The circulation of water, in any form, from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere and back again is called the hydrologic cycle. A comprehensive study of the water resources of any area must, therefore, include data on the climate of the area.
The humid subtropical climate of southeastern Florida is characterized by relatively high temperatures, alternating semi-annual wet and dry seasons, and usually light but persistent winds.
The recurrence of drought in an area having relatively large rainfall such as southeastern Florida indicates that the agencies that remove water are especially effective. Two of the most important of the agencies associated with climate are evaporation and transpiration, or \"evapotranspiration\". Evaporation losses from permanent water areas are believed to average between about 40 and 45 inches per year. Over land areas indirect methods must be used to determine losses by evapotranspiration; necessarily, these values are not precise.
Because of their importance in the occurrence and movement of both surface and ground waters, detailed studies were made of the geology and geomorphology of southern Florida.
As a result of widespread crustal movements, southern Florida emerged from the sea in late Pliocene time and probably was slightly tilted to the west. At the beginning of the Pleistocene the continent emerged still farther as a result of the lowering of sea level attending the first widespread glaciation. During this epoch, southern Florida may have stood several hundred feet above sea level.
During the interglacial ages the sea repeatedly flooded southern Florida. The marine members of the Fort Thompson formation in the Lake Okeechobee-Everglades depression and the Caloosahatchee River Valley apparently are the deposits of these interglacial invasions by the sea. The fresh-water marls, sands, and organic deposits of the Fort Thompson formation appear to have accumulated during glacial ages when sea level was low and the area was a land surface partly occupied by fresh-water lakes and marshes. Elsewhere in southern Florida the deposits are mainly marine limestones and sandy terrace deposits.
The Pliocene surface upon which these Pleistocene sediments were deposited was highest to the north and west of the present Everglades and Kissimmee River basin, and it sloped gently to the south, southeast, and east. On this slightly sloping floor, alternately submerged and emerged, the later materials were built; these materials modified by wind, rain, and surface and ground waters, have largely determined the present topographic and ecologic character of southern Florida.
The most important aquifer in southern Florida, and the one in which most of the wells are developed, is the Biscayne aquifer. It is composed of parts of the Tamiami formation (Miocene), Caloosahatchee marl (Pliocene), Fort Thompson formation, Anastasia formation, Key Largo limestone, Miami oolite, and Pamlico sand (Pleistocene). In some parts of southern Florida, the Pamlico sand and the Anastasia formation are not a part of the Biscayne aquifer; however, they are utilized in the development of small water supplies. Most of the Caloosahatchee marl and the Fort Thompson formation in the Lake Okeechobee area is of very low permeability. In the northern Everglades their less permeable parts contain highly mineralized waters, which appear to have been trapped since the invasions by the Pleistocene seas. These waters have been modified by dilution with fresh ground water and by chemical reactions with surrounding materials.
Sea-level fluctuations, starting at the close of the Pliocene with the highest levels and progressing toward the Recent with successively lower levels, have built a series of nearly flat marine terrances abutting against one another much like a series of broad stearsteps. Erosion and solution have defaced and, in places, have obliterated the original surficial forms of these old sea bottoms, shores, and shoreline features, but their remnants today are widespread and, in some places, are easily recognizable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Geological Survey, Dade County, cities of Miami and Miami Beach, and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Parker, G., Ferguson, G., and Love, S.K., 1955, Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water of the Miami area: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1255, Report: xxv, 965 p.; 24 Plates: 19.50 x 30.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1255.","productDescription":"Report: xxv, 965 p.; 24 Plates: 19.50 x 30.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425904,"rank":28,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, G.E.","contributorId":62575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2845,"text":"wsp1298 - 1955 - Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:11:18","indexId":"wsp1298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1298","title":"Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"The area described in this report is the flood plain of the Grand River and the bordering benchlands in Perkins and Corson Counties, S. Dak., from a point about 6 miles west of the town of Shadehill to the confluence of the Grand and Missouri Rivers near Mobridge.
\nThe exposed bedrock formations include the Pierre shale, the Fox Hills sandstone, and the Hell Creek formation of Late Cretaceous age, and-the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) age. Some stringers of the Cannonball formation probably interfinger with beds of the Ludlow member but none of the former was identified during the field investigations. The Pierre shale is exposed from the mouth of the Grand River to approximately the center of the area. Although a few wells in the area obtain water from this formation, it is not generally considered to be a source of supply. The Fox Hills sandstone, the Hell Creek formation, and the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation are exposed successively upstream and, where saturated, yield small to moderate quantities of water to wells.
