Snow‐water equivalent (SWE) data measured at several hundred montane sites in the western United States are used to examine the historic effects of El Nino and La Nina events on seasonal snowpack evolution in the major subbasins in the Columbia and Colorado River systems. Results are used to predict annual runoff. In the Columbia River Basin, there is a general tendency for decreased SWE during El Nino years and increased SWE in La Nina years. However, the SWE anomalies for El Nino years are much less pronounced. This occurs in part because midlatitude circulation anomalies in El Nino years are located 35° east of those in La Nina years. This eastward shift is most evident in midwinter, at which time, SWE anomalies associated with El Nino are actually positive in coastal regions of the Columbia River Basin. In the Colorado River Basin, mean anomalies in SWE and annual runoff during El Nino years depict a transition between drier‐than‐average conditions in the north, and wetter‐than‐average conditions in the southwest. Associations during La Nina years are generally opposite those in El Nino years. SWE anomalies tend to be more pronounced in spring in the Lower Colorado River Basin. Our predictions of runoff reveal modest skill for scenarios using only historic El Nino and La Nina information. Predictions based on the water stored in the seasonal snowpack are, in almost all cases, much higher than those based on El Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) information alone. However, combining observed midwinter snow conditions with information on seasonal snowpack evolution associated with ENSO improves predictions for basins in which ENSO signals exhibit strong seasonality.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900305","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., Serreze, M.C., and McCabe, G., 2001, Historical effects of El Nino and La Nina events on the seasonal evolution of the montane snowpack in the Columbia and Colorado River Basins: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 741-757, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900305.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"741","endPage":"757","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a318be4b0c8380cd5dff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Martyn P.","contributorId":21445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Martyn P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Serreze, Mark C.","contributorId":98491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Serreze","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023247,"text":"70023247 - 2001 - Remnant colloform pyrite at the haile gold deposit, South Carolina: A textural key to genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023247","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remnant colloform pyrite at the haile gold deposit, South Carolina: A textural key to genesis","docAbstract":"Auriferous iron sulfide-bearing deposits of the Carolina slate belt have distinctive mineralogical and textural features-traits that provide a basis to construct models of ore deposition. Our identification of paragenetically early types of pyrite, especially remnant colloform, crustiform, and layered growth textures of pyrite containing electrum and pyrrhotite, establishes unequivocally that gold mineralization was coeval with deposition of host rocks and not solely related to Paleozoic tectonic events. Ore horizons at the Haile deposit, South Carolina, contain many remnants of early pyrite: (1) fine-grained cubic pyrite disseminated along bedding; (2) fine- grained spongy, rounded masses of pyrite that may envelop or drape over pyrite cubes; (3) fragments of botryoidally and crustiform layered pyrite, and (4) pyritic infilling of vesicles and pumice. Detailed mineral chemistry by petrography, microprobe, SEM, and EDS analysis of replaced pumice and colloform structures containing both arsenic compositional banding and electrum points to coeval deposition of gold and the volcanic host rocks and, thus, confirms a syngenetic origin for the gold deposits. Early pyrite textures are present in other major deposits of the Carolina slate belt, such as Ridgeway and Barite Hill, and these provide strong evidence for models whereby the sulfide ores formed prior to tectonism. The role of Paleozoic metamorphism was to remobilize and concentrate gold and other minerals in structurally prepared sites. Recognizing the significance of paragenetically early pyrite and gold textures can play an important role in distinguishing sulfide ores that form in volcanic and sedimentary environments from those formed solely by metamorphic processes. Exploration strategies applied to the Carolina slate belt and correlative rocks in the eastern United States in the Avalonian basement will benefit from using syngenetic models for gold mineralization.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/96.4.891","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Foley, N., Ayuso, R., and Seal, R., 2001, Remnant colloform pyrite at the haile gold deposit, South Carolina: A textural key to genesis: Economic Geology, v. 96, no. 4, p. 891-902, https://doi.org/10.2113/96.4.891.","startPage":"891","endPage":"902","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207350,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/96.4.891"},{"id":232239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6d7e4b0c8380cd850a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, N.","contributorId":17800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, R. A. 0000-0002-8496-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":27079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023243,"text":"70023243 - 2001 - Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:46:43","indexId":"70023243","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","docAbstract":"The Barite Hill gold deposit, at the southwestern end of the Carolina slate belt in the southeastern United States, is one of four gold deposits in the region that have a combined yield of 110 metric tons of gold over the past 10 years. At Barite Hill, production has dominantly come from oxidized ores. Sulfur isotope data from hypogene portions of the Barite Hill gold deposit vary systematically with pyrite–barite associations and provide insights into both the pre-metamorphic Late Proterozoic hydrothermal and the Paleozoic regional metamorphic histories of the deposit. The δ34S values of massive barite cluster tightly between 25.0 and 28.0‰, which closely match the published values for Late Proterozoic seawater and thus support a seafloor hydrothermal origin. The δ34S values of massive sulfide range from 1.0 to 5.3‰ and fall within the range of values observed for modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits. In contrast, δ34S values for finer-grained, intergrown pyrite (5.1–6.8‰) and barite (21.0–23.9‰) are higher and lower than their massive counterparts, respectively. Calculated sulfur isotope temperatures for the latter barite–pyrite pairs (Δ=15.9–17.1‰) range from 332–355 °C and probably reflect post-depositional equilibration at greenschist-facies regional metamorphic conditions. Thus, pyrite and barite occurring separately from one another provide pre-metamorphic information about the hydrothermal origin of the deposit, whereas pyrite and barite occurring together equilibrated to record the metamorphic conditions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from sphalerite are consistent with a modified seawater source for the mineralizing fluids, but data from quartz and barite may reflect later metamorphic and (or) more recent meteoric water input. Lead isotope values from pyrites range for 206Pb/204Pb from 18.005–18.294, for 207Pb/204Pb from 15.567–15.645, and for 208Pb/204Pb from 37.555–38.015. The data indicate derivation of the ore leads from the country rocks, which themselves show evidence for contributions from relatively unradiogenic, mantle-like lead, and more evolved or crustal lead. Geological relationships, and stable and radiogenic isotopic data, suggest that the Barite Hill gold deposit formed on the Late Proterozoic seafloor through exhalative hydrothermal processes similar to those that were responsible for the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan. On the basis of similarities with other gold-rich massive sulfide deposits and modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the gold at Barite Hill was probably introduced as an integral part of the formation of the massive sulfide deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s001260050294","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Seal,, R., Ayuso, R.A., Foley, N.K., and Clark, S.H., 2001, Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, no. 2, p. 137-148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050294.