The drainage area of a stream at a specified location ordinarily may be defined as that area, measured in a horizontal plane, which is enclosed by a topographic divide such that direct surface runoff from precipitation would drain by gravity into the river basin above the specified point.
\nOne of the most important factors in the hydrologic computation for the design of structures on or over watercourses is the drainage area upstream from the point under consideration. Other hydrologic studies such as low-flow, flood-frequency analyses, rainfall-runoff correlations, stream density, and area-distance make use of this factor as a basic premise for computation.
\nIn order that the drainage-area information of the interior streams of Iowa be of uniform accuracy and available to all users of these data, this report has been compiled, and the drainage areas of all streams in excess of 5 square mies are listed. For the larger streams, drainage areas have been determined at numerous intermediate points. As a result of this report much basic background material has been compiled that will he useful in future hydrologic studies of drainage basin characteristics.
\nThis publication is limited to the presentation of the drainage-area data for the interior streams of the State. The methods of application of these data to the study of streamflow characteristics, and the design of related structures are properly the function of the design engineer and are not discussed herein.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e2ee4b07657d1a8195a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larimer, O.J.","contributorId":97984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larimer","given":"O.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207233,"text":"70207233 - 1957 - Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-15T13:22:45.024933","indexId":"70207233","displayToPublicDate":"1957-12-31T14:26:56","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II","docAbstract":"Geology, which was of far-reaching importance on the Western Front of World War I, played a less spectacular role during World War II in so far as the United States armies in Europe were concerned. The U. S. Army in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) used geologists in two capacities: (1) to make staff studies at the level of Theater Headquarters, and (2) as officer personnel in a water-supply unit. In the first category, only one group of seven geologists was employed, forming part of the Information Section, Intelligence Division, Office of the Chief Engineer, ETO. The products of this group consisted largely of regional and localized terrain (trafficability) studies that ranged geographically from the Normandy invasion beaches to Czechoslovakia. Problems of water supply, sources of road material, and many other questions of a geologic nature also arose. French geologists collaborated closely with the work of the section. As the campaign progressed, the Military Geology Unit of the U. S. Geological Survey made important contributions to the geologic intelligence of Germany.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[47:MGITUS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Kaye, C.A., 1957, Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, no. 1, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[47:MGITUS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, C. A.","contributorId":6003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206668,"text":"70206668 - 1957 - Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-15T06:59:33","indexId":"70206668","displayToPublicDate":"1957-12-31T06:54:03","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau","title":"Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau","docAbstract":"The Salt Wash is the basal member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in parts of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. Deposited by streams, it comprises lenticular beds of cross-laminated sandstone irregularly interbedded with mudstone, siltstone, claystone, and horizontally laminated sandstone. The term \"lithofacies,\" as used in this paper, denotes lithologic aspect. The specific lithofacies of the Salt Wash member at a given locality is determined by the thickness, proportion, and continuity of the stream and flood-plain deposits that make up the Salt Wash. Stream deposits include all rocks interpreted as deposited from moving water; flood-plain deposits include all rocks interpreted as deposited from slack water. Regional differences in lithofacies show that the Salt Wash member is a fan-shaped wedge of sedimentary rocks whose apex is in south-central Utah. Within the wedge, the thickness of the Salt Wash and the thickness, proportion, and continuity of the contained stream deposits decrease relatively uniformly to the north, northeast, and southeast of the apex. Interpretation of the regional differences in lithofacies indicates deposition by a distributary stream system whose apex was in south-central Utah and which spread sediments to the north, east, and southeast over a nearly flat plain. Irregularities on this plain near the Four Corners area and in west-central Colorado modified the distributary system, and therefore the wedge is not symmetrical. Most uranium-vanadium ore deposits in the Salt Wash member occur in a lithofacies near the center of the wedge. This may be a genetic relation and can be explained as a function of transmissibility of the particular lithofacies. The ore deposits, however, are concentrated in a relatively small part of the central lithofacies. Because local geologic features such as structure or igneous intrusions might control the localization of ore deposits in the small area, the high degree of correlation of ore deposits and a certain lithofacies may be coincidental. © 1957, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[505:LOTSWM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Mullens, T.E., and Freeman, V.L., 1957, Lithofacies of the salt wash member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, no. 4, p. 505-526, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[505:LOTSWM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"526","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States 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\"}}]}","volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullens, T. E.","contributorId":34573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullens","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, V. L.","contributorId":52958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206840,"text":"70206840 - 1957 - Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-25T07:33:53","indexId":"70206840","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-25T07:26:58","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast","docAbstract":"The