\nUnconsolidated deposits of silt, sand, and gravel occur in several physiographic positions; they underlie the high benchland on both sides of the river, the poorly defined terraces along the river, and the flood plain throughout its entire length. Possibly all these unconsolidated deposits are water bearing; however, where the deposits on the benchland and in the terraces are dissected by streams, they probably contain little or no water.
\nThe average depth to ground water along the lower Grand River valley is about 17 feet. Probably, the flow of ground water in the bottom lands is nearly parallel to and slightly toward the surface stream. The measurements of the water level in observation wells for the period 1946-48 indicate that the fluctuations of the water table are small.
\nThe results of analyses of 13 samples of ground water from the alluvium and the Hell Creek formation show that the suitability of the ground water for use varies because of the considerable range in mineralization and composition. Dissolved solids ranged from 343 to 4,250 parts per million (ppm), hardness from 11 to 1,130 ppm, and percentage of sodium from 25 to 98. Concentrations of some of the individual constituents exceed standards of the United States Public Health Service. The water is moderately hard and contains undesirable amounts of iron and moderate to large amounts of dissolved solids. In general, the water quality ranges from excellent to unsuitable for irrigation use. The result of the mixing of the ground water with recharge water from Shadehill Reservoir cannot be predicted on the basis of available data.
\nThe geologic and hydrologic data in this report were obtained from earlier reports and from field observations during the period 1946-48. The report includes a geologic map and tabulated well records.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1298","usgsCitation":"Tychsen, P.C., Vorhis, R., and Jochens, E.R., 1955, Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1298, Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29415,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29416,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Grand River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tychsen, Paul C.","contributorId":82683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tychsen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vorhis, R.C.","contributorId":32512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2932,"text":"wsp1239 - 1955 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part VI-A, Missouri River basin, Missouri River basin above Sioux City, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp1239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1239","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part VI-A, Missouri River basin, Missouri River basin above Sioux City, Iowa","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1239","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part VI-A, Missouri River basin, Missouri River basin above Sioux City, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1239, x, 450 p. :ill., tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1239.","productDescription":"x, 450 p. :ill., tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1239/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69649f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2543,"text":"wsp1329A - 1955 - Water-power resources in upper Carson River basin, California - Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T18:38:21.940316","indexId":"wsp1329A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1329","chapter":"A","title":"Water-power resources in upper Carson River basin, California - Nevada","docAbstract":"West Fork Carson River offers the best opportunity for power development in the Carson River basin. The Hope Valley reservoir site could be developed to provide adequate storage regulation and concentration of fall would permit utilization of 1,400 feet of head in 51h miles below the clam site, or 1,900 feet of head in about 972 miles below the dam site; however, the average annual runoff susceptible of development is only about 70,000 acre-feet which limits the power that could be developed continuously in an average year with regulation to about 8,700 kilowatts utilizing 1,400 feet of head, or 12,000 kilowatts utilizing 1,900 feet of head. The method and degree of development will be determined to large extent by the method devised to supplement regulated flows from the Hope Valley reservoir to supply the water already appropriated for irrigation. If the Hope Valley site and the Watasheamu site on East Fork Carson River were developed coordinately water could be transferred to the West Fork for distribution through canals leading from that stream thus satisfying the deficiency due to regulation at Hope Valley and release of stored water on a power schedule. This would permit utilization of the entire 1,900 feet of fall. \r\n\r\nIndependent development of the West Fork for optimum power production would require re-regulation of releases from Hope Valley reservoir and storage of a considerable part of the fall and winter flow for use during the irrigation season. Adequate storage capacity is apparently not available on the West Fork below Hope Valley; but offstream storage may be available in Diamond Valley which could be utilized by diversion from the West Fork near Woodfords. This would limit the utilization of the stream for power purposes to the development of the 1,400 feet of head between the Hope Valley dam site and Wood fords. In a year of average discharge East Fork Carson River and three of its principal tributaries could be developed to produce about 13,500 kilowatts of firm power upstream of the Watasheamu site, which has been proposed as the location of a storage reservoir, the principal use of which would be for irrigation and flood control purposes. Substantial storage regulation would be required because of the seasonal variation in flow; and while sufficient storage capacity is available for such regulation, its value for power development is limited because of the lack of concentration of fall below the storage sites where head could be economically developed. \r\n\r\nThe Watasheamu reservoir with a powerplant near the Horseshoe: Bend site could be operated to develop about 5,400 kilowatts of continuous power in a year of average discharge; however, priority to use of water for irrigation purposes would undoubtedly require operation of the Watasheamu reservoir on a schedule unfavorable to the production of firm power. It is estimated that 47 million kilowatt-hours represents the maximum generation capability of a plant at the Horseshoe Bend site in year of average discharge and a large proportion of this amount would be generated during the period of peak irrigation demand and would be seasonal in nature. Installation of about 7,000 kilowatts of capacity in a plant at the Horseshoe Bend site appears feasible. Annual energy generation would probably be less than the maximum represented by streamflow, depending on the magnitude of releases from the Watasheamu reservoir for irrigation and the demand for seasonal power. \r\n\r\nIt is judged, from a general consideration of the probable cost of the required Structures in relation to the benefits which would accrue from the power that could be produced, that development of East and West Forks Carson River for power purposes only would not be feasible.