{"pageNumber":"264","pageRowStart":"6575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":5224349,"text":"5224349 - 2004 - Decomposed gosling feet provide evidence of insecticide exposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T15:31:25.805712","indexId":"5224349","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposed gosling feet provide evidence of insecticide exposure","docAbstract":"<p>Canada goose goslings were exposed to turf sprayed with <span>D · Z · N®</span> diazinon 50W application (2.24 kg a.i./ha). The control plot was subjected to a water application. One foot from each bird was placed outdoors for 7 d to decompose and the other foot was kept frozen. Diazinon residues were analyzed on both feet. Results showed that diazinon was detected from undecomposed and decomposed feet of the birds. Diazinon residues were below the level of detection (&lt;0.01 ppm, a.i.) on the feet from the control goslings. Decomposed feet may be used for determining insecticide exposure when the traditional matrices are not available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038195.38438.be","usgsCitation":"Vyas, N., Spann, J.W., Hulse, C., Torrez, M., Williams, B., and Leffel, R., 2004, Decomposed gosling feet provide evidence of insecticide exposure: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 98, no. 1-3, p. 351-361, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038195.38438.be.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"361","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6725f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vyas, N.B. 0000-0003-0191-1319","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-1319","contributorId":65567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vyas","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hulse, C.S.","contributorId":26035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulse","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torrez, M.","contributorId":78041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torrez","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, B.I.","contributorId":11302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leffel, R.","contributorId":101345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leffel","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224343,"text":"5224343 - 2004 - On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-02T16:19:51.330679","indexId":"5224343","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds","docAbstract":"The estimation of dispersal and movement is important to evolutionary and population ecologists, as well as to wildlife managers.  We review statistical methodology available to estimate movement probabilities.  We begin with cases where individual birds can be marked and their movements estimated with the use of multisite capture-recapture methods.  Movements can be monitored either directly, using telemetry, or by accounting for detection probability when conventional marks are used.  When one or more sites are unobservable, telemetry, band recoveries, incidental observations, a closed- or open-population robust design, or partial determinism in movements can be used to estimate movement.  When individuals cannot be marked, presence-absence data can be used to model changes in occupancy over time, providing indirect inferences about movement.  Where abundance estimates over time are available for multiple sites, potential coupling of their dynamics can be investigated using linear cross-correlation or nonlinear dynamic tools.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/106.4.720","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., and Nichols, J., 2004, On the estimation of dispersal and movement of birds: Condor, v. 106, no. 4, p. 720-731, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.720.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"720","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.720","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224348,"text":"5224348 - 2004 - The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T14:36:21","indexId":"5224348","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability","docAbstract":"In community-level ecological studies, generally not all species present in sampled areas are detected.  Many authors have proposed the use of estimation methods that allow detection probabilities that are &lt; 1 and that are heterogeneous among species.  These methods can also be used to estimate community-dynamic parameters such as species local extinction probability and turnover rates (Nichols et al. Ecol Appl 8:1213-1225; Conserv Biol 12:1390-1398).  Here, we present an ad hoc approach to estimating community-level vital rates in the presence of joint heterogeneity of detection probabilities and vital rates.  The method consists of partitioning the number of species into two groups using the detection frequencies and then estimating vital rates (e.g., local extinction probabilities) for each group.  Estimators from each group are combined in a weighted estimator of vital rates that accounts for the effect of heterogeneity.  Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we computed such estimates and tested the hypothesis that detection probabilities and local extinction probabilities were negatively related.  Our analyses support the hypothesis that species detection probability covaries negatively with local probability of extinction and turnover rates.  A simulation study was conducted to assess the performance of vital parameter estimators as well as other estimators relevant to questions about heterogeneity, such as coefficient of variation of detection probabilities and proportion of species in each group.  Both the weighted estimator suggested in this paper and the original unweighted estimator for local extinction probability performed fairly well and provided no basis for preferring one to the other.