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.431396484375,\n 36.923547681089296\n ],\n [\n -78.11279296875,\n 36.60670888641815\n ],\n [\n -78.20068359374999,\n 36.1822249804225\n ],\n [\n -78.50830078125,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -79.442138671875,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 34.098159345215535\n ],\n [\n -82.210693359375,\n 33.00866349457558\n ],\n [\n -82.46337890625,\n 32.9257074887604\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 33.916013113401696\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 35.15584570226544\n ],\n [\n -80.145263671875,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -79.661865234375,\n 36.78289206199065\n ],\n [\n -79.29931640625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -78.72802734375,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -78.431396484375,\n 36.923547681089296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dcee4b08c986b31dab4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023081,"text":"70023081 - 2001 - Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T15:33:13.720137","indexId":"70023081","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey examined 25 agricultural streams in eastern Wisconsin to determine relations between fish, invertebrate, and algal metrics and multiple spatial scales of land cover, geologic setting, hydrologic, aquatic habitat, and water chemistry data. Spearman correlation and redundancy analyses were used to examine relations among biotic metrics and environmental characteristics. Riparian vegetation, geologic, and hydrologic conditions affected the response of biotic metrics to watershed agricultural land cover but the relations were aquatic assemblage dependent. It was difficult to separate the interrelated effects of geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, and base flow. Watershed and buffer land cover, geologic setting, reach riparian vegetation width, and stream size affected the fish IBI, invertebrate diversity, diatom IBI, and number of algal taxa; however, the invertebrate FBI, percentage of EPT, and the diatom pollution index were more influenced by nutrient concentrations and flow variability. Fish IBI scores seemed most sensitive to land cover in the entire stream network buffer, more so than watershed-scale land cover and segment or reach riparian vegetation width. All but one stream with more than approximately 10 percent buffer agriculture had fish IBI scores of fair or poor. In general, the invertebrate and algal metrics used in this study were not as sensitive to land cover effects as fish metrics. Some of the reach-scale characteristics, such as width/depth ratios, velocity, and bank stability, could be related to watershed influences of both land cover and geologic setting. The Wisconsin habitat index was related to watershed geologic setting, watershed and buffer land cover, riparian vegetation width, and base flow, and appeared to be a good indicator of stream quality. Results from this study emphasize the value of using more than one or two biotic metrics to assess water quality and the importance of environmental characteristics at multiple scales.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03655.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Scudder, B.C., Lenz, B.N., and Sullivan, D.J., 2001, Effects of multi-scale environmental characteristics on agricultural stream biota in eastern Wisconsin: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1489-1507, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03655.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1489","endPage":"1507","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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42.49256486019445\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0764e4b0c8380cd51690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scudder, B. C.","contributorId":71588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023061,"text":"70023061 - 2001 - Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T17:11:35.897701","indexId":"70023061","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone","docAbstract":"Although the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) (strike ∼N25°W) does not quite coincide with a small circle drawn about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation, trilateration and GPS measurements demonstrate that the motion within the zone corresponds to right-lateral simple shear across a vertical plane (strike N33°W±5°) roughly parallel to the tangent to that local small circle (strike ∼N40°W). If the simple shear is released by slip on faults subparallel to the shear zone, the accumulated rotation is also released, leaving no secular rotation. South of the Garlock fault the principal faults (e.g., Calico-Blackwater fault) strike ∼N40°W, close enough to the strike of the vertical plane across which maximum right-lateral shear accumulates to almost wholly accommodate that accumulation of both strain and rotation by right-lateral slip. North of the Garlock fault dip slip as well as strike slip on the principal faults (strike ∼N20°W) is required to accommodate the simple shear accumulation. In both cases the accumulated rotation is released with the shear strain. The Garlock fault, which transects the ECSZ, is not offset by north-northwest striking faults nor, despite geological evidence for long-term left-lateral slip, does it appear at the present time to be accumulating left-lateral simple shear strain across the fault due to slip at depth. Rather the motion is explained by right-lateral simple shear across the orthogonal ECSZ. Left-lateral slip on the Garlock fault will release the shear strain accumulating there but would augment the accumulating rotation, resulting in a secular clockwise rotation rate ∼80 nrad yr−1 (4.6° Myr−1).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB000127","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Gan, W., and Svarc, J.L., 2001, Strain accumulation and rotation in the Eastern California Shear Zone: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B10, p. 21995-22007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000127.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21995","endPage":"22007","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb000127","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eastern California Shear Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.17617731296215,\n 33.90722665078704\n ],\n [\n -115.82534723483732,\n 33.943690904375\n ],\n [\n -115.95718317233727,\n 36.058303559917135\n ],\n [\n -119.22012262546211,\n 38.44529712195299\n ],\n [\n -119.49478082858732,\n 38.290249721167356\n ],\n [\n -119.2530816098371,\n 37.979159501227514\n ],\n [\n -119.08828668796218,\n 37.553603921401375\n ],\n [\n -118.70376520358735,\n 37.46645524726959\n ],\n [\n -118.61587457858705,\n 37.08179391586194\n ],\n [\n -118.44009332858712,\n 37.07302878512587\n ],\n [\n -118.33023004733718,\n 36.668738911783464\n ],\n [\n -118.26431207858721,\n 36.50995680917217\n ],\n [\n -118.14346246921227,\n 36.44812003740685\n ],\n [\n -118.12148981296228,\n 36.24459493263403\n ],\n [\n -117.97866754733735,\n 35.90717243793462\n ],\n [\n -118.00064020358732,\n 35.7200818327625\n ],\n [\n -119.16519098483712,\n 35.74683604455291\n ],\n [\n -119.17617731296215,\n 33.90722665078704\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9893e4b08c986b31c0a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gan, Weijun","contributorId":33083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gan","given":"Weijun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Svarc, J. L.","contributorId":75995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022980,"text":"70022980 - 2001 - Crustal deformation rates in Central and Eastern U.S. inferred from GPS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T13:57:24","indexId":"70022980","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation rates in Central and Eastern U.S. inferred from GPS","docAbstract":"Analysis of continuous GPS observations between 1996 and 2000 at 62 stations distributed throughout the central and eastern United States suggests that the area is generally stable. Seven of the 62 stations show anomalous velocities, but there is reason to suspect their monument stability. Assuming the remaining 55 stations are stable with respect to interior North America, we have found the North America-ITRF97 Euler vector (-1.88o ± 1.04oN, 77.67o ± 0.39oW, 0.201o ± 0.004o Myr-1) that minimizes the RMS station velocity. Referred to fixed North America, all of these velocities are less than 3.2 mm yr-1. Motion of several stations suggests the Mississippi embayment may be moving southward away from the rest of the continent at a rate of 1.7±0.9 mm yr-1. The motion of the embayment produces a large gradient in velocity which, in turn, implies the highest seismic moment accumulation rate that we found. Although the highest rate is only marginally significant, the fact that it occurs near New Madrid, where earthquake risk is thought to be high, argues that the anomaly may be real. Nevertheless, the identification of the anomaly remains tentative.