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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5848","usgsCitation":"Holland, P., 1957, Delivery of water, Whitney Reservoir to Richmond, Texas, via Brazos River channel, 1956: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 58-48, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5848.","productDescription":"9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66efa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, P.E.","contributorId":95761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":173,"text":"wsp1290 - 1957 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1953. Parts 1-4, North Atlantic slope basins to St. Lawrence River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp1290","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1290","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1953. Parts 1-4, North Atlantic slope basins to St. Lawrence River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1290","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1953. Parts 1-4, North Atlantic slope basins to St. Lawrence River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1290, xi, 439 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1290.","productDescription":"xi, 439 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1290/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24784,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1290/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1620,"text":"wsp1397 - 1957 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part XIII, Snake River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:14","indexId":"wsp1397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1397","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part XIII, Snake River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1397","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part XIII, Snake River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1397, 311 p. :tables., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1397.","productDescription":"311 p. :tables.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1397/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26685,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1397/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6961ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2150,"text":"wsp1380 - 1957 - Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western United States, 1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1380","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1380","title":"Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western United States, 1953","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1380","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1957, Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western United States, 1953: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1380, viii, 203 p. :ill., map ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1380.","productDescription":"viii, 203 p. :ill., map ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1380/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27760,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1380/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6549f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":821,"text":"wsp1406 - 1957 - Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1955, Part 3, North-Central States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp1406","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","title":"Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1955, Part 3, North-Central States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1406","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States, 1955, Part 3, North-Central States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1406, vi, 274 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1406.","productDescription":"vi, 274 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1406/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25388,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1406/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9e4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2113,"text":"wsp1421 - 1957 - Geology and ground-water resources of Outagamie County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-05T09:02:03","indexId":"wsp1421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1421","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Outagamie County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Outagamie County is in east-central Wisconsin. It has no serious groundwater problem at present, but the county is important as a recharge area for the principal aquifers supplying water to Brown County and industrial Green Bay to the east.
\nThe county is covered by glacial drift and lake deposits of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation. In the northwestern quarter of the county these deposits rest upon Precambrian crystalline rocks; throughout the remainder of the county they are underlain by sandstone, limestone, dolomite, and shale of Cambrian and Ordovician age. ·where they are sufficiently thick, and where more productive formations are absent, glacial sand and gravel are an important source of ground water. The major sources, however, are the St. Peter sandstone, of Ordovician age, and the sandstones of the Upper Cambrian series. The Precambrian crystalline rocks, which underlie all the county, yield little or no water to wells.
\nThe regional dip of the Paleozoic bedrocks is 25 to 30 feet per mile eastward and southeastward. There are no major folds, but the thickness of each geologic unit may change from place to place because of predepositional or postdepositional erosion. There is no conclusive evidence of major faulting in the area.
\nGround water in Outagamie County occurs under both water-table (unconfined) and artesian (confined) conditions. The source of the ground water is precipitation which falls on the surface and percolates downward into the underlying permeable materials. Regional movement of ground water in the eastern third of the county is controlled by the bedrock structure, and the discharge is toward the east and south. Throughout the rest of the county the movement of water is controlled mainly by bedrock and surface topography, and the water moves toward the streams and bedrock valleys.
\nWater-level :fluctuations follow definite patterns. Where the effects of pumping are at a minimum, water levels reach a high in April or May, decline through the summer months owing to natural discharge, and lack of recharge, and do not begin to recover until after the ground thaws in the spring. In areas of heavy pumping where this pattern is distorted, the lowest water levels occur in the early fall and recoveries begin in October or November after the period of heaviest pumping.
\nPumpage in the county was estimated to be about 9.0 million gallons per day (mgd) in 1951 and 1952. Nearly half of this was for industrial, commercial, and public-supply use along the Fox River. Wells, most of which are drilled by the cable-tool method, range in diameter from 3 to 16 inches and in depth from 10 or 20 feet to 804 feet. In the alluvium and glacial drift 1~- to 2¥2-inch driven wells are common.
\nPumping tests were made to determine the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers at Seymour, Appleton, and Hortonville. The average coefficient of transmissibility at Seymour is about 18,000 gpd per foot; at Appleton it is about 19,000 gpd per foot. The coefficients of storage are 0.00022 and 0.00015 at Seymour and Appleton, respectively. Movement of ground water out of the county, assuming an average transmissibility of 18,000 gpd per foot, was calculated to be more than 10 mgd toward the southeast.