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0","usgsCitation":"Alpizar-Jara, R., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Sauer, J., Pollock, K.H., and Rosenberry, C., 2004, The relationship between species detection probability and local extinction probability: Oecologia, v. 141, no. 4, p. 652-660, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1641-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"652","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10174/6518","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpizar-Jara, R.","contributorId":35434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpizar-Jara","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosenberry, C.S.","contributorId":22884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5224335,"text":"5224335 - 2004 - Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T11:49:40","indexId":"5224335","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments","docAbstract":"Controversy has sometimes arisen over whether there is a need to accommodate the limitations of survey design in estimating population change from the count data collected in bird surveys.  Analyses of surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) can be quite complex; it is natural to ask if the complexity is necessary, or whether the statisticians have run amok.  Bart et al. (2003) propose a very simple analysis involving nothing more complicated than simple linear regression, and contrast their approach with model-based procedures.  We review the assumptions implicit to their proposed method, and document that these assumptions are unlikely to be valid for surveys such as the BBS.  One fundamental limitation of a purely design-based approach is the absence of controls for factors that influence detection of birds at survey sites.  We show that failure to model observer effects in survey data leads to substantial bias in estimation of population trends from BBS data for the 20 species that Bart et al. (2003) used as the basis of their simulations.  Finally, we note that the simulations presented in Bart et al. (2003) do not provide a useful evaluation of their proposed method, nor do they provide a valid comparison to the estimating- equations alternative they consider.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/7431","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Link, W., and Royle, J., 2004, Estimating population trends with a linear model:  Technical comments: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 435-440, https://doi.org/10.1650/7431.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7431","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":3465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224331,"text":"5224331 - 2004 - Estimating survival and breeding probability for pond-breeding amphibians: a modified robust design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-13T15:53:51.502637","indexId":"5224331","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating survival and breeding probability for pond-breeding amphibians: a modified robust design","docAbstract":"<p>Many studies of pond-breeding amphibians involve sampling individuals during migration to and from breeding habitats. Interpreting population processes and dynamics from these studies is difficult because (1) only a proportion of the population is observable each season, while an unknown proportion remains unobservable (e.g., non-breeding adults) and (2) not all observable animals are captured. Imperfect capture probability can be easily accommodated in capture-recapture models, but temporary transitions between observable and unobservable states, often referred to as temporary emigration, is known to cause problems in both open- and closed-population models. We develop a multistate mark-recapture (MSMR) model, using an open-robust design that permits one entry and one exit from the study area per season. Our method extends previous temporary emigration models (MSMR with an unobservable state) in two ways. First, we relax the assumption of demographic closure (no mortality) between consecutive (secondary) samples, allowing estimation of within-pond survival. Also, we add the flexibility to express survival probability of unobservable individuals (e.g., <span>‘</span><span>‘non-breeders’</span><span>’</span>) as a function of the survival probability of observable animals while in the same, terrestrial habitat. This allows for potentially different annual survival probabilities for observable and unobservable animals. We apply our model to a relictual population of eastern tiger salamanders (<i>Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum</i>). Despite small sample sizes, demographic parameters were estimated with reasonable precision. We tested several a priori biological hypotheses and found evidence for seasonal differences in pond survival. Our methods could be applied to a variety of pond-breeding species and other taxa where individuals are captured entering or exiting a common area (e.g., spawning or roosting area, hibernacula).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/03-0539","usgsCitation":"Bailey, L., Kendall, W., Church, D., and Wilbur, H., 2004, Estimating survival and breeding probability for pond-breeding amphibians: a modified robust design: Ecology, v. 85, no. 9, p. 2456-2466, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0539.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2456","endPage":"2466","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0539","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc81c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, L.L. 0000-0002-5959-2018","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-2018","contributorId":61006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Church, D.R.","contributorId":51884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilbur, H.M.","contributorId":54326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilbur","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224337,"text":"5224337 - 2004 - Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-03T16:31:19.184085","indexId":"5224337","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion","docAbstract":"<p>The decline of the American black duck (<i>Anas rubripes</i>) has been attributed to competition from mallards (<i>A. platyrhynchos</i>) that led to exclusive use of fertile wetlands by mallards. Data from annual breeding waterfowl surveys provide instantaneous, single observations of breeding pairs, which are used to estimate breeding population size and evaluate the condition of habitat. Data from these surveys have been used to document habitat use by black ducks and mallards. We used quiet-observation surveys from elevated platforms to study sympatric black ducks and mallards in northern Maine during the breeding