Ana Springs are near the north end of Summer Lake Basin, a closed fault-block basin in Lake County Oregon. The water of the springs rises by artesian pressure from lava-rock aquifers through about 150 feet of overlying thinly bedded lake deposits to discharge at the bottom of an impounding reservoir, the spring orifices being beneath 30 to 36 feet of water. On the valley floor less than a mile south and southwest of the reservoir artesian wells appear to tap the same lava rock from which the waters of the springs arise.
\nObservations of the piesometric surface of the artesian water during flow tests show that three artesian wells, 30/16-1R1, 30/17-7D1, and -7F1, are hydraulically connected with a fourth, 30/16-1R2, and that well 30/16-1R2 is hydraulically connected with Ana Springs. A fifth artesian well, 30/16-12A1, did not show hydraulic connection with the other four wells during the short-term tests made.
\nMathematical constant derived from the tests permit calculations which indicate that the four wells, 30/16-1R1, -1R2, 30/17-7D1, and -7F1, when flowing at a combined rate of 4,600 gpm for 100 days, may lower the pressure head on Ana Springs by an amount equal to 2.7 feet of water, This lowering in pressure may cause a decrease in the rate of discharge of Ana Springs by about 4.4 cubic feet per second, or about 5 percent of the present wintertime rate of discharge. This diversion (5 percent) would be within the limit of error of single measurement of the the spring discharge. Chemical and temperature characteristics of thew Ana Spring water indicate it is similar to the water of the five lava-rock wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5717","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Brown, S., 1957, Occurrence of ground water near Ana Springs, Summer Lake Basin, Lake County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-17, ii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5717.","productDescription":"ii, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287363,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0017/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Ana Springs;Summer Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.0,42.25 ], [ -121.0,43.25 ], [ -120.0,43.25 ], [ -120.0,42.25 ], [ -121.0,42.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db692459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, S. G.","contributorId":46914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55757,"text":"ofr5724 - 1957 - Construction and use of special drawdown scales for use in prediction of water-level changes throughout heavily pumped areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T08:01:49","indexId":"ofr5724","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-24","title":"Construction and use of special drawdown scales for use in prediction of water-level changes throughout heavily pumped areas","docAbstract":"Problem and Proposed Method of Solution
\nFrequently the Theis nonequilibrium formula is use din the quantitative analyses that are part of many-ground-water investigations. The computations associated therewith may become quite involved and tedious, especially when dealing with predictions of the decline of water levels throughout large areas in which there are many discharging wells. The process of predicting future water-level declines can be greatly simplified and shortened by preparing a special draw-down scale for given conditions. Through use of such a scale much of the computation can be reduced to scaling the values sought from a map, on which the pumped wells have been spotted. The net drawdown effect, which is the sum of the water-level declines caused by the many individual pumped wells, can be determined readily for any desired point in the area. If the net drawdown effect is desired, a summation of the effects of all the pumped wells can be repeated for each point. By determining the water-level change at a number of points, for a given period of time, a contour map of predicted water-level changes for the multiple-well system can be drawn.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5724","usgsCitation":"Conover, C., and Reeder, H., 1957, Construction and use of special drawdown scales for use in prediction of water-level changes throughout heavily pumped areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-24, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5724.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287368,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0024/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2f07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conover, C.S.","contributorId":79862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conover","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeder, H.O.","contributorId":108169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeder","given":"H.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55779,"text":"ofr5774 - 1957 - Texas floods of September and October 1955","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T15:03:19","indexId":"ofr5774","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-74","title":"Texas floods of September and October 1955","docAbstract":"This report on the floods of September and and October 1955 in the Nueces, Brazos, and Pecos River basins, Texas, was prepared in the Texas District Office, Surface Water Branch, under the direction of Trigg Twichell, District Engineer.
Records of discharge were collected and compiled in cooperation with the Texas State Board of Water Engineers, the Pecos River Commission, and other agencies.
