Keys to Sedge Wren (Cistothorus stellaris) management include providing tall, dense grasslands with moderate forb coverage and minimizing disturbances during the breeding season. Sedge Wrens have been reported to use habitats with 30–166 centimeters (cm) average vegetation height, 8–80 cm visual obstruction reading, 15–75 percent grass cover, 3–78 percent forb cover, less than or equal to (≤) 15 percent shrub cover, less than (<) 35 percent bare ground, 10–30 percent litter cover, and ≤6 cm litter depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1842V","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, J.A., Igl, L.D., Johnson, D.H., Sondreal, M.L., Goldade, C.M., Parkin, B.D., Wooten, T.L., and Euliss, B.R., 2020, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—Sedge Wren (Cistothorus stellaris) (ver. 1.1, July 2022), chap. V of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842V.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-096507","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403250,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/v/versionHist.txt","size":"1 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":378134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/v/pp1842v.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1842–V"},{"id":378133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1842/v/coverthb2.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: September 9, 2020; Version 1.1: July 8, 2022","contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
In this investigation, we used a combination of field- and laboratory-based approaches to assess if influenza A viruses (IAVs) shed by ducks could remain viable for extended periods in surface water within three wetland complexes of North America. In a field experiment, replicate filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs were tested for IAVs upon collection and again after an overwintering period of approximately 6–7 months. Numerous IAVs were molecularly detected and isolated from these samples, including replicates maintained at wetland field sites in Alaska and Minnesota for 181–229 days. In a parallel laboratory experiment, we attempted to culture IAVs from filtered surface water samples inoculated with duck swabs from Minnesota each month during September 2018–April 2019 and found monthly declines in viral viability. In an experimental challenge study, we found that IAVs maintained in filtered surface water within wetlands of Alaska and Minnesota for 214 and 226 days, respectively, were infectious in a mallard model. Collectively, our results support surface waters of northern wetlands as a biologically important medium in which IAVs may be both transmitted and maintained, potentially serving as an environmental reservoir for infectious IAVs during the overwintering period of migratory birds.
The University of Texas Hydrate Pressure Coring Expedition (UT-GOM2-1) recovered cores at near in situ formation pressures from a gas hydrate reservoir composed of sandy silt and clayey silt beds in Green Canyon Block 955 in the deep-water Gulf of Mexico. The expedition results are synthesized and linked to other detailed analyses presented in this volume. Millimeter- to meter-scale beds of sandy silt and clayey silt are interbedded on the levee of a turbidite channel. The hydrate saturation (the volume fraction of the pore space occupied by hydrate) in the sandy silts ranges from 79% to 93%, and there is little to no hydrate in the clayey silt. Gas from the hydrates is composed of nearly pure methane (99.99%) with less than 400 ppm of ethane or heavier hydrocarbons. The δ13C values from the methane are depleted (−60‰ to −65‰ Vienna Peedee belemnite), and it is interpreted that the gases were largely generated by primary microbial methanogenesis but that low concentrations of propane or heavier hydrocarbons record at least trace thermogenic components. The in situ pore-water salinity is very close to that of seawater. This suggests that the excess salinity generated during hydrate formation diffused away because the hydrate formed slowly or because it formed long ago. Because the sandy silt deposits have high hydrate concentration and high intrinsic permeability, they may represent a class of reservoir that can be economically developed. Results from this expedition will inform a new generation of reservoir simulation models that will illuminate how these reservoirs might be best produced.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Bulletin","doi":"10.1306/05212019052","usgsCitation":"Flemings, P., Phillips, S., Boswell, R., Collett, T., Cook, A., Dong, T., Frye, M., Goldberg, D., Guerin, G., Holland, M., Jang, J., Meazell, K., Morrison, J., O’Connell, J., Petrou, E., Pettigrew, T., Polito, P., Portnov, A., Santra, M., Schultheiss, P., Seol, Y., Shedd, W., Solomon, E.S., Thomas, C., Waite, W., and You, K., 2020, Pressure coring a Gulf of Mexico deep-water turbidite gas hydrate reservoir: Initial results from The University of Texas–Gulf of Mexico 2-1 (UT-GOM2-1) Hydrate Pressure Coring Expedition: AAPG Bulletin, v. 104, no. 9, p. 1847-1876, https://doi.org/10.1306/05212019052.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1847","endPage":"1876","ipdsId":"IP-105681","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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Carla","contributorId":239914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Carla","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48038,"text":"Institute for Geophysics and Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":798125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Waite, William F. 0000-0002-9436-4109 wwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-4109","contributorId":625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"William F.","email":"wwaite@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"You, 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morphodynamics","docAbstract":"Rivers provide important sediment inputs to many littoral cells, thereby replenishing sand and gravel of beaches around the world. However, there is limited information about the patterns and processes of littoral-grade sediment transfer from rivers into coastal systems. Here I address these information gaps by examining topographic and bathymetric data of river mouths and constructing sediment budgets to characterize time-dependent patterns of onshore, offshore, and alongshore transport. Two river deltas, which differ in their morphology, were used in this study: the Elwha River, Washington, which builds a mixed sediment Gilbert-style delta, and the Santa Clara River, California, which builds a cross-shore dispersed sand delta from hyperpycnal flows. During and after sediment discharge events, both systems exhibited a similar evolution composed of three phases: (i) submarine delta growth during offshore transport of river sediment, (ii) onshore-dominated transport from the submarine delta to a subaerial river mouth berm, and (iii) longshore-dominated transport away from the river mouth following subaerial berm development. Although stage (ii) occurred within days to weeks for the systems studied and was associated with the greatest rates of net erosion and deposition, onshore transport of sediment from submarine deposit to the beach persisted for years following the river discharge event. These morphodynamics were similar to simple equilibrium profile concepts that were modified with an onshore-dominated cross-shore transport rule. Additionally, both study sites revealed that littoral-grade sediment was initially exported to depths beyond the active littoral cell (i.e., below the depth of closure) during the stage (i). Following several years of reworking by coastal processes, bathymetric surveys suggested that 14 and 46% of the original volume of littoral-grade sediment discharged by the Santa Clara and Elwha Rivers, respectively, continued to be below the depth of closure. Combined, this suggests that integration of river sediment into a littoral cell can be a multi-year process and that the full volume of littoral-grade sediment discharged by small rivers may not be integrated into littoral cells because of sand and gravel “losses” to the continental shelf.
