{"pageNumber":"262","pageRowStart":"6525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11360,"records":[{"id":70182708,"text":"70182708 - 1991 - Seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in relation to water temperature at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:05:26","indexId":"70182708","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in relation to water temperature at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland","docAbstract":"

The seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin in relation to water temperature have been investigated by conducting repeated hydroacoustic surveys at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland. Water temperatures were warmer in 1983 than in 1984 as indicated by the earlier appearance and greater depth of the seasonal thermocline. Correspondingly, schools of capelin appeared earlier, were more abundant, and extended deeper in the water column in 1983 than in 1984. Most capelin were found between the surface and the 5°C isotherm. In both years, initial peaks of capelin abundance occurred when nearshore water temperatures increased from about 0-1°C to above 6°C and, at or near, periods of maximum tidal oscillation. Short-term variations in the depth of the 5°C isotherm were related to nearshore wind-induced upwelling events. Annual variations corresponded to the volume of cold (>0°C) water and sea-ice transported south by the Labrador Current.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/icesjms/48.2.187","usgsCitation":"Methven, D.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1991, Seasonal abundance and vertical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in relation to water temperature at a coastal site off eastern Newfoundland: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 48, no. 2, p. 187-193, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/48.2.187.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"193","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/48.2.187","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Newfoundland","volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b2a5a3e4b01ccd54fca169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Methven, David A.","contributorId":179915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Methven","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70196248,"text":"70196248 - 1991 - Variable first prebasic molt in Rio Grande and Merriam's wild turkeys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-28T12:09:59","indexId":"70196248","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variable first prebasic molt in Rio Grande and Merriam's wild turkeys","docAbstract":"

Gallinaceous birds typically retain the juvenal ninth (JIX) and tenth (JX) primary wing feathers during the first prebasic molt (Petrides 1945, terminology follows Humphrey and Parkes 1959). However, not all Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) retain JIX and JX during this molt. Some retain only JX (reviewed by Lewis 1967), and in 21% of 125 Florida Wild Turkeys (M. g. osceola), all 10 juvenal primaries were molted (Williams and Austin 1970, 1988). Leopold (1943) suggested that Wild Turkeys were genetically predisposed to retain both JIX and JX, whereas domestic turkeys retained only JX. He further suggested that the frequency of this extended primary molt indicated the degree of cross-breeding between wild and domestic turkeys. Stable frequencies could be maintained if this molting characteristic had neutral selective value. Alternatively, Williams and Austin (1988) hypothesized that the first prebasic molt among wild birds varied in a genetically controlled manner along a north-south gradient related to climate. They predicted that more northerly populations would exhibit progressively higher frequencies of retention of both JIX and JX.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., and Hoffman, R.W., 1991, Variable first prebasic molt in Rio Grande and Merriam's wild turkeys: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 103, no. 2, p. 295-300.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"300","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4163015"}],"volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a5de4b0da30c1bfd7e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, Richard W.","contributorId":15541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016753,"text":"70016753 - 1991 - Geological and seismological evidence of increased explosivity during the 1986 eruptions of Pavlof volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016753","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological and seismological evidence of increased explosivity during the 1986 eruptions of Pavlof volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"We present results of study of the best-documented eruptions of Pavlof volcano in historic time. The 1986 eruptions were mostly Strombolian in character; a strong initial phase may have been Vulcanian. The 1986 activity erupted at least 8??106 m3 of feldspar-phyric basaltic andesite lava (SiO2=53-54%), and a comparable volume of wind-borne tephra. During the course of the eruption, 5300 explosion earthquakes occurred, the largest of which was equivalent to an ML=2.5 earthquake. Volcanic tremor was recorded for 2600 hours, and the strongest tremor was recorded out to a distance of 160 km and had an amplitude of at least 54 cm2 reduced displacement. The 1986 eruptions modified the structure of the vent area for the first time in over two decades. A possible pyroclastic flow was observed on 19 June 1986, the first time such a phenomenon has been observed at the volcano. Overall, the 1986 eruptions were the strongest and longest duration eruptions in historic time, and changed a temporal pattern of activity that had persisted from 1973-1984. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00265414","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"McNutt, S., Miller, T.P., and Taber, J., 1991, Geological and seismological evidence of increased explosivity during the 1986 eruptions of Pavlof volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, no. 2, p. 86-98, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00265414.","startPage":"86","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205534,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265414"},{"id":224701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2256e4b0c8380cd56f5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNutt, S.R.","contributorId":26722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taber, J.J.","contributorId":14124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taber","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016952,"text":"70016952 - 1991 - The first Tertiary (Paleocene) marine mollusks from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-18T11:25:21.954078","indexId":"70016952","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The first Tertiary (Paleocene) marine mollusks from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Canada","docAbstract":"

The gastropod Drepanochilus pervetus (Stanton) and the bivalve Cytrodaria rutupiensis (Morris) occur in the Mount Moore Formation at Strathcona Fiord, west-central Ellesmere Island, northern Canada. They are the first marine mollusks identified from the Eureka Sound Group of the Canadian arctic islands. These mollusks correlate with Paleocene faunas of the Cannonball Formation of North Dakota and South Dakota, the Prince Creek Formation of northern Alaska, the Barentsburg Formation of Svalbard, and the Thanet and Oldhaven Formations of southeastern England. These occurrences imply that the earliest Tertiary Arctic Ocean molluscan fauna was compositionally distinct from coeval faunas of the northern Atlantic Ocean.