\nThe ground water differs greatly in chemical quality from well to well, but it is generally a very hard calcium magnesium bicarbonate water, some of it high in iron. To aid in determining the source of well waters, 22 chemical analyses were plotted on a logarithmic diagram to obtain characteristic patterns for waters from several geologic sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1421","usgsCitation":"LeRoux, E.F., 1957, Geology and ground-water resources of Outagamie County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1421, Report: 57 p.; 7 Plates: 26.60 x 19.80 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1421.","productDescription":"Report: 57 p.; 7 Plates: 26.60 x 19.80 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27695,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27689,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27693,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27694,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27690,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27691,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27692,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1421/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Outagamie County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.6062,44.5903],[-88.4889,44.5894],[-88.3671,44.5875],[-88.2453,44.5846],[-88.2203,44.5858],[-88.1908,44.5864],[-88.1918,44.5016],[-88.1921,44.4167],[-88.1921,44.3871],[-88.1919,44.3288],[-88.193,44.2421],[-88.2536,44.2432],[-88.2835,44.243],[-88.3754,44.2443],[-88.4041,44.244],[-88.4966,44.2443],[-88.5247,44.2441],[-88.6185,44.2438],[-88.6453,44.2435],[-88.7397,44.2432],[-88.7381,44.3307],[-88.7365,44.4164],[-88.7368,44.5021],[-88.7371,44.5906],[-88.6152,44.5903],[-88.6062,44.5903]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Outagamie\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6859f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeRoux, E. F.","contributorId":29795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeRoux","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2783,"text":"wsp1418 - 1957 - Geology and ground water, Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench Divisions, Shoshone irrigation project, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T22:52:16.660418","indexId":"wsp1418","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1418","title":"Geology and ground water, Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench Divisions, Shoshone irrigation project, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1418","usgsCitation":"Swenson, F.A., and Swenson, H., 1957, Geology and ground water, Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench Divisions, Shoshone irrigation project, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1418, Report: iv, 55 p.; 5 Plates: 20.50 × 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1418.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 55 p.; 5 Plates: 20.50 × 24.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":29257,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29256,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29255,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29254,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247248,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-7.pdf","size":"1262","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247247,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/plate-6.pdf","size":"822","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1418/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394229,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24372.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Heart Mountain and Chapman Bench divisions","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.136,\n 44.51\n ],\n [\n -108.842,\n 44.51\n ],\n [\n -108.842,\n 44.783\n ],\n [\n -109.136,\n 44.783\n ],\n [\n -109.136,\n 44.51\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Frank Albert","contributorId":71958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, Herbert","contributorId":54181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2524,"text":"wsp1417 - 1957 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Paducah area, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:27","indexId":"wsp1417","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1417","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Paducah area, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office, $c 1957","doi":"10.3133/wsp1417","usgsCitation":"Pree, H.L., Walker, W., and MacCary, L., 1957, Geology and ground-water resources of the Paducah area, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1417, vi, 211 p. :illus., maps, diagrs., tables. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1417.","productDescription":"vi, 211 p. :illus., maps, diagrs., tables. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28735,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28736,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28737,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28738,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28739,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28740,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28741,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28742,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28743,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28744,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1417/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pree, Henry Louis","contributorId":37725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pree","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Louis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, W.H.","contributorId":56207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacCary, L.M.","contributorId":13200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCary","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2393,"text":"wsp1360I - 1957 - Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of the Elkhorn River Basin above Pilger, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-06T21:12:19.504709","indexId":"wsp1360I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","chapter":"I","title":"Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of the Elkhorn River Basin above Pilger, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1360I","usgsCitation":"Newport, T.G., and Krieger, R.A., 1957, Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of the Elkhorn River Basin above Pilger, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360, Report: iv, 40 p.; 2 Plates: 35.50 × 19.50 inches and 15.00 × 13.