The Glen Canyon Group Aquifer (GCGA) is the sole source of public water supply for the city of Moab, Utah, a domestic and international tourist destination. Population and tourism growth are likely to target the GCGA for future water resources, but our analysis indicates that additional withdrawals would likely be sourced from groundwater storage and not be sustained by recharge. A quantitative estimate of groundwater discharge from the GCGA is problematic because the downgradient aquifer boundary is the Colorado River, and groundwater discharge to the river is very small compared to the river flow. A water budget based on a conceptual model of GCGA discharging into an adjacent alluvial Valley-Fill Aquifer (VFA) was reported by Sumsion (1971) and numerous subsequent studies have repeated and utilized this water budget. The GCGA contains stable isotopes, tritium, 3He/4He ratios, dissolved solids, and sulfate concentrations that contrast with the VFA, indicating it is instead recharged by local streams rather than from the GCGA. Water-budget calculations, based on: (1) measured spring discharge and streamflow gains, (2) horizontal gradients in VFA groundwater age, and (3) GCGA outcrop area vadose-zone pore waters are all less than previously thought. Using a lumped parameter model and 14C groundwater ages, we estimate recharge to the deeper GCGA (DGCGA) to be 4.2 ± 2.3 × 106 m3/yr, which is approximately equal to the measured discharge from wells and springs.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Village of East Hampton, New York, conducted a 1-year study from August 2017 to August 2018 to provide data necessary to improve understanding of the sources of nutrients and pathogens to Hook Pond watershed to allow for possible mitigation or reduction of loads. Chronic eutrophication and recent concern over harmful cyanobacteria in Hook Pond are the result of past and present land uses and a changing climate that have prompted the Village of East Hampton and local businesses to study and remediate factors contributing to the persistent loading of nutrients, organic contaminants, and pathogens. This assessment of Hook Pond, Hook Pond Dreen, and shallow groundwater provides the most comprehensive set of water-quality data to date. Interpretations presented in this study and the data on which they are based can be used to support management decisions, inform and contribute to modeling, and serve as a baseline for future assessments.
Results from continuous monitoring of water temperature, specific conductance, and elevation at Hook Pond site 10 (Maidstone Club golf cart bridge), as well as ancillary weather and tidal data from nearby stations, were used to help explain seasonal and storm-related concentration variation of nitrogen, phosphorus, wastewater-indicator compounds, and pathogens. Data collected were also compared to existing historical data. Physicochemical constituents measured on a routine basis throughout the pond and along the tributary showed the spatial variability in water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and chlorophyll a and phycocyanin fluorescence. A lakebed survey was compiled based on the year-round sampling throughout the pond for future comparisons. Water-quality data from shallow groundwater at points around Hook Pond and adjacent to Hook Pond Dreen were interpreted and quantified to estimate relative contributions and species of nutrients, wastewater-indicator compounds, and microbial source tracking (MST) markers to base flow. To supplement the continuous water-surface elevation data, a single set of discharge measurements was collected under normal (nonstorm) conditions to better understand the relative contributions and dilution of surface waters by contaminated groundwater.