season. Our objectives were to document occupancy of wetlands by breeding black ducks and mallards throughout the day during prenesting and early nesting periods to determine whether 1) wetlands were occupied by only a single species, 2) pairs of the same species occupied wetlands throughout the period, and 3) single observations of short duration adequately determine numbers and species using a wetland. We observed ducks at 5-minute intervals from elevated platforms on wetland margins to determine numbers and species of indicated pairs using each wetland over time. We visited 80% of the wetlands <span>≥2</span> times, with mean total time per wetland averaging 267 minutes. For each wetland we determined the most frequently observed grouping of black ducks and mallards from all combinations recorded during all intervals (e.g., 1 black duck [BO] pair during 9 intervals; 2 mallard [MA] pairs and 1 BO pair during 22 intervals; 0 pairs during 3 intervals). A single pair, a lone male, or no ducks were recorded during 34% of the 5-minute intervals. For wetlands with <i>&gt;2</i> hours of observations (<i>n</i><span>=65</span>), all but 2 were used by <span>≥2</span> different combinations of ducks. On most wetlands, the most frequent grouping was observed during &lt;40% of the intervals. To simulate aerial surveys, we randomly selected 1 5-minute interval for each wetland. On average, the number of indicated pairs recorded during random 5-minute intervals was less than half of the total black duck pairs (2.0 vs. 4.4, <i>P</i><span>= 0.009</span>), total mallard pairs (1.1 vs. 2.6, <i>P=</i>0.0001), and pairs of both species combined (3.2 vs. 7.0, <i>P=</i>0.0001) determined for each wetland based on total observations. On wetlands used by both species, random counts detected one or both species 49% of the time. Although 53 of the 65 wetlands observed <span>≥2</span> hours were used by both species, random visits detected both species on only 27 wetlands. Our data do not support assertions that the mallard has caused the decline of black ducks through interspecific competition for habitat, or that wetlands are occupied continuously by single pairs that aggressively exclude conspecifics. Our data indicated that single, short-duration visits with disturbance to wetlands are unreliable and inappropriate to document seasonal use of wetlands by breeding black ducks and mallards.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[465:DUOWBB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAuley, D., Clugston, D., and Longcore, J.R., 2004, Dynamic use of wetlands by black ducks and mallards: Evidence against competitive exclusion: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, no. 2, p. 465-473, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[465:DUOWBB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Aroostook County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              47.23448963529916\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.54345703125,\n              47.05515408550348\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.466796875,\n              47.0177163539792\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.4228515625,\n              46.50595444552049\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.74169921875,\n              46.40756396630065\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.73071289062499,\n              47.04766864046083\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.18115234375,\n              47.4057852900587\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.521728515625,\n              47.301584511330795\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.90625,\n              47.18971246448421\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.01611328125,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.04907226562499,\n              47.47266286861342\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.312744140625,\n              47.45037978769006\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.466552734375,\n              47.23448963529916\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627c13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clugston, D.A.","contributorId":19657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clugston","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5224015,"text":"5224015 - 2004 - Mammalian sensitivity to elemental gold (Au?)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:39","indexId":"5224015","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:50","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1024,"text":"Biological Trace Element Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mammalian sensitivity to elemental gold (Au?)","docAbstract":"There is increasing documentation of allergic contact dermatitis and other effects from gold jewelry, gold dental restorations, and gold implants. These effects were especially pronounced among females wearing body-piercing gold objects.  One estimate of the prevalence of gold allergy worldwide is 13%, as judged by patch tests with monovalent organogold salts.  Eczema of the head and neck was the most common response of individuals hypersensitive to gold, and sensitivity can last for at least several years. Ingestion of beverages containing flake gold can result in allergic-type reactions similar to those seen in gold-allergic individuals exposed to gold through dermal contact and other routes.  Studies with small laboratory mammals and injected doses of colloidal gold showed increased body temperatures, accumulations in reticular cells, and dose enhancement in tumor therapy; gold implants were associated with tissue injuries.  