estuaries and neritic waters along the central Texas coast are characterized by broad ranges of environmental factors, providing conditions favorable to temperate organisms in winter and tropical organisms in summer. Dredging in the coastal waters revealed a number of distinct faunal facies, the distribution of which appears to be controlled primarily by salinity. Characteristic assemblages are found in the following areas: closed bays, polyhaline bays, a highly saline lagoon, passes, beaches on the open Gulf, and shallow waters of the open gulf. In the closed bays three subfacies are recognized-one in the bay heads, one on the reefs, and one in the interreef areas; in the open gulf the assemblages living close to shore are differentiated from those found 2-4 miles off shore. In most stations each facies is characterized by an abundance of certain living forms. Dead shells and other skeletal parts are much more widely distributed, but many such strays may be recognized as transported elements by their rarity or by their eroded surfaces. Each group of organisms has one or more centers of maximum development in numbers of species. The Foraminifera, for example, attain their greatest development in the polyhaline bays and near the heads of passes, the ostracodes near the bay heads, mollusks in the polyhaline bays and in the Gulf, and diatoms under normal marine conditions in the Gulf. The reef assemblage of the closed bays is poor in numbers of species, but the individuals are so numerous that they form extensive deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM67V2-p599","issn":" 00721069","usgsCitation":"Ladd, H.S., Hedgpeth, J., and Post, R., 1957, Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 67, no. 2, p. 599-640, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM67V2-p599.","productDescription":"42 p. 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","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60124a001","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., and Thatcher, L.L., 1957, Water Analysis: Analytical Chemistry, v. 29, no. 4, p. 722-734, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60124a001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"722","endPage":"734","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, L. L.","contributorId":23271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216350,"text":"70216350 - 1957 - Effects of radon in drill holes on gamma-ray logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T20:14:30.321964","indexId":"70216350","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-12T14:03:39","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of radon in drill holes on gamma-ray logs","docAbstract":"Drill holes in uranium deposits in the Todilto limestone of Late Jurassic age near Grants, New Mexico, do not yield duplicate gamma-ray logs when probed at different times; some logs show equivalent uranium greatly in excess, in thickness and grade, of the chemical and laboratory radiometric analyses. Radon and its daughter products principally cause the discrepancies. Experimental work was undertaken by the writers to learn the relations of the radon to the uranium deposits and its behavior under different physical conditions. The work is based on the interpretation of about 600 gamma-ray logs, taken from 480 drill holes.Abnormally high amounts of radon, referred to here as contamination, ranged from barely detectable amounts to amounts that emitted as much radiation as ore-grade material. Most contaminated holes were in the higher-grade ore, and the contamination increased with elapsed time after drilling. Geologic conditions favorable for contamination by radon and its daughter products in drill holes are: proximity to uranium deposits and fractured or highly permeable rocks above the water table. Most drill holes can be decontaminated by blowing them out with compressed air or filling them with water. Water, however, tends to reduce the thickness-times-grade figures below the amounts determined in air.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.52.4.438","usgsCitation":"Hilpert, L.S., and Bunker, C.M., 1957, Effects of radon in drill holes on gamma-ray logs: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 4, p. 438-455, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.52.4.438.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"455","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380481,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Near Grants","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.7923583984375,\n 35.160336728130346\n ],\n [\n -107.38037109375,\n 35.160336728130346\n ],\n [\n -107.38037109375,\n 35.43381992014202\n ],\n [\n -107.7923583984375,\n 35.43381992014202\n ],\n [\n -107.7923583984375,\n 35.160336728130346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hilpert, Lowell Sinclair","contributorId":117367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilpert","given":"Lowell","email":"","middleInitial":"Sinclair","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunker, Carl Maurice","contributorId":77526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"Maurice","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175777,"text":"70175777 - 1957 - Graphs of ground water levels in Minnesota through 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:31:02","indexId":"70175777","displayToPublicDate":"1957-09-30T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":105,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"9","title":"Graphs of ground water levels in Minnesota through 1956","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Department Conservation, Division of Waters","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Straka, G., and Schneider, R., 1957, Graphs of ground water levels in Minnesota through 1956: Bulletin 9, 42 p.","productDescription":"42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dc0e4b03fd6b7da372d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Straka, G.C.","contributorId":173863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Straka","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221359,"text":"70221359 - 1957 - Thermal waters of volcanic origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T13:23:35.475772","indexId":"70221359","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-11T08:20:28","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal waters of volcanic origin","docAbstract":"Waters of widely differing chemical compositions have been considered at least in part volcanic in origin, and are commonly associated with each other in the same area. Do any or all of these types contain volcanic components, and if so, how are the different types derived?