","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000020461","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Marincovich, L., and Zinsmeister, W., 1991, The first Tertiary (Paleocene) marine mollusks from the Eureka Sound Group, Ellesmere Island, Canada: Journal of Paleontology, v. 65, no. 2, p. 242-248, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000020461.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac06e4b08c986b323216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marincovich, L. Jr.","contributorId":16157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincovich","given":"L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zinsmeister, W.J.","contributorId":88498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zinsmeister","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014932,"text":"70014932 - 1991 - Isotopic and chemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Blackburn Hills volcanic field, western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T15:35:10.334513","indexId":"70014932","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic and chemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Blackburn Hills volcanic field, western Alaska","docAbstract":"

The Blackburn Hills volcanic field is one of several Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary (75–50 Ma) volcanic fields in western Alaska that comprise a vast magmatic province extending from the Arctic Circle to Bristol Bay. It consists of andesite flows, rhyolite domes, a central granodiorite to quartz monzonite pluton, and small intrusive rhyolite porphyries, overlain by basalt and alkali-rhyolites. Most of the field consists of andesite flows which can be divided into two groups on the basis of elemental and isotopic composition: a group having lower (87Sr86Sr\">87Sr86Sr)i, higher (143Nd144Nd\">143Nd144Nd)i, and moderate LREE and HREE contents (group 1), and a group having higher (87Sr86Sr\">87Sr86Sr)i, lower (143Sr144Sr\">143Sr144Sr)i, and lower HREE contents. Basalts are restricted to the top of the stratigraphic section, comprise the most primitive part of group 1 [(87Sr86Sr)i= 0.7033; (143Nd144Nd)i= 0.5129]\">[(87Sr86Sr)i= 0.7033; (143Nd144Nd)i= 0.5129], and have trace-element ratios that are similar to those of oceanic island basalts (OIBs). In contrast to the basalts, group 1 andesites have higher (87Sr86Sr\">87Sr86Sr)i and lower (143Nd144Nd\">143Nd144Nd)i, and represent interaction of mantle-derived magmas with the lower crust of Koyukuk terrane. Group 2 andesites have (87Sr86Sr\">87Sr86Sr)i and (143Nd144Nd\">143Nd144Nd)i that are near bulk-earth values and probably formed by partial melting of the lower crust of Koyukuk terrane. The central pluton and rhyolite porphyries are isotopically uniform (87Sr86Sr)\">(87Sr86Sr)i ≈ 0.704, (143Nd144Nd\">143Nd144Nd)i ≈ 0.51275, and are interpreted to have formed by melting of young mafic to intermediate crustal rocks or by fractionation of group 1 andesites. The rhyolite domes have an isotopic range similar to that of the basalts and andesites [(87Sr86Sr)i= 0.70355-0.70499; (143Nd144Nd)i= 0.51263–0.51292]\">[(87Sr86Sr)i= 0.70355-0.70499; (143Nd144Nd)i= 0.51263–0.51292], which suggests they formed by fractionation of the and site and basalt magmas. Although some workers have suggested that the volcanic field is underlain by old continental crust, none of the data require the presence of Paleozoic or Precambrian continental middle or upper crust under this part of the volcanic field. However, the ultimate source of some of the rocks in the Yukon-Koyukuk province that have high 87Sr86Sr\">87Sr86Sr and low 143Nd144Nd\">143Nd144Nd ratios may be old sub-continental mantle and/or lower crust, which was previously subducted beneath the Yukon-Koyukuk province during Early Cretaceous arc-continent collision.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90073-E","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Moll-Stalcup, E.J., and Arth, J.G., 1991, Isotopic and chemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Blackburn Hills volcanic field, western Alaska: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 12, p. 3753-3776, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90073-E.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"3753","endPage":"3776","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f95e4b0c8380cd64627","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moll-Stalcup, E. J.","contributorId":26698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll-Stalcup","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015050,"text":"70015050 - 1991 - Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope studies in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: Constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:24:42.783106","indexId":"70015050","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope studies in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: Constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids","docAbstract":"

The delta 18 O values of gold-bearing quartz from the Juneau gold belt range from 15.2 to 20.8 per mil, indicating that ore fluid values ranged from 7.2 to 12.8 per mil at an estimated temperature of 300 degrees C. Hydrothermal micas from many of the deposits are characterized by delta D values of -75 to -53 per mil, and ore fluids were calculated to have values of -35 to -15 per mil. In contrast, extracted fluid inclusion waters have a broad range of delta D values, from -48 in relatively undeformed quartz to about -110 per mil for some of the more deformed quartz veins. This range of more than 60 per mil reflects various mixtures from inclusions containing isotopically heavy, primary ore fluids and those containing low-temperature, isotopically light meteoric waters that were trapped in late fractures during uplift of the veins to shallow crustal levels. These results indicate a deep crustal source for the ore fluids, most likely of metamorphic origin. Values of delta D for muscovite, biotite, and hornblende from country rocks, as well as of delta 18 O for quartz-feldspar and quartz-plagioclase, provide little evidence of deep circulation of meteoric water along the length of the gold belt.The provinciality of delta 34 data suggests a regional metamorphic fluid of approximately -6 per mil that acquired much of its sulfur from lithologies near sites of ore deposition. Sulfur ratios of sulfide minerals from auriferous quartz range from -17.8 to -5.6 per mil in black phyllite hosts, from -6.0 to -1.3 per mil in less reduced metasedimentary rocks, and from -3.8 to +1.2 per mil in relatively oxidized igneous rocks. The regional fluid is interpreted to have driven desulfidation reactions in relatively 34 S-depleted sulfur reservoirs in the phyllites and 34 S-enriched reservoirs in the more oxidized lithologies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.86.1.66","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R., Newberry, R., Pickthorn, W., and Gent, C.A., 1991, Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope studies in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: Constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids: Economic Geology, v. 86, no. 1, p. 66-80, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.1.66.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72bce4b0c8380cd76c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newberry, R.J.","contributorId":50558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newberry","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pickthorn, W.J.","contributorId":95458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gent, C. A.","contributorId":17955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013316,"text":"1013316 - 1991 - Mitochondrial and nuclear genetic relationships of deer (Odocoileus spp.) in western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:12:57","indexId":"1013316","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mitochondrial and nuclear genetic relationships of deer (Odocoileus spp.) in western North America","docAbstract":"

Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer and black-tailed deer) and Odocoileus virginanus (white-tailed deer) are sympatric in western North America and are characterized by distinct morphology, behavior, and allozyme allele frequencies. However, there is discordance among nuclear and mitochondrial genetic relationships, as mule deer (O. h. hemionus) and white-tailed deer have similar mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is very different from that of black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus, O. h. sitkensis). I expanded previous studies to clarify the genetic relationships of these groups by determining mtDNA haplotype and allozyme genotypes for 667 deer from several locations in northwestern North America. Different mtDNA haplotypes in mule deer, black-tailed deer, and white-tailed deer indicate that mitochondrial gene flow is restricted. Allozyme allele frequencies indicate that there is also restriction of nuclear gene flow between O. virginianus and O. hemionus, and to a lesser extent between mule deer and black-tailed deer. There is a low level of introgressive hybridization of mtDNA from mule deer and black-tailed deer into white-tailed deer populations and considerable interbreeding of mule deer and black-tailed deer in a contact zone. The discordance of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes is apparent only if mtDNA sequence divergences, and not haplotype frequencies, are considered.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z91-179","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., 1991, Mitochondrial and nuclear genetic relationships of deer (Odocoileus spp.) in western North America: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 69, no. 5, p. 1270-1279, https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-179.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1270","endPage":"1279","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Matthew A.","contributorId":57307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cronin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":28157,"text":"LGL Alaska Research Associates, Anchorage, AK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016953,"text":"70016953 - 1991 - Evolution of deep structure along the trans-Alaska crustal transect, Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin, southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T11:08:51.943503","indexId":"70016953","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of deep structure along the trans-Alaska crustal transect, Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin, southern Alaska","docAbstract":"

One of the most important results of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect investigations is the discovery that more than one third of the North American plate in southern Alaska (Chugach Mountains and Copper River basin) consists of tectonically underplated oceanic lithosphere. In southern Alaska, exposed accreted tectonostratigraphic terranes, include, from south to north along the transect, the Prince William, Chugach, Peninsular, and Wrangellia terranes. Chief results from seismic refraction data include the following: (1) A sequence of layers of low and high velocity (5.7–7.8 km/s), more than 10 km thick, dips gently northward, with its top at the surface in the southernmost Chugach terrane and at more than 20-km depth beneath the southern Peninsular terrane. A high-velocity layer at the top of this sequence corresponds to metabasalt in the southernmost Chugach terrane. This sequence is interpreted to be tectonically underplated fragments of the Kula plate and its sedimentary overburden. (2) An intermediate-velocity layer (6.35–6.5 km/s) at 9-km depth beneath both the northern Chugach and southern Peninsular terranes appears to extend without offset across the deep projection of the suture between these two terranes, the Border Ranges fault system. (3) A crustal “root” between depths of 19 and 57 km beneath the northern Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes appears to extend without offset across the deep projection of the suture between these two terranes, the West Fork fault system. This crustal root also appears to abut the tectonically underplated sequence to the south. Unfortunately, in results 2 and 3 the apparent crosscutting and abutting relationships can not be unambiguously resolved. Three scenarios, A, B, and C, have been offered to explain the evolution of this structure. Scenarios A and B differ in interpretation of the depth extent of the northern Chugach and southern Peninsular terranes. In scenario A these terranes extend to only 9-km depth, where they rest on an unknown middle crust, interpreted as a deeper part of the Peninsular terrane. In this scenario, the northern Chugach and southern Peninsular terrenes moved landward as a tectonic wedge, during tectonic underplating in the latest Cretaceous or early Tertiary, and uplifted the upper crust of the Peninsular terrane to the north. In scenario B, the northern Chugach and southern Peninsular terranes extend to 20-km depth. In this scenario, they were compressed but not detached and displaced during accretion. Scenarios A, B, and C differ in interpretation of the deep crustal root that appears to abut the tectonically underplated sequence. Since the Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes were at or below sea level prior to the mid-Cretaceous, the root was probably emplaced in mid-Cretaceous or younger times. In scenario A the root is lower crust of North America that moved southward during tectonic underplating of the Kula plate. In scenario B the root is, in part, tectonically underplated rocks similar to the Kula plate sequence to the south. In scenario C the root is, in part, magmatically underplated rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90JB02276","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G., and Plafker, G., 1991, Evolution of deep structure along the trans-Alaska crustal transect, Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin, southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B3, p. 4229-4253, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02276.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"4229","endPage":"4253","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d80e4b0c8380cd53062","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1012905,"text":"1012905 - 1991 - Patterns of seabird and marine mammal carcass deposition along the central California coast, 1980-1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T16:19:23","indexId":"1012905","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of seabird and marine mammal carcass deposition along the central California coast, 1980-1986","docAbstract":"

At monthly intervals from February 1980 through December 1986, a 14.5-km section of central California coastline was systematically surveyed for beach-cast carcasses of marine birds and mammals. Five hundred and fifty-four bird carcasses and 194 marine mammal carcasses were found. Common murres, western grebes, and Brandt's cormorants composed 45% of the bird total. California sea lions, sea otters, and harbor seals composed 90% of the mammal total. Several factors appeared to affect patterns of carcass deposition. The El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of 1982–1983 was the dominant influence in terms of interannual variation in carcass deposition. During this ENSO, 56% of the seabirds and 48% of the marine mammals washed ashore. Patterns of intra-annual variation were species specific and were related to animal migration patterns, reproduction, and seasonal changes in weather. Nearshore currents and winds influenced the general area of carcass deposition, while beach substrate type and local patterns of sand deposition influenced the location of carcass deposition on a smaller spatial scale. Weekly surveys along a 1.1-km section of coastline indicated that 62% of bird carcasses and 41% of mammal carcasses remained on the beach less than 9 days. Cause of death was determined for only 8% of the carcasses. Oiling was the most common indication of cause of death in birds (6%). Neonates composed 8% of all mammal carcasses.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z91-163","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Jameson, R.J., 1991, Patterns of seabird and marine mammal carcass deposition along the central California coast, 1980-1986: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 69, no. 5, p. 1149-1155, https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-163.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1155","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jameson, Ronald J.","contributorId":17938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1012852,"text":"1012852 - 1991 - Effects of wind-hardened snow on foraging by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:29:11.017366","indexId":"1012852","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of wind-hardened snow on foraging by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)","title":"Effects of wind-hardened snow on foraging by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)","docAbstract":"