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. General Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1329A","usgsCitation":"Pumphrey, H.L., 1955, Water-power resources in upper Carson River basin, California - Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1329, Report: iv, 29 p.; 2 Plates: 11.50 x 19.35 inches and 14.90 x 7.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1329A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 29 p.; 2 Plates: 11.50 x 19.35 inches and 14.90 x 7.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1329a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28786,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1329a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28785,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1329a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28784,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1329a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388019,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24329.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 34.30714385628804\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545354","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pumphrey, Harold L.","contributorId":90702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pumphrey","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1617,"text":"wsp1247 - 1955 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part XIII, Snake River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:14","indexId":"wsp1247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1247","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part XIII, Snake River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1247","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Surface water supply of the United States, 1952, Part XIII, Snake River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1247, 259 p. :tables., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1247.","productDescription":"259 p. :tables.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2645,"text":"wsp1268 - 1955 - Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States in 1953, Part 4, South-Central States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp1268","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1268","title":"Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States in 1953, Part 4, South-Central States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S, Government Printing Office,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1268","usgsCitation":"Sayre, A., 1955, Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States in 1953, Part 4, South-Central States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1268, vi, 213 p. :tables, diagrams ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1268.","productDescription":"vi, 213 p. :tables, diagrams ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1268/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28964,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1268/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayre, A.N.","contributorId":84339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayre","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2784,"text":"wsp1295 - 1955 - Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:46:22","indexId":"wsp1295","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1295","title":"Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Devils Lake basin, a closed basin in northeastern North Dakota, covers about 3,900 square miles of land, the topography of which is morainal and of glacial origin. In this basin lies a chain of waterways, which begins with the Sweetwater group and extends successively through Mauvais Coulee, Devils Lake, East Bay Devils Lake, and East Devils Lake, to Stump Lake. In former years when lake levels were high, Mauvais Coulee drained the Sweetwater group and discharged considerable water into Devils Lake. Converging coulees also transported excess water to Stump Lake. For at least 70 years prior to 1941, Mauvais Coulee flowed only intermittently, and the levels of major lakes in this region gradually declined. Devils Lake, for example, covered an area of about 90,000 acres in 1867 but had shrunk to approximately 6,500 acres by 1941. Plans to restore the recreational appeal of Devils Lake propose the dilution and eventual displacement of the brackish lake water by fresh water that would be diverted from the Missouri River. Freshening of the lake water would permit restocking Devils Lake with fish. \r\n\r\nDevils and Stump Lake have irregular outlines and numerous windings and have been described as lying in the valley of a preglacial river, the main stem and tributaries of which are partly filled with drift. Prominent morainal hills along the south shore of Devils Lake contrast sharply with level farmland to the north. The mean annual temperature of Devils Lake basin ranges between 36 ? and 42 ? F. Summer temperatures above 100 ? F and winter temperatures below -30 ? Fare not uncommon. The annual precipitation for 77 years at the city of Devils Lake averaged 17.5 inches. Usually, from 75 to 80 percent of the precipitation in the basin falls during the growing season, April to September. \r\n\r\nFrom 1867 to 1941 the net fall of the water surface of Devils Lake was about 38 feet. By 1951 the surface had risen fully 14 feet from its lowest altitude, 1,400.9 feet. Since 1951, the level has fallen slowly. Hydrologic changes that may have caused Devils Lake to alter from a very large, moderately deep lake of fresh water to a small, shallow body of brackish water are discussed and evaluated on the basis of scanty information. During several years of average precipitation, temperature, and evaporation, Devils Lake and lakes upstream should receive nearly a quarter of an inch of runoff annually from the drainage area of about 3,000 square miles. Approximately 55 square miles of tributary area would be required to maintain each square mile of lake surface. However, runoff, expressed as percentage of the average, differs greatly from year to year. The amount of runoff retained in upstream lakes also Varies greatly. For these two reasons, annual inflow to Devils Lake is extremely variable. \r\n\r\nBecause many waterways in this basin have no surface outlets at normal stages, runoff collects in depressions, is concentrated by evaporation, and forms saline or alkaline