The nutrient and physicochemical data from this study can be used in conjunction with current and future models and decision support tools to guide planned and ongoing restoration efforts, such as dredging to reduce sediment accumulation, opening a pathway to the ocean (which would change the salinity and flow dynamics of the pond and adjacent groundwater), and addressing growing concerns over cyanobacterial blooms, while serving as a baseline for measuring changes resulting from sea-level rise, climate change, and changes in nutrient loading. The microbial source tracking and indicator bacteria results can help direct efforts to reduce runoff and direct contributions of fecal contamination from dogs and waterfowl along Hook Pond Dreen. The results can also be used to assess the current state of wastewater infrastructure surrounding and contributing to Hook Pond Dreen, based on detection of human markers throughout the year and with both Bacteroides and coliphage methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Village of East Hampton","usgsCitation":"Fisher, S.C., McCarthy, B.A., Kephart, C.M., and Griffin, D.W., 2020, Assessment of water quality and fecal contamination sources at Hook Pond, East Hampton, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5071, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205071.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 58 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-103528","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5071/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":378180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5071/sir20205071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5071"},{"id":378181,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"linkHelpText":"- U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Hook Pond","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.20489501953125,\n 40.94360177170972\n ],\n [\n -72.17124938964844,\n 40.94360177170972\n ],\n [\n -72.17124938964844,\n 40.95656702665609\n ],\n [\n -72.20489501953125,\n 40.95656702665609\n ],\n [\n -72.20489501953125,\n 40.94360177170972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Groundwater provides nearly half of the Nation’s drinking water. As the Nation’s population grows, the importance of (and need for) high-quality drinking-water supplies increases. As part of a national-scale effort to assess groundwater quality in principal aquifers (PAs) that supply most of the groundwater used for public supply, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project staff sampled six principal aquifers in the western United States between 2013 and 2017: (1) the Basin and Range carbonate-rock aquifers, (2) Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers, (3) Rio Grande aquifer system, (4) High Plains aquifer, (5) Colorado Plateaus aquifers, and (6) Columbia Plateau basaltic-rock aquifers. These six PAs supply a large part of the Nation’s drinking water and cover a large geographic extent of the western conterminous United States. Groundwater samples were analyzed for a large suite of water-quality constituents including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticide compounds, radioactive constituents, age tracers, and, in selected PAs, perchlorate. Two types of assessments were made: (1) a status assessment that describes the quality of the groundwater resource at time of collection and (2) an understanding assessment that evaluates relations between groundwater quality and potential explanatory factors that represent characteristics of the aquifer system. The assessments characterize untreated groundwater quality, which might be different than the quality of drinking water delivered to consumers. The assessments are based on water-quality data collected from 352 wells and 6 springs using an equal-area grid sampling design. This sampling approach allows for the estimation of the proportion of high, moderate, or low concentrations relative to federal water-quality benchmarks of selected constituents in the area of each PA. Results were compared to established benchmarks for drinking-water quality to provide context for evaluating the quality of untreated groundwater: Federal regulatory benchmarks for protecting human health, non-regulatory human-health benchmarks, and non-regulatory benchmarks for nuisance chemicals. Not all constituents that were analyzed have benchmarks and thus were not considered for assessments. Concentrations are characterized as high if they are greater than their benchmark. Concentrations are considered moderate if they are greater than one-half their benchmark (for inorganic constituents), or greater than one-tenth their benchmark (for organic constituents). Concentrations are considered low if they are less than moderate or the constituent was not detected.
Status assessment results indicated that inorganic constituents more commonly occurred at high and moderate concentrations in the six PAs than organic constituents, and organic constituents predominately occurred at low concentrations. Inorganic constituents that exceeded health-based benchmarks (high concentrations) were present in all six PAs; aquifer-scale proportion were 30 percent in the Rio Grande aquifer system, 22 percent in the Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers, 20 percent in the Basin and Range carbonate-rock aquifers, 19 percent in the High Plains aquifer, 16 percent in the Colorado Plateaus aquifers, and 8 percent in the Columbia Plateau basaltic-rock aquifers. Arsenic, fluoride, manganese, and total dissolved solids were the constituents most commonly present at high concentrations. Organic constituents with human-health benchmarks (pesticide compounds and VOCs) did not occur at high concentrations and moderate concentrations were infrequent; aquifer-scale proportions ranged from 0 to 5 percent. Detections of organic compounds at low concentrations, however, occurred in all six PAs, with detection frequencies ranging from 10 to 26 percent for pesticide compounds and from 10 to 46 percent for VOCs. Specific organic constituents with detection frequencies greater than 10 percent were four herbicides (atrazine, didealkylatrazine, bromoform, and propazine), one insecticide (propoxur), and two VOCs (the trihalomethanes chloroform and bromodichloromethane). Where collected—in the Rio Grande aquifer system and High Plains aquifer—perchlorate did not occur at high concentrations; moderate aquifer-scale proportions were 3 and 11 percent, respectively.
The understanding assessment included statistical tests to evaluate relations between constituent concentrations and potential explanatory factors to identify natural and human factors that affect groundwater quality. Potential explanatory factors included depth to bottom of well perforation, groundwater age category, land use, aquifer lithology, hydrologic conditions, and geochemical conditions. Higher concentrations of trace elements, radioactive constituents, and constituents with non-health-based benchmarks generally were associated with unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer lithologies, premodern groundwater age, greater aridity, and more alkaline pH. Organic constituents with detection frequencies greater than 10 percent generally were associated with urban land use, shallower well depths, and higher total dissolved solids concentrations. The results for the six western PAs provide important insights into the quality of groundwater that is used for drinking water in the western United States, as well as natural and human factors that affect groundwater quality in this region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205078","collaboration":"National Water Quality Program","usgsCitation":"Rosecrans, C.Z., and Musgrove, M., 2020, Water Quality of groundwater used for public supply in principal aquifers of the western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5078, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205078.","productDescription":"Report: x, 142 p.; 5 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097925","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5078/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":378207,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5078/sir20205078.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5078"},{"id":378208,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7HQ3X18","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater quality data from the National Water Quality Assessment Project, May 2012 through December 2013"},{"id":378209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7W0942N","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Datasets from groundwater-quality data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2014 and select quality-control data from May 2012 through December 2014"},{"id":378210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7XK8DHK","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Datasets from groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2015 and previously unpublished data from 2013 to 2014"},{"id":378211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W4RR74","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Datasets from groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2016, and previously unpublished data from 2013 to 2015"},{"id":378212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P916H748","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data for groundwater-quality and select quality-control data for the Colorado Plateaus Principal Aquifer"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -96.0205078125,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -96.0205078125,\n 49.296471602658066\n ],\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 49.296471602658066\n ],\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 27.605670826465445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