Various methods were investigated for assessing the relationship between wind-hardened snow (upsik) and forage availability to reindeer. Mean bottom area of individual craters was not a function of depth, hardness or integrated hardness. Individual crater area was partially dependent on specific cratering time (r2 = .60). Cratering time per active period increased with integrated snow hardness (r2 = .88). Number of craters and total area cratered increased with decreasing site hardness. Reindeer always cratered microsites of lesser depth and hardness than found in the general feeding site. A threefold decrease in snow hardness resulted in a fourfold increase in forage availability.

","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1541","usgsCitation":"Collins, W.B., and Smith, T.S., 1991, Effects of wind-hardened snow on foraging by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): Arctic, v. 44, no. 3, p. 217-222, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1541.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1541","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60faa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, W. B.","contributorId":59751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, T. S.","contributorId":47326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1012926,"text":"1012926 - 1991 - Apparatus for precise regulation and chilling of water temperatures in laboratory studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:08:23.29202","indexId":"1012926","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Apparatus for precise regulation and chilling of water temperatures in laboratory studies","docAbstract":"

Laboratory simulation of water temperature regimes that occur in subarctic rivers through winter necessitates the ability to maintain near‐freezing conditions. A heat‐exchanging apparatus is described that provided a convenient means of simulating the range of temperatures (0.5–12°C) that incubating eggs of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) typically experience in south‐central Alaskan watersheds. The system was reliable, easily maintained precise temperatures at our coldest test levels, and was used over several years with few mechanical complications.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0251:AFPRAC%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wangaard, D., McDonell, J., Burger, C.V., and Wilmot, R., 1991, Apparatus for precise regulation and chilling of water temperatures in laboratory studies: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 53, no. 4, p. 251-255, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0251:AFPRAC%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wangaard, D.B.","contributorId":152258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wangaard","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":943927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonell, John P.","contributorId":358544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonell","given":"John P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":943928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burger, Carl V.","contributorId":152419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burger","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilmot, R.L.","contributorId":97662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmot","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":943929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015635,"text":"70015635 - 1991 - Fluid inclusion gas chemistry as a potential minerals exploration tool: Case studies from Creede, CO, Jerritt Canyon, NV, Coeur d'Alene district, ID and MT, southern Alaska mesothermal veins, and mid-continent MVT's","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T11:02:09.017726","indexId":"70015635","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion gas chemistry as a potential minerals exploration tool: Case studies from Creede, CO, Jerritt Canyon, NV, Coeur d'Alene district, ID and MT, southern Alaska mesothermal veins, and mid-continent MVT's","docAbstract":"

Recent advances in instrumentation now permit quantitative analysis of gas species from individual fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion gas data can be applied to minerals exploration empirically to establish chemical (gas composition) signatures of the ore fluids, and conceptually through the development of genetic models of ore formation from a framework of integrated geologic, geochemical, and isotopic investigations. Case studies of fluid inclusion gas chemistry from ore deposits representing a spectrum of ore-forming processes and environments are presented to illustrate both the empirical and conceptual approaches. We consider epithermal silver-gold deposits of Creede, Colorado, Carlin-type sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits of Jerritt Canyon, Nevada, metamorphic silver-base-metal veins of the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana, gold-quartz veins in accreted terranes of southern Alaska, and the mid-continent base-metal sulfide deposits of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT's). Variations in gas chemistry determine the redox state of the ore fluids, provide compositional input for gas geothermometers, characterize ore fluid chemistry (e.g., CH4CO2, H2SSO2, CO2/H2S, organic-rich fluids, gas-rich and gas-poor fluids), identify magmatic, meteoric, metamorphic, shallow and deep basin fluids in ore systems, locate upwelling plumes of magmatic-derived volatiles, zones of boiling and volatile separation, interfaces between contrasting fluids, and important zones of fluid mixing. Present techniques are immediately applicable to exploration programsas empirical studies that monitor fluid inclusion gas threshold concentration levels, presence or absence of certain gases, or changes in gas ratios. We suggest that the greater contribution of fluid inclusion gas analysis is in the integrated and comprehensive chemical dimension that gas data impart to genetic models, and in the exploration concepts based on processes and environments of ore formation derived from these genetic models.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90059-4","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Landis, G.P., and Hofstra, A., 1991, Fluid inclusion gas chemistry as a potential minerals exploration tool: Case studies from Creede, CO, Jerritt Canyon, NV, Coeur d'Alene district, ID and MT, southern Alaska mesothermal veins, and mid-continent MVT's: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 42, no. 1, p. 25-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90059-4.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1272e4b0c8380cd542e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016761,"text":"70016761 - 1991 - Crustal structure of accreted terranes in southern Alaska, Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin, from seismic refraction results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T13:43:45.259869","indexId":"70016761","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of accreted terranes in southern Alaska, Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin, from seismic refraction results","docAbstract":"

Seismic refraction data were collected along a 320-km-long \"transect' line in southern Alaska, crossing the Prince William, Chugach, Peninsular, and Wrangellia terranes, and along several shorter lines within individual terranes. Velocity structure in the upper crust (less than 9-km depth) differs among the four terranes. In contrast, layers in the middle crust (9- to 25-km depth) in some case extend across projected terrane boundaries. The top of a gently north dipping sequence of low- and high-velocity layers (5.7-7.8 km/s), more than 10 km thick, extends from near the surface in the southern Chugach terrane to more than 20-km depth beneath the southern Peninsular terrane. This sequence, truncated by the suture between the Prince William and Chugach terranes, is interpreted to be an underplated \"terrane' made up of fragments of the Kula plate and its sedimentary overburden that were accreted during subduction in the late Mesozoic and/or early Tertiary, during or between times of accretion of the Prince William and Chugach terranes. 