The isohyetal map of the upper Brazos River basin, which was the basis for figure 4, was furnished by the Corps of Engineers. The \"bucket\" survey of rainfall in the Nueces River basin was conducted by the U.S. Weather Bureau, and the \"bucket\" survey in the upper Brazos River basin was conducted by the U.S. Weather Bureau, the Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. The U.S. Conservation Service furnished \"A Report describing the effects of the storm of September 23-25, 1955, on the Upper Brazos River Watershed, above Possum Kingdom Dam\" from which some data in this report were taken.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr5774","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas State Board of Water Engineers","usgsCitation":"Milliken, D., and Goines, W., 1957, Texas floods of September and October 1955: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-74, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5774.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"30","temporalStart":"1955-09-01","temporalEnd":"1955-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5774.JPG"},{"id":287398,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0074/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Pecos River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.0,31.0 ], [ -105.0,32.0 ], [ -103.0,32.0 ], [ -103.0,31.0 ], [ -105.0,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milliken, D.L.","contributorId":9964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliken","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goines, W.H.","contributorId":95088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goines","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55748,"text":"ofr575 - 1957 - The adsorption of radioactive substances on waterborne and consolidated materials","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55748,"text":"ofr575 - 1957 - The adsorption of radioactive substances on waterborne and consolidated materials","indexId":"ofr575","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"The adsorption of radioactive substances on waterborne and consolidated materials"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34,"text":"wsp1696C - 1965 - Determination of uranium in natural waters","indexId":"wsp1696C","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Determination of uranium in natural waters"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":34,"text":"wsp1696C - 1965 - Determination of uranium in natural waters","indexId":"wsp1696C","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Determination of uranium in natural waters"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr575","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-5","title":"The adsorption of radioactive substances on waterborne and consolidated materials","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr575","usgsCitation":"Barker, F.B., 1957, The adsorption of radioactive substances on waterborne and consolidated materials: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-5, 21 p.; 3 figs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr575.","productDescription":"21 p.; 3 figs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F. B.","contributorId":88709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1222,"text":"wsp1460C - 1957 - Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-26T10:52:05","indexId":"wsp1460C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1460","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Snake River Plain and tributary valleys south of the Snake River between\nTwin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho (here called the South Side area), contain about\n180,000 acres of irrigated land, of which 145,000 acres is irrigated with surface\nwater and 35,000 is irrigated wholly or partly with ground water. The area also\ncontains more than 200,000 acres of arable land that is idle or used only for grazing\nbecause it lacks irrigation water. Most of the surface-water supply is already\nused or reserved, and some land now irrigated needs supplemental water.
\nThe climate of the area ranges from semiarid on the Snake River Plain to\nsubhumid on higher mountains. The average annual precipitation at lowland\nstations ranges from about 9 to 12 inches.
\n\nThe principal sources of ground water are extrusive volcanic rocks of silicic\nto intermediate composition, basalt, and sand and gravel. Ground water occurs\ncommonly under artesian conditions in the silicic to intermediate volcanic rocks\nand in sand and gravel tongues and lenses in lake beds. Basalt and alluvium\ncommonly contain unconfined water.
\nThe area of this report is divided into 13 roughly defined ground-water districts,\nsome of which are further divided into subdistricts. The known geologic\nand hydrologic factors of each area are summarized and a preliminary appraisal\nis made of the ground-water resources in relation to land resources and to the\nregimen of streams. The current state of development, proposed new developments,\nand ground-water potential of each division are discussed.
\nThe Dry Creek district is the most intensively irrigated area in Idaho in which\nwells furnish the water supply. Ground water occurs under both artesian and\nwater-table conditions. More than 53,000 acre-feet of ground water was pumped\nin 1954. There are large areas of undeveloped arable land in the district, but\npumping in some parts of the district currently is approaching or surpasses the\nperennial yield of the ground-water reservoirs.
\nThe Golden Valley district contains considerable arable land but, owing to\nthe relatively great depth to water and the generally poor yield of wells, the\nprospects for extensive ground-water development are not promising.