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1360I.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 40 p.; 2 Plates: 35.50 × 19.50 inches and 15.00 × 13.50 inches","startPage":"715","endPage":"754","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403103,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24344.htm"},{"id":139188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28370,"rank":301,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247207,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360i/plate-45.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247206,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360i/plate-44.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","city":"Pilger","otherGeospatial":"Elkhorn River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.554,\n 41.688\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 41.688\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 42.548\n ],\n [\n -99.554,\n 42.548\n ],\n [\n -99.554,\n 41.688\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newport, Thomas Gwyn","contributorId":39353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newport","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"Gwyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krieger, R. A.","contributorId":11202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2370,"text":"wsp1376 - 1957 - Feasibility of ground-water features of the alternate plan for the Mountain Home project, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1376","title":"Feasibility of ground-water features of the alternate plan for the Mountain Home project, Idaho","docAbstract":"An early plan of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation proposed to irrigate 183,000 acres on the arid Snake River Plain south of Boise, Idaho (Mountain Home project) with Boise River water. That water would have been replaced to the Boise Valley with water imported from the Payette River. An alternate plan, proposed in 1953, would divert water from the Boise River to the plain; part of the water would be replaced by pumping ground water in the Boise valley and by importing water from the Snake River. Pumping of ground water in the Boise Valley also would help to drain waterlogged land. The present report evaluates the feasibility of the alternate plan in relation to geology and the occurrence and quality of ground water. \r\n\r\nThe mean annual temperature at Boise is 50.8 ? F and there is an average of 172 days between killing frosts. The annual evaporation rate from open-water surfaces in the area is about 33 inches. Runoff in the Boise River is chiefly from precipitation on mountain slopes at altitudes above 3,000 feet, east of Boise Diversion Dam. The surface-water supply of the Boise Valley is more Than ample for the valley, owing to large upstream storage and regulatory dams and reservoirs. The valley also contains a large volume of ground water in storage, and the perennial rate of recharge is large. The computed consumptive depletion of surface water in the valley is nearly 600,000 acre-feet a year. Apparent depletion, computed from adjusted runoff at Notus, is 1,070,000 acre-feet. The difference of 470,000 acre-feet represents ground-water underflow and ungaged surface outflow from the area east of Notus. \r\n\r\nAfter the beginning of irrigation, around the turn of the century, the water table in the Boise Valley rose steadily; the amount of rise at some places was as much as 140 feet. Shallow perched zones of saturation were created locally. More than 100,000 acres of Boise Valley land now is waterlogged or threatened with waterlogging, despite the presence of more than 325 miles of surface drains. Successful operation of the alternate plan would depend, not only on providing adequate water to replace that exported from the Boise Valley, but also on satisfactory drainage of waterlogged land. That is, water management in the valley would have to couple economical pumping of irrigation water with effective drainage by pumping. \r\n\r\nThe average of recorded yearly diversions from the Boise River is 1,280,000 acre-feet of live water (natural flow in a stream) and 201,000 acre-feet cf recycled water. Gross diversions of record in some recent single years of ample water supply reportedly exceeded 1,800,000 acre-feet. Ground water, on the other hand is used on a relatively small scale, yearly pumpage being only about 150,000 acre-feet. The feasibility of exporting 600,000 acre-feet of Boise River water would depend on the availability of replacement water in the Boise Valley and on the availability of the required surface water in the South Fork of the Boise River at the proposed point of diversion to the Mountain Home project. In 6 of the 20 years, 1931-50, recorded diversions of live and return water from th2 Boise River exceeded the live flow at the Boise Diversion Dam by 3,865 to 107,640 acre-feet. Moreover, although the average residual discharge in the river post Notus was 701,000 acre-feet, in most years some river reaches above Notus were dry at times, owing to diversion of all water from the river. Much of the flow past Notus is surface waste and effluent ground water, which averages about 422,000 acre-feet a year. \r\n\r\nThe total of potential yearly ground water recharge in the Boise Valley, derived from precipitation, incoming underflow, and infiltration of irrigation water, is about 554,000 acre-feet in the feasible exchange-pumping area and areas tributary thereto. Identified and estimated consumptive depletion of ground water in the valley is about 230,000 acre-feet a year, but not all that depletion is within the exchange are","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1376","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., West, S.W., and Mowder, R., 1957, Feasibility of ground-water features of the alternate plan for the Mountain Home project, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1376, vii, 121 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm. + plates folded in pocket., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1376.","productDescription":"vii, 121 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm. + plates folded in pocket.