","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/90JB02316","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G., Ambos, E.L., Mooney, W.D., Christensen, N., and Geist, E., 1991, Crustal structure of accreted terranes in southern Alaska, Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin, from seismic refraction results: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B3, p. 4187-4227, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02316.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"4187","endPage":"4227","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.126953125,\n 58.722598828043374\n ],\n [\n -140.625,\n 58.722598828043374\n ],\n [\n -140.625,\n 63.430860212678105\n ],\n [\n -155.126953125,\n 63.430860212678105\n ],\n [\n -155.126953125,\n 58.722598828043374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcebe4b0c8380cd4e4fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ambos, E. L.","contributorId":23957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambos","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, N.I.","contributorId":28016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"N.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geist, E.","contributorId":47535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016798,"text":"70016798 - 1991 - Development of inverted metamorphic isograds in the western metamorphic belt, Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T16:43:18.291303","indexId":"70016798","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of inverted metamorphic isograds in the western metamorphic belt, Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"

An inverted metamorphic gradient is preserved in the western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska. The western metamorphic belt is part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex of western Canada and southeastern Alaska that developed as a result of tectonic overlap and/or compressional thickening of crustal rocks during collision of the Alexander and Stikine terranes. Detailed mapping of pelitic single-mineral isograds, systematic changes in mineral assemblages, and silicate geothermometry indicate that thermal peak metamorphic conditions increase structurally upward over a distance of about 8 km. Peak temperatures of metamorphism increase progressively from about 530 °C for the garnet zone to about 705 °C for the upper kyanite–biotite zone. Silicate geobarometry suggests that the thermal peak metamorphism occurred under pressures of 9–11 kbar. The metamorphic isograds are in general parallel to the tonalite sill that is regionally continuous along the east side of the western metamorphic belt, although truncation of the isograds north of Juneau indicates that the sill intrusion continued after the isograds were established. Our preferred interpretation of the cause of the inverted gradient is that it formed during compression of a thickened wedge of relatively wet and cool rocks in response to heat flow associated with the formation and emplacement of the tonalite sill magma. Garnet rim compositions and widespread growth of chlorite suggest partial re-equilibration of the schists under pressures of 5–6 kbar during uplift in response to final emplacement and crystallization of the tonalite sill. The combined results of this study with previous studies elsewhere in the western metamorphic belt indicate that high-T/high-P metamorphism associated with the collision of the Alexander and Stikine terranes was a long-lived event, extending from about 98 Ma to about 67 Ma.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1991.tb00512.x","issn":"02634929","usgsCitation":"Himmelberg, G.R., Brew, D.A., and Ford, A.B., 1991, Development of inverted metamorphic isograds in the western metamorphic belt, Juneau, Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 165-180, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1991.tb00512.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224557,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0059e4b0c8380cd4f6f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016416,"text":"70016416 - 1991 - Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:50:00.56341","indexId":"70016416","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"

Cinnabar- and stibnite-bearing epithermal vein deposits are found throughout the Kuskokwim River region of southwestern Alaska. A geochemical orientation survey was carried out around several of these epithermal lodes to obtain information for planning regional geochemical surveys and to develop procedures which maximize the anomaly: threshold contrast of the deposits. Stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, stream water, and vegetation samples were collected in drainages surrounding the Red Devil, Cinnabar Creek, White Mountain, Rhyolite, and Mountain Top deposits. Three sediment size fractions; nonmagnetic, paramagnetic and magnetic splits of the concentrate samples; stream waters; and the vegetation samples were analyzed for multi-element suites by a number of different chemical procedures. Nonmagnetic, heavy-mineral concentrates were also examined microscopically to identify their mineralogy.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Goldfarb, R., Detra, D., and Slaughter, K.E., 1991, Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 41, no. 3, p. 363-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16d1e4b0c8380cd5528b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detra, D.E.","contributorId":72358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slaughter, K. E.","contributorId":100865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaughter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013005,"text":"1013005 - 1991 - Arctic fox control improves nest success of black brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:39:17","indexId":"1013005","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arctic fox control improves nest success of black brant","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R.M., Flint, P.L., and Sedinger, J., 1991, Arctic fox control improves nest success of black brant: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 19, p. 176-184.","productDescription":"pp. 176-184","startPage":"176","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674ba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sedinger, J.S.","contributorId":75471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedinger","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016387,"text":"70016387 - 1991 - A geodetic network in the Novarupta area, Katmai National Park, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T01:10:49.822361","indexId":"70016387","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geodetic network in the Novarupta area, Katmai National Park, Alaska","docAbstract":"