To determine the probable characteristics of volcanic waters, the writer has selected hot-spring groups that are particularly high in temperature and associated heat flow, are associated with late Tertiary or Quaternary volcanism, and are therefore most likely to contain some water and chemical components of direct volcanic origin. Of the different types of water that occur in these groups, one of the most common is characterized chemically by a dominance of sodium chloride.
Isotopic evidence indicates that the contribution of water of direct volcanic origin is not large and is probably no more than 5 per cent in typical sodium-chloride springs.
The compositions of volcanic waters are believed to be determined by: [1] type of magma and stage of crystallization; [2] temperature and pressure of the emanation at different stages during and after departure from the magma; [3] chemical composition, relative quantity, and depth of penetration of mixing meteoric water and water of other origin; and [4] reactions with wall rocks. Although the type of magma and its stage of crystallization are of major interest and have been emphasized in the past, the outstanding characteristics of volcanic emanations at and near the surface of the earth seem to be controlled for the most part by the other factors.
Nonvolatile compounds are slightly to highly soluble in steam at high pressure, and high-density steam has solvent properties similar to those of liquid water. In the volcanic sodium-chloride waters, the high ratio of lithium to sodium and potassium is shown to indicate that alkalies were transported as alkali halides dissolved in a dense vapor. This in turn demands a deep circulation of meteoric water for steam to condense at high pressure and for the halides to remain in solution. The depth of circulation of meteoric water in the sodium-chloride spring systems is believed to be in the order of 2 miles. Where circulation of meteoric water is shallow, the vapors rise and expand at low pressure, which does not permit transport of substances of low volatility; some type of water other than the sodium-chloride type is formed. The common volcanic sodium-chloride waters are therefore concluded to be the diluted product of high-density emanations, modified by reactions with wall rocks and by precipitation of the less soluble components.
Emanations at high temperature and relatively low pressure consist almost entirely of steam and volatile components. Their compositions are therefore relatively simple, and their ability to transport matter of low volatility is very limited.
The sodium-chloride type is probably gradational into acid-sulfate-chloride waters. There is some evidence that, under conditions not well understood, sulfur may be emitted as SO2, SO3, or other sulfur species of intermediate valence, rather than as H2S or S. Other major types of volcanic waters are called sodium bicarbonate, acid sulfate, and calcium bicarbonate; the first two tend to be distinct, but the calcium-bicarbonate type clearly grades into the sodium-chloride type. The writer concludes that, in general, all these are derived from the sodium-chloride waters as a result of physical environment or of reactions with wall rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1637:TWOVO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., 1957, Thermal waters of volcanic origin: GSA Bulletin, v. 68, no. 12, p. 1637-1658, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1637:TWOVO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1637","endPage":"1658","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221358,"text":"70221358 - 1957 - Magmatic, connate, and metamorphic waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T13:17:43.45072","indexId":"70221358","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-11T08:14:41","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic, connate, and metamorphic waters","docAbstract":"Some major types of water of “deep” origin are believed to be recognizable from their chemical and isotopic compositions. Oil-field brines dominated by sodium and calcium chlorides differ markedly from average ocean water. In general, the brines are believed to be connate in origin (“fossil” sea water) with a negligible to high proportion of meteoric water. Many brines, particularly in pre-Tertiary rocks, are much higher in salinity than sea water and are greatly enriched in calcium as well as sodium chloride. Brines near the salinity of sea water are generally higher, relative to sea water, in bicarbonate, iodine, boron, lithium, silica, ammonium, and water-soluble organic compounds, and lower in sulfate, potassium, and magnesium.
Many changes take place after sea water is entrapped in newly deposited marine sediments: (1) Iodine, silicon, boron, nitrogen, and other elements have been selectively concentrated in organisms that decompose during and after burial in sediments. Many of the elements may redissolve in the interstitial water. (2) Bacteria are active in the sediments and reduce sulfate to sulfide and produce methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and other products. (3) Some elements have been selectively removed from sea water by inorganic processes, such as adsorption on clays and colloidal matter. When this matter is reconstituted by diagenetic and other changes, some components are redissolved. The abundance of lithium and possibly boron and other elements may be controlled to a considerable extent by these inorganic processes. (4) The interstitial water may react chemically with enclosing sediments and produce dolomite, reconstituted clays, and other minerals. The high loss of magnesium relative to calcium in most connate waters is probably caused by such reactions.
