Preliminary search of reported methods of Sr analysis revealed several investigations which have been made for the determination of Sr with the flame photometer, both at relatively low concentrations (0 to 50 ppm Sr) and at higher concentrations. Generally the procedures described involved measurement of Sr emission at either 460.7 mu or at 681 mu. There is disagreement among those reporting methods for Sr as to the preference of the one wavelength over the other. The 681 line (or band) seems to be preferred because of its greater reproducibility and relative freedom from interference. The 460.7 mu line, however, lies in the region of greater sensitivity of the photomultiplier tube, and hence for this reason is preferred by some. This is an advantage, of course, when determining Sr at very low concentrations.
\nThis investigation is concerned with determining the optimum conditions for the determination of Sr at low concentration levels in water samples. Early experimental work indicated a greater sensitivity for the 460.7 mu (hereafter designated as 461 mu) Sr line. Therefore, most of the subsequent work was based on a study of the effects of various other materials and conditions on the emission of Sr at this wavelength.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ofr57102","usgsCitation":"Skougstad, M.W., 1957, Flame photometric determination of strontium in water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-102, ii, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57102.","productDescription":"ii, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":540,"text":"Quality of Water Branch","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":287214,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0102/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skougstad, Marvin W.","contributorId":65064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skougstad","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1031,"text":"wsp1414 - 1957 - Water resources of the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T09:11:51","indexId":"wsp1414","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","title":"Water resources of the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1414","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G., Fish, R.E., and Schipf, R., 1957, Water resources of the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1414, Report: vii, 85 p.; 3 Plates: 14 x 10.57 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1414.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 85 p.; 3 Plates: 14 x 10.57 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25660,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25661,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25659,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25662,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1414/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Neuse River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -79.07958984375,\n 36.43896124085945\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 35.871246850027966\n ],\n [\n -78.55224609374999,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -77.36572265625,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 35.29943548054545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, G. A.","contributorId":33694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fish, Robert Eugene","contributorId":73982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schipf, R.G.","contributorId":85945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schipf","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57713,"text":"ofr57110 - 1957 - Interregional management of ground and surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T09:45:52","indexId":"ofr57110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-110","title":"Interregional management of ground and surface water","docAbstract":"I feel that there is not a large gap between what we have and what we need for \"management\" of the people who must give their assent to any program for management of water resources. We need a \"generalist\" approach in addition to our specialist approach, to achieve a synthesis of the results of the specialist's analysis of specific problems. And as a means of developing these generalists, closer coordination or perhaps \"combined operations\" of groups of specialists in diverse fields might provide the comprehensive and overall understanding which we need, and which is needed by the general public.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr57110","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1957, Interregional management of ground and surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-110, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57110.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287416,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0110/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56101,"text":"ofr57115 - 1957 - A ground-water supply at Kake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr57115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-115","title":"A ground-water supply at Kake, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr57115","usgsCitation":"Waller, R., 1957, A ground-water supply at Kake, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-115, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57115.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111554,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10449","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afa80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, R.M.","contributorId":13659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3807,"text":"cir399 - 1957 - Water resources summary for southern California, 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"cir399","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"399","title":"Water resources summary for southern California, 1956","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir399","usgsCitation":"Hofmann, W., and Peterson, W.C., 1957, Water resources summary for southern California, 1956: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 399, iii, 18 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir399.