A small geodetic network was established in 1989 and 1990 to monitor ground deformation in the Novarupta area, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Slope distances and zenith angles for three lines were repeated in 1990. A comparison of the two surveys indicates changes that are within the error of the measurements. Mean mark-to-mark slope distance changes are 1.17±1.46 ppm. Two benchmarks were added to the network in 1990 to configure a five-endpoint braced quadrilateral centered about the Novarupta dome.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91GL01185","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Kleinman, J., and Iwatsubo, E., 1991, A geodetic network in the Novarupta area, Katmai National Park, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1517-1519, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL01185.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1517","endPage":"1519","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222908,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f8e4b0c8380cd46320","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleinman, J.W.","contributorId":51465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iwatsubo, E.Y.","contributorId":20753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwatsubo","given":"E.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016273,"text":"70016273 - 1991 - Erosion and accretion along the arctic coast of Alaska. The influence of ice and climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016273","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Erosion and accretion along the arctic coast of Alaska. The influence of ice and climate","docAbstract":"Coastline comparison on 1951 and 1981 charts to determine erosion and accretion showed that ocean-facing coastal bluffs were retreating while deltas were rapidly expanding. Where the coast is fronted by a lagoon, and coast-parallel sand and gravel islands, bluff retreat was reduced. The extensive bluff erosion was volumetrically balanced by accretion at the mouths of deltas. Coastal erosion is driven by ice-related processes, aided by the presence of an ice-eroded shelf. Rapid delta expansion is interpreted to have begun in the last 200 years, perhaps related to observed permafrost warming.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '91; Volume 2","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628086","usgsCitation":"Barnes, P.W., and Rollyson, B.P., 1991, Erosion and accretion along the arctic coast of Alaska. The influence of ice and climate, in Coastal Sediments '91; Volume 2, Seattle, WA, USA, 25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991, p. 1518-1531.","startPage":"1518","endPage":"1531","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a30e4b0c8380cd5223a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Peter W.","contributorId":6042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rollyson, Bonnie P.","contributorId":57214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollyson","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015030,"text":"70015030 - 1991 - Mass sediment failure and transport features revealed by acoustic techniques, Beringian Margin, Bering Sea, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T18:59:03","indexId":"70015030","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2670,"text":"Marine Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass sediment failure and transport features revealed by acoustic techniques, Beringian Margin, Bering Sea, Alaska","docAbstract":"Some of the largest single slide masses, including huge blocks tens of kilometers wide, occur on the rise of the central margin. Sliding of these blocks may have initiated the incision of some of the world's largest submarine canyons. One mass failure, particularly well defined by GLORIA, is 55 km long. This slide and others along the plateau are associated with diapiric-like structures indicative of relatively recent tectonism. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10641199109379881","issn":"03608867","usgsCitation":"Carlson, P., Karl, H.A., and Edwards, B.D., 1991, Mass sediment failure and transport features revealed by acoustic techniques, Beringian Margin, Bering Sea, Alaska: Marine Geotechnology, v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 33-51, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379881.","startPage":"33","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268173,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379881"},{"id":223795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5255e4b0c8380cd6c322","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":80649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013321,"text":"1013321 - 1991 - Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife forensic science: Species identification of tissues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:39:29","indexId":"1013321","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife forensic science: Species identification of tissues","docAbstract":"

A common problem in wildlife law enforcement is identifying the species of origin of carcasses, meat, or blood when morphological characters such as hair or bones are not available. Immunological and protein electrophoretic (allozyme or general protein) procedures have been used in species identification with considerable success (Bunch et al. 1976, McClymont et al. 1982, Wolfe 1983, Mardini 1984, Pex and Wolfe 1985, Dratch 1986), However, immunological tests often are not sensitive enough to distinguish closely related species. Furthermore, electrophoretically detectable protein polymorphisms may be lacking in certain populations or species and may not be species-specific.

Analysis of DNA in human and wildlife forensics has been shown to be a potentially powerful tool for identification of individuals (Jeffreys et al. 1985, Vassartet al. 1987, Thommasen et al. 1989). Differences in copy number and nucleotide sequence of repetitive sequences in the nuclear (chromosomal) DNA result in hypervariability and individual-specific patterns which have been termed DNA \"fingerprints.\" However, these patterns may be too variable for species identification necessitating analyses of more conservative parts of the genome.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is haploid, maternally inherited, similar in nucleotide sequence among conspecifics from the same geographic region, and more suitable for species identification, in contrast to hypervariable DNA fingerprints. MtDNA has several characteristics which make it useful as a species-specific marker. In mammals, individuals have a single mtDNA genotype shared by all tissues. Because mtDNA is haploid and reflects only maternal ancestry, the mtDNA gene number in a population is 4 times less than the nuclear gene number (Birky et al. 1983). This can result in relatively rapid loss or fixation of mtDNA genotypes so that all individuals in a population may be descended from a single ancestral female in as few as 4N (N = population size) generations (Avise et al., 1984). This suggests there is great potential for identification of species-specific or population-specific mtDNA genotypes, Within species, mtDNA genotypes are thought to be selectively neutral, i.e., there is little evidence that genotypes differ in fitness (Nigro and Prout 1990).

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., Palmisciano, D.A., Vyse, E.R., and Cameron, D.G., 1991, Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife forensic science: Species identification of tissues: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 19, no. 1, p. 94-105.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"105","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337962,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/publications/","text":"Publisher's Website"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Matthew A.","contributorId":57307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cronin","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":28157,"text":"LGL Alaska Research Associates, Anchorage, AK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmisciano, Daniel A.","contributorId":30184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmisciano","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vyse, Ernest R.","contributorId":73171,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vyse","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cameron, David G.","contributorId":189625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cameron","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013317,"text":"1013317 - 1991 - Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T11:18:57.434475","indexId":"1013317","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae)","docAbstract":"

