Aluminum is unique among metals in the way it is obtained from its ore. The first step is to produce alumina, a white powder that bears no resemblance to the bauxite from which it is derived or to the metallic aluminum to which it is reduced by electrolytic action in a second step. Each step requires a complete plant facility, and the plants may be adjacent or separated by as much as the width of the North American continent. Field investigations sf every alumina plant and reduction works in the United States were undertaken to determine the industry's water use. Detailed studies were made of process and plant layout so that a water balance could be made for each plant to determine not only the gross water intake but also an approximation of the consumptive use of water.
Water requirements of alumina plants range from 0.28 to 1.10 gallons per pound of alumina; the average for the industry is 0.66 gallon. Water requirements of reduction works vary considerably more, ranging from 1.24 to 36.33 gallons per pound of aluminum, and average 14.62 gallons.
All alumina plants in the United States derive alumina from bauxite by the Bayer process or by the Combination process, a modification of the Bayer process. Although the chemical process for obtaining alumina from bauxite is essentially the same at all plants, different procedures are employed to cool the sodium aluminate solution before it enters the precipitating tanks and to concentrate it by evaporation of some of the water in the solution. Where this evaporation takes place in a cooling tower, water in the solution is lost to the atmosphere as water vapor and so is used consumptively. In other plants, the quantity of solution in the system is controlled by evaporation in a multiple-effect evaporator where practically all vapor distilled out of the solution is condensed to water that may be reused. The latter method is used in all recently constructed alumina plants, and some older plants are replacing cooling towers with multiple-effect evaporators.
All reduction works in the United States use the Hall process, but the variation in water requirements is even greater than the variation at alumina plants, and, further, the total daily water requirement for all reduction works is more than 9 times the total daily requirement of all alumina plants. Many reduction works use gas scrubbers, but some do not. As gas scrubbing is one of the principal water uses in reduction works, the manner in which wash water is used, cooled, and reused accounts in large measure for the variation in water requirements.
Although the supply of water for all plants but one was reported by the management to be ample for all plant needs, the economic factor of the cost of water differs considerably among plants. It is this factor that accounts in large measure for the widely divergent slant practices. Plant capacity alone has so little effect on plant water requirements that other conditions such as plant operation based on the cost of water, plant location, and the need for conservation of water mask any economy inherent in plant size.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330C","usgsCitation":"Conklin, H.L., 1956, Water requirements of the aluminum industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, v, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330C.","productDescription":"v, 137 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"139","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":26025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330c/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":138026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conklin, Howard L.","contributorId":81883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":1182,"text":"wsp1330B - 1956 - Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","indexId":"wsp1330B","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T13:59:48","indexId":"wsp1330B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"B","title":"Water requirements of the carbon-black industry","docAbstract":"Carbon blacks include an important group of industrial carbons used chiefly as a reinforcing agent in rubber tires. In 1953 more than 1,610 million pounds of carbon black was produced, of which approximately 1,134 million pounds was consumed by the rubber industry. The carbon-black industry uses small quantities of water as compared to some industries; however, the water requirements of the industry are important because of the dependence of the rubber-tire industry on carbon black.
Two methods are used in the manufacture of carbon black - contact and furnace. The only process use of water in the contact method is that used in pelleting. Water is used also in the plant washhouse and for cleaning, and sometimes the company camp may be supplied by the plant. A survey made during the last quarter of 1953 showed that the average values of unit water use at contact plants for process use, all plant uses, and all uses including company camps are 0.08, 0.14, and 0.98 gallon of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
In addition to use in wet pelleting, large quantities of water are required in continuous and cyclic furnace methods to reduce the temperature of the gases of decomposition in order to separate and collect the entrained carbon black. The 22 furnace plants in operation in 1953 used a total of 12.4 million gallons per day for process use. Four furnace plants generate electric power for plant use; condenser-cooling water for one such plant may nearly equal the requirements of the entire industry for process use. The average values of unit water use at furnace plants for process use, all plant uses and all uses including company camps but excluding power generation are 3.26, 3.34, and 3.45 gallons of water per pound of carbon black respectively.
Carbon-black plants in remote, sparsely settled areas often must maintain company camps for employees. Twenty-one of twenty-seven contact plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps. These camps used large quantities of water: 0.84 gallon per pound of carbon black as compared to 0.14 gallon per pound used in the plants.
Furnace plants can generally be located near a labor supply and, therefore, do not require company camps. Ten of the twenty-two furnace plants surveyed in 1953 had company camps.
Because water used for pelleting and gas quenching is evaporated, leaving the dissolved minerals in the product as objectionable impurities, particular attention was paid to the quality of water available for use at the plants visited during the 1953 survey. Reports of chemical analyses of water samples were obtained at 23 plants. A study of these reports does not develop a pattern of the limits of tolerance of dissolved solids in water used in process or of the need for water treatment based on geographical location of the plant. However these analyses show that water used for quenching contains less dissolved solids than water used by the industry for any other purpose.