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001GL013266","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gan, W., and Prescott, W., 2001, Crustal deformation rates in Central and Eastern U.S. inferred from GPS: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 19, p. 3733-3736, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013266.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3733","endPage":"3736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208034,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013266"}],"volume":"28","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdde4b0c8380cd4e493","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gan, Weijun","contributorId":33083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gan","given":"Weijun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45030,"text":"wri20004292 - 2001 - A field and statistical modeling study to estimate irrigation water use at Benchmark Farms study sites in southwestern Georgia, 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T18:27:35.321456","indexId":"wri20004292","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4292","title":"A field and statistical modeling study to estimate irrigation water use at Benchmark Farms study sites in southwestern Georgia, 1995-96","docAbstract":"A benchmark irrigation monitoring network of farms located in a 32-county area in southwestern Georgia was established in 1995 to improve estimates of irrigation water use. A stratified random sample of 500 permitted irrigators was selected from a data base--maintained by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Water Resources Management Branch--to obtain 180 voluntary participants in the study area. Site-specific irrigation data were collected at each farm using running-time totalizers and noninvasive flowmeters. Data were collected and compiled for 50 farms for 1995 and 130 additional farms for the 1996 growing season--a total of 180 farms. Irrigation data collected during the 1996 growing season were compiled for 180 benchmark farms and used to develop a statistical model to estimate irrigation water use in 32 counties in southwestern Georgia. The estimates derived were developed from using a statistical approach know as \"bootstrap analysis\" that allows for the estimation of precision. Five model components--whether-to-irrigate, acres irrigated, crop selected, seasonal-irrigation scheduling, and the amount of irrigation applied--compose the irrigation model and were developed to reflect patterns in the data collected at Benchmark Farms Study area sites. The model estimated that peak irrigation for all counties in the study area occurred during July with significant irrigation also occurring during May, June, and August. Irwin and Tift were the most irrigated and Schley and Houston were the least irrigated counties in the study area. High irrigation intensity primarily was located along the eastern border of the study area; whereas, low irrigation intensity was located in the southwestern quadrant where ground water was the dominant irrigation source. Crop-level estimates showed sizable variations across crops and considerable uncertainty for all crops other than peanuts and pecans. Counties having the most irrigated acres showed higher variations in annual irrigation than counties having the least irrigated acres. The Benchmark Farms Study model estimates were higher than previous irrigation estimates, with 20 percent of the bias a result of underestimating irrigation acreage in earlier studies. Model estimates showed evidence of an upward bias of about 15 percent with the likely cause being a misrepresented inches-applied model. A better understanding of the causes of bias in the model could be determined with a larger irrigation sample size and increased substantially by automating the reporting of monthly totalizer amounts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20004292","usgsCitation":"Fanning, J.L., Schwarz, G., and Lewis, W., 2001, A field and statistical modeling study to estimate irrigation water use at Benchmark Farms study sites in southwestern Georgia, 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4292, vii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004292.","productDescription":"vii, 32 p.","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1996-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415362,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37101.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri00-4292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.111083984375,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 32.59773394005744\n ],\n [\n -85.0286865234375,\n 32.532920675187846\n ],\n [\n -84.9737548828125,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -84.96826171874999,\n 32.393877575286446\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 32.375322284319346\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 32.32427558887655\n ],\n [\n -84.96826171874999,\n 32.310348764525806\n ],\n [\n -84.9298095703125,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -84.891357421875,\n 32.25926542645933\n ],\n [\n -84.92431640625,\n 32.24068253457369\n ],\n [\n -84.9627685546875,\n 32.217448573031014\n ],\n [\n -84.9957275390625,\n 32.19885712788488\n ],\n [\n -85.0396728515625,\n 32.17096283641326\n ],\n [\n -85.0726318359375,\n 32.13375715632646\n ],\n [\n -85.0506591796875,\n 32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n -85.0506591796875,\n 32.05930026106166\n ],\n [\n -85.067138671875,\n 31.994100723260804\n ],\n [\n -85.0946044921875,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -85.1385498046875,\n 31.863562548378965\n ],\n [\n -85.1385498046875,\n 31.812229022640704\n ],\n [\n -85.1275634765625,\n 31.737511125687828\n ],\n [\n -85.111083984375,\n 31.686107579079483\n ],\n [\n -85.0946044921875,\n 31.63467554954133\n ],\n [\n -85.067138671875,\n 31.606609719226917\n ],\n [\n -85.045166015625,\n 31.58321506275729\n ],\n [\n -85.05615234375,\n 31.522361470421437\n ],\n [\n -85.0836181640625,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -85.0946044921875,\n 31.330178972184655\n ],\n [\n -85.10009765625,\n 31.264465555752835\n ],\n [\n -85.11657714843749,\n 31.208103321325254\n ],\n [\n -85.1055908203125,\n 31.156408414557\n ],\n [\n -85.05615234375,\n 31.123496964067325\n ],\n [\n -85.0067138671875,\n 31.038815104128687\n ],\n [\n -85.0067138671875,\n 30.963479049959364\n ],\n [\n -84.957275390625,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -84.9407958984375,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -84.9078369140625,\n 30.746556862773616\n ],\n [\n -84.8638916015625,\n 30.69933500437198\n ],\n [\n -83.1500244140625,\n 30.62845887475364\n ],\n [\n -83.133544921875,\n 32.74570253945518\n ],\n [\n -85.111083984375,\n 32.69486597787505\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeadf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fanning, Julia L.","contributorId":73981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, William C.","contributorId":50878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001025,"text":"1001025 - 2001 - First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T18:17:00.363635","indexId":"1001025","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","title":"First finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The first finding of the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the mussel Dreissena bugensis in Lake Michigan is documented. These two species are widespread and abundant in the lower lakes, but had not yet been reported from Lake Michigan. E. ischnus is generally considered a warmwater form that is typically associated with hard substrates and Dreissena clusters in the nearshore zone. Along the eastern shoreline of Lake Michigan, this species was present at rocky, breakwall habitats along the entire north-south axis of the lake. Although not abundant, this species was also found at soft-bottomed sites as deep as 94 m in the southern basin. The finding of this species in deep offshore waters apparently extends the known habitat range for this species in the Great Lakes, but it is found in deep water areas within its native range (Caspian Sea). D. bugensis was not abundant, but was present in both the southern and northern portions of the lake. Individuals of up to 36 mm in length were collected, indicating that it had probably been present in the lake for 2 or more years. Also presented are depth-defined densities of D. polymorpha at 37 sites in the Straits of Mackinac in 1997, and densities at up to 55 sites in the southern basin in 1992/93 and 1998/99. Mean densities decreased with increased water depth in both regions. Maximum mean density in the Straits in 1997 was 13,700/m2 (≤ 10 m), and maximum density in the southern basin in 1999 was 2,100/m2 (≤ 30 m). Mean densities at the ≤ 30-m interval in the southern basin remained relatively unchanged between 1993 and 1999, but increased from 25/m2 to 1,100/m2 at the 31 to 50 m interval over the same time period. D. polymorpha was rare at sites > 50 m. The presence of E. ischnus and the expected population expansion of D. bugensis will likely contribute to further foodweb changes in the lake.