We evaluated how climate change and variable rates of moose browsing intensity, as they relate to wolf predation, might affect the forests of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, United States by conducting a modeling experiment. The experiment consisted of contrasting three different scenarios of wolf management and with a static (current conditions) and changing climate (high emissions). Our results indicate that the interactive effects of wolf predation and climate change are likely to be temporally variable and dependent on biogeographic and forest successional processes. During the first 50 years of 120-year simulations, when the effects of climate change were less impactful, higher simulated rates of predation by wolves reduced moose population densities, resulting in greater forest biomass and higher carrying capacities for moose. However, over the longer term, early successional and highly palatable aspen and birch forests transitioned to late successional spruce and fir forests, regardless of climate or predation intensity. After 50 years, the effects of climate change and predation were driven by effects on balsam fir, a late successional conifer species that is fed on by moose. High-intensity predation of moose allowed balsam fir to persist over the long term but only under the static climate scenario. The climate change scenario caused a reduction in balsam fir and the other boreal species that moose currently feed on, and the few temperate species found on this isolated island were unable to compensate for such reductions, causing strong declines in total forest biomass. The direct effects of moose population management via reintroduction of wolves may become increasingly ineffective as the climate continues to warm because the productivity of boreal plant species may not be sufficient to support a moose population, and the isolation of the island from mainland temperate tree species may reduce the likelihood of compensatory species migrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2020.543915","usgsCitation":"De Jager, N.R., Rohweder, J.J., and Duveneck, M.J., 2020, Climate change Is likely to alter future wolf - moose - forest interactions at Isle Royale National Park, United States: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, v. 8, 543915, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.543915.","productDescription":"543915, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-115964","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.543915","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P98DKUIP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Initial Forest Communities of Isle Royale National Park"},{"id":378356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.40423583984375,\n 48.20087966673985\n ],\n [\n -88.69674682617188,\n 48.14134883691423\n ],\n [\n -89.29275512695312,\n 47.89148526708789\n ],\n [\n -89.23782348632812,\n 47.82883013320963\n ],\n [\n -89.14718627929686,\n 47.8094654494779\n ],\n [\n -88.88076782226562,\n 47.89332691887659\n ],\n [\n -88.57589721679688,\n 48.04779189160941\n ],\n [\n -88.40423583984375,\n 48.20087966673985\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Jager, Nathan R. 0000-0002-6649-4125 ndejager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-4125","contributorId":3717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Jager","given":"Nathan","email":"ndejager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rohweder, Jason J. 0000-0001-5131-9773 jrohweder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-9773","contributorId":150539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohweder","given":"Jason","email":"jrohweder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":798539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duveneck, Matthew J.","contributorId":236949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duveneck","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":798540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70213156,"text":"70213156 - 2020 - High sensitivity of Bering Sea winter sea ice to winter insolation and carbon dioxide over the last 5,500 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T13:54:38.636158","indexId":"70213156","displayToPublicDate":"2020-09-08T08:51:05","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5010,"text":"Science Advances","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High sensitivity of Bering Sea winter sea ice to winter insolation and carbon dioxide over the last 5,500 years","docAbstract":"Anomalously low winter sea ice extent and early retreat in CE 2018 and 2019 challenge previous notions that winter sea ice in the Bering Sea has been stable over the instrumental record, although long-term records remain limited. Here, we use a record of peat cellulose oxygen isotopes from St. Matthew Island along with isotope-enabled general circulation model (IsoGSM) simulations to generate a 5500-year record of Bering Sea winter sea ice extent. Results show that over the last 5500 years, sea ice in the Bering Sea decreased in response to increasing winter insolation and atmospheric CO2, suggesting that the North Pacific is highly sensitive to small changes in radiative forcing. We find that CE 2018 sea ice conditions were the lowest of the last 5500 years, and results suggest that sea ice loss may lag changes in CO2 concentrations by several decades.
An international project developed, quality-tested, and measured isotope–delta values of 10 new food matrix reference materials (RMs) for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur stable isotope-ratio measurements to support food authenticity testing and food provenance verification. These new RMs, USGS82 to USGS91, will enable users to normalize measurements of samples to isotope–delta scales. The RMs include (i) two honeys from Canada and tropical Vietnam, (ii) two flours from C3 (rice) and C4 (millet) plants, (iii) four vegetable oils from C3 (olive, peanut) and C4 (corn) plants, and (iv) two collagen powders from marine fish and terrestrial mammal origins. An errors-in-variables regression model included the uncertainty associated with the measured and assigned values of the RMs, and it was applied centrally to normalize results and obtain consensus values and measurement uncertainties. Utilization of these new RMs should facilitate mutual compatibility of stable isotope data if accepted normalization procedures are applied and documented.
Improved understanding of the budget and retention of sediment in river deltas is becoming increasingly important to mitigate and plan for impacts expected with sea level rise. In this study, analyses of historical bathymetric change, sediment core stratigraphy, and modeling are used to evaluate the sediment budget and environmental response of the largest river delta in the U.S. Pacific Northwest to western land-use change beginning in ~1850. An estimated 142±28 M m3 of sediment accumulated offshore of the emergent Skagit River delta in Washington State between 1890 and 2014 and ~68% of which was found in sand deposits. The fraction of sediment retained in sand reservoirs represents 83% of the expected fluvial sand delivery over this time suggesting their potential utility to evaluate the relative contribution of different land uses to sediment runoff through time. A significantly higher ratio of sand retention to delivery during the period 1890–1939 coincided with extensive watershed denudation (clear-cut logging) and channel dredging, relative to the period 1940–2014, which was characterized by improved forest practices and sediment management to protect endangered species but also more extensive river channelization. Retention in the delta foreset of 78% of the sand delivered by the river between 1890 and 1939 was associated with extensive sediment bypassing and delta progradation that is shown to be 5–10x higher than rates over the Holocene. Comparable offshore sand retention over time and higher nearshore retention subsequent to 1940 after normalizing for the assumed reduction in sediment runoff with improved forest practices, suggests that channelization has continued to influence sediment export at a magnitude equivalent to the effects of early logging. Adverse impacts of the bypassing sediment regime to natural hazards risk and ecosystem management concerns are discussed, including the role of the lost sediment as a resource to mitigate subsiding coastal lands vulnerable to flood impacts. The sediment budget and coastal change analyses provide a framework for evaluating opportunities to achieve greater resilience across several sectors of coastal land use important in low-lying deltas worldwide.