Volcanic hot-spring waters of different compositions have been discussed in an accompanying paper (White, 1957). The most significant type is believed to be dominated by sodium chloride, and is best explained as originating from dense gases driven at high temperature and pressure from magma and containing much matter of low volatility that is in solution because of the solvent properties of high-density steam. This dense vapor is condensed in and greatly diluted by deeply circulating meteoric water. Most other types of volcanic water are believed to be derived from the sodium-chloride type.
Volcanic sodium-chloride waters are similar in many respects to connate waters but are believed to be distinguishable by relatively high lithium, fluorine, silica, boron, sulfur, CO2, arsenic, and antimony; by relatively low calcium and magnesium; and by lack of hydrocarbons, water-soluble organic compounds, and perhaps ammonia and nitrate. Relatively high boron and combined CO2 are alone not reliable indicators of a volcanic origin.
During compaction, rocks lose most of their interstitial high-chloride water; much additional water may then be lost during progressive metamorphism, and the content changes from about 5 per cent in shale to perhaps 1 per cent in gneiss. This expelled water is here called metamorphic. Because of pressure and permeability gradients, it must normally escape upward and mix with connate and meteoric water. Even though large quantities must exist, no example of metamorphic water has been positively identified.
Some thermal springs in California are high in salinity and relatively low in temperature and apparent associated heat flow. Some are clearly connate in origin. Other springs are characterized by very high combined carbon dioxide and boron, relative to chloride. Their compositions are considerably different from known connate and volcanic waters and are believed to be best explained by a metamorphic origin.
Although some major types of deep water seem to be recognizable, there is much danger of oversimplifying the problems. Many waters are no doubt mixtures of different types, and some of high salinity result from dissolution of salts by meteoric water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1659:MCAMW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., 1957, Magmatic, connate, and metamorphic waters: GSA Bulletin, v. 68, no. 12, p. 1659-1682, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1659:MCAMW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1659","endPage":"1682","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221356,"text":"70221356 - 1957 - Thermal effects of the ocean on permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T13:04:31.142961","indexId":"70221356","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-11T08:01:44","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal effects of the ocean on permafrost","docAbstract":"In high latitudes the large difference between the mean annual temperature at the ground surface and in the unfrozen sediments beneath bodies of water can affect ground temperatures to depths of several hundred feet. The effect is of particular interest near the edge of the ocean where it depends upon the magnitude of the temperature difference between the land surface and ocean bottom, the thermal properties of the ground materials, and past changes in climate and/or shore-line configuration. Theoretical considerations suggest that, except where there are transgressing shore lines, permafrost to depths greater than about 100 feet beneath the ocean bottom is not to be expected at points farther than a few thousand feet offshore. Similar considerations indicate that geothermal installations along the Arctic coast can give information regarding post-Pleistocene shore-line changes.
The geothermal effects of bodies of water offer an explanation for the anomalously large outward earth-heat flow recently reported by A. D. Misener for Resolute Bay, Cornwallis Island, N. W. T., Canada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1515:TEOTOO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., 1957, Thermal effects of the ocean on permafrost: GSA Bulletin, v. 68, no. 11, p. 1515-1530, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1515:TEOTOO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1530","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70219992,"text":"70219992 - 1957 - Physical and ecologic features of the Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat, Georgetown, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T17:03:54.075817","indexId":"70219992","displayToPublicDate":"1957-03-01T11:53:52","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical and ecologic features of the Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat, Georgetown, Maine","docAbstract":"Sagadahoc Bay is open to the ocean at the south and has no significant fresh-water stream entering it. The intertidal zone is roughly a mile long by half a mile wide; most of it is made up of medium to fine sand, but organic-rich mud characterizes the head of the flat and the protected coves. Refraction-seismograph surveys showed that the bedrock surface lies 30 to 200 feet below the surface of the tidal flat and that it is irregular and fluted longitudinally. Repeated surveys indicate that the intertidal flat builds up and cuts down but is apparently in equilibrium with the present sea level. The sediment that fills the bay came from the sea. Waves and tidal currents tend to move it landward; storms accelerate this, or reverse the direction of movement, depending on the characteristics of the storm.
Tidal- and wave-generated currents 0.1 foot above the bottom range in velocity from 0.35 to 0.82 foot per second on incoming tides and from 0.20 to 0.58 foot per second on ebbing tides. Incoming tides float large quantities of sand landward; ebbing tides never carry floating sand.