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28311,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28312,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28313,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28314,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28315,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28316,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28317,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1376/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6f5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"West, S. W.","contributorId":104029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mowder, R.W.","contributorId":15590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mowder","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2343,"text":"wsp1412 - 1957 - Water consumption by water-loving plants in the Malad Valley, Oneida County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp1412","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1412","title":"Water consumption by water-loving plants in the Malad Valley, Oneida County, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1412","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., and Nace, R.L., 1957, Water consumption by water-loving plants in the Malad Valley, Oneida County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1412, iv, 33 p. :illus., maps. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1412.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :illus., maps. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1412/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28257,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1412/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28258,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1412/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1412/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa235","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, Reed W.","contributorId":32503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2049,"text":"wsp1360E - 1957 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Kaycee irrigation project, Johnson County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-27T16:02:15.632063","indexId":"wsp1360E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","chapter":"E","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Kaycee irrigation project, Johnson County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1955","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Government Printing Office,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1360E","usgsCitation":"Kohout, F.A., and Rainwater, F.H., 1957, Geology and ground-water resources of the Kaycee irrigation project, Johnson County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360, Report: iv, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 49.36 × 26.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1360E.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 49.36 × 26.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27575,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360e/chart-1.pdf","text":"Chart 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24340.htm"},{"id":27576,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27574,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360e/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27573,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360e/plate-22-2.pdf","text":"Plate 22-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27572,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360e/plate-22-1.pdf","text":"Plate 22-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Johnson County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.9533,\n 43.5994\n ],\n [\n -106.1758,\n 43.5994\n ],\n [\n -106.1758,\n 43.8783\n ],\n [\n -106.9533,\n 43.8783\n ],\n [\n -106.9533,\n 43.5994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohout, Francis Anthony","contributorId":11200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohout","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rainwater, F. H.","contributorId":41402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainwater","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14976,"text":"ofr5772 - 1957 - Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14976,"text":"ofr5772 - 1957 - Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska","indexId":"ofr5772","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35230,"text":"b1094 - 1959 - Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska","indexId":"b1094","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35230,"text":"b1094 - 1959 - Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska","indexId":"b1094","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-03T22:50:46.949424","indexId":"ofr5772","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-72","title":"Geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska","docAbstract":"The history of petroleum exploration in Alaska and the geology of possible petroleum provinces in Alaska are reviewed. Maps showing Alaska's major Mesozoic and Tertiary tectonic elements, possible petroleum provinces, and indications of petrol, are included in this report. Annotated references in Geological Survey publications relating to petroleum and oil shale in Alaska are given at the end of the report.
For the purpose of appraising its petroleum possibilities, Alaska is divided into the southern, central, and northern major geologic-physiographic regions.
Southern Alaska includes the arcuate mountain chain formed by the Alaska and Aleutian Ranges and the Mentasta- Nutzotin Mountains, the coastal range and valley area to the south, and the southeastern Alaska \"panhandle\" -- an area of 185,000 square miles.
Oil seeps on the west shore of Cook Inlet in southern Alaska were known as early as 1853, and claims were staked in this region in 1882. Drilling began near the oil seeps in the Katalla district about 1901, and this started Alaska's first period of oil activity. From 1902 to 1933 the Katalla field produced 154,000 barrels of oil from fractured shale and sandstone of Tertiary age the- first and only commercial production in Alaska.
On the basis of geology, surficial indications of petroleum, and test wells drilled, six possible petroleum provinces are indicated in southern Alaska. They are Heceta Island area, Keku Islands area, Cook Inlet Mesozoic province, Gulf of Alaska Tertiary province, Cook Inlet Tertiary province, and Copper River basin.
The exposed rocks in the Heceta Island area include lower Paleozoic graywacke-type sandstone, sandstone, conglomerate, and massive limestones with reeflike structures; igneous rocks are rare or lacking in much of the area. The Kosciusko-Tuxekan-Heceta synclinorium, the main structural feature, is modified by minor folds and faults. Some of the minor folds are reported to be broad and open, with flanks dipping 20°-145°. As far as known, the Heceta Island area has not heretofore been seriously considered as a possible petroleum province.
Rocks of Silurian to Cretaceous age are exposed in the Keku Island area and include moderately folded and relatively unaltered limestone and other marine sedimentary rocks.