Effective water resource management requires practical, data‐driven determination of instream flow needs. Newly developed, high‐resolution flow models and aquatic species databases provide enormous opportunity, but the volume of data can prove challenging to manage without automated tools. The objective of this study was to develop a framework of analytical methods and best practices to reduce costs of entry into flow–ecology analysis by integrating widely available hydrologic and ecological datasets. Ecological limit functions (ELFs) describing the relation between maximum species richness and stream size characteristics (streamflow or drainage area) were developed. Species richness is expected to increase with streamflow through a watershed up to a point where it either plateaus or transitions to a decreasing trend in larger streams. Our results show that identifying the location of this \"breakpoint\" is critical for producing optimal ELF model fit. We found that richness breakpoints can be estimated using automated low‐supervision methods, with high‐supervision providing negligible improvement in detection accuracy. Model fit (and predictive capability) was found to be superior in smaller hydrologic units. The ELF model (\"elfgen\" R package available on GitHub: https://github.com/HARPgroup/elfgen) can be used to generate ELFs using built‐in datasets for the conterminous United States, or applied anywhere else streamflow and biodiversity data inputs are available.
Accurate and timely flood forecasts are critical for making emergency-response decisions regarding public safety, infrastructure operations, and resource allocation. One of the main challenges for coastal flood forecasting systems is a lack of reliable forecast data of large-scale oceanic and watershed processes and the combined effects of multiple hazards, such as compound flooding at river mouths. Offshore water level anomalies, known as remote Non-Tidal Residuals (NTRs), are caused by processes such as downwelling, offshore wind setup, and also driven by ocean-basin salinity and temperature changes, common along the west coast during El Niño events. Similarly, fluvial discharges can contribute to extreme water levels in the coastal area, while they are dominated by large-scale watershed hydraulics. However, with the recent emergence of reliable large-scale forecast systems, coastal models now import the essential input data to forecast extreme water levels in the nearshore. Accordingly, we have developed Hydro-CoSMoS, a new coastal forecast model based on the USGS Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS) powered by the Delft3D San Francisco Bay and Delta community model. In this work, we studied the role of fluvial discharges and remote NTRs on extreme water levels during a February 2019 storm by using Hydro-CoSMoS in hindcast mode. We simulated the storm with and without real-time fluvial discharge data to study their effect on coastal water levels and flooding extent, and highlight the importance of watershed forecast systems such as NOAA’s National Water Model (NWM). We also studied the effect of remote NTRs on coastal water levels in San Francisco Bay during the 2019 February storm by utilizing the data from a global ocean model (HYCOM). Our results showed that accurate forecasts of remote NTRs and fluvial discharges can play a significant role in predicting extreme water levels in San Francisco Bay. This pilot application in San Francisco Bay can serve as a basis for integrated coastal flood modeling systems in complex coastal settings worldwide.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w12092481","usgsCitation":"Tehranirad, B., Herdman, L.M., Nederhoff, K., Erikson, L.H., Cifelli, R., Pratt, G., Leon, M., and Barnard, P.L., 2020, Effect of fluvial discharges and remote non-tidal residuals on compound flood forecasting in San Francisco Bay: Water, v. 12, no. 9, 2481, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092481.","productDescription":"2481, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120224","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092481","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":465668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.88353317906419,\n 38.09730105803703\n ],\n [\n -122.88353317906419,\n 37.39198937844094\n ],\n [\n -121.86759792175883,\n 37.39198937844094\n ],\n [\n -121.86759792175883,\n 38.09730105803703\n ],\n [\n -122.88353317906419,\n 38.09730105803703\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tehranirad, Babak 0000-0002-1634-9165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-9165","contributorId":299107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tehranirad","given":"Babak","affiliations":[{"id":64774,"text":"contracted to USGS PCMSC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herdman, Liv M. 0000-0002-5444-6441 lherdman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-6441","contributorId":149964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herdman","given":"Liv","email":"lherdman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nederhoff, Kees 0000-0003-0552-3428","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0552-3428","contributorId":334091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nederhoff","given":"Kees","affiliations":[{"id":39963,"text":"Deltares-USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":922344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erikson, Li H. 0000-0002-8607-7695 lerikson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-7695","contributorId":149963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erikson","given":"Li","email":"lerikson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cifelli, Rob","contributorId":211532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cifelli","given":"Rob","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38261,"text":"NOAA/ESRL/Physical Sciences Division","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pratt, Greg","contributorId":268885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pratt","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55709,"text":"NOAA Global Systems Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leon, Michael","contributorId":347739,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leon","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":36803,"text":"NOAA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L. 