Two distinctive and extensive Mya shell-pavement layers were found at depths of roughly 2 and 3 feet below the present surface of the tidal flat. The lower layer is approximately 1,000 years old according to a radiocarbon age determination of its Mya shells. It is suggested that these shell layers formed by sluicing away of a layer of sand about 2 feet thick, which had been thrown into loose packing by an earthquake at high tide. The earth shock induced a submarine slide of the sand in the outer part of the bay, which oversteepened the profile of the sand headward nearly to the head of the bay. Mya and other shells settled through the layer of quicksand while the sand was running out seaward.
Living in the intertidal zone is the usual assemblage of clams, gastropods, crustaceans, worms, and seaweeds found on most northern New England tidal flats. The Mya arenaria population is decreasing, but in general myas are more numerous in the muddy areas than in the sandy areas. They grow more rapidly in the sand, though in the past decade there has been no significant renewal of the Mya population in the sandy part of the flat. Macoma balthica inhabits the muddy areas, whereas Ensis, Spisula, and Arctica are restricted to the low-tide zone and the shallow water below. Gemma gemma grows in great abundance in the sandy part of the flat but is rare in the muddy parts. Small shrimp and green crabs are common.
The calcareous shells of these animals are all potential fossils, but the shrimp and crab exoskeletons are not, for their tests are rapidly decomposed in this environment. Other potential fossils are wood and bark, acorn caps, conifer cones, leaves of deciduous trees, seeds, and occasionally even grass stems and pieces of eel grass. All these are reasonably well preserved in the constant reducing environment that prevails an inch or two below the surface.
An inverse relationship exists between the abundances of Mya arenaria and Gemma gemma. Cores and test pits show that gemmas are more numerous on the Sagadahoc flat now than they have been in the recent past (estimated 10–100 years). Gemmas are the dominant mollusk in the sandy part of the flat now that the myas are so extremely rare. The speculation is that gemmas became dominant largely because the Mya population was greatly reduced by intensive digging during and just after the last war and through depredations by green crabs. Possibly the warming climate has favored the gemmas selectively.
The writer infers that the gemmas are a serious competitor of the myas and that the gemmas now starve out Mya spat, which is known to be carried into the bay each spring and fall. Two recommendations are made: (1) determining under controlled laboratory conditions the food requirements of Gemma and the density of Gemma population that will permit survival of Mya larvae from set through a stage that will assure maturation; and (2) killing off a large percentage of the Gemma population and observing whether or not a natural set of Mya occurs. Gemmas can be killed quickly under a flame shield such as is used to soften asphalt-sand mixtures in street paving. Inasmuch as gemmas are ovoviviparous they should not repopulate the flat rapidly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM67V2-p641","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W., 1957, Physical and ecologic features of the Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat, Georgetown, Maine: GSA Memoirs, v. 67, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM67V2-p641.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385165,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Sagadahoc Bay Tidal Flat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.80712890625,\n 43.72744458647464\n ],\n [\n -69.36767578124999,\n 43.72744458647464\n ],\n [\n -69.36767578124999,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -69.80712890625,\n 43.929549935614595\n ],\n [\n -69.80712890625,\n 43.72744458647464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W.H.","contributorId":220222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202163,"text":"70202163 - 1957 - Report and recommendations on surface water resources investigation in Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-12T13:41:35","indexId":"70202163","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T14:41:12","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Report and recommendations on surface water resources investigation in Turkey","docAbstract":"Turkey is in a state of transition from an agricultural and pastoral economy to an economy that combines agriculture and industry. Such a transition includes use of water resources for water power, irrigation, manufacturing, and domestic uses. The control of streams for multiple purposes invariably leads to conflicts of interest. Several Turkish streams rise in or flow into other countries. For these reasons, data on the flow of streams over a fairly long period of time are needed in order to plan the most beneficial use and control of the streams of Turkey.