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The preserved toads were selected from 21 that had been salvaged or collected during a die-off in 1976-1979 that immediately preceded a population decline. Causes of death of four toads were determined histologically; clinical signs and field observations suggested causes of death of three more. Four toads died of infectious diseases, including chytridiomycosis of the skin (N = 1), bacillary septicemia (N = 2), and combined chytridiomycosis and bacterial septicemia (N = 1). Infections by a funguslike organism (Dermosporidium penneri), renal myxozoa (Leptotheca ohlmacheri), larval Rhabdias, various gastrointestinal nematodes, urinary bladder flukes, and lung flukes were detected in five specimens. No evidence of degenerative diseases, virus infections, or intoxications was found. The variety of lethal diseases and our inability to determine the causes of death of five specimens suggests that one or more histologically undetectable diseases or intoxications may have also contributed to the deaths and population decline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1566028","usgsCitation":"Green, D.E., and Sherman, C.K., 2001, Diagnostic histological findings in Yosemite toads (Bufo canorus) from die-off in the 1970s: Journal of Herpetology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 92-103, https://doi.org/10.2307/1566028.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"103","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Yosemite National Park, Saddlebag Lake, Tioga Lake, Tioga Pass Meadow","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.26735731325776,\n 37.931408007978845\n ],\n [\n -119.26735731325776,\n 37.8960877876888\n ],\n [\n -119.24616984985877,\n 37.8960877876888\n ],\n [\n -119.24616984985877,\n 37.931408007978845\n ],\n [\n -119.26735731325776,\n 37.931408007978845\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.29775989588323,\n 37.98295533862667\n ],\n [\n -119.29775989588323,\n 37.973289390262494\n ],\n [\n -119.27468587752381,\n 37.973289390262494\n ],\n [\n -119.27468587752381,\n 37.98295533862667\n ],\n [\n -119.29775989588323,\n 37.98295533862667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dbbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, D. Earl david_green@usgs.gov","contributorId":75883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"D.","email":"david_green@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherman, Cynthia Kagarise","contributorId":15141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"Kagarise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001675,"text":"1001675 - 2001 - Area requirements of grassland birds: A regional perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T13:30:25","indexId":"1001675","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Area requirements of grassland birds: A regional perspective","docAbstract":"Area requirements of grassland birds have not been studied except in tallgrass prairie. We studied the relation between both species-occurrence and density and patch size by conducting 699 fixed-radius point counts of 15 bird species on 303 restored grassland areas in nine counties in four northern Great Plains states. Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida), Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Baird's Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Le Conte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were shown to favor larger grassland patches in one or more counties. Evidence of area sensitivity was weak or ambivalent for Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) preferred larger patches in some counties, and smaller patches in others. Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura) and Brown- headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) tended to favor smaller grassland patches. Three species showed greater area sensitivity in counties where each species was more common. Five species demonstrated some spatial pattern of area sensitivity, either north to south or east to west. This study demonstrates the importance of replication in space; results from one area may not apply to others because of differences in study design, analytical methods, location relative to range of the species, and surrounding landscapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0024:AROGBA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., and Igl, L.D., 2001, Area requirements of grassland birds: A regional perspective: The Auk, v. 118, no. 1, p. 24-34, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0024:AROGBA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478967,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0024:arogba]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679cbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7000034,"text":"7000034 - 2001 - Silent reminders: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-04T13:31:19","indexId":"7000034","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"subseriesTitle":"Geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, No. 3","title":"Silent reminders: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests","docAbstract":"The iron industry played a vital role in the industrialization of the United States and in the development of the U.S. economy and society. Much of the early history of the iron industry took place in Virginia. The remains of 11 iron furnaces and nearby mines in the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests in Virginia and West Virginia are silent reminders of a time when iron mines and furnaces operated along a belt that extended through the Appalachian Mountains from New York State to Alabama.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/7000034","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Forest Service, 2001, Silent reminders: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests: General Interest Publication, Pamphlet: 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000034.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/7000034.jpg"},{"id":18603,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/silent/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":300890,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/silent/silent.pdf","size":"132 K","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"George Washington National Forest, Jefferson National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.30986022949217,\n 38.94125285438687\n ],\n [\n -78.30986022949217,\n 38.966382907015735\n ],\n [\n -78.28707218170166,\n 38.966382907015735\n ],\n [\n -78.28707218170166,\n 38.94125285438687\n ],\n [\n -78.30986022949217,\n 38.94125285438687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.36975097656249,\n 36.58906837139909\n ],\n [\n -79.6563720703125,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -78.870849609375,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -78.0853271484375,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -77.8326416015625,\n 39.15136267949032\n ],\n [\n -78.299560546875,\n 39.40648882684979\n ],\n [\n -83.36975097656249,\n 36.58906837139909\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3c12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"U.S. Forest Service","contributorId":128067,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Forest Service","id":535084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016039,"text":"1016039 - 2001 - Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T18:48:44.136466","indexId":"1016039","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1839,"text":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","title":"Ploidy race distributions since the Last Glacial Maximum in the North American desert shrub, Larrea tridentata","docAbstract":"The Gibbs free energy of formation of nukundamite (Cu3.38Fe0.62S4) was calculated from published experimental studies of the reaction 3.25 Cu3.38Fe0.62S4 + S2 = 11 CuS + 2 FeS2 in order to correct an erroneous expression in the published record. The correct expression describing the Gibbs free energy of formation (kJ·mol−1) of nukundamite relative to the elements and ideal S2 gas is ΔfG°nukundamite, T(K) = −549.75 + 0.23242 T + 3.1284 T0.5, with an uncertainty of 0.6%. An evaluation of the phase equilibria of nukundamite with associated phases in the system Cu–Fe–S as a function of temperature and sulfur fugacity indicates that nukundamite is stable from 224 to 501°C at high sulfidation states. At its greatest extent, at 434°C, the stability field of nukundamite is only 0.4 log f(S2) units wide, which explains its rarity. Equilibria between nukundamite and bornite, which limit the stability of both phases, involve bornite compositions that deviate significantly from stoichiometric Cu5FeS4. Under equilibrium conditions in the system Cu–Fe–S, nukundamite + chalcopyrite is not a stable assemblage at any temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.39.6.1635","usgsCitation":"Seal,, R., Inan, E.E., and Hemingway, B., 2001, The Gibbs free energy of nukundamite (Cu3.38Fe0.62S4): A correction and implications for phase equilibria: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 39, no. 6, p. 1635-1640, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.6.1635.