0000-0003-1414-6476 pbarnard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6476","contributorId":140982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick","email":"pbarnard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70215741,"text":"70215741 - 2020 - Effects of a temperature rise on melatonin and thyroid hormones during smoltification of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-28T12:21:52.940895","indexId":"70215741","displayToPublicDate":"2020-09-03T07:13:44","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2226,"text":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of a temperature rise on melatonin and thyroid hormones during smoltification of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar","docAbstract":"Smoltification prepares juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for downstream migration. Dramatic changes characterize this crucial event in the salmon’s life cycle, including increased gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity (NKA) and plasma hormone levels. The triggering of smoltification relies on photoperiod and is modulated by temperature. Both provide reliable information, to which fish have adapted for thousands of years, that allows deciphering daily and calendar time. Here we studied the impact of different photoperiod (natural, sustained winter solstice) and temperature (natural, ~ + 4° C) combinations, on gill NKA, plasma free triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and melatonin (MEL; the time-keeping hormone), throughout smoltification. We also studied the impact of temperature history on pineal gland MEL production in vitro. The spring increase in gill NKA was less pronounced in smolts kept under sustained winter photoperiod and/or elevated temperature. Plasma thyroid hormone levels displayed day–night variations, which were affected by elevated temperature, either independently from photoperiod (decrease in T3 levels) or under natural photoperiod exclusively (increase in T4 nocturnal levels). Nocturnal MEL secretion was potentiated by the elevated temperature, which also altered the MEL profile under sustained winter photoperiod. Temperature also affected pineal MEL production in vitro, a response that depended on previous environmental acclimation of the organ. The results support the view that the salmon pineal is a photoperiod and temperature sensor, highlight the complexity of the interaction of these environmental factors on the endocrine system of S. salar, and indicate that climate change might compromise salmon’s time “deciphering” during smoltification, downstream migration and seawater residence.
Successful river restoration requires understanding and integration of multiple disciplinary perspectives, including evaluations of past and ongoing watershed processes, local geomorphic response, and impacts unique to human activity. Nowhere is this more apparent than along the Merced River in Yosemite National Park, USA, where both an outstanding natural landscape and the consequences of over a century of human disturbances continue to interact. An intact upstream watershed highlights the importance here of local impacts on geomorphic response. Incision and the resulting decoupling of the channel from its adjacent late-Holocene floodplain are consequences of reduced channel roughness, likely from de-snagging the river, and instream gravel mining in the 19th and early 20th century. Riparian-zone disturbance by visitor use has damaged riparian vegetation and soils, inducing channel widening. Revetments and channel-spanning bridges, the latter being visible and oft-cited impacts to fluvial processes, have distorted the natural evolution of meanders and induced local channel narrowing. The historical rate of sediment export from Yosemite Valley has greatly exceeded replenishment from upstream and lateral sources, creating a deficit that now inhibits recovery via passive restoration of more natural channel form and function. Climate change may amplify now-diminished fluvial processes but also exacerbate the rate of sediment export. These conditions, reflecting a complex intersection of geologic history, modern geomorphic processes, and human interactions, demonstrate how a limited influx of sediment coupled with intensive human use can have long-term consequences for riverine conditions, restoration opportunities, and social engagement with the riverine landscape.
Range expansion of American black bear (Ursus americanus; bear) and residential development has resulted in a growing presence of bear in suburbia. Suburban landscapes exhibiting patchworks of variable-sized parcels and habitats and owned by landowners with diverse values, can create large areas of suitable habitats with limited public access. These landscapes thereby may limit the effectiveness of hunting as a traditional bear population management tool. Managers require better information regarding suburban landowner attitudes regarding hunting before implementing changes intended to increase bear harvest to management populations. To address this need, in 2013, we surveyed landowners to identify properties that allowed bear hunting in three suburban areas of Pennsylvania where bear sightings have increased. We then used location data obtained for 29 bears equipped with global positioning system (GPS) transmitters from 2010 to 2012 to model their resource selection in the study area. We assessed the influence of hunting access, housing density, land cover, and topographic variables on radio-marked black bear monitored 10 days before, during, and after the bear hunting season. We found that resource selection of radio-marked bear was similar for all three periods and bears selected for forested land in all three seasons and herbaceous cover in the pre- and hunting periods. Resource selection by bears was not influenced by whether land was open or closed to hunting in the pre-hunting and hunting periods, but in the post-hunting period lands not open to hunting had support as the second-best model. All radio-marked bears in our study were vulnerable to harvest. However, they did not change resource selection during the hunting season nor did they avoid areas open to hunting. Integrating human dimension data with bear habitat use studies, especially in suburban landscapes, has the potential to address bear space use and population management needs often overlooked in traditional research designs.