The Cook Inlet Mesozoic province, a land area of approximately 18,500 square miles, includes a great thickness of unmetamorphosed marine sedimentary rocks of Jurassic and Cretaceous age. At least 23 test wells were drilled or started in this province by the end of 1955. Shows of oil and gas were encountered in many of these wells. During 1955 at least ten oil companies were active in this area and by the end of 1955 about 1 1/2 million acres were included in oil and gas leases applied for or granted.
The Gulf of Alaska Tertiary province includes about 5,200 square miles in which rocks of Tertiary age are exposed or are believed to underlie Quaternary deposits. Between 1901 and the end of 1955 about 47 wells were drilled or started in this province.
The Cook Inlet Tertiary province embraces an area of about 9,500 square miles, of which about 4,100 is covered by the shallow waters of Cook Inlet. Petroleum exploration has been in that part of the area which overlaps the Cook Inlet Mesozoic province. Eocene or younger Tertiary nonmarine sedimentary rocks are believed to underlie much of the province, and marine rocks of Tertiary age may also be present.
The Copper River basin is a topographic basin underlain by unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. Tertiary rocks favorable for the accumulation of petroleum may underlie part of the basin but this is not believed likely. Except for some leasing activity no petroleum exploration has been recorded in the Copper River Basin to the end of 1955.
Central Alaska is a region of about 275,000 square miles and consists of an irregular assemblage of intricately dissected uplands and alluvium-floored lowland basins. Scattered peaks of resistant intrusive igneous rocks surmount most of the upland areas.
In the vast region of central Alaska only six test wells are known to have been drilled for the purpose of finding oil and gas. The maximum depth reached was 350 feet and the holes were mostly or entirely in Quaternary deposits. In recent years several oil companies have investigated some parts of the region and large areas in the Yukon-Koyukuk province are now under lease. Oil seeps, gas seeps, and other indications of petroleum have been reported from many localities; samples from two localities have been analyzed and reported to be petroleum.
The geology of central Alaska is similar in a general way to that of the area between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra-Cascade belts of the United States. Sedimentary rocks, probably equivalent to the Precambrian Belt series, and rocks of the Cambrian and all younger geologic systems have been recognized in central Alaska. The structure of the region is known to be complex, but except in local mineral districts, it has not been mapped in detail. Based on the limited amount of available information, the region cannot be regarded as distinctly favorable for significant accumulations of petroleum. However, three pre-Cenozoic provinces, the Yukon-Koyukuk, the Kobuk, and the Kandik, and several large Cenozoic basin provinces may be worthy of further investigation.
Northern Alaska includes the Brooks Range and all the treeless tundra north to the Arctic Coast, an area of about 125,000 square miles. The presence of oil seeps along the Arctic Coast has been known at least since 1900 and a description of the Cape Simpson oil seeps vas published in 1909. Since then oil and gas seeps have been described from nine localities, and oil shales and oil-bearing sandstones are known from many localities in the Arctic Foothills province. Oil and gas deposits have been discovered and geologic conditions are favorable for oil and gas accumulations in approximately half of the region.
In 1923 approximately 37,000 square miles in northern Alaska was reserved by Executive order as Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4. In 1944 the U. S. Navy began a vast petroleum exploration program which was suspended in 1953. In the years 1945 through 1955, 37 test wells and 45 core tests were drilled on 18 structures. Three oil fields, Umiat, Simpson, and Fish Creek, and two gas fields, South Barrow and Gubik, were discovered. Total reserve estimates for all discoveries of oil to 1955 range from 30 to 100 million barrels, and for gas, from 370 billion to 900 billion cubic feet.
All northern Alaska, with the exception of the Brooks Range, can be considered a possible petroleum province, but the region can be subdivided into provinces of somewhat different potentialities. These subdivisions roughly correspond with the geomorphic provinces and sections, which in turn reflect differences in geology. The known oil-bearing beds are of Mesozoic age, primarily Cretaceous, and thus the possible petroleum provinces could be designated as Mesozoic. However, Paleozoic and Cenozoic rocks with favorable reservoir characteristics are exposed in the region and possibly underlie, in favorable structural situations, some of the areas as yet not tested.
The Arctic Coastal Plain province includes gently folded and flat-lying Mesozoic beds that overlie a basement complex of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic age. Near the southern edge of this province the basement rocks are at depths of at least 20,000 feet, and to the north these rocks rise to within 2,500 feet of the surface.