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1635","endPage":"1640","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba757e4b08c986b3214f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inan, E. E.","contributorId":38332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Inan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, Bruce S.","contributorId":13689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"Bruce S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022803,"text":"70022803 - 2001 - Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T14:46:38.469013","indexId":"70022803","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province","docAbstract":"A study of stream base flow and NO3-N concentration was conducted simultaneously in 51 subwatersheds within the 116-square-kilometer watershed of East Mahantango Creek near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania. The study was designed to test whether measurable results of processes and observations within the smaller watersheds were similar to or transferable to a larger scale. Ancillary data on land use were available for the small and large watersheds. Although the source of land-use data was different for the small and large watersheds, comparisons showed that the differences in the two land-use data sources were minimal. A land use-based water-quality model developed for the small-scale 7.3-square-kilometer watershed for a previous study accurately predicted NO3-N concentrations from sampling in the same watershed. The water-quality model was modified and, using the imagery-based land use, was found to accurately predict NO3-N concentrations in the subwatersheds of the large-scale 116-square-kilometer watershed as well. Because the model accurately predicts NO3-N concentrations at small and large scales, it is likely that in second-order streams and higher, discharge of water and NO3-N is dominated by flow from smaller first-order streams, and the contribution of ground-water discharge to higher order streams is minimal at the large scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03625.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., Gburek, W., and Folmar, G., 2001, Watershed scaling effect on base flow nitrate, valley and ridge physiographic province: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1103-1117, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03625.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"East Mahantango Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.79169381723484,\n 40.63814059569114\n ],\n [\n -76.75324166879724,\n 40.645955928024904\n ],\n [\n -76.74328530893388,\n 40.65181682675586\n ],\n [\n -76.71993936166838,\n 40.65051444929932\n ],\n [\n -76.71410287485203,\n 40.65663540231759\n ],\n [\n -76.69985498056455,\n 40.65077492682428\n ],\n [\n -76.69642175302583,\n 40.65963055767236\n ],\n [\n -76.67977059946142,\n 40.65442150540861\n ],\n [\n -76.67084420785979,\n 40.65741676015725\n ],\n [\n -76.65711129770355,\n 40.654161042118744\n ],\n [\n -76.64440835580903,\n 40.662234931280494\n ],\n [\n -76.6356536255845,\n 40.66106297574001\n ],\n [\n -76.63170541391455,\n 40.666792340414645\n ],\n [\n -76.62621224985166,\n 40.66002122019563\n ],\n [\n -76.62209237680533,\n 40.66301622353399\n ],\n [\n -76.62243569955879,\n 40.669396434386954\n ],\n [\n -76.62758554086753,\n 40.67499489208245\n ],\n [\n -76.6406318055162,\n 40.66835480900045\n ],\n [\n -76.6504165040025,\n 40.67030784325348\n ],\n [\n -76.65985787973466,\n 40.66288600879429\n ],\n [\n -76.67153085336739,\n 40.666401717548524\n ],\n [\n -76.67994226083847,\n 40.66327665225177\n ],\n [\n -76.69024194345532,\n 40.6675735792835\n ],\n [\n -76.70448983774277,\n 40.66835480900045\n ],\n [\n -76.70654977426626,\n 40.66106297574001\n ],\n [\n -76.71633447275259,\n 40.664578780586936\n ],\n [\n -76.72491754160008,\n 40.65676562925981\n ],\n [\n -76.74757684335793,\n 40.658328332737284\n ],\n [\n -76.75890649423656,\n 40.65220753503564\n ],\n [\n -76.79152215585779,\n 40.646346670621284\n ],\n [\n -76.79169381723484,\n 40.63814059569114\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf86e4b08c986b32e953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, B.D.","contributorId":89696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gburek, W.J.","contributorId":76098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gburek","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Folmar, G.J.","contributorId":26482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folmar","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023014,"text":"70023014 - 2001 - Known and suggested quaternary faulting in the midcontinent United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70023014","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Known and suggested quaternary faulting in the midcontinent United States","docAbstract":"The midcontinent United States between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains contains 40 known faults or other potentially tectonic features for which published geologic information shows or suggests Quaternary tectonic faulting. We report results of a systematic evaluation of published and other publicly available geologic evidence of Quaternary faulting. These results benefit seismic-hazard assessments by (1) providing some constraints on the recurrence intervals and magnitudes of large, prehistoric earthquakes, and (2) identifying features that warrant additional study. For some features, suggested Quaternary tectonic faulting has been disproved, whereas, for others, the suggested faulting remains questionable. Of the 40 features, nine have clear geologic evidence of Quaternary tectonic faulting associated with prehistoric earthquakes, and another six features have evidence of nontectonic origins. An additional 12 faults, uplifts, or historical seismic zones lack reported paleoseismological evidence of large. Quaternary earthquakes. The remaining 13 features require further paleoseismological study to determine if they have had Quaternary earthquakes that were larger than any known from local historical records; seven of these 13 features are in or near urbanized areas where their study could affect urban hazard estimates. These seven are: (1) the belt of normal faults that rings the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas. (2) the Northeast Ohio seismic zone, (3) the Valmont and (4) Goodpasture faults of Colorado. (5) the Champlain lowlands normal faults of New York State and Vermont, and (6) the Lexington and (7) Kentucky River fault systems of eastern Kentucky. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00050-3","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Crone, A.J., 2001, Known and suggested quaternary faulting in the midcontinent United States: Engineering Geology, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 51-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00050-3.","startPage":"51","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487433,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(01)00050-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208012,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00050-3"},{"id":233365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40bee4b0c8380cd64ff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crone, A. J.","contributorId":84363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023066,"text":"70023066 - 2001 - Viscoelastic shear zone model of a strike-slip earthquake cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-30T17:29:48.769129","indexId":"70023066","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viscoelastic shear zone model of a strike-slip earthquake cycle","docAbstract":"I examine the behavior of a two-dimensional (2-D) strike-slip fault system embedded in a 1-D elastic layer (schizosphere) overlying a uniform viscoelastic half-space (plastosphere) and within the boundaries of a finite width shear zone. The viscoelastic coupling model of Savage and Prescott [1978] considers the viscoelastic response of this system, in the absence of the shear zone boundaries, to an earthquake occurring within the upper elastic layer, steady slip beneath a prescribed depth, and the superposition of the responses of multiple earthquakes with characteristic slip occurring at regular intervals. So formulated, the viscoelastic coupling model predicts that sufficiently long after initiation of the system, (1) average fault-parallel velocity at any point is the average slip rate of that side of the fault and (2) far-field velocities equal the same constant rate. Because of the sensitivity to the mechanical properties of the schizosphere-plastosphere system (i.e., elastic layer thickness, plastosphere viscosity), this model has been used to infer such properties from measurements of interseismic velocity. Such inferences exploit the predicted behavior at a known time within the earthquake cycle. By modifying the viscoelastic coupling model to satisfy the additional constraint that the absolute velocity at prescribed shear zone boundaries is constant, I find that even though the time-averaged behavior remains the same, the spatiotemporal pattern of surface deformation (particularly its temporal variation within an earthquake cycle) is markedly different from that predicted by the conventional viscoelastic coupling model. These differences are magnified as plastosphere viscosity is reduced or as the recurrence interval of periodic earthquakes is lengthened. Application to the interseismic velocity field along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault suggests that the region behaves mechanically like a ???600-km-wide shear zone accommodating 50 mm/yr fault-parallel motion distributed between the San Andreas fault system and Eastern California Shear Zone. Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000342","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2001, Viscoelastic shear zone model of a strike-slip earthquake cycle: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B11, p. 26541-26560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000342.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"26541","endPage":"26560","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.96815379209215,\n 34.48443294269454\n ],\n [\n -119.69349558896727,\n 34.38475956763793\n ],\n [\n -119.28700144834212,\n 34.15778760857671\n ],\n [\n -116.79310496396727,\n 33.692870080798244\n ],\n [\n -115.00233347959211,\n 32.74622590534098\n ],\n [\n -114.57386668271728,\n 33.81161930566759\n ],\n [\n -116.65028269834234,\n 35.57295474555886\n ],\n [\n -117.59510691709224,\n 35.653338449032404\n ],\n [\n -119.96815379209215,\n 34.48443294269454\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc284e4b08c986b32abb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023263,"text":"70023263 - 2001 - Arsenic in glacial drift aquifers and the implication for drinking water - Lower Illinois River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:25:45.795613","indexId":"70023263","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic in glacial drift aquifers and the implication for drinking water - Lower Illinois River Basin","docAbstract":"The lower Illinois River Basin (LIRB) covers 47,000 km2 of central and western Illinois. In the LIRB, 90% of the ground water supplies are from the deep and shallow glacial drift aquifers. The deep glacial drift aquifer (DGDA) is below 152 m altitude, a sand and gravel deposit that fills the Mahomet Buried Bedrock Valley, and overlain by more than 30.5 m of clayey till. The LIRB is part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment program, which has an objective to describe the status and trends of surface and ground water quality.
In the DGDA, 55% of the wells used for public drinking-water supply and 43% of the wells used for domestic drinking water supply have arsenic concentrations above 10 μg/L (a new U.S. EPA drinking water standard). Arsenic concentrations greater than 25 μg/L in ground water are mostly in the form of arsenite (AsIII). The proportion of arsenate (AsV) to arsenite does not change along the flowpath of the DGDA. Because of the limited number of arsenic species analyses, no clear relations between species and other trace elements, major ions, or physical parameters could be established. Arsenic and barium concentrations increase from east to west in the DGDA and are positively correlated. Chloride and arsenic are positively correlated and provide evidence that arsenic may be derived locally from underlying bedrock.
Solid phase geochemical analysis of the till, sand and gravel, and bedrock show the highest presence of arsenic in the underlying organic-rich carbonate bedrock. The black shale or coal within the organic-rich carbonate bedrock is a potential source of arsenic. Most high arsenic concentrations found in the DGDA are west and downgradient of the bedrock structural features. Geologic structures in the bedrock are potential pathways for recharge to the DGDA from surrounding bedrock.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02327.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Warner, K., 2001, Arsenic in glacial drift aquifers and the implication for drinking water - Lower Illinois River Basin: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 3, p. 433-442, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02327.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"442","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 41.75492216766298\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 41.49212083968776\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 41.00477542222947\n ],\n [\n -91.505126953125,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -91.593017578125,\n 40.18726672309203\n ],\n [\n -91.56005859375,\n 39.74943369178247\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 39.20671884491848\n ],\n [\n -90.71411132812499,\n 38.831149809348744\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -87.462158203125,\n 38.79690830348427\n ],\n [\n -87.440185546875,\n 41.713930073371294\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 41.75492216766298\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed8ee4b0c8380cd4989a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, K.L.","contributorId":73781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023331,"text":"70023331 - 2001 - Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:38:25.438611","indexId":"70023331","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"Observations of deformation from 1992 to 1997 in the southern Coso Range using satellite radar interferometry show deformation rates of up to 35 mm yr−1 in an area ∼10 km by 15 km. The deformation is most likely the result of subsidence in an area around the Coso geothermal field. The deformation signal has a short-wavelength component, related to production in the field, and a long-wavelength component, deforming at a constant rate, that may represent a source of deformation deeper than the geothermal reservoir. We have modeled the long-wavelength component of deformation and inferred a deformation source at ∼4 km depth. The source depth is near the brittle-ductile transition depth (inferred from seismicity) and ∼1.5 km above the top of the rhyolite magma body that was a source for the most recent volcanic eruption in the Coso volcanic field [Manley and Bacon, 2000]. From this evidence and results of other studies in the Coso Range, we interpret the source to be a leaking deep reservoir of magmatic fluids derived from a crystallizing rhyolite magma body.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000298","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wicks, C., Thatcher, W., Monastero, F.C., and Hasting, M., 2001, Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13769-13780, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000298.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"13769","endPage":"13780","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coso Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.89559644239358,\n 35.89167901231488\n ],\n [\n -117.86382285667506,\n 35.88069794333961\n ],\n [\n -117.82587104704612,\n 35.900463360140265\n ],\n [\n -117.7635216455132,\n 35.878501481359535\n ],\n [\n -117.7486120060162,\n 35.99263670709071\n ],\n [\n -117.69846140043526,\n 35.95643857292819\n ],\n [\n -117.60900356345303,\n 35.94217414472901\n ],\n [\n -117.59333738713559,\n 36.04306668149583\n ],\n [\n -117.64619883626153,\n 36.0934647030478\n ],\n [\n -117.65839763221352,\n 36.158058361857655\n ],\n [\n -117.68550606766281,\n 36.2368124823233\n ],\n [\n -117.7370120950161,\n 36.27725252573944\n ],\n [\n -117.76547595223772,\n 36.31111860387172\n ],\n [\n -117.84544583681263,\n 36.37116739197613\n ],\n [\n -117.93083740847753,\n 36.324224106229806\n ],\n [\n -117.95387957860949,\n 36.24774428806599\n ],\n [\n -117.93219283025019,\n 36.20400789299022\n ],\n [\n -117.98098801405847,\n 36.11208188608808\n ],\n [\n -117.85628921099229,\n 36.01895186796541\n ],\n [\n -117.91999403429787,\n 35.959729671303165\n ],\n [\n -117.89559644239358,\n 35.89167901231488\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b981ae4b08c986b31be1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicks, C.W.","contributorId":6615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monastero, Francis C.","contributorId":91276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monastero","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hasting, M.A.","contributorId":80039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasting","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023424,"text":"70023424 - 2001 - Mean and modal ϵ in the deaggregation of probabilistic ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T13:46:40","indexId":"70023424","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mean and modal ϵ in the deaggregation of probabilistic ground motion","docAbstract":"An important element of probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis (PSHA) is the incorporation of ground-motion uncertainty from the earthquake sources. The standard normal variate ϵ measures the difference between any specified spectral-acceleration level, or SA0, and the estimated median spectral acceleration from each probabilistic source. In this article, mean and modal values of ϵ for a specified SA0 are defined and computed from all sources considered in the USGS 1996 PSHA maps. Contour maps of ϵ are presented for the conterminous United States for 1-, 0.3-, and 0.2-sec SA0 and for peak horizontal acceleration, PGA0 corresponding to a 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 yr, or mean annual rate of exceedance, r, of 0.000404.