","language":"English","doi":"10.26077/2af3-235d","usgsCitation":"Ahrestani, F.S., Ternent, M.A., Lovallo, M.J., and Walter, W., 2020, Resource use by American black bear in suburbia: A landholder step selection approach: Human-Wildlife Interactions, v. 14, no. 2, p. 216-227, https://doi.org/10.26077/2af3-235d.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"216","endPage":"227","ipdsId":"IP-093537","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.5025634765625,\n 39.926588421909436\n ],\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.926588421909436\n ],\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 41.599013054830216\n ],\n [\n -79.5025634765625,\n 41.599013054830216\n ],\n [\n -79.5025634765625,\n 39.926588421909436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahrestani, Farshid S.","contributorId":208349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ahrestani","given":"Farshid","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37785,"text":"The Institute of Bird Populations","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ternent, Mark A.","contributorId":150194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ternent","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6917,"text":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovallo, Matthew J.","contributorId":200329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovallo","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":832539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walter, W. 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SolVES 4.0 provides an open-source version of SolVES, which was designed to assess, map, and quantify the social values of ecosystem services. Social values—the perceived, nonmarket values the public ascribes to ecosystem services, particularly cultural services, such as aesthetics and recreation—can be evaluated for various stakeholder groups. These groups are distinguishable by factors such as their attitudes and preferences regarding public uses (for example, motorized recreation and logging). As with previous versions, SolVES 4.0 derives a quantitative 10-point, social-values metric—the value index—from a combination of spatial and nonspatial responses to public value and preference surveys. The tool also calculates metrics characterizing the underlying environment, such as average distance to water and dominant landcover. SolVES 4.0 has been developed with Python using a QGIS user interface and a PostgreSQL database for required data. SolVES is integrated with Maxent maximum entropy modeling software to generate more complete social-value maps and offer robust statistical models describing the relation between the value index and explanatory environmental variables. A model’s goodness of fit to a primary study area and its potential performance in transferring social values to similar areas using value-transfer methods can be evaluated. SolVES 4.0 provides an improved open-source, public-domain tool for decision makers and researchers to evaluate the social values of ecosystem services and to facilitate discussions among diverse stakeholders regarding the tradeoffs among ecosystem services in a variety of biophysical and social contexts including mountain, forest, coastal, riparian, agricultural, and urban environments around the globe.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm7C25","usgsCitation":"Sherrouse, B.C., and Semmens, D.J., 2020, Social Values for Ecosystem Services, version 4.0 (SolVES 4.0)—Documentation and user manual: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 7, chap. C25, 59 p., https://doi.org/ 10.3133/ tm7C25.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 59 p.; Application Site","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436802,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9URDZ4V","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"SolVES"},{"id":377693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/07/c25/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":377694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/07/c25/tm7C25.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"T and M 7 C-25"},{"id":377695,"rank":3,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9URDZ4V","text":"Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) 4.0"}],"contact":"Director, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
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Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
Many water quality and ecosystem functions performed by streams occur in the benthic biolayer, the biologically active upper (~5 cm) layer of the streambed. Solute transport through the benthic biolayer is facilitated by bedform pumping, a physical process in which dynamic and static pressure variations over the surface of stationary bedforms (e.g., ripples and dunes) drive flow across the sediment-water interface. In this paper we derive two predictive modeling frameworks, one advective and the other diffusive, for solute transport through the benthic biolayer by bedform pumping. Both frameworks closely reproduce patterns and rates of bedform pumping previously measured in the laboratory, provided that the diffusion model's dispersion coefficient declines exponentially with depth. They are also functionally equivalent, such that parameter sets inferred from the 2D advective model can be applied to the 1D diffusive model, and vice versa. The functional equivalence and complementary strengths of these two models expand the range of questions that can be answered, for example, by adopting the 2D advective model to study the effects of geomorphic processes (such as bedform adjustments to land use change) on flow-dependent processes and the 1D diffusive model to study problems where multiple transport mechanisms combine (such as bedform pumping and turbulent diffusion). By unifying 2D advective and 1D diffusive descriptions of bedform pumping, our analytical results provide a straightforward and computationally efficient approach for predicting, and better understanding, solute transport in the benthic biolayer of streams and coastal sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020WR027967","usgsCitation":"Grant, S., Monofy, A., Boano, F., Gomez-Velez, J., Guymer, I., Harvey, J., and Ghisalberti, M., 2020, Unifying advective and diffusive descriptions of bedform pumping in the benthic biolayer of streams: Water Resources Research, v. 56, no. 11, e2020WR027967, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027967.","productDescription":"e2020WR027967, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-121919","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":455454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027967","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":408989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, Stanley 0000-0001-6221-7211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6221-7211","contributorId":298684,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grant","given":"Stanley","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39959,"text":"Virginia Tech.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monofy, Ahmed 0000-0001-9641-327X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-327X","contributorId":298685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monofy","given":"Ahmed","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39959,"text":"Virginia Tech.