The Teshukpuk Lake section of the Arctic Coastal plain includes many of the known oil seeps; it is the most accessible to sea transportation, and lies almost completely within NPR 4. Thirteen test wells and 35 core tests have been drilled here; one gas field and two (at present, noncommercial) oil fields have been discovered. The possibility of further discoveries may depend largely on locating porous sandstones in stratigraphic rather than anticlinal traps.
The White Hills section is distinguished topographically from the Teshukpruk section by its white-gravel-covered hills and fever lakes, and geologically by the presence of Tertiary rocks, including 2,000 feet of nonmarine beds in the west and at least 7,000 feet of marine beds to the east, in the vicinity of Carter Creek. This section appears to be more complex structurally. No test wells have been drilled in the White Hills section.
The Northern Foothills section includes many closed anticlines. Twenty-four test wells and ten core tests have been drilled on 11 structures and two discoveries have been made -the Umiat oil field and the Gubik gas field. All these tests have been drilled in Cretaceous rocks.
The Southern Foothills section is structurally similar to the Alberta Foothills and to the northern part of the Brooks Range. Great thicknesses of marine shale of Lover Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic age are exposed. The outcropping Mesozoic sandstones are generally poorly sorted, nonporous, and impermeable. To the south the section is bordered by mountainous exposures of Mississippian limestone, which probably underlie at least part of this section.
The rocks that underlie the deeply eroded complex structures of the Brooks Range include schist, slate, argillite, and limestone. Some exposed limestones have a strong petroleum-like odor and contain traces of petroleum residues.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1414","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G., Fish, R.E., and Schipf, R., 1957, Water resources of the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1414, Report: vii, 85 p.; 3 Plates: 14 x 10.57 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1414.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 85 p.; 3 Plates: 14 x 10.57 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25660,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25661,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25659,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25662,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Neuse River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -79.07958984375,\n 36.43896124085945\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 35.871246850027966\n ],\n [\n -78.55224609374999,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -77.36572265625,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 35.29943548054545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, G. A.","contributorId":33694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fish, Robert Eugene","contributorId":73982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schipf, R.G.","contributorId":85945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schipf","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19919,"text":"ofr5766 - 1957 - Geology of the Cane Branch and Helton Branch watershed areas, McCreary County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T08:40:00","indexId":"ofr5766","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-66","title":"Geology of the Cane Branch and Helton Branch watershed areas, McCreary County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Cane Branch and Helton Branch in McCreary County, Kentucky, are about 1.4 miles apart (fig. 1). Can Branch, which is about 2.1 miles long, emptied into Hughes Fork of Beaver Creek. Its watershed area of about 1.5 square miles lies largely in the Wiborf 7 1/2-minute quadrangle (SW/4 Cumberland Falls 15-minute quadrangle), but the downstream part of the area extends northward into the Hail 7 1/2-minute quadrangle (NW/4 Cumberland Falls 15-minute quadrangle). Helton Branch, which is about 1.1 miles long, has two tributaries and empties into Little Hurricane Fork of Beaver Creek. It drains an area of about 0.8 square mile of while about 0.5 square mile is in the Hail quadrangle and the remainder in the Wilborg quadrangle. The total relief in the Can Branch area is about 500 feet and in the Helton Branch area about 400 feet. Narrow, steep-sided to canyon-like valley and winding ridges, typical of the Pottsville escarpment region, are characteristic of both areas. Thick woods and dense undergrowth cover much of the two areas.