Mitochondrial-DNA restriction-site maps were constructed for several cervid taxa in the subfamilies Cervinae and Odocoileinae. Parsimony analyses of restriction sites and pair-wise analyses of genetic distances resulted in dendrograms congruent with the subfamily designations. Relationships within the Odocoileinae determined from genetic distances generally were concordant with those for nuclear-encoded allozymes and morphology. However, mitochondrial-DNA relationships were incongruent with some generic designations and intraspecific divergence in Odocoileus hemionus was greater than that between some genera. Because mitochondrial DNA exhibits considerable intraspecific variation and is inherited as a single locus, relationships based on mitochondrial DNA may not be concordant with true species phylogenies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1382139","usgsCitation":"Cronin, M.A., 1991, Mitochondrial-DNA phylogeny of deer (Cervidae): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 72, p. 553-556, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382139.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"556","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, M. A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016950,"text":"70016950 - 1991 - Sources of aeromagnetic anomalies over Cement oil field (Oklahoma), Simpson oil field (Alaska), and the Wyoming-Idaho-Utah thrust belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T15:24:23.752536","indexId":"70016950","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of aeromagnetic anomalies over Cement oil field (Oklahoma), Simpson oil field (Alaska), and the Wyoming-Idaho-Utah thrust belt","docAbstract":"

Geochemical and rock magnetic studies, undertaken to determine the causes of magnetic anomalies over Cement oil field (Anadarko basin, Oklahoma), Simpson oil field (North Slope basin, Alaska), and the Wyoming-Idaho-Utah thrust belt, have revealed different magnetic sources developed under different sedimentologic, geochemical, and structural settings.At Cement, ferrimagnetic pyrrhotite (Fe 7 S 8 ), typically intergrown with more abundant, nonmagnetic pyrite (FeS 2 ), formed as a result of hydrocarbon seepage. Sulfur isotopic data indicate that sulfur in the Fe-S minerals was probably derived from two different sources: (1) isotopically heavy, thermochemical H 2 S in petroleum, and (2) isotopically light H 2 S generated by sulfate-reducing bacteria that derived metabolic energy from leaking hydrocarbons or organic compounds derived from hydrocarbons. Although pyrrhotite may make a minor contribution to the reported total magnetic field anomalies at Cement, the measured anomalies are probably mostly caused by man-made features such as buried well casings and pipelines. Magnetite, found in well cuttings from Cement and previously considered the source of the anomalies, is contamination from drilling.At Simpson, ferrimagnetic greigite (Fe 3 S 4 ) is concentrated locally in Upper Cretaceous beds. A preliminary geochemical study reveals a complicated picture in which early diagenetic chemical and mineralogic changes are variably overprinted by later epigenetic alterations, perhaps related to hydrocarbon seepage. The greigite probably formed at different times from sulfate reduction by bacteria that used either organic compounds derived from hydrocarbons or detrital organic matter, or both, as food sources. Magnetic-property studies suggest the natural remanent magnetization of greigite-bearing rocks may contribute to the magnetic anomalies.In the thrust belt, the Middle Jurassic Preuss Sandstone has magnetizations as much as 0.76 A/m (average 0.14 A/m) west of the Absaroka fault where aeromagnetic anomalies locally correspond to exposures of the Preuss and much lower magnetizations (average 0.44 X 10 (super -2) A/m) east of the Absaroka fault. The magnetization is carried by rounded titanium-bearing detrital magnetite, commonly concentrated along heavy-mineral laminations. Carbon isotopic compositions of calcite cement (-2.4 to +1.5 per mil) reflect an absence of organic carbon in the calcite and thus suggest that hydrocarbon had no role in the preservation of the detrital magnetite.Our results show that abiologic and biologic mechanisms can generate different magnetic sulfide minerals in zones of sulfidic hydrocarbon seepage. More commonly, sulfidic seepage could either diminish magnetization by replacement of detrital magnetic minerals with nonmagnetic sulfide minerals, or it would have no effect on magnetization if such detrital minerals were originally absent. An important negative result is the absence of abundant secondary (diagenetic) magnetite in the seepage environments. Although secondary magnetite occurs in some biodegraded crude oils, concentrations of such magnetite capable of producing aeromagnetic anomalies have not been documented.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1443077","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., Fishman, N., and Hudson, M., 1991, Sources of aeromagnetic anomalies over Cement oil field (Oklahoma), Simpson oil field (Alaska), and the Wyoming-Idaho-Utah thrust belt: Geophysics, v. 56, no. 5, p. 606-617, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443077.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"617","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9367e4b08c986b31a49c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishman, N.S.","contributorId":59441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016623,"text":"70016623 - 1991 - Isotopic evidence for early Proterozoic age of the Idono Complex, west-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T11:10:17.393629","indexId":"70016623","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence for early Proterozoic age of the Idono Complex, west-central Alaska","docAbstract":"