It is proposed that Au? toxicity to mammals is associated, in part, with formation of the more reactive Au+ and Au3+ species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Trace Element Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.1385/BTER:100:1:001","collaboration":"6164_Eisler.pdf","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 2004, Mammalian sensitivity to elemental gold (Au?): Biological Trace Element Research, v. 100, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:100:1:001.","productDescription":"1-18","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17413,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1385/BTER:100:1:001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"100","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a04f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, R.","contributorId":51869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5224447,"text":"5224447 - 2004 - Effectiveness of a confinement strategy for reducing campsite impacts in Shenandoah National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-18T17:05:25.964757","indexId":"5224447","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1531,"text":"Environmental Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effectiveness of a confinement strategy for reducing campsite impacts in Shenandoah National Park","docAbstract":"The expansion and proliferation of backcountry campsites is a persistent problem in many parks and protected areas.  Shenandoah National Park (SNP) has one of the highest backcountry overnight use densities in the USA national parks system.  SNP managers implemented a multi-option backcountry camping policy in 2000 that included camping containment with established campsites.  These actions were intended to reduce the number of campsites and the area of camping disturbance at each site.  This paper describes a longitudinal adaptive management assessment of the new campsite policies, applying quantitative measures of campsite conditions to evaluate the efficacy of management interventions.  Physical campsite measurements combined with qualitative visitor interviews indicated SNP had successfully reduced the number of campsites and aggregate measures of camping-related disturbance in the Park, while minimizing the use of regulations, site facilities and staff resources. Implications for managers of other protected areas are that an established site camping policy can minimize camping disturbance, including the number and size of campsites, provided managers can sustain rehabilitation efforts to close and restore unneeded campsites.  Experiential attributes, such as the potential for solitude, can also be manipulated through control over the selection of established campsites.  Integrating resource and social science methods also provided a more holistic perspective on management policy assessments.  Adaptive management research provided a timely evaluation of management success while facilitating effective modifications in response to unforeseen challenges.  Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of a visitor impact containment strategy involving an established site camping option are offered.","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0376892904001602","usgsCitation":"Reid, S.E., and Marion, J., 2004, Effectiveness of a confinement strategy for reducing campsite impacts in Shenandoah National Park: Environmental Conservation, v. 31, no. 4, p. 274-282, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892904001602.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"274","endPage":"282","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001602","text":"External Repository"},{"id":201747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.59069824218749,\n              38.39979663000095\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.33251953125,\n              38.39979663000095\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.33251953125,\n              38.53849850597664\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.59069824218749,\n              38.53849850597664\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.59069824218749,\n              38.39979663000095\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625383","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, S. E.","contributorId":88847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reid","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224435,"text":"5224435 - 2004 - Abundance estimation and conservation biology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-27T12:06:27","indexId":"5224435","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:29","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":771,"text":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance estimation and conservation biology","docAbstract":"<p><span>Abundance is the state variable of interest in most population–level ecological research and in most programs involving management and conservation of animal populations. Abundance is the single parameter of interest in capture–recapture models for closed populations (e.g., Darroch, 1958; Otis et al., 1978; Chao, 2001). The initial capture–recapture models developed for partially (Darroch, 1959) and completely (Jolly, 1965; Seber, 1965) open populations represented efforts to relax the restrictive assumption of population closure for the purpose of estimating abundance. Subsequent emphases in capture–recapture work were on survival rate estimation in the 1970’s and 1980’s (e.g., Burnham et al., 1987; Lebreton et al.,1992), and on movement estimation in the 1990’s (Brownie et al., 1993; Schwarz et al., 1993). However, from the mid–1990’s until the present time, capture–recapture investigators have expressed a renewed interest in abundance and related parameters (Pradel, 1996; Schwarz &amp; Arnason, 1996; Schwarz, 2001). The focus of this session was abundance, and presentations covered topics ranging from estimation of abundance and rate of change in abundance, to inferences about the demographic processes underlying changes in abundance, to occupancy as a surrogate of abundance. The plenary paper by Link &amp; Barker (2004) is provocative and very interesting, and it contains a number of important messages and suggestions. Link &amp; Barker (2004) emphasize that the increasing complexity of capture–recapture models has resulted in large numbers of parameters and that a challenge to ecologists is to extract ecological signals from this complexity. They offer hierarchical models as a natural approach to inference in which traditional parameters are viewed as realizations of stochastic processes. These processes are governed by hyperparameters, and the inferential approach focuses on these hyperparameters. Link &amp; Barker (2004) also suggest that our attention should be focused on relationships between demographic processes such as survival and recruitment, the two quantities responsible for changes in abundance, rather than simply on the magnitudes of these quantities. They describe a type of Jolly–Seber capture–recapture model that permits