\nField mapping was done on U.S. Geological Survey 7 1/2-minute maps having a scale of 1:24,000 and a contour interval of 20 feet. Elevations of lithologic contacts were determined with a barometer and a hand level. Aerial photographs were used principally to trace the cliffs formed by sandstone and conglomerate ledges. Exposures, except for those of the cliff- and ledge-forming sandstone and conglomerates, are not abundant. The most complete stratigraphic sections (secs. 3 and 4, fig. 2) in the two areas are exposed in cuts of newly completed Forest Service roads, but the rick in the upper parts of the exposures is weathered. To supplement these sections, additional sections were measured in cuts along the railroad and main highways in nor near the watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5766","usgsCitation":"Lyons, E.J., 1957, Geology of the Cane Branch and Helton Branch watershed areas, McCreary County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-66, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5766.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287391,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287390,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0066/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Mccreary County","otherGeospatial":"Helton Branch Watershed;Cane Branch Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.5,36.5 ], [ -84.5,37.0 ], [ -84.0,37.0 ], [ -84.0,36.5 ], [ -84.5,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68323d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, Erwin J.","contributorId":87124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"Erwin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56108,"text":"ofr5845 - 1957 - Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56108,"text":"ofr5845 - 1957 - Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington","indexId":"ofr5845","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2529,"text":"wsp1594C - 1965 - Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962","indexId":"wsp1594C","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2529,"text":"wsp1594C - 1965 - Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962","indexId":"wsp1594C","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr5845","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-45","title":"Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5845","usgsCitation":"Hart, D.H., 1957, Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 58-45, 55 p., 12 pls., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5845.","productDescription":"55 p., 12 pls.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, D. H.","contributorId":16811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2835,"text":"wsp1366 - 1957 - Water resources of southern California with special reference to the drought of 1944-51","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp1366","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1366","title":"Water resources of southern California with special reference to the drought of 1944-51","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1366","usgsCitation":"Troxell, H., 1957, Water resources of southern California with special reference to the drought of 1944-51: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1366, vi, 139 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1366.","productDescription":"vi, 139 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1366/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29402,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1366/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f066e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troxell, H.C.","contributorId":69124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troxell","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":319,"text":"wsp1289 - 1957 - Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1952-53","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1289","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1289","title":"Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1952-53","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1289","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1952-53: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1289, vi, 136 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1289.","productDescription":"vi, 136 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1289/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24881,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1289/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6975a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14338,"text":"ofr5756 - 1957 - Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14338,"text":"ofr5756 - 1957 - Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska","indexId":"ofr5756","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1980,"text":"wsp1529 - 1962 - Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams","indexId":"wsp1529","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1980,"text":"wsp1529 - 1962 - Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams","indexId":"wsp1529","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T12:26:07.299242","indexId":"ofr5756","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-56","title":"Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5756","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F., 1957, Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-56, Report: 49 p.; 1 Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5756.","productDescription":"Report: 49 p.; 1 Plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":111248,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10607","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Juneau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.52734375,\n 57.938183012205315\n ],\n [\n -133.06640625,\n 57.938183012205315\n ],\n [\n -133.06640625,\n 58.859223547066584\n ],\n [\n -135.52734375,\n 58.859223547066584\n ],\n [\n -135.52734375,\n 57.938183012205315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Fred A.","contributorId":93863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68576,"text":"ha9 - 1957 - Ground-water resources of parts of Weld, Logan, and Morgan Counties, Colorado with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:21","indexId":"ha9","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"9","title":"Ground-water resources of parts of Weld, Logan, and Morgan Counties, Colorado with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha9","usgsCitation":"Bjorklund, L., and Rainwater, F.H., 1957, Ground-water resources of parts of Weld, Logan, and Morgan Counties, Colorado with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 9, [3] p. :ill., maps ;[69 cm], https://doi.org/10.3133/ha9.","productDescription":"[3] p. :ill., maps ;[69 cm]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":264334,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/009/report.pdf","size":"2066","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/009/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjorklund, L.J.","contributorId":14035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rainwater, F. H.","contributorId":41402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainwater","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56104,"text":"ofr57120 - 1957 - Interim report on water wells, Gallup, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr57120","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-120","title":"Interim report on water wells, Gallup, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr57120","usgsCitation":"West, S.W., 1957, Interim report on water wells, Gallup, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-120, 36 p., 2 pls., 8 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57120.","productDescription":"36 p., 2 pls., 8 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114681,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/report.pdf","size":"5717","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114682,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/plate-1.pdf","size":"457","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114683,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/plate-2.pdf","size":"427","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"West, S. W.","contributorId":104029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56112,"text":"ofr5849 - 1957 - Ground water in the vicinity of McGregor Range campsite, Otero County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr5849","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-49","title":"Ground water in the vicinity of McGregor Range campsite, Otero County, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5849","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.W., 1957, Ground water in the vicinity of McGregor Range campsite, Otero County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 58-49, 76 p., 2 pls., 2 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5849.","productDescription":"76 p., 2 pls., 2 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114684,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/report.pdf","size":"13526","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114685,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/plate-1.pdf","size":"1042","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114686,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/plate-2.pdf","size":"518","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d6bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, J. W.","contributorId":87908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":320,"text":"wsp1349 - 1957 - Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1953-54","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp1349","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1349","title":"Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1953-54","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1349","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1957, Surface water supply of Hawaii, 1953-54: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1349, vi, 130 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1349.","productDescription":"vi, 130 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1349/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24882,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1349/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39142,"text":"pp282B - 1957 - River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:52:01","indexId":"pp282B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"B","title":"River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","docAbstract":"Channel pattern is used to describe the plan view of a reach of river as seen from an airplane, and includes meandering, braiding, or relatively straight channels.
