Few vents of the Waimea Canyon volcanic series have been recognized, probably because most of them have been destroyed by erosion or are buried by later lavas. Large numbers of dikes cut the lavas of the Napali formation along Waimea Canyon and the Napali Coast and along the east edge of the Waialeale massif. Fewer dikes are found in the other members of the series. Some tendency toward radial arrangement of the dikes is present, but the dominant trend all over the island is east-northeastward.
Another great collapse took place on the eastern flank of the volcano at about the time the major shield became extinct, or shortly afterward. A subcircular graben 6 or 7 miles across sank several thousand feet, forming a broad depression between the Waialeale massif on the west and Kalepa and Nonou ridges on the east. This collapsed structure cannot be as clearly demonstrated as the Makaweli graben on the southwest side of the shield, because its walls have been greatly eroded and its floor is deeply buried by lavas of the later Koloa volcanic series. It appears, however, to be the only reasonable explanation of the physiography of the eastern side of the island.
After the completion of the great Kauai shield came a long period of erosion during which no volcanic activity occurred. Waves cut high sea cliffs around the island, and streams cut canyons as much as 3,000 feet deep. Thick soil formed over much of the mountain.
Then volcanism was renewed. Eruption occurred from a series of minor vents arranged in nearly north-south and northeast-southwest lines across the eastern two-thirds of the island. The lavas, cinder cones, and ash beds of this period of volcanism are known as the Koloa volcanic series. Lavas of the Koloa volcanic series include olivine basalt, picrite-basalt (mimosite) with few phenocrysts of olivine, basanite, nepheline basalt, melilite-nepheline basalt, and ankaratrite (nepheline basalt very rich in pyroxene and olivine). Inclusions of dunite, composed almost entirely of olivine, are common in flows of the Koloa. Just before and during the eruption of the Koloa volcanic series, voluminous landslides and mudflows brought down a large amount of rock debris and soil from the steep slopes of the mountainous central upland and deposited it as breccias at the foot of the steep slopes in valley heads and along the border of the marginal lowland. Streams distributed part of the material across the lowland. The breccias and conglomerates thus formed, and later buried by lavas of the Koloa volcanic series, are named the Palikea formation of the Koloa volcanic series.
The structures formed at Koloa vents include cinder cones, one tuff cone, and lava cones. The latter are miniature shields resembling the major shield volcano, formed by repeated outpourings of fluid lava. The tuff cone, at the west side of Kilauea Bay, was formed by phreatomagmatic explosions caused by rising magma coming in contact with water-saturated rocks.
Volcanism during Koloa time continued for a long period but was not continuous over the entire area. Locally, long periods of quiet occurred, allowing streams to re-excavate some of the canyons filled by earlier flows of the Koloa volcanic series, and weathering to form soils later buried by new flows. Some of the canyons thus formed during the time when the Koloa was being deposited were several hundred feet deep. Volcanism probably continued throughout most of the Pleistocene epoch. The latest flow of the Koloa volcanic series appears very recent, and rests on lithified calcareous dunes formed during one of the Pleistocene low stands of the sea.
During the Pleistocene epoch stream valleys and sea cliffs were eroded to base levels governed by one or more stands of the sea more than 100 feet below present sea level. Beaches of calcareous sand were formed, and the sand blown inland to form calcareous dunes, now lithified. A test boring near Moloaa penetrated calcareous sand 160 feet below sea level, at the foot of a high sea cliff. Coral reef also was built around part or all of the island, and in part buried by lavas of the Koloa volcanic series. The explosions that built the tuff cone at Kilauea Bay threw up fragments of limestone from a buried reef. Much of the apron of lavas of the Kalna series around the northeastern side of the island probably rests on a platform formed below present sea level by wave erosion and the growth of coral reef.
As the sea rose around the island, the valley mouths were alluviated. Several levels of the sea higher than the present one probably are represented. Some stream terraces may be graded to a stand of the sea as high as 260 feet above present sea level, but no positive evidence for stands higher than 25 feet have been found. Well-preserved shorelines are recognized approximately 25 and 5 feet above sea level. Much of the present coral reef appears to have been formed when the sea stood about 5 feet higher than now, and reduced to its present level by solutional weathering and wave erosion.
The lavas of the Napali formation of the Waimea Canyon volcanic series are highly permeable. They carry basal water over much of the island, and yield it freely to wells. This water is fresh everywhere except very close to the coast on the leeward side of the island. In some areas they may contain water confined at high levels between dikes. The lavas of the Olokele and Haupu formations are moderately to poorly permeable. They probably contain fresh water at sea level, but would not yield it readily to wells. Locally, ash beds perch small bodies of fresh water at high levels in the lavas of the Olokele formation, but these are of no economic importance. The lavas of the Makaweli formation also arc moderately to poorly permeable. They carry fresh or brackish water at sea level. In general, they yield water to wells less readily than the lavas of the Napali formation, but more readily than the lavas of the Olokele. The conglomerates and breccias of the Mokuone member are poorly permeable, but are not known to perch more than a slight amount of water in the overlying lavas,
The lava flows of the Koloa volcanic series are poorly to moderately permeable. They carry fresh or brackish water at sea level, but generally yield it slowly to wells. Locally, small bodies of fresh water are perched at high levels in the lavas of the Koloa by beds of ash and soil and by breccia and conglomerate of the Palikea formation.
Both the older and the younger alluvium generally are poorly permeable, but contain small amounts of fresh or brackish water. The lithified calcareous dunes are permeable, but they appear to contain only brackish water. Lagoon deposits on the Mana plain are poorly to moderately permeable and yield brackish water to wells.