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0399/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30877,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0399/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f01d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hofmann, Walter","contributorId":30604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmann","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, W. C.","contributorId":57051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1033,"text":"wsp1410 - 1957 - Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1410","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"The area described is almost wholly in Nebraska and is the drainage basin of Lodgepole Creek from the Wyoming State line to the Colorado State line, a distance along the stream valley of about 95 miles. It covers about 1,950 square miles. The purposes of the study were to ascertain the characteristics, thickness, and extent of the water-bearing formations and to obtain and interpret data on the origin, quality, quantity, movement, availability, and use of ground water in the area. \r\n\r\nThe rocks exposed in the drainage basin are the Brule formation of Oligocene (Tertiary) age, the Ogallala formation of Pliocene (Tertiary) age, and alluvium of Pleistocene and Recent (Quaternary) age. The Brule formation is mainly a siltstone, which yields an average of 950 gallons per minute (gpm) to irrigation wells tapping its fractured zones or reworked material; the maximum reported discharge is 2,200 gpm. The Ogallala formation underlies most of the area. It consists of lenticular beds of clayey, silty, sandy, and gravelly materials and supplies water to all wells on the upland, including a few large-discharge wells, and to many irrigation and public-supply wells in the valley of Lodgepole Creek. The yield of irrigation wells tapping the Ogallala formation ranges from 90 to 1,600 gpm and averages about 860 gpm. The alluvium is present in the valleys of Lodgepole Creek and its tributaries and consists mainly of heterogeneous . mixtures of silt, sand, and gravel, and lenticular bodies of these materials. Between the Colorado State line and Chappell, Nebr., irrigation wells derive most of their water from the alluvium. However, between Chappell and Sidney most of the irrigation wells tap both the alluvium and permeable zones in the underlying Brule formation, and in much of the valley west of Sidney, where the water table is beneath the bottom of the alluvium, irrigation wells derive water from the underlying Brule or Ogallala formations. Irrigation wells obtaining water chiefly from the alluvium have a yield ranging from 130 to 1,200 gpm, averaging about 770 gpm. \r\n\r\nIn the Lodgepole Creek valley below Sidney the depth to water generally is less than 20 feet and, in many places, less than 10. In much of this part of the area the water table extends to the land surface or to the root zone of the vegetation, and discharge by evapotranspiration is high. In the valley of Lodgepole Creek between Sidney and the Wyoming State line, the depth to water generally ranges from less than 10 feet near the stream to more than 100 along the edge of the valley. In the upland the depth to water ranges from about 80 to about 300 feet. \r\n\r\nRecharge to the ground-water reservoir is derived chiefly from precipitation; other sources are seepage from irrigation systems and streams, and subsurface inflow of ground water. Water that infiltrates to the water table generally moves toward Lodgepole Creek in a downstream direction and is discharged into the stream through springs and seeps. However, within an area of at least 400 square miles in the northern part of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, ground water moves toward the valley of the North Platte River.\r\n\r\nWater is discharged from the ground-water reservoir into streams, by evapotranspiration, through wells, and by subsurface outflow. During the 1951-52 water year about 13,000 acre-feet of ground water left the area as streamflow. An estimated 20,000 acre-feet of water annually is discharged by the transpiration of grasses and trees growing along the creek bottom, and about 1,000 acre-feet of water leaves as subsurface outflow. \r\n\r\nDuring the period 1950-51 about 68,000 acre-feet of water was pumped from wells in the area for all uses. Of this amount; about 35,000 acre-feet in 1950 and 23,300 acre-feet in 1951 were used to irrigate about 15,560 and 15,790 acres. Nearly one-fourth of this water percolated back to the ground-water reservoir. These acreages, however, included about 2,100 acres irrigated in p","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1410","usgsCitation":"Bjorklund, L.J., and Jochens, E.R., 1957, Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1410, v, 76 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1410.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109942,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24364.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24364"},{"id":138093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25666,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25667,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25668,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25669,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25670,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjorklund, Louis Jay","contributorId":21138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39064,"text":"pp314B - 1957 - Bathygalea, a genus of moderately deep-water and deep-water Miocene to Recent cassids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"pp314B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"314","chapter":"B","title":"Bathygalea, a genus of moderately deep-water and deep-water Miocene to Recent cassids","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1957","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp314B","usgsCitation":"Woodring, W., and Olsson, A., 1957, Bathygalea, a genus of moderately deep-water and deep-water Miocene to Recent cassids: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 314, p. 21-26, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp314B.","productDescription":"p. 21-26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0314b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66325,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0314b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66326,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0314b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodring, W. P.","contributorId":48230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodring","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsson, A.A.","contributorId":103929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsson","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39142,"text":"pp282B - 1957 - River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:52:01","indexId":"pp282B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"B","title":"River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","docAbstract":"Channel pattern is used to describe the plan view of a reach of river as seen from an airplane, and includes meandering, braiding, or relatively straight channels.