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boano, Fulvio","contributorId":124515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boano","given":"Fulvio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5039,"text":"Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gomez-Velez, Jesus 0000-0001-8045-5926 jgomezvelez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5926","contributorId":298680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Velez","given":"Jesus","email":"jgomezvelez@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":64656,"text":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guymer, Ian 0000-0002-1425-5093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1425-5093","contributorId":298686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guymer","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":64657,"text":"University of Sheffield, England","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":856248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harvey, Judson 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":219104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ghisalberti, Marco","contributorId":182034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ghisalberti","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":856250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70215065,"text":"70215065 - 2020 - Integrated hydro-terrestrial modeling: Development of a national capability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-07T14:16:49.594591","indexId":"70215065","displayToPublicDate":"2020-09-01T09:10:08","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Integrated hydro-terrestrial modeling: Development of a national capability","docAbstract":"Water is one of our most important natural resources and is essential to our national economy and security. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Department of Energy","doi":"10.25584/09102020/1659275","usgsCitation":"Lesmes, D.P., Moerman, J., Torgeson, T., Vallario, B., Scheibe, T.D., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., Jenter, H.L., Bingner, R.L., Condon, L., Cosgrove, B., Del Castillo, C., Downer, C.W., Eylander, J., Fienen, M.N., Frazier, N., Gochis, D., Goodrich, D., Harvey, J., Hughes, J.D., Hyndman, D., Johnston, J., Melton, F., Moglen, G.E., Moulton, D., Lautz, L.K., Parmar, R., Rashleigh, B., Reed, P., Skalak, K., Varadharajan, C., Viger, R.J., Voisin, N., and Wahl, M., 2020, Integrated hydro-terrestrial modeling: Development of a national capability, 182 p., https://doi.org/10.25584/09102020/1659275.","productDescription":"182 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120302","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction 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We applied a flow‐ecology model, the Ecosystem Functions Model (HEC‐EFM), to the Bill Williams River in southwestern USA to estimate areas suitable for recruitment of riparian tree seedlings in the context of managing flow releases from a large dam for riparian restoration. Ecological variables in the model included timing of seed dispersal, tolerable rates of flow recession, and tolerable duration of inundation following germination and early seedling establishment for native Fremont cottonwood and Goodding's willow, and non‐native tamarisk. Hydrological variables included peak flow timing, rate of flow recession following the peak, and duration of inundation. A one‐dimensional hydraulic model was applied to estimate stage‐discharge relationships along ~58 river kilometres. We then used HEC‐EFM to apply relationships between seedling ecology and streamflow to link hydrological dynamics with ecological response. We developed and validated HEC‐EFM based on an examination of seedling recruitment following an experimental flow release from Alamo Dam in spring 2006. The model predicted the largest area of potential recruitment for cottonwood (280–481 ha), with smaller areas predicted for willow (174–188 ha) and tamarisk (59–60 ha). Correlations between observed and predicted patches with successful seedling recruitment for areas within 40 m of the main channel ranged from 0.66 to 0.94. Finally, we examined arrays of hydrographs to identify which are most conducive to seedling recruitment along the river, given different combinations of peak flow, recession rate, and water volume released. Similar application of this model could be useful for informing reservoir management in the context of riparian restoration along other rivers facing similar challenges.
Little is known about the underlying mechanisms governing the bioaccumulation of uranium (U) in aquatic insects. We experimentally parameterized conditional rate constants for aqueous U uptake, dietary U uptake, and U elimination for the aquatic baetid mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer. Results showed that this species accumulates U from both the surrounding water and diet, with waterborne uptake prevailing. Elevated dietary U concentrations decreased feeding rates, presumably by altering food palatability or impairing the mayfly’s digestive processes, or both. Nearly 90% of the accumulated U was eliminated within 24 h after the waterborne exposure ceased, reflecting the desorption of weakly bound U from the insect’s integument. To examine whether the experimentally derived rate constants for N. triangulifer could be generalized to baetid mayflies, mayfly U concentrations were predicted using the water chemistry and U measured in periphyton from springs in Grand Canyon (United States) and were compared to U concentrations in spring-dwelling mayflies. Predicted and observed mayfly U concentrations were in good agreement. Under the modeled site-specific conditions, waterborne U uptake accounted for 52–93% of the bioaccumulated U. U accumulation was limited in these wild populations due to a combination of factors including low concentrations of bioavailable dissolved U species, slow U uptake rates from food, and fast U elimination.
In this paper, we develop and validate a rigorous modeling framework, based on Duhamel's Theorem, for the unsteady one-dimensional vertical transport of a solute across a flat sediment-water interface (SWI) and through the benthic biolayer of a turbulent stream. The modeling framework is novel in capturing the two-way coupling between evolving solute concentrations above and below the SWI and in allowing for a depth-varying diffusivity. Three diffusivity profiles within the sediment (constant, exponentially decaying, and a hybrid model) are evaluated against an extensive set of previously published laboratory measurements of turbulent mass transfer across the SWI. The exponential diffusivity profile best represents experimental observations and its reference diffusivity scales with the permeability Reynolds number, a dimensionless measure of turbulence at the SWI. The depth over which turbulence-enhanced diffusivity decays is of the order of centimeters and comparable to the thickness of the benthic biolayer. Thus, turbulent mixing across the SWI may serve as a universal transport mechanism, supplying the nutrient and energy fluxes needed to sustain microbial growth, and nutrient processing, in the benthic biolayer of stream and coastal sediments.
Irrigated agriculture has grown rapidly over the last 50 years, helping food production keep pace with population growth, but also leading to significant habitat and biodiversity loss globally. Now, in some regions, land degradation and overtaxed water resources mean historical production levels may need to be reduced. We demonstrate how analytically supported planning for habitat restoration in stressed agricultural landscapes can recover biodiversity and create co-benefits during transitions to sustainability. We apply our approach in California's San Joaquin Valley where groundwater regulations are driving significant land use change. We link agricultural-economic and land use change models to generate plausible landscapes with different cropping patterns, including temporary fallowing and permanent retirement. We find that a large fraction of the reduced cultivation is met through temporary fallowing, but still estimate over 86,000 hectares of permanent retirement. We then apply systematic conservation planning to identify optimized restoration solutions that secure at least 10,000 hectares of high quality habitat for each of five representative endangered species, accounting for spatially varying opportunity costs specific to each plausible future landscape. The analyses identified consolidated areas common to all land use scenarios where restoration could be targeted to enhance habitat by utilizing land likely to be retired anyway, and by shifting some retirement from regions with low habitat value to regions with high habitat value. We also show potential co-benefits of retirement (derived from avoided nitrogen loadings and soil carbon sequestration), though these require careful consideration of additionality. Our approach provides a generalizable means to inform multi-benefit adaptation planning in response to agricultural stressors.
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