This report deals largely with the collection of surface water data. The need for data on suspended sediment is considered briefly. In some areas of Turkey ground-water resources are now being studied by a team of Turkish and American geologists and engineers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70202163","usgsCitation":"Phillips, K.N., 1957, Report and recommendations on surface water resources investigation in Turkey, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70202163.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":361179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70202163/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":361180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70202163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Turkey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 41.561279296875,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n 41.41845703125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n 41.253662109375,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n 41.077880859375,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n 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N.","contributorId":36806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000375,"text":"1000375 - 1957 - Limnological surveys of the Great Lakes--early and recent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:35:21","indexId":"1000375","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnological surveys of the Great Lakes--early and recent","docAbstract":"Early explorations on the Great Lakes were concerned largely with things easily collected or observed—common organisms, water levels, surface temperatures … Even when more scientific studies were undertaken, they were at first scattered and small-scale. Effective surveys became possible only through inter-agency cooperation which permits a pooling of facilities, staff, and equipment. Expansion of limnological research on the Great Lakes has been rapid in later years and the outlook for the future is good.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[409:LSOTGL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.H., 1957, Limnological surveys of the Great Lakes--early and recent: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 86, no. 1, p. 409-418, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[409:LSOTGL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"418","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a517a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010722,"text":"70010722 - 1957 - Modified determination of radium in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T16:48:23.586049","indexId":"70010722","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modified determination of radium in water","docAbstract":"The proposed method embodies a barium sulfate carrier precipitation, filtration through molecular filter membranes, and collection of activity after prescribed aging period. The method is sufficiently accurate and precise to indicate the potability of water and for use in general studies of radium in chemical hydrology. Amounts of radium as low as 0.1 μμc. can be detected by using 1 -hour counting times. Radium-226 is used as the standard and the results indicate about 100 to 110 % of the activity of the alpha-emitting radium isotopes as radium-223, radium-224, and radium-226.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60131a003","usgsCitation":"Barker, F.B., and Thatcher, L.L., 1957, Modified determination of radium in water: Analytical Chemistry, v. 29, no. 11, p. 1573-1575, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60131a003.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1573","endPage":"1575","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219556,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cc8e4b0c8380cd6ff3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F. B.","contributorId":88709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, L. L.","contributorId":23271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010692,"text":"70010692 - 1957 - Modified zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R determination of fluoride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T16:53:23.12817","indexId":"70010692","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modified zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R determination of fluoride","docAbstract":"The Eriochrome Cyanine R method for determining fluoride in natural water has been modified to provide a single, stable reagent solution, eliminate interference from oxidizing agents, extend the concentration range to 3 p.p.m., and extend the phosphate tolerance. Temperature effect was minimized; sulfate error was eliminated by precipitation. The procedure is sufficiently tolerant to interferences found in natural and polluted waters to permit the elimination of prior distillation for most samples. The method has been applied to 500 samples.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60131a047","usgsCitation":"Thatcher, L.L., 1957, Modified zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R determination of fluoride: Analytical Chemistry, v. 29, no. 11, p. 1709-1712, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60131a047.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1712","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ce3e4b0c8380cd6ffe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thatcher, L. L.","contributorId":23271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70195913,"text":"70195913 - 1957 - On the postglacial history of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:12:57","indexId":"70195913","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3566,"text":"The Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the postglacial history of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Devils and Stump lakes in eastern North Dakota have been diminishing in area more or less continuously since the land around them was settled in the 1880's. Desiccations similar to the current one have occurred at least once and possibly two or more times in the past and are indicated directly and indirectly by tree stumps recently uncovered as the lake water receded and by lacustrine deposits containing buried soils and vertebrate remains. The lake levels seem to respond in a very sensitive manner to slight climatic changes. Probably the present desiccation and certainly the ones in the past are the result of changes toward a drier and warmer climate. The first may have been synchronous with the Thermal Maximum. A high abandoned strand line and associated lacustrine deposits containing buried soils and vertebrate remains indicate at least one period in the postglacial past, possibly following the Thermal Maximum, that was wetter and cooler than the present. A second desiccation, more definitely established and based on the radiocarbon dating of a tree stump, occurred less than 700 years ago, possibly during the sixteenth century.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/626442","usgsCitation":"Aronow, S., 1957, On the postglacial history of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota: The Journal of Geology, v. 65, no. 4, p. 410-427, https://doi.org/10.1086/626442.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Devils Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.3109130859375,\n 47.74486433470359\n ],\n [\n -98.30841064453125,\n 47.74486433470359\n ],\n [\n -98.30841064453125,\n 48.37723330604312\n ],\n [\n -99.3109130859375,\n 48.37723330604312\n ],\n [\n -99.3109130859375,\n 47.74486433470359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff669ae4b0da30c1bfe15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aronow, Saul","contributorId":59509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronow","given":"Saul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2054,"text":"wsp1425 - 1957 - Ground water in the Crow Creek-Sand Lake area, Brown and Marshall Counties, South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55773,"text":"ofr5758 - 1957 - Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Oahe unit, James River division, South Dakota: Appendixes A, B, C, and E","indexId":"ofr5758","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Oahe unit, James River division, South Dakota: Appendixes A, B, C, and E"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2054,"text":"wsp1425 - 1957 - Ground water in the Crow Creek-Sand Lake area, Brown and Marshall Counties, South Dakota","indexId":"wsp1425","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Ground water in the Crow Creek-Sand Lake area, Brown and Marshall Counties, South Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T22:11:02.910751","indexId":"wsp1425","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1425","title":"Ground water in the Crow Creek-Sand Lake area, Brown and Marshall Counties, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Crow Creek Sand Lake area is in the northeastern part of South Dakota and consists of flat to gently rolling land. It is roughly 25 miles square and is bounded on the west by the James River, on the north by the North Dakota State line, and on the south and east by arbitrary land lines. Natural drainage, which is very poor, is augmented by a now very dilapidated system of man made drains; undrained or poorly drained potholes and sloughs are common. Most of the report area is in the drainage basin of Crow Creek, a tributary of the James River. About 60 square miles along the west border of the area is drained directly by the James River; and about 36 square miles in the northeastern corner of the area is drained by the Wild Rice River, a tributary of the Red River of the North.