The Idono Complex of west-central Alaska is a fault-bounded, \"\" fragment of Early Proterozoic continental crust surrounded by overlap assemblages and younger terranes accreted in Mesozoic time. It is composed of granitic to dioritic orthogneiss, amphibolite, and metasedimentary rocks. Trace element compositions of the granitoids and amphibolite suggest rock formation in a subduction-related volcanic arc terrain. Nine zircon fractions from three samples of granitoid orthogneiss define a U-Pb discordia line intersecting concordia at \"\" and \"\". The upper and lower intercepts are interpreted, respectively, as approximations of the time of granitoid crystallization and major episodic Pb-loss. The lower intercept age is similar to that indicated by some hornblende and biotite K-Ar ages. Other biotite, hornblende, and white mica K-Ar ages record later isotopic disturbance in Early Cretaceous time. Nd isotopic compositions at 2.06 Ga for tonalite orthogneiss (\"\") and amphibolite (\"\" and +2.3) indicate that Early Proterozoic crust formation in the Idono Complex involved significant additions of mantle-derived magma. These rocks yield \"\" (depleted mantle) model ages of 2.0 to 2.1 Ga, similar to the U-Pb zircon upper intercept age. Involvement of Archean crust in the formation of at least some rocks of the Idono Complex is indicated by a granitic orthogneiss (\"\"), which yields a \"\" model age of 2.5 Ga. The ~2.06-Ga age of the Idono Complex is similar to that indicated for provenance(s) of widely distributed sedimentary rocks in western North America and may represent a fragment of the North American craton displaced by northward movement of the Pacific plate. At such, rocks of the Idono Complex may provide important insights into both Early Proterozoic evolution along the craton margin, and subsequent displacements.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629485","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.L., Bradshaw, J., Kimbrough, D., Stern, T.W., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1991, Isotopic evidence for early Proterozoic age of the Idono Complex, west-central Alaska: Journal of Geology, v. 99, no. 2, p. 209-223, https://doi.org/10.1086/629485.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3faae4b0c8380cd646f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradshaw, J.Y.","contributorId":28374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradshaw","given":"J.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimbrough, D.L.","contributorId":25332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bundtzen, T. K.","contributorId":80287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundtzen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1013310,"text":"1013310 - 1991 - Energy dynamics, foraging ecology, and behavior of prenesting greater white-fronted geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-12T13:52:23","indexId":"1013310","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy dynamics, foraging ecology, and behavior of prenesting greater white-fronted geese","docAbstract":"We collected greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) on their nesting grounds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, when they arrived and again before incubation during 1986 and 1987. Body mass, water content, crude fat, and crude protein increased in female geese between arrival and incubation onset in 1986 and 1987 (P = 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0329, and 0.0003, respectively). Body mass of male geese during prenesting did not change, but total fat content decreased by about 30%. Crude protein of males was different between years (P = 0.0014). Female geese spent more time feeding than did males (P < 0.001). Primary foods during the prenesting period were pendent grass (Arctophila fulva) shoots and arrowgrass (Triglochin palustris) bulbs. Gizzard contents and orifice staining indicated crowberries (Empetrum nigrum) also were consumed. Of the commonly consumed food items, arrowgrass bulbs had the greatest protein content (21%), and crowberries had the greatest lipid content (10%). Unlike other medium-sized, northern-nesting geese, food (energy) acquired on the nesting grounds by white-fronted geese before incubation increased endogenous reserves necessary for reproduction.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809498","usgsCitation":"Budeau, D., Ratti, J.T., and Ely, C.R., 1991, Energy dynamics, foraging ecology, and behavior of prenesting greater white-fronted geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 4, p. 556-563, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809498.","productDescription":"pp. 556-563","startPage":"556","endPage":"563","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60283e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Budeau, D.A.","contributorId":15563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budeau","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratti, John T.","contributorId":59396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ratti","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":33344,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016545,"text":"70016545 - 1991 - The last interglaciation in Alaska: Stratigraphy and paleoecology of potential sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:27:15","indexId":"70016545","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The last interglaciation in Alaska: Stratigraphy and paleoecology of potential sites","docAbstract":"At least 20 localities in Alaska contain deposits that may provide information on the last interglaciation (Oxygen-Isotope Substage 5e). These widely dispersed localities include river bluffs, coastal bluffs and terraces, elevated marine shorelines, lake basins, and artificial excavations. Most of the inferred interglacial deposits contain macrofossils or pollen that are older than the range of radiocarbon dating and commonly indicate climate as warm as or warmer than the present. At a few localities, evidence for deep thaw of permafrost also indicates a warm paleoclimate. At eight localities, the Old Crow tephra occurs at or below organic deposits that may represent Substage 5e. The tephra occurs beneath conspicuous organic deposits at Fairbanks, the Yukon Palisades, and Holitna lowland, and directly above a peat bed at Hogatza Mine. At Birch Creek, Halfway House, Ky-11, and Imuruk Lake, the tephra occurs within a paleosol or organic deposit, but other organic horizons that more likely indicate interglacial conditions occur at higher stratigraphic levels. The varied stratigraphic relations of the Old Crow tephra suggest that it may have been deposited close to the boundary between Isotope Substages 6 and 5, which is dated at about 130 ka in the marine record and between 132 and 140 ka on land. These age relations suggests that the tephra may have been deposited about 135 ?? 5 ka, validating the recent fission-track age determination of 140 ?? 10 ka for this deposit. Six coastal localities contain deposits of probable interglacial age, and these commonly are associated with evidence for eustatic sea levels higher than those of the present. Beach and sublittoral sediments of the Pelukian transgression occur up to 12 m asl along the northwest coast of Alaska, and are correlative with barrier island and lagoonal sediments on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain. Both sets of deposits commonly contain extralimital mollusks and microfauna that indicate marine water slightly warmer than present and suggest that seasonal sea ice did not extend south of Bering Strait during the last interglacial as it does today. Farther south, elevated marine-terrace deposits on Amchitka Island contain marine invertebrates that indicate a climate warmer than at present. Peat horizons in coastal exposure at Goose Bay and coastal terraces at Lituya Bay contain pollen spectra that suggest forests like those of the present day, and spruce macrofossils exposed on Baldwin Peninsula indicate boreal forest more extensive than at present. Sediments from several lakes in northwestern Alaska may contain continuous records of the last interglaciation. A major warm interval, possibly Isotope Substage 5e, has been identified in a core from Squirrel Lake by a peak in Picea pollen that indicates forest extension beyond present limits. Similar pollen records are potentially available from two maars which formed in the Cape Espenberg area more than 125 ka. Terrestrial organic deposits thought to record the last interglaciation occur interstratified with marine and glaciogenic sediments in the Nushagak Lowland of southwest Alaska and on Baldwin Peninsula in Kotzebue Sound. Extensive exposures along the Copper and Nenana Rivers may also contain organic deposits that record the last interglaciation. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(91)90040-U","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, T.D., and Brigham-Grette, J., 1991, The last interglaciation in Alaska: Stratigraphy and paleoecology of potential sites: Quaternary International, v. 10-12, no. C, p. 49-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(91)90040-U.","startPage":"49","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270038,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(91)90040-U"}],"volume":"10-12","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad84e4b08c986b323c73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham-Grette, J.","contributorId":78869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham-Grette","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}