Based on trends in the industry it is expected that the quantity of water used by the carbon-black industry will increase more rapidly than will the quantity of carbon black produced because of the increasing percentage produced in furnace plants, and that selection of sites for modern furnace plants will be influenced more by quantity and quality of the available water supply than was the case in selecting sites for contact plants for which low-cost natural gas was the primary consideration.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330B","usgsCitation":"Conklin, H.L., 1956, Water requirements of the carbon-black industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330B.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26026,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330b/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"657.85 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conklin, Howard L.","contributorId":81883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conklin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24592,"text":"ofr56111 - 1956 - Preliminary findings on ground-water conditions relative to Area B flood control plans, Miami, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr56111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56-111","title":"Preliminary findings on ground-water conditions relative to Area B flood control plans, Miami, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr56111","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stallman, R.W., 1956, Preliminary findings on ground-water conditions relative to Area B flood control plans, Miami, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 56-111, 29 p. ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr56111.","productDescription":"29 p. ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c38a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stallman, Robert William","contributorId":94339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":655,"text":"wsp1271 - 1956 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:08","indexId":"wsp1271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1271","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1271","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1956, Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1271, viii, 259 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1271.","productDescription":"viii, 259 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1271/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25218,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1271/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6963a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2148,"text":"wsp1360C - 1956 - Geology and occurrence of ground water in the Townsend Valley, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-27T15:34:11.366693","indexId":"wsp1360C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","chapter":"C","title":"Geology and occurrence of ground water in the Townsend Valley, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1955","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1360C","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, H.W., McMurtrey, R.G., and Swenson, H.A., 1956, Geology and occurrence of ground water in the Townsend Valley, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360, Report: iv, 121 p.; 2 Plates: 22.00 × 34.07 inches and 19.50 × 33.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1360C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 121 p.; 2 Plates: 22.00 × 34.07 inches and 19.50 × 33.85 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":247116,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360c/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247115,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360c/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394259,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24338.htm"},{"id":27758,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Townsend Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.759,\n 46.0410\n ],\n [\n -111.2790,\n 46.0410\n ],\n [\n -111.2790,\n 46.7470\n ],\n [\n -111.759,\n 46.7470\n ],\n [\n -111.759,\n 46.0410\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68480f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenz, Howard W.","contributorId":47345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMurtrey, R. G.","contributorId":36913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMurtrey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swenson, Herbert A.","contributorId":93461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2999,"text":"wsp1365 - 1956 - Saline-water resources of Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:43:42","indexId":"wsp1365","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1365","title":"Saline-water resources of Texas","docAbstract":"Large quantities of saline water are available in the world, both on the surface and underground; however, these waters have not been studied extensively as sources of potable water.
\nSaline water is defined herein as water containing more than 1,000 parts per million of dissolved solids, or, with certain mineralized irrigation waters whose exact dissolved solids content is not known, water containing more than 60 percent sodium.
\nSaline ground water occurs as connate water or other saline water that entered an aquifer in the geologic past and has not been flushed from the aquifer; as the result of solution of soluble materials in aquifers by percolating ground water; as a result of salt-water encroachment into aquifers which are in hydrologic connection with saline waters; or as the result of concentration by evaporation, especially in the vicinity of playa lakes.
\nSurface water may become saline as a result of seepage of highly mineralized ground water; solution of salts from rocks over which the streams flow; intrusion of sea water in tidal reaches of a stream; and discharge of saline wastes from industrial operations.
\nMost of the aquifers in Texas contain saline water in some parts, and a few are capable of producing large quantities of saline water. Of the early Paleozoic formations, the Hickory sandstone member of the Riley formation of Cambrian age and the Ellenburger group of Ordovician age are potential sources of small to moderate supplies of saline water in parts of central and west-central Texas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1365","usgsCitation":"Winslow, A.G., and Kister, L.R., 1956, Saline-water resources of Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1365, Report: v, 105 p.; 9 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1365.","productDescription":"Report: v, 105 p.; 9 Plates","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29780,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29781,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29782,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29783,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29784,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29785,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29786,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29787,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29788,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29789,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1365/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109938,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24346.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24346"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc05f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winslow, Allen George","contributorId":44522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winslow","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kister, Lester Ray","contributorId":107670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kister","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3418,"text":"cir382 - 1956 - Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"382","title":"Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir382","usgsCitation":"Speer, P.R., and Goodwin, A., 1956, Index of surface-water records to September 30, 1955, part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 382, 24 p. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir382.","productDescription":"24 p. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0382/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30433,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1956/0382/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2f70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Speer, Paul R.","contributorId":24768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodwin, A.B.","contributorId":61408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":146861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2647,"text":"wsp1321 - 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