\nIn the Oakley district ground water is pumped from alluvium to supplement\nsurface water and to bring new land into production. The ground water will be\nfully exploited within a few years if the present rate of development by individual\nlandowners continues. The total area of nonirrigated land far exceeds the amount\nthat could be irrigated with indigenous ground water.
\nBoth artesian and unconfined water occur in the Burley district. Most existing\nwells tap unconfined water in the southern part where there are still large\ntracts of idle arable land. Pumping lifts are rather high.
\nThe South Walcott district contains a considerable acreage of arable land and\nis underlain by excellent aquifers. The effect that heavy pumping would have\non the flow of the Raft and Snake Rivers and on seepage from Lake Walcott is\nTaot well understood. Presumably substantial pumping would be feasible without\ndirect deleterious effects.
\nThe Raft River basin, including the Elba and Almo-Yost subbasins, is the\nlargest district in the South Side area. Ground water occurs in both unconfined\nand artesian aquifers. Possibly as much as 150,000 acres of dry land is irrigable,\nbut the ground-water supply presumably is sufficient to irrigate only a few thousand\nacres in addition to the approximately 40,000 now irrigated with surface\nand ground water. Pumping of wells at some locations would deplete the base\nflow of the Raft River and would be competitive with surface-water use.
\nThe United States Bureau of Reclamation has started construction of the\nMichaud Flats Irrigation Project in the Western Michaud Flats district. The\nadopted reclamation plan is to irrigate about 10,000 acres, using surface water\npumped from American Falls Reservoir and ground water pumped from wells.\nGround water in part of the district is tributary to the reservoir. Withdrawals\nof ground water will be compensated in part by the return of waste water to the\nreservoir and to the Snake River.
\nThe Eastern Michaud Flats district contains more arable land and has better\naquifers than the Western Michaud Flats district, but pumping might reduce\nnoticeably the discharge of ground water to the American Falls Reservoir. The\nBureau of Indian Affairs plans to develop about 13,600 acres of Indian land with\nwater stored in Palisades and American Falls Reservoirs.
\nVirtually nothing is known about ground-water conditions in the Arbon and\nRockland Valleys and in several small areas such as the Basin district, the\nAlbion basin, and along the northern border of the Sublett Range. Preliminary\nstudies have been made in three areas, the Dry Creek, Raft River, and Western.\nMichaud Flats districts. None has been studied comprehensively. The available\ndata for each district are summarized in tabular form.
\nFurther investigations in the area are needed and should include accurate\nhydrologic mapping. Studies are needed of the sources and amounts of groundwater\nrecharge, of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on the total water\nsupply, and of numerous related problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1460C","collaboration":"Prepared for the United States Bureau of Reclamation with the cooperation of the Idaho Department of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Crosthwaite, E., 1957, Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1460, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1460C.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1460c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26138,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1460c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Pocatello;Twin Falls","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2681,41.9677 ], [ -117.2681,44.9959 ], [ -110.9949,44.9959 ], [ -110.9949,41.9677 ], [ -117.2681,41.9677 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66744f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosthwaite, E. G.","contributorId":83098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosthwaite","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56090,"text":"ofr5797 - 1957 - Feasibility of obtaining domestic ground-water supplies in the YU Bench and Emblem Bench areas, Bighorn and Park Counties, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:05","indexId":"ofr5797","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-97","title":"Feasibility of obtaining domestic ground-water supplies in the YU Bench and Emblem Bench areas, Bighorn and Park Counties, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5797","usgsCitation":"Robinove, C., 1957, Feasibility of obtaining domestic ground-water supplies in the YU Bench and Emblem Bench areas, Bighorn and Park Counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-97, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5797.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88098,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7019","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinove, C.J.","contributorId":68778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinove","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2783,"text":"wsp1418 - 1957 - Geology and ground water, Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench Divisions, Shoshone irrigation project, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T22:52:16.660418","indexId":"wsp1418","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1418","title":"Geology and ground water, Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench Divisions, Shoshone irrigation project, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1418","usgsCitation":"Swenson, F.A., and Swenson, H., 1957, Geology and ground water, Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench Divisions, Shoshone irrigation project, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1418, Report: iv, 55 p.; 5 Plates: 20.50 × 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1418.