Natural channels characteristically exhibit alternating pools or deep reaches and riffles or shallow reaches, regardless of the type of pattern. The length of the pool or distance between riffles in a straight channel equals the straight line distance between successive points of inflection in the wave pattern of a meandering river of the same width. The points of inflection are also shallow points and correspond to riffles in the straight channel. This distance, which is half the wavelength of the meander, varies approximately as a linear function of channel width. In the data we analysed the meander wavelength, or twice the distance between successive riffles, is from 7 to 12 times the channel width. It is concluded that the mechanics which may lead to meandering operate in straight channels.
River braiding is characterized by channel division around alluvial islands. The growth of an island begins as the deposition of a central bar which results from sorting and deposition of the coarser fractions of the load which locally cannot be transported. The bar grows downstream and in height by continued deposition on its surface, forcing the water into the flanking channels, which, to carry the flow, deepen and cut laterally into the original banks. Such deepening locally lowers the water surface and the central bar emerges as an island which becomes stabilized by vegetation. Braiding was observed in a small river in a laboratory. Measurements of the adjustments of velocity, depth, width, and slope associated with island development lead to the conclusion that braiding is one of the many patterns which can maintain quasi-equilibrium among discharge, load, and transporting ability. Braiding does not necessarily indicate an excess of total load.
Channel cross section and pattern are ultimately controlled by the discharge and load provided by the drainage basin. It is important, therefore, to develop a picture of how the several variables involved in channel shape interact to result in observed channel characteristics. Such a rationale is summarized as follows:
Channel width appears to be primarily a function of near-bankfull discharge, in conjunction with the inherent resistance of bed and bank to scour. Excessive width increases the shear on the bed at the expense of that on the bank and the reverse is true for very narrow widths. Because at high stages width adjustment can take place rapidly and with the evacuation or deposition of relatively small volumes of debris, achievement of a ,relatively stable width at high flow is a primary adjustment to which the further interadjustments between depth, velocity, slope, and roughness tend to accommodate.
Channel roughness, to the extent that it is determined by particle size, is an independent factor related to the drainage basin rather than to the channel. Roughness in streams carrying fine material, however, is also a function of the dunes or other characteristics of bed configuration. Where roughness is independently determined as well as discharge and load, these studies indicate that a particular slope is associated with the roughness. At the width determined by the discharge, velocity and depth must be adjusted to satisfy quasi-equilibrium in accord with the particular slope. But if roughness also is variable, depending on the transitory configuration of the bed, then a number of combinations of velocity, depth, and slope will satisfy equilibrium.
An increase in load at constant discharge, width, and caliber of load tends to be associated with an increasing slope if the roughness (dune or bed configuration) changes with the load. In the laboratory river an increase of load at constant discharge, width, and caliber resulted in progressive aggradation of long reaches of channel at constant slope.
The adjustments of several variables tending toward the establishment of quasi-equilibrium in river channels lead to the different channel patterns observed in nature. For example, the data indicate that at a given discharge, meanders occur at smaller values of slope than do’ braids. Further, at the same slope braided channels are associated with higher bankfull discharges than are meanders. An additional example is provided by the division of discharge around islands in braided rivers which produces numerous small channels. The changes in slope, roughness, and channel shape which accompany this division are in accord with quasi-equilibrium adjustments observed in the comparison of large and small rivers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282B","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iv, p. 39-85, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282B.","productDescription":"iv, p. 39-85","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":338221,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282D","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-D: Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels"},{"id":338220,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282C","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-C: River flood plains: Some observations on their formation"},{"id":119373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5ff225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":171,"text":"wsp1251 - 1957 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1952. Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins and Missouri River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp1251","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1251","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1952. Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins and Missouri River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1251","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1952. Parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins and Missouri River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1251, x, 478 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1251.","productDescription":"x, 478 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1251/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24782,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1251/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651bdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4088,"text":"cir376 - 1957 - Computation of peak discharge at culverts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-17T13:13:21","indexId":"cir376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"376","title":"Computation of peak discharge at culverts","docAbstract":"Methods for computing peak flood flow through culverts on the basis of a field survey of highwater marks and culvert geometry are presented. These methods are derived from investigations of culvert flow as reported in the literature and on extensive laboratory studies of culvert flow. For convenience in computation, culvert flow has been classified into six types, according to the location of the control section and the relative heights of the head-water and tail-water levels. The type of flow which occurred at any site can be determined from the field data and the criteria given in this report. A discharge equation has been developed for each flow type by combining the energy and continuity equations for the distance between an approach section upstream from the culvert and a terminal section within the culvert barrel. The discharge coefficient applicable to each flow type is listed for the more common entrance geometries. Procedures for computing peak discharge through culverts are outlined in detail for each of the six flow types.