\nGranite and other related rocks of Precambrian age underlie the entire area below a depth of about 1,100 to 1,200 feet. Under part of the area these rocks are overlain by the Sioux quartzite, also of Precambrian age. Next above is the Dakota sandstone of Cretaceous age, which is about 250 feet thick and is the aquifer tapped by more than 600 deep wells in the area. The Dakota sandstone in turn is overlain by younger formations of Cretaceous age, which include the Graneros shale, Greenhorn limestone, Carlile shale, Niobrara formation, and Pierre shale. These younger formations have an aggregate thickness of about 700 to 950 feet and generally do not yield water. Mantling, the consolidated stratified rocks are unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age that are absent locally but in places are as much as 200 feet thick. These deposits consist principally of glacial outwash, glacial till, and lake sediments and are the source of water for all shallow wells in the area.
\nPrecipitation is the principal source of recharge to the ground-water reservoir tapped by the shallow wells. The water table ranges in depth from less than 1 foot to a little more than 30 feet below the land surface; in July 1951 the depth to water was less than 5 feet in 15 percent of the area and 5 to 10 feet in an additional 25 percent of the area. Because the hydraulic gradient in most of the area is less than 10 feet per mile and because much of the water-bearing material is only slightly permeable, lateral movement of the ground water in the unconsolidated deposits is exceedingly slow.
\nTranspiration by vegetation and evaporation account for most of the ground water discharged in the area; relatively little ground water is discharged by streams, wells, and springs, or as underflow out of the area. Much of the low-lying land is waterlogged. However, by improving and cleaning both the natural and artifical drains and by lowering the water table by pumping, waterlogging can be materially decreased and its recurrence prevented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1425","usgsCitation":"Koopman, F.C., 1957, Ground water in the Crow Creek-Sand Lake area, Brown and Marshall Counties, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1425, Report: iv, 125 p.; 7 Plates: 20.00 x 19.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1425.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 125 p.; 7 Plates: 20.00 x 19.00 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413982,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24379.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":27590,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27589,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27588,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27587,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27586,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27585,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27584,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27583,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1425/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Brown County, Marshall County","otherGeospatial":"Crow Creek-Sand Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.208,\n 45.933\n ],\n [\n -98.208,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -97.6,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -97.6,\n 45.933\n ],\n [\n -98.208,\n 45.933\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d9c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koopman, F. C.","contributorId":40586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopman","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000308,"text":"1000308 - 1957 - Recent changes in the deep-water fish populations of Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:56:03","indexId":"1000308","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent changes in the deep-water fish populations of Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The deep-water fish fauna of Lake Michigan consisted of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), burbot (Lota lota maculosa), seven species of chubs or deep-water ciscoes (Leucichthys spp.), and the deep-water sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis). Other species occupied the deep-water zone but were not typically part of the fauna.
\nLake trout, burbot, and a well established commercial fishery held the chub population in somewhat of a balance until the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) destroyed the lake trout and burbot. Released from predation, one species of chub (L. hoyi) increased until its abundance in 1955 was 347 percent of that in 1930–1933. It is the smallest and most slowly growing of the chubs in the lake. Other chubs were reduced in abundance (1954–1955 abundance only 37 percent of that of 1930–1932) by an increased fishing pressure and by sea lamprey predation which shifted to them when lake trout and burbot became practically extinct.