lakes. The chemical and physical properties of the lake waters vary chiefly with changes in lake stage and volume of inflow. Scattered records from 1899 to 1923 and more comprehensive data from 1948 to 1952 show a range of salt concentration from 6,130 to 25,000 parts per million (ppm) in the water of Devils Lake. Although concentration has varied, the chemical composition of the dissolved solids has not changed appreciably. Lake waters are more concentrated in the lower part of the basin, downstream from Devils Lake. For periods of record the salt concentration ranged from 14,932 to 62,000 ppm in East Devils Lake and from 19,000 to 106,000 ppm in east Stump Lake. \r\n\r\nCurrent and past tonnages of dissolved solids in Devils Lake, East Bay Devils Lake, East Devils Lake, and east and west Stump Lakes were computed from concentrations and from altitude-capacity curves for each lake. Neither the average rate of diversion of water to restore Devils Lake to a higher level nor the quality of the divert","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1295","usgsCitation":"Swenson, H., and Colby, B.R., 1955, Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1295, Report: v, 81 p.; Plate: 17.5 x 17.1 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1295.","productDescription":"Report: v, 81 p.; Plate: 17.5 x 17.1 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29258,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e332f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Herbert","contributorId":54181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2156,"text":"wsp1362 - 1955 - Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western United States, 1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1362","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1362","title":"Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western United States, 1952","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1362","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1955, Quality of surface waters for irrigation, western United States, 1952: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1362, viii, 179 p. :ill., map ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1362.","productDescription":"viii, 179 p. :ill., map ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27766,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1362/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1362/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6868ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":659,"text":"wsp1286 - 1955 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part XII, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:07","indexId":"wsp1286","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1286","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part XII, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1286","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part XII, Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1286, x, 407 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1286.","productDescription":"x, 407 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1286/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25222,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1286/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696328","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1150,"text":"wsp1354 - 1955 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Douglas basin, Arizona, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-27T11:01:19","indexId":"wsp1354","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1354","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Douglas basin, Arizona, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"The Douglas basin is part of a large northwest-trending intermontane valley, known as \nthe Sulphur Spring Valley, which lies in southeastern Arizona, and extends into northeastern \nSonora, Mexico. Maturely dissected mountains rise abruptly from long alluvial \nslopes and culminate in peaks 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the valley floor, Bedrock in the \nmountain areas confines drainage on the east and west, and an arc of low hills to the \nnorth separates the basin from the Willcox basin of the Sulphur Spring Valley. Drainage of \nthe 1,200 square miles in the Douglas basin is southward into Mexico through Whitewater \nDraw.
\nThe mountains include igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks ranging in age \nfrom pre-Cambrian to Tertiary, including Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks that \ntotal about 10,000 feet in thickness. The older rocks have been metamorphosed, and all the \nbedrock has been affected by igneous intrusion, largely in Mesozoic time, and by structural \nmovements, largely in Cenozoic time and extending into the Quaternary period. By \nthe early part of Cenozoic time the major structural features were formed, and mountain \nranges had been uplifted above the valley trough along northwest-trending fault zones. Since \nthat time the physiographic features have resulted through erosion of the mountain blocks \nand the deposition, in places, of more than 2,800 feet of unconsolidated rock debris in the \nvalley.
\nGround-water supplies of the Douglas basin are developed largely in the saturated \nzone of the valley-fill sediments. The ground water in the valley fill occurs in thin lenses \nand strata of sand and gravel, which are interbedded with large thicknesses of silt and \nday. Scattered gypsum beds and extensive caliche deposits appear at the surface and \noccur within the valley fill at various depths. Although the valley-fill sediments are as \nmuch as 2,800 feet thick, the uppermost 300 feet or so are the most permeable.
\nGround water originates as precipitation in the mountain areas. The water collects in \nstreams that lose much of their flow into the coarse sediments that fringe the mountains. \nPart of the water ultimately percolates into the zone of saturation. High evaporation \nrates, vegetative use, and the presence of caliche and clay at shallow depth in the interstream \nareas of the valley floor prevent important recharge of the ground-water reservoir \nfrom direct rainfall or seepage of water applied for irrigation. The total recharge into the \nground-water reservoir of the Douglas basin was about 20,000 acre-feet in 1951.
\nGround water is discharged from the basin by evapotranspiration, by effluent seepage \ninto Whitewater Draw and underflow out of the basin, and by pumping. In 1951, the total \namount of ground water discharged was about 50,000 acre-feet, of which more than 41,000 \nacre-feet was pumped from wells. Ground water used in excess of recharge is withdrawn \nfrom storage, causing a decline in the water table. Maximum declines have occurred in \nthe heavily pumped Elfrida area, where a decline of more than 11 feet occurred in the 5-\nyear period 1947-51, inclusive.