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir376","usgsCitation":"Carter, R.W., 1957, Computation of peak discharge at culverts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 376, iv, 25 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir376.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0376/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0376/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Rolland William","contributorId":107257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Rolland","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":680,"text":"wsp1388 - 1957 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp1388","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1388","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1388","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1388, xii, 548 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1388.","productDescription":"xii, 548 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1388/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25243,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1388/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69623b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56108,"text":"ofr5845 - 1957 - Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56108,"text":"ofr5845 - 1957 - Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington","indexId":"ofr5845","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2529,"text":"wsp1594C - 1965 - Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962","indexId":"wsp1594C","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2529,"text":"wsp1594C - 1965 - Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962","indexId":"wsp1594C","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Artificial recharge in Oregon and Washington 1962"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr5845","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-45","title":"Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5845","usgsCitation":"Hart, D.H., 1957, Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 58-45, 55 p., 12 pls., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5845.","productDescription":"55 p., 12 pls.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, D. H.","contributorId":16811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56104,"text":"ofr57120 - 1957 - Interim report on water wells, Gallup, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr57120","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-120","title":"Interim report on water wells, Gallup, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr57120","usgsCitation":"West, S.W., 1957, Interim report on water wells, Gallup, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-120, 36 p., 2 pls., 8 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57120.","productDescription":"36 p., 2 pls., 8 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114681,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/report.pdf","size":"5717","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114682,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/plate-1.pdf","size":"457","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114683,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/plate-2.pdf","size":"427","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0120/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"West, S. W.","contributorId":104029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56112,"text":"ofr5849 - 1957 - Ground water in the vicinity of McGregor Range campsite, Otero County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr5849","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-49","title":"Ground water in the vicinity of McGregor Range campsite, Otero County, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5849","usgsCitation":"Hood, J.W., 1957, Ground water in the vicinity of McGregor Range campsite, Otero County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 58-49, 76 p., 2 pls., 2 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5849.","productDescription":"76 p., 2 pls., 2 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114684,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/report.pdf","size":"13526","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114685,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/plate-1.pdf","size":"1042","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":114686,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/plate-2.pdf","size":"518","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1958/0049/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d6bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hood, J. W.","contributorId":87908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14338,"text":"ofr5756 - 1957 - Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14338,"text":"ofr5756 - 1957 - Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska","indexId":"ofr5756","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1980,"text":"wsp1529 - 1962 - Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams","indexId":"wsp1529","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1980,"text":"wsp1529 - 1962 - Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams","indexId":"wsp1529","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Waterpower resources near Petersburg and Juneau, southeastern Alaska : a discussion of potential development of power on 12 Alaskan streams"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T12:26:07.299242","indexId":"ofr5756","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-56","title":"Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5756","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F., 1957, Water power possibilities of Sheep Creek, Carlson Creek, Lake Dorothy and Turner Lake near Juneau, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-56, Report: 49 p.; 1 Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5756.","productDescription":"Report: 49 p.; 1 Plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":111248,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10607","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Juneau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.52734375,\n 57.938183012205315\n ],\n [\n -133.06640625,\n 57.938183012205315\n ],\n [\n -133.06640625,\n 58.859223547066584\n ],\n [\n -135.52734375,\n 58.859223547066584\n ],\n [\n -135.52734375,\n 57.938183012205315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Fred A.","contributorId":93863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56105,"text":"ofr57125 - 1957 - Reports and investigations by the Ground Water Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, in California since 1940","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T09:51:48","indexId":"ofr57125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-125","title":"Reports and investigations by the Ground Water Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, in California since 1940","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr57125","usgsCitation":"Worts, G., and and others, 1957, Reports and investigations by the Ground Water Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, in California since 1940: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-125, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57125.