\nSelective destruction of the large chubs reduced the average length by 1.5 and 2.2 inches in the northern and southern portions of the lake, respectively, and practically eliminated two largest species (L. johannae and L. nigripinnis). Chubs over 10 inches long made up 72 percent of the catches in 1930–1932, but only 21.5 percent in 1954–1955.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[393:RCITDF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moffett, J.W., 1957, Recent changes in the deep-water fish populations of Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 86, p. 393-408, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1956)86[393:RCITDF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"408","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648575","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffett, James W.","contributorId":94245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000147,"text":"1000147 - 1957 - The near extinction of lake trout in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T08:38:19","indexId":"1000147","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The near extinction of lake trout in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"
In the past few days we have heard a number of scientists, gathered here at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, discuss research work which, in one manner or another, bears on problems related to water resources. They have been discussing, particularly, problems in the field of climatology, and have speculated on the meaning of the results of this research. One of the problems under discussion was the nature, and possible cause, of the climatic fluctuation which we have experienced in recent decades, and its relation to climatic changes in recent geologic time since the last glaciation. These discussions have given me the courage, or perhaps the recklessness, to indulge in some speculation relative to various aspects of water resource problems in the United States.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Conference on recent research in climatology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Conference on Recent Research in Climatology","conferenceDate":"March 25-26, 1957","conferenceLocation":"Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Committee on Research in Water Resources","publisherLocation":"University of California","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1957, Water problems in the present trend towards greater aridity, in Proceedings: Conference on recent research in climatology, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, March 25-26, 1957, p. 107-116.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"116","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"This paper is a transcription of a public lecture given at this conference, on the evening of March 26.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5961ef12e4b0d1f9f059d724","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Craig, Harmon","contributorId":70754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"Harmon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703943,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010981,"text":"70010981 - 1957 - Determination of uranium in natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T16:50:24.350221","indexId":"70010981","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of uranium in natural waters","docAbstract":"The fluorophotometric determination of uranium was studied to develop a procedure applicable to the routine analysis of waters. Three grams of the high carbonate flux are used in a dilution procedure with spiking. Because of the comparatively high reflectivity of this large disk and the low uranium concentration, a correction for nonquenched light is required. A formula is developed to compensate for the effect, an electrical fusion device is described, and the problem of fixing uranium in waters is discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac60131a004","usgsCitation":"Thatcher, L.L., and Barker, F.B., 1957, Determination of uranium in natural waters: Analytical Chemistry, v. 29, no. 11, p. 1575-1578, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60131a004.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1575","endPage":"1578","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe5e4b0c8380cd4f46b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thatcher, L. L.","contributorId":23271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, F. B.","contributorId":88709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175992,"text":"70175992 - 1956 - Geology and ground-water resources of Reno County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T11:42:31","indexId":"70175992","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Reno County, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Bayne, C., 1956, Geology and ground-water resources of Reno County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 120, 130 p. .","productDescription":"130 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"120","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73dbe4b03fd6b7df2ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayne, C.K.","contributorId":173976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayne","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175988,"text":"70175988 - 1956 - Progress report on the ground-water hydrology of the Equus-beds area, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T11:21:30","indexId":"70175988","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progress report on the ground-water hydrology of the Equus-beds area, Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Stramel, G., 1956, Progress report on the ground-water hydrology of the Equus-beds area, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 119, no. 1, 59 p. .","productDescription":"59 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"119","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73ede4b03fd6b7df2d72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stramel, G.J.","contributorId":47768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stramel","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175990,"text":"70175990 - 1956 - Long-term trends of ground-water levels in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T14:40:22","indexId":"70175990","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term trends of ground-water levels in the United States","docAbstract":"Ground-water levels at the end of 1954 were at or near record-low stages throughout most of the southern two-thirds of the United States. These low stages, like those of the early 1930's, have led to frequent expression of the opinion that the water table throughout the country is continuously falling and that we are gradually exhausting our ground-water supplies. A good record of changes in ground-water levels is being obtained by the United States Geological Survey and cooperating State agencies from periodical measurements of water levels in nearly 20,000 observation wells. The records of some of these wells extend back 50 years. Many records are available for the period beginning in 1934. These long-term records indicate that in some areas the ground-water supply is overdeveloped. In the great majority of areas, however, the stage of the water levels correlates with the precipitation. Much of the country has been in drought and the water levels are at a low stage. As the precipitation increases, as it is bound to do later, the water levels will return to higher stages.
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