\nMost irrigation wells in the Douglas basin are less than 200 feet in depth and usually \nproduce less than 400 gpm (gallons per minute). The average specific capacity of the \nwells is about 12 gpm per foot of drawdown. Although water in some parts of the basin is \nartesian, all irrigation wells must be pumped.
\nGround water in the basin is generally of excellent to good quality for irrigation use, In \nsmall areas along the southern part of Whitewater Draw and east of Douglas the ground \nwater is high in dissolved-solids content. Although most of the water is hard, it is generally \nsatisfactory for domestic use. In many areas the fluoride content is more than 1.5 \nppm (parts per million).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1354","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Arizona State Land Department","usgsCitation":"Coates, D.R., Cushman, R., and Hatchett, J.L., 1955, Geology and ground-water resources of the Douglas basin, Arizona, with a section on chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1354, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1354.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1354/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25945,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1354/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25946,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1354/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25947,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1354/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25948,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1354/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25949,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1354/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277922,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1354/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Douglas Basin;Sulphur Spring Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.1764,31.3349 ], [ -110.1764,32.1617 ], [ -109.0448,32.1617 ], [ -109.0448,31.3349 ], [ -110.1764,31.3349 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68559f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Donald Robert","contributorId":8442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, R.L.","contributorId":102859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatchett, James Lawrence","contributorId":54573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatchett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45,"text":"wsp1260B - 1955 - Floods of April 1952 in the Missouri River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T08:58:02","indexId":"wsp1260B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1260","chapter":"B","title":"Floods of April 1952 in the Missouri River basin","docAbstract":"The floods of April 1952 in the Milk River basin, along the Missouri River from the mouth of the Little Missouri River to the mouth of the Kansas River, and for scattered tributaries of the Missouri River in North and South Dakota were the greatest ever observed. The damage amounted to an estimated $179 million. The outstanding featur6 of the floods was the extraordinary peak discharge generated in the Missouri River at and downstream from Bismarck, N. Dak., on April 6 when a large ice jam upstream from the city was suddenly released. Inflow from flooding tributaries maintained the peak discharge at approximately the same magnitude in the transit of the flood across South Dakota; downstream from Yankton, S. Dak., attenuation of the peak discharge was continuous because of natural storage in the wide flood plains. The outstanding characteristic of floods in the Milk River basin was their duration--the flood crested at Havre, Mont., on April 3 and at Nashua, Mont.. on April 18. The floods were caused by an abnormally heavy accumulation of snow that was converted into runoff in a few days of very warm weather at the end of March. The heaviest water content of the snow pack at breakup was in a narrow arc extending through Aberdeen, S. Dak., Pierre, S. Dak.. and northwestward toward the southwest corner of North Dakota. The water content in part of this concentrated cover exceeded 6 inches. The winter of 1951-52, which followed a wet cold fall that made the ground impervious, was one of the most severe ever experienced in South Dakota and northern Montana. Depths of snow and low temperatures combined to produce, at the end of March, one of the heaviest snow covers in the history of the Great Plains. The Missouri River ice was intact upstream from Chamberlain, S. Dak., at the end of March, and the breakup of the ice with inflow of local runoff was one of the spectacular features of the flood. Runoff from the Yellowstone River combining with the flood pouring from the Little Missouri River caused the Missouri River to crest at an all-time high at Elbowoods, N. Dak., on April 4. As this crest moved downstream to Bismarck, its intensity was increased by the alternate storing and release of ice jams plus the inflow from the Knife River. The crest discharge of 500,000 cfs came at Bismarck at 6 p. m. on April 6. following a very sharp rise from 80,000 cfs at 11 a.m. Overflow occurred along the Missouri River from Elbowoods to the mouth with high damage to cities. farmland, and installations located in the flood plain. Cleanup and repair operations following the flood continued for many weeks. Few of the flooded farms produced a crop during 1952. This report presents detailed records of stage and discharge for the flood period on the Missouri River and tributaries from Fort Peck. Mont., to the mouth. Information on damages and river stages collected by other agencies is also presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1260B","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1955, Floods of April 1952 in the Missouri River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1260, Report: x, 302 p.; 3 Plates: 16.50 x 19.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1260B.","productDescription":"Report: x, 302 p.; 3 Plates: 16.50 x 19.00 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":24669,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1260b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24670,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1260b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1260b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24671,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1260b/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24672,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1260b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -110.56640625,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -104.32617187499999,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -96.94335937499999,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -92.63671875,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -93.955078125,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 49.32512199104001\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 49.38237278700955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db4899d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1283","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part IX, Colorado River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1283, x, 472 p. :ill., map ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1283.","productDescription":"x, 472 p. :ill., map ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1283/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25226,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1283/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69639b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2366,"text":"wsp1330A - 1955 - Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2366,"text":"wsp1330A - 1955 - Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry","indexId":"wsp1330A","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188911,"text":"wsp1330 - 1955 - Water requirements of selected industries","indexId":"wsp1330","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Water requirements of selected industries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T14:28:06","indexId":"wsp1330A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1330","chapter":"A","title":"Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry","docAbstract":"Water, of varied qualities, is used for several purposes in the manufacture of pulp and paper, as a vehicle for transporting the constituents of paper in the paper machines; as process water for cooking wood chips to make pulp; as a medium for heat transfer; and for washing the pulpwood, the woodpulp, and the machines that handle the pulp.