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287420,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0125/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62dee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worts, G.F. Jr.","contributorId":79166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worts","given":"G.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":532430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53637,"text":"ofr57121 - 1957 - Possibility of developing a ground-water supply at the Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan county, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:42","indexId":"ofr57121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-121","title":"Possibility of developing a ground-water supply at the Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan county, New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr57121","usgsCitation":"West, S.W., 1957, Possibility of developing a ground-water supply at the Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan county, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-121, 31 p.; 2 pls, 3 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57121.","productDescription":"31 p.; 2 pls, 3 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87514,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0121/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87515,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0121/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87516,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0121/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87517,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0121/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87518,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"West, S. W.","contributorId":104029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56078,"text":"ofr5777 - 1957 - Development of ground water from the Carrizo sand and Wilcox group in Dimmit, Zavala, Maverick, Frio, Atacosa, Median, Bexar, Live Oak, McMullen, La Salle, and Webb Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T09:24:34","indexId":"ofr5777","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-77","title":"Development of ground water from the Carrizo sand and Wilcox group in Dimmit, Zavala, Maverick, Frio, Atacosa, Median, Bexar, Live Oak, McMullen, La Salle, and Webb Counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The development of ground water for irrigation from the Carrizo sand south and southwest of San Antonio, Tex., has increased rapidly during the past few years. Declining pumping water levels in irrigation wells, caused by increased withdrawals, have caused considerable concern among the residents of the area. In response, the Nueces River Conservation and Reclamation District entered into a cooperative agreement with the Texas Board of Water Engineers and the United States Geological Survey to determine the extent of development and the rate of withdrawal that has cause the decline.
\nAll wells that discharged more than 150 gallons per minute for extended periods of time in 1955 from either the Carrizo sand or sands of the Wilcox group were studied and are shown on [late 1. Estimates were made of the total withdrawals by county and are given in table 2. Similar estimates of withdrawals in some of the counties for the irrigation years 1929-30, 1938-39, 1944-45, and 1947-48 are presented for comparison in table 3. Although the Carrizo sand is the principal source of ground water pumped in the area, estimate of withdrawals of water from the Wilcox were included in this inventory because (1) the formation appears to be hydraulically connected to the Carrizo sand, (2) the quality of water generally is good in the outcrop area of the Wilcox, and (3) appreciable withdrawals are being made from the Wilcox for irrigation in a few areas.
\nThe investigation covered an area of about 7,500 square miles and included all or parts of the following counties: Dimmit, Zavala, Maverick, Frio, Atascosa, Medina, Bexar, Live Oak, McMullen, La Salle, and Webb (fig. 1).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5777","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey and the Nueces River Conservation and Reclamation District","usgsCitation":"Moulder, E.A., 1957, Development of ground water from the Carrizo sand and Wilcox group in Dimmit, Zavala, Maverick, Frio, Atacosa, Median, Bexar, Live Oak, McMullen, La Salle, and Webb Counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-77, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5777.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287401,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287400,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0077/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Atascosa County;Bexar County;Dimmit County;Frio County;La Salle County;Live Oak County;Maverick County;Mcmullen County;Medina County;Webb County;Zavala County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.333333,28.0 ], [ -100.333333,29.333333 ], [ -98.0,29.333333 ], [ -98.0,28.0 ], [ -100.333333,28.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65def7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulder, E. A.","contributorId":78719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulder","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72313,"text":"tei690 - 1957 - Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits, semiannual progress report, December 1, 1956 to May 31, 1957","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-26T19:13:19.520686","indexId":"tei690","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"690","title":"Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits, semiannual progress report, December 1, 1956 to May 31, 1957","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei690","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Geologic investigations of radioactive deposits, semiannual progress report, December 1, 1956 to May 31, 1957: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 690, 571 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei690.","productDescription":"571 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399698,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_100171.htm"},{"id":91090,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/690/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":191572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/690/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3734,"text":"cir400 - 1957 - History of land classification relating to waterpower and storage sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T21:32:44","indexId":"cir400","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"400","title":"History of land classification relating to waterpower and storage sites","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir400","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, F.F., Nordeen, C., and Pumphrey, H., 1957, History of land classification relating to waterpower and storage sites: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 400, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir400.