Natural channels characteristically exhibit alternating pools or deep reaches and riffles or shallow reaches, regardless of the type of pattern. The length of the pool or distance between riffles in a straight channel equals the straight line distance between successive points of inflection in the wave pattern of a meandering river of the same width. The points of inflection are also shallow points and correspond to riffles in the straight channel. This distance, which is half the wavelength of the meander, varies approximately as a linear function of channel width. In the data we analysed the meander wavelength, or twice the distance between successive riffles, is from 7 to 12 times the channel width. It is concluded that the mechanics which may lead to meandering operate in straight channels.
River braiding is characterized by channel division around alluvial islands. The growth of an island begins as the deposition of a central bar which results from sorting and deposition of the coarser fractions of the load which locally cannot be transported. The bar grows downstream and in height by continued deposition on its surface, forcing the water into the flanking channels, which, to carry the flow, deepen and cut laterally into the original banks. Such deepening locally lowers the water surface and the central bar emerges as an island which becomes stabilized by vegetation. Braiding was observed in a small river in a laboratory. Measurements of the adjustments of velocity, depth, width, and slope associated with island development lead to the conclusion that braiding is one of the many patterns which can maintain quasi-equilibrium among discharge, load, and transporting ability. Braiding does not necessarily indicate an excess of total load.
Channel cross section and pattern are ultimately controlled by the discharge and load provided by the drainage basin. It is important, therefore, to develop a picture of how the several variables involved in channel shape interact to result in observed channel characteristics. Such a rationale is summarized as follows:
Channel width appears to be primarily a function of near-bankfull discharge, in conjunction with the inherent resistance of bed and bank to scour. Excessive width increases the shear on the bed at the expense of that on the bank and the reverse is true for very narrow widths. Because at high stages width adjustment can take place rapidly and with the evacuation or deposition of relatively small volumes of debris, achievement of a ,relatively stable width at high flow is a primary adjustment to which the further interadjustments between depth, velocity, slope, and roughness tend to accommodate.
Channel roughness, to the extent that it is determined by particle size, is an independent factor related to the drainage basin rather than to the channel. Roughness in streams carrying fine material, however, is also a function of the dunes or other characteristics of bed configuration. Where roughness is independently determined as well as discharge and load, these studies indicate that a particular slope is associated with the roughness. At the width determined by the discharge, velocity and depth must be adjusted to satisfy quasi-equilibrium in accord with the particular slope. But if roughness also is variable, depending on the transitory configuration of the bed, then a number of combinations of velocity, depth, and slope will satisfy equilibrium.
An increase in load at constant discharge, width, and caliber of load tends to be associated with an increasing slope if the roughness (dune or bed configuration) changes with the load. In the laboratory river an increase of load at constant discharge, width, and caliber resulted in progressive aggradation of long reaches of channel at constant slope.
The adjustments of several variables tending toward the establishment of quasi-equilibrium in river channels lead to the different channel patterns observed in nature. For example, the data indicate that at a given discharge, meanders occur at smaller values of slope than do’ braids. Further, at the same slope braided channels are associated with higher bankfull discharges than are meanders. An additional example is provided by the division of discharge around islands in braided rivers which produces numerous small channels. The changes in slope, roughness, and channel shape which accompany this division are in accord with quasi-equilibrium adjustments observed in the comparison of large and small rivers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282B","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iv, p. 39-85, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282B.","productDescription":"iv, p. 39-85","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":338221,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282D","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-D: Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels"},{"id":338220,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282C","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-C: River flood plains: Some observations on their formation"},{"id":119373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5ff225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}