\nMean and modal ϵ exhibit a wide variation geographically for any specified PE. Modal ϵ for the 2% in 50 yr PE exceeds 2 near the most active western California faults, is less than –1 near some less active faults of the western United States (principally in the Basin and Range), and may be less than 0 in areal fault zones of the central and eastern United States (CEUS). This geographic variation is useful for comparing probabilistic ground motions with ground motions from scenario earthquakes on dominating faults, often used in seismic-resistant provisions of building codes. An interactive seismic-hazard deaggregation menu item has been added to the USGS probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis Web site, http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/, allowing visitors to compute mean and modal distance, magnitude, and ϵ corresponding to ground motions having mean return times from 250 to 5000 yr for any site in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000289","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S., 2001, Mean and modal ϵ in the deaggregation of probabilistic ground motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 6, p. 1537-1552, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000289.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1537","endPage":"1552","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207581,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000289"}],"volume":"91","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52b6e4b0c8380cd6c60b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, Stephen C. harmsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"Stephen C.","email":"harmsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023453,"text":"70023453 - 2001 - A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023453","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey (USGS) is completing a national assessment of coal resources in the five top coal-producing regions in the US. Point-located data provide measurements on coal thickness and sulfur content. The sample data and their geologic interpretation represent the most regionally complete and up-to-date assessment of what is known about top-producing US coal beds. The sample data are analyzed using a combination of geologic and Geographic Information System (GIS) models to estimate tonnages and qualities of the coal beds. Traditionally, GIS practitioners use contouring to represent geographical patterns of \"similar\" data values. The tonnage and grade of coal resources are then assessed by using the contour lines as references for interpolation. An assessment taken to this point is only indicative of resource quantity and quality. Data users may benefit from a statistical approach that would allow them to better understand the uncertainty and limitations of the sample data. To develop a quantitative approach, geostatistics were applied to the data on coal sulfur content from samples taken in the Pittsburgh coal bed (located in the eastern US, in the southwestern part of the state of Pennsylvania, and in adjoining areas in the states of Ohio and West Virginia). Geostatistical methods that account for regional and local trends were applied to blocks 2.7 mi (4.3 km) on a side. The data and geostatistics support conclusions concerning the average sulfur content and its degree of reliability at regional- and economic-block scale over the large, contiguous part of the Pittsburgh outcrop, but not to a mine scale. To validate the method, a comparison was made with the sulfur contents in sample data taken from 53 coal mines located in the study area. The comparison showed a high degree of similarity between the sulfur content in the mine samples and the sulfur content represented by the geostatistically derived contours. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00035-0","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Watson, W., Ruppert, L., Bragg, L.J., and Tewalt, S., 2001, A geostatistical approach to predicting sulfur content in the Pittsburgh coal bed: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00035-0.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207467,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(01)00035-0"},{"id":232445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e408e4b0c8380cd4636e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, W.D.","contributorId":96730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bragg, L. J.","contributorId":104055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tewalt, S.J.","contributorId":55838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023477,"text":"70023477 - 2001 - Triggered earthquakes and the 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-12T17:16:08","indexId":"70023477","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered earthquakes and the 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"The 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, earthquake sequence included at least three events with magnitudes estimated at well above M 7.0. I discuss evidence that the sequence also produced at least three substantial triggered events well outside the New Madrid Seismic Zone, most likely in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. The largest of these events is estimated to have a magnitude in the low to mid M 5 range. Events of this size are large enough to cause damage, especially in regions with low levels of preparedness. Remotely triggered earthquakes have been observed in tectonically active regions in recent years, but not previously in stable continental regions. The results of this study suggest, however, that potentially damaging triggered earthquakes may be common following large mainshocks in stable continental regions. Thus, in areas of low seismic activity such as central/ eastern North America, the hazard associated with localized source zones might be more far reaching than previously recognized. The results also provide additional evidence that intraplate crust is critically stressed, such that small stress changes are especially effective at triggering earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000259","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., 2001, Triggered earthquakes and the 1811-1812 New Madrid, central United States, earthquake sequence: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 6, p. 1574-1581, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000259.","startPage":"1574","endPage":"1581","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478902,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140804-075615515","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207322,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000259"}],"volume":"91","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb850e4b08c986b3277c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023550,"text":"70023550 - 2001 - Water-quality trends for a stream draining the Southern Anthracite Field, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T16:46:00.151273","indexId":"70023550","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-quality trends for a stream draining the Southern Anthracite Field, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Stream flow, chemical and biological data for the northern part of Swatara Creek, which drains a 112 km2 area in the Southern Anthracite Field of eastern Pennsylvania, indicate progressive improvement in water quality since 1959, after which most mines in the watershed had been flooded. Drainage from the flooded mines contributes substantially to base flow in Swatara Creek. Beginning in 1995, a variety of treatment systems and surface reclamation were implemented at some of the abandoned mines. At Ravine, Pa., immediately downstream of the mined area, median SO4 concentration declined from about 150 mg l−1 in 1959 to 75 mg l−1 in 1999 while pH increased from acidic to near-neutral values (medians: c. pH 4 before 1975; c. pH 6 after 1975). Fish populations rebounded from non-existent during 1959–1990 to 21 species identified in 1999. Nevertheless, recent monitoring indicates (1) episodic acidification and elevated concentrations and transport of Fe, Al, Mn, and trace metals during storm flow; (2) elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in streambed sediments relative to unmined areas and to toxicity