About 3,200 million gallons of water was withdrawn from surface- and ground-water sources each day during 1950 for the use of the pulp and paper industry. This is about 4 percent of the total estimated industrial withdrawal of water in the Nation
The paper industry in the United States has been growing at a rapid rate. It has increased about tenfold in the last 50 years and has doubled every 15 years. The 1950 production of paper was about 24 million tons, which amounts to about 85 percent of the domestic consumption. In 1950, the pulp mills of the country produced more than 14 million tons of woodpulp, which supplied about 85 percent of the demand by the paper mills and other industries. The remainder of the fiber for paper manufacture was obtained from imported woodpulp, from reclaimed wastepaper, and from other fibers including rags and straw. The nationwide paper consumption for 1955 has been estimated at 31,700,000 tons.
Woodpulp is classified according to the process by which it is made. Every woodpulp has characteristics that are carried over into the many and diverse grades of paper. Groundwood pulp is manufactured by simply grinding up wood and refining the resulting product. Soda, sulfite, and sulfate pulps are manufactured by chemically breaking down the lignin that cements the cellulose of the wood together and removing, cleaning, and sometimes bleaching the resulting fibers. Some woodpulp is produced by other methods. Sulfate-pulp mills are increasing in number and in rated daily capacity and are manufacturing more than half of the present domestic production of woodpulp. Most of the newer and larger woodpulp mills are manufacturing sulfate pulp; because of the antipollution laws, many sulfite-pulp mills are being converted to sulfate-pulp mills. The waste from the manufacture of a ton of sulfate pulp is much more readily disposed of than that from a ton of sulfite pulp. Pulp mills are located near the source of raw material, which means that they are located in the eastern half of the United States and in the Pacific Northwest. It is advantageous for paper mills to be located close to a market and therefore a large number of paper mills are in the northeastern section of the United States from Minnesota to Maine. However, much of the coarser paper, which will ship well, is produced close to the pulp mills.
The entire process of making paper from pulpwood, with special reference to water use is briefly described to provide an understanding of how the water is used and reused.
","largerWorkTitle":"Water requirements of selected industries","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1330A","usgsCitation":"Mussey, O., 1955, Water requirements of the pulp and paper industry: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1330, Report: viii, 71p.: Plate: 19.80 x 13.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1330A.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 71p.: Plate: 19.80 x 13.60 inches","startPage":"1","endPage":"71","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28304,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330a/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"863.00 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":28305,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1330a/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.93 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9733","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mussey, Orville D.","contributorId":10023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mussey","given":"Orville D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2918,"text":"wsp1311 - 1955 - Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 7. Lower Mississippi River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T19:25:32.484342","indexId":"wsp1311","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1311","title":"Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 7. Lower Mississippi River basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1311","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1955, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 7. Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1311, v, 606 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1311.","productDescription":"v, 606 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394462,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24313.htm"},{"id":29620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1311/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1311/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"lower Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.5,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -88.667,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -88.667,\n 38.6670\n ],\n [\n -104.5,\n 38.6670\n ],\n [\n -104.5,\n 30\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a99e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. V. B.","contributorId":57037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2309,"text":"wsp1296 - 1955 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23882,"text":"ofr53192 - 1953 - Summary report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Baton Rouge Area, Louisiana","indexId":"ofr53192","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Summary report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Baton Rouge Area, Louisiana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2309,"text":"wsp1296 - 1955 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana","indexId":"wsp1296","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp1296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1296","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1296","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.R., and Turcan, A., 1955, Geology and ground-water resources of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1296, v, 138 p. :plates, map, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1296.","productDescription":"v, 138 p. :plates, map, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1296/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28134,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1296/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28135,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1296/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28136,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1296/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28137,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1296/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Rex Rupert","contributorId":39015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Rex","email":"","middleInitial":"Rupert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turcan, A. N.","contributorId":34114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turcan","given":"A. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1440,"text":"wsp1316 - 1955 - Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 12. Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T19:04:31.613734","indexId":"wsp1316","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1316","title":"Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 12. Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1316","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.V., 1955, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950: Part 12. Pacific slope basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1316, Report: v, 444 p.; 1 Plate: 38.00 × 30.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1316.","productDescription":"Report: v, 444 p.; 1 Plate: 38.00 × 30.78 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400828,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24319.htm"},{"id":26533,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26532,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1316/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1316/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.8,\n 45.667\n ],\n [\n -112.75,\n 45.667\n ],\n [\n -112.75,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -124.8,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -124.8,\n 45.667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, J. 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B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2159,"text":"wsp1187 - 1955 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1950 : Parts 5 and 6, surface waters of Hudson Bay, upper Mississippi, Missouri River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1187","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1950 : Parts 5 and 6, surface waters of Hudson Bay, upper Mississippi, Missouri River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1187","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1955, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1950 : Parts 5 and 6, surface waters of Hudson Bay, upper Mississippi, Missouri River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1187, ix, 478 p. :tables ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1187.","productDescription":"ix, 478 p. :tables ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27770,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1162,"text":"wsp1357 - 1955 - Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp1357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1357","title":"Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska","docAbstract":"A natural chute in the Niobrara River near Cody, Nebr., constricts the flow of the river except at high stages to a narrow channel in which the turbulence is sufficient to suspend nearly the total sediment discharge. Because much of the flow originates in the sandhills area of Nebraska, the water discharge and sediment discharge are relatively uniform. \r\n\r\nSediment discharges based on depth-integrated samples at a contracted section in the chute and on streamflow records at a recording gage about 1,900 feet upstream are available for the period from April 1948 to September 1953 but are not given directly as continuous records in this report. Sediment measurements have been made periodically near the gage and at other nearby relatively unconfined sections of the stream for comparison with measurements at the contracted section. \r\n\r\nSediment discharge at these relatively unconfined sections was computed from formulas for comparison with measured sediment discharges at the contracted section. A form of the Du Boys formula gave computed tonnages of sediment that were unsatisfactory. Sediment discharges as computed from the Schoklitsch formula agreed well with measured sediment discharges that were low, but they were much too low at measured sediment discharges that were higher. The Straub formula gave computed discharges, presumably of bed material, that were several times larger than measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. All three of these formulas gave computed sediment discharges that increased with water discharges much less rapidly than the measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. \r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure when applied to a reach that included 10 defined cross sections gave much better agreement between computed sediment discharge and measured sediment discharge than did anyone of the three other formulas that were used. This procedure does not compute the discharge of sediment that is too small to be found in the stream bed in appreciable quantities. Hence, total sediment discharges were obtained by adding computed discharges of sediment larger than 0.125 millimeter to measured discharges of sediment smaller than 0.125 millimeter. The size distributions of the computed sediment discharge compared poorly with the size distributions of sediment discharge at the contracted section. Ten sediment discharges computed from the Einstein procedure as applied to a single section averaged several times the measured sediment discharge for the contracted section and gave size distributions that were unsatisfactory.\r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure was modified to compute total sediment discharge at an alluvial section from readily measurable field data. The modified procedure uses measurements of bed-material particle sizes, suspended-sediment concentrations and particle sizes from depth-integrated samples, streamflow, and water temperatures. Computations of total sediment discharge were made by using this modified procedure, some for the section at the gaging station and some for each of two other relatively unconfined sections. The size distributions of the computed and the measured sediment discharges agreed reasonably well. Major advantages of this modified procedure include applicability to a single section rather than to a reach of channel, use of measured velocity instead of water-surface slope, use of depth-integrated samples, and apparently fair accuracy for computing both total sediment discharge and approximate size distribution of the sediment. Because of these advantages this modified procedure is being further studied to increase its accuracy, to simplify the required computations, and to define its limitations. \r\n\r\nIn the development of the modified procedure, some relationships concerning theories of sediment transport were reviewed and checked against field data. Vertical distributions of suspended sediment at relatively unconfined sections did not agree well with theoretical dist","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; for sale by U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1357","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Colby, B.R., and Hembree, C., 1955, Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1357, vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1357.","productDescription":"vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25989,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25990,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25991,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25992,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25993,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25994,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25995,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25996,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hembree, C. H.","contributorId":106866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hembree","given":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2782,"text":"wsp1263 - 1955 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Missouri River valley in northeastern Montana, with a section on the quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1263","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Missouri River valley in northeastern Montana, with a section on the quality of the ground water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1263","usgsCitation":"Swenson, F.A., and Durum, W.H., 1955, Geology and ground-water resources of the Missouri River valley in northeastern Montana, with a section on the quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1263, iv, 128 p. :illus., maps (2 fold., col. in pocket) diagrs., tables. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1263.","productDescription":"iv, 128 p. :illus., maps (2 fold., col. in pocket) diagrs., tables. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1263/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29251,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1263/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29252,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1263/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29253,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6854ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Frank Albert","contributorId":71958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":662,"text":"wsp1278 - 1955 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:07","indexId":"wsp1278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1278","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1278","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Surface water supply of the United States, 1953, Part V, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1278, xii, 539 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1278.","productDescription":"xii, 539 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1278/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25225,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1278/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69631d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":807,"text":"wsp1222 - 1955 - Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States in 1952, part 2. Southeastern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T19:35:33.499707","indexId":"wsp1222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1222","title":"Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States in 1952, part 2. Southeastern states","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1222","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1955, Water levels and artesian pressures in observation wells in the United States in 1952, part 2. Southeastern states: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1222, vi, 260 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1222.","productDescription":"vi, 260 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424816,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24260.htm","text":"Virginia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424815,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24259.htm","text":"Tennessee","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424814,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24258.htm","text":"South Carolina","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424813,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24257.htm","text":"North Carolina","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424812,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9ed5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44,"text":"wsp1260C - 1955 - Floods of 1952 in the basins of the upper Mississippi River and Red River of the North","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T16:44:39","indexId":"wsp1260C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1260","chapter":"C","title":"Floods of 1952 in the basins of the upper Mississippi River and Red River of the North","docAbstract":"The flood of April 1952 on the Mississippi River between the Minnesota and Des Moines Rivers established many record-high stages. In the Minnesota River basin, the floods of April 1952 exceeded those of 1951 in many locations but generally were smaller than those of 1881. The timing of flows on the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers was favorable for the highest possible peak flow at and downstream from St. Paul. Below the Wisconsin River, the 1951 and 1952 floods on the Mississippi River were of approximately equal size. \r\n\r\nThe experiences gained in fighting the flood of 1951 proved valuable in preventing much flood damage in 1952. Because the floods generally moved slowly, few lives were lost, and there was ample time for construction of emergency levees. Many urban areas flooded in 1951 were not damaged by floods of equal or greater size in 1952. The total flood damage in the Mississippi River basin above Keokuk, Iowa, was estimated by the Corps of Engineers to be $19,376,000. \r\n\r\nSnow surveys made during mid-March did not show conclusively that major floods were to be expected. The snow surveys showed small areas of high water content at the headwaters of both the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers and above-normal snow cover over most of the upper Mississippi River basin. Heavy snowfall occurred over most of Minnesota, especially in the southern part, on March 22-23, 1952. Cold weather delayed the breakup until a period when more rapid melt was probable. These factors definitely set the stage for the floods. A rapid rise in temperature at the end of March and early April started the melting of the snow. Because the topsoil had been frozen when wet during the preceding fall, very little of the snowmelt was absorbed by the ground. Runoff in southeastern Minnesota occurred earliest and with greatest rapidity; the Root River crested at Rushford on March 31. Runoff in the Minnesota River basin occurred later and at a slower rate. \r\n\r\nFloods on the Red River of the North and its tributaries above Fargo occurred during April 1952 and were due to the same factors that caused flooding in the Minnesota River basin. Because the snow cover was light in the drainage basin north of (below) Fargo, flooding was serious for only that part of the basin at and upstream from Fargo. The 1952 flood on Red River of the North at Fargo was the greatest since 1897, and flood damage for the basin was heaviest in the urban area of Fargo-Moorhead. \r\n\r\nThe 1952 floods in the upper Mississippi basin occurred 1 year after the greatest floods known in the area since 1881. The 1952 stages and discharges on the Mississippi River from St. Paul to the Wisconsin River slightly exceeded those of 1951; below the Wisconsin River, the stages and discharges of the 2 years were about equal. The similarity in the hydrographs of the 1951 and 1952 floods along the Mississippi River between McGregor and Keokuk, Iowa, is interesting and revealing. Forecasts of the 1952 flood events were accurate and timely, owing to the experience gained in 1951. \r\n\r\nThe flood crests on the upper Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers nearly coincided at St. Louis. 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