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 55 p.; 5 Plates: 20.50 × 24.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":29257,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29256,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29255,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29254,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247248,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-7.pdf","size":"1262","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247247,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-6.pdf","size":"822","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394229,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24372.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench divisions","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.136,\n 44.51\n ],\n [\n -108.842,\n 44.51\n ],\n [\n -108.842,\n 44.783\n ],\n [\n -109.136,\n 44.783\n ],\n [\n -109.136,\n 44.51\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Frank Albert","contributorId":71958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, Herbert","contributorId":54181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2873,"text":"wsp1411 - 1957 - The deep channel and alluvial deposits of the Ohio Valley in Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp1411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1411","title":"The deep channel and alluvial deposits of the Ohio Valley in Kentucky","docAbstract":"The alluvial deposits of Pleistocene age in the Ohio Valley form a ground-water reservoir of large storage capacity and yield. In this region it is the only source of large supplies of water that are both cool and of good quality the year round. The reservoir is heavily drawn upon, yet has very large potentialities for future development because of the favorable conditions for both natural and artificially induced infiltration of water from the river into the alluvial deposits. \r\n\r\nThe principal features of the Ohio Valley were formed during the Pleistocene, or glacial, epoch. The drainage area upriver from Cincinnati was added when ice first advanced south, blocked rivers draining northwestward off the Appalachians, and diverted their waters southwest into the headwaters of the early Ohio River. A deep channel, the bottom of which is at a lower altitude than the present river bed, was excavated before the third (Illinoian) glacial stage. The thick body of sand and gravel that now lies in the deep channel was deposited by floods of melt water as the ice sheet of the Wisconsin stage melted away from the Ohio basin. \r\n\r\nThe vertical distance between river pool level and the base of the old channel increases from 25 feet at Ashland, Ky., to 110 feet at the mouth of the river, for the old channel has a steeper gradient than the present river. The width of the bedrock valley ranges from half a mile at one point near Cincinnati to almost 10 miles near Uniontown, Ky. Where the valley is narrow, the flat-floored deep channel extends from one side of the valley to. the other. Where the valley is wide, the deep channel occupies only part of the width of the valley, the rest being underlain by rock benches mantled with alluvium. The alluvium consists of a sheet of sand and gravel overlain by a thinner layer of silt and clay. The sheet of sand and gravel is continuous across and up and down the valley, and at most places along the valley it is exposed in part of the river channel. The gravel is coarse and cobbly near Cincinnati but finer downstream, and near Paducah most of it is no larger than pea size. The thickness of water-saturated sand and gravel increases downvalley in the same way as does the distance between river level and the base of the old channel, roughly from 2b to 110 feet. The storage coefficient is likely to about 0.2, or 1.5 gallons of water per cubic foot of sand and gravel.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1411","usgsCitation":"Walker, E.H., 1957, The deep channel and alluvial deposits of the Ohio Valley in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1411, iii, 25 p. :maps, diagrs. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1411.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p. :maps, diagrs. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29495,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29496,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29497,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29498,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29499,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29500,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29501,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1411/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668811","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Eugene H.","contributorId":24761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2055,"text":"wsp1374 - 1957 - Preliminary survey of the saline-water resources of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-07T12:02:10","indexId":"wsp1374","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1374","title":"Preliminary survey of the saline-water resources of the United States","docAbstract":"Basic hydrologic data available in the field offices of the U. S. Geological Survey and reports issued by the Survey furnish evidence that saline water (defined in this report as water containing more than 1,000 parts per million of dissolved solids) is available under diverse geologic and hydrologic conditions throughout the United States.
The number of areas in which undeveloped supplies of fresh water are available has diminished considerably with the rapid growth of industries and population in the past decade. Many areas previously considered to have relatively unlimited water resources have reached the point at which water-supply shortages exist or are threatened.
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