guidelines for aquatic invertebrates and fish; and (3) elevated concentrations of metals in fish tissue, notably Zn. The metals are ubiquitous in the fine fraction (<0.063 mm) of bed sediment in mining-affected tributaries and the main stem of Swatara Creek. As a result of scour and transport of streambed deposits, concentrations of suspended solids and total metals in the water column are correlated, and those for storm flow typically exceed base flow. Nevertheless, the metals concentrations are poorly correlated with stream flow because concentrations of suspended solids and total metals typically peak prior to peak stream stage. In contrast, SO4, specific conductance and pH are inversely correlated with stream flow as a result of dilution of poorly buffered stream water with weakly acidic storm runoff derived mainly from low-pH rainfall. Declines in pH to values approaching 5.0 during storm flow events or declines in redox potential during burial of sediment could result in the remobilization of metals associated with suspended solids and streambed deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","doi":"10.1144/geochem.1.1.33","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C., and Bilger, M.D., 2001, Water-quality trends for a stream draining the Southern Anthracite Field, Pennsylvania: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 1, no. 1, p. 33-50, https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem.1.1.33.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Southern Anthracite Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.58500671386719,\n 40.4537397627549\n ],\n [\n -76.19636535644531,\n 40.4537397627549\n ],\n [\n -76.19636535644531,\n 40.6462615921222\n ],\n [\n -76.58500671386719,\n 40.6462615921222\n ],\n [\n -76.58500671386719,\n 40.4537397627549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bce4ce4b08c986b32e313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilger, Michael D.","contributorId":14861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023610,"text":"70023610 - 2001 - Geographic deaggregation of seismic hazard in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023610","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic deaggregation of seismic hazard in the United States","docAbstract":"The seismic hazard calculations for the 1996 national seismic hazard maps have been geographically deaggregated to assist in the understanding of the relative contributions of sources. These deaggregations are exhibited as maps with vertical bars whose heights are proportional to the contribution that each geographical cell makes to the ground-motion exceedance hazard. Bar colors correspond to average source magnitudes. We also extend the deaggregation analysis reported in Harmsen et al. (1999) to the western conterminous United States. In contrast to the central and eastern United States (CEUS); the influence of specific faults or characteristic events can be clearly identified. Geographic deaggregation for 0.2-sec and 1.0-sec pseudo spectral acceleration (SA) is performed for 10% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 yr (475-yr mean return period) and 2% PE in 50 yr (2475-yr mean return period) for four western U.S. cities, Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, and Seattle, and for three central and eastern U.S. cities, Atlanta, Boston, and Saint Louis. In general, as the PE is lowered, the sources of hazard closer to the site dominate. Larger, more distant earthquakes contribute more significantly to hazard for 1.0-sec SA than for 0.2-sec SA. Additional maps of geographically deaggregated seismic hazard are available on the Internet for 120 cities in the conterminous United States (http://geohazards. cr.usgs.gov/eq/) for 1-sec SA and for 0.2-sec SA with a 2% PE in 50 yr. Examination of these maps of hazard contributions enables the investigator to determine the distance and azimuth to predominant sources, and their magnitudes. This information can be used to generate scenario earthquakes and corresponding time histories for seismic design and retrofit. Where fault density is lower than deaggregation cell dimensions, we can identify specific faults that contribute significantly to the seismic hazard at a given site. Detailed fault information enables investigators to include rupture information such as source directivity, radiation pattern, and basin-edge effects into their scenario earthquakes used in engineering analyses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000007","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Harmsen, S., and Frankel, A., 2001, Geographic deaggregation of seismic hazard in the United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 91, no. 1, p. 13-26, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000007.","startPage":"13","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207410,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000007"},{"id":232337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a175ce4b0c8380cd5549f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harmsen, S.","contributorId":79600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023783,"text":"70023783 - 2001 - Using multiple geochemical tracers to characterize the hydrogeology of the submarine spring off Crescent Beach, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-03T16:49:35.074196","indexId":"70023783","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using multiple geochemical tracers to characterize the hydrogeology of the submarine spring off Crescent Beach, Florida","docAbstract":"A spectacular submarine spring is located about 4 km east of Crescent Beach, FL, in the Atlantic Ocean. The single vent feature of Crescent Beach Spring provides a unique opportunity to examine onshore–offshore hydrogeologic processes, as well as point source submarine ground water discharge. The Floridan aquifer system in northeastern Florida consists of Tertiary interspersed limestone and dolomite strata. Impermeable beds confine the water-bearing zones under artesian pressure. Miocene and younger confining strata have been eroded away at the vent feature, enabling direct hydrologic communication of Eocene ground water with coastal bottom waters.
The spring water had a salinity of 6.02, which was immediately diluted by ambient seawater during advection/mixing. The concentration of major solutes in spring water and onshore well waters confirm a generalized easterly flow direction of artesian ground water. Nutrient concentrations were generally low in the reducing vent samples, and the majority of the total nitrogen species existed as NH3. The submarine ground water tracers, Rn-222 (1174 dpm l−1, dpm), methane (232 nM) and barium (294.5 nM) were all highly enriched in the spring water relative to ambient seawater. The concentrations of the reverse redox elements U, V and Mo were expectedly low in the submarine waters. The strontium isotope ratio of the vent water (87Sr/86Sr=0.70798) suggests that the spring water contain an integrated signature indicative of Floridan aquifer system ground water. Additional Sr isotopic ratios from a series of surficial and Lower Floridan well samples suggest dynamic ground water mixing, and do not provide clear evidence for a single hydrogeologic water source at the spring vent. In this karst-dominated aquifer, such energetic mixing at the vent feature is expected, and would be facilitated by conduit and fractured flow. Radium isotope activities were utilized to estimate flow-path trajectories and to provide information on potential travel times between an onshore well and the spring. Using either 223Ra and 224Ra or 228Ra, and qualifying this approach with several key assumptions, estimates of water mass travel times from an upper Floridan well in Crescent Beach to the submarine vent feature (distance=4050 m) are in the order of ∼0.01–0.1 m min−1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00322-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P., Reich, C., Spechler, R., Kindinger, J., and Moore, W., 2001, Using multiple geochemical tracers to characterize the hydrogeology of the submarine spring off Crescent Beach, Florida: Chemical Geology, v. 179, no. 1-4, p. 187-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00322-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Crescent Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.28028869628905,\n 29.74798440371394\n ],\n [\n -81.23153686523438,\n 29.74798440371394\n ],\n [\n -81.23153686523438,\n 29.786429141465277\n ],\n [\n -81.28028869628905,\n 29.786429141465277\n ],\n [\n -81.28028869628905,\n 29.74798440371394\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"179","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc07be4b08c986b32a152","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, C. D. 0000-0002-2534-1456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":36978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kindinger, J. L.","contributorId":38983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, W.S.","contributorId":90875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}