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30795,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0400/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1957/0400/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c03e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, Fred Forrest","contributorId":93034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"Forrest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordeen, C.E.","contributorId":46086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordeen","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pumphrey, H.L.","contributorId":75518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pumphrey","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3062,"text":"wsp1341 - 1957 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1954, Part VII, Lower Mississippi River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"wsp1341","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1341","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1954, Part VII, Lower Mississippi River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1341","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Surface water supply of the United States, 1954, Part VII, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1341, x, 499 p. : tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1341.","productDescription":"x, 499 p. : tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1341/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1341/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69628e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23628,"text":"ofr5762 - 1957 - Data on water wells in the Willow Springs, Gloster, and Chaffee areas, Kern County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T13:35:19","indexId":"ofr5762","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-62","title":"Data on water wells in the Willow Springs, Gloster, and Chaffee areas, Kern County, California","docAbstract":"The data presented in this report were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey as a part of a reconnaissance ground-water investigation throughout much of the desert region of southern California. The study has been financed in part by Federal funds for Arid Regions studies, and in part by cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Long Beach, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr5762","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Kunkel, F., 1957, Data on water wells in the Willow Springs, Gloster, and Chaffee areas, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-62, Report: 67 p.; 1 Plate: 32.92 x 24.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5762.","productDescription":"Report: 67 p.; 1 Plate: 32.92 x 24.57 inches","numberOfPages":"67","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0062/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52904,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0062/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52905,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County","city":"Chaffee, Gloster, Willow Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b56c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunkel, Fred","contributorId":47766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4558,"text":"wsp1385 - 1957 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part III-A, Ohio River basin, Ohio River basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:51","indexId":"wsp1385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1385","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part III-A, Ohio River basin, Ohio River basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1385","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1957, Surface water supply of the United States, 1955, Part III-A, Ohio River basin, Ohio River basin except Cumberland and Tennessee River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1385, xii, 581 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1385.","productDescription":"xii, 581 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31615,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12500,"text":"ofr574 - 1957 - Estimate of underflow in the Niobrara River Basin across the Wyoming-Nebraska state line","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T07:38:47","indexId":"ofr574","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-4","title":"Estimate of underflow in the Niobrara River Basin across the Wyoming-Nebraska state line","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to estimate the amount of ground water flowing across the Wyoming-Nebraska State line within the Niobrara Rive basin and to evaluate the accuracy of that estimate. The approximate effort involed in obtaining additional data to determine the underflow more accurately also is discussed.
\nThis report was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Wyoming State Engineer and Director of the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska, at the request of the Niobrara River Compact Commission. The following paragraph requesting the work is quoted from the report of the Engineering Subcommittee to the Niobrara River Compact Commission, Ainsworth, Nebr., October 29, 1956:
\nNeed for additional data under this item is confined to ground-water data since surface-water data discussions are covered under item 1. It is recommended that the Commission request the Geological Survey in cooperation with each of the three states to develop estimates of ground-water flows across state lines, together with ground-water contour maps extending adequate distanced into each state, such estimates and maps to be based on existing data and qualified by their evaluation of resultant percentage degree of accuracy. In addition they should be requested to furnish an estimate of cost to obtain additional data necessary to bring the estimate to within a more acceptable degree of accuracy as may be desired by the Commission.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lincoln, NE","doi":"10.3133/ofr574","usgsCitation":"Babcock, H.M., and Keech, C., 1957, Estimate of underflow in the Niobrara River Basin across the Wyoming-Nebraska state line (Revised May 1969): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-4, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr574.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287351,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0004/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Niobrara River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.623,42.362 ], [ -104.623,42.9447 ], [ -103.5919,42.9447 ], [ -103.5919,42.362 ], [ -104.623,42.362 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised May 1969","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Babcock, H. M.","contributorId":90698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keech, Charles F.","contributorId":39699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keech","given":"Charles F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}