inference about the underlying relationship between per capita recruitment rates and survival rates (Link &amp; Barker, this volume). Implementation used Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods and appeared to work well, yielding inferences about the relationship between recruitment and survival that were robust to selection of prior distribution. We believe that readers will find their arguments compelling, and we expect to see increased use of hierarchical modeling approaches in capture–recapture and related fields. Otto (presentation without paper) also recommended use of hierarchical models in analysis of multiple data sources dealing with population dynamics of North American mallards. He integrated survival inferences from ringing data, abundance information from aerial survey data, and recruitment information based on age ratios from a harvest survey. He used a Leslie matrix population projection model as an integrating framework and obtained estimates of breeding population size using all data.Otto’s approach also permitted inference about biases in estimated quantities. As with the work of Link &amp; Barker (2004), we find Otto’s recommendation to use hierarchical models to integrate data from multiple sources to be very compelling. Alisauskas et al. (2004) report results of an analysis of capture–recapture data for a askatchewan population of white–winged scoters. They used the approach of Pradel (1996) to estimate population growth rate (See the PDF) directly. Estimates for 1975–1985 were quite low, but estimates for the recent period, 2000–2003,increased to values &gt; 1. Parameter estimates for seniority, survival and per capita recruitment (Pradel, 1996) led to the inference that increased recruitment was largely responsible for the improvements in population status and growth. However, various data sources also indicated that this increase in recruitment was likely a result of increased immigration rather than improved reproduction on the area. This latter inference is important from a conservation perspective in indicating the importance of birds in other locations to growth and health of the study population. Lukacs and Burnham presented material to be published elsewhere that dealt with the use of genetic markers in capture–recapture studies. The data sources for such studies are samples of hair or feces, which are then analyzed using molecular genetic techniques in order to determine individual genotypes with respect to a usually small number of loci. Two types of classification error can arise in such analyses. First, if only a small number of loci is examined, then there may be nonnegligible probabilities that multiple individual animals will have the same genotypes. The second type of error arises during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process and can result from failure of alleles to amplify (allelic dropout) or from PCR inhibitors in hair and feces that produce the appearance of false alleles or misprinting (Creel et al., 2003). Lukacs and Burnham developed models that formally incorporate possible misclassification of samples resulting from these errors. These models permit estimation of parameters such as abundance and survival in a manner that properly incorporates this uncertainty of individual identity. We anticipate that noninvasive sampling based on molecular genetic analyses of hair or feces will become extremely important for some species, and that the models of Lukacs and Burnham will become very popular for such analyses. MacKenzie &amp; Nichols (2004) discuss the use of occupancy (proportion of patches or habitat area that is occupied) as a surrogate for abundance. In cases of territorial species and where birds occur at low densities, the number of occupied patches may provide a reasonable estimate of abundance. In other cases, occupancy can be viewed as providing information about one tail of the abundance distribution, P (N = 0). The motivation for considering occupancy as a surrogate for abundance is that occupancy is based on so–called presence–absence surveys that are frequently less expensive of time and effort than methods that estimate abundance directly. We describe one set of models that can be used to estimate occupancy for a single season and another that can be used to estimate parameters such as local probabilities of extinction and colonization that are associated with occupancy dynamics. We outline a possible hybrid approach that combines occupancy data with data on marked individuals in order to betterexplore the mechanisms underlying occupancy dynamics. These five presentations made for an interesting session containing useful information and recommendations for future work. A number of themes connecting these presentations could be emphasized. For example, two of the presentations considered alternatives to standard capture–recapture sampling that can be used to draw inferences about abundance, or a portion of the abundance distribution, with field methods that should be less expensive than usual capture–recapture approaches of handling animals. We believe that the most important theme of the session was the emphasis on the processes responsible for changes in abundance. In particular, we are excited by the potential for using hierarchical models as a means of investigating relationships among vital rates and as a means of combining multiple sources of data relevant to system dynamics. Indeed, we expect the importance of this session theme to be reflected in the content and presentations of the next EURING meeting.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and MacKenzie, D., 2004, Abundance estimation and conservation biology: Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 27, no. 1, p. 437-439.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16752,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/volum-27-1-2004-abc/abundance-estimation-and-conservation-biology/?lang=en","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3808","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKenzie, D.I.","contributorId":69522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224315,"text":"5224315 - 2004 - Demographic analysis of dormancy and survival in the terrestrial orchid Cypripedium reginae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T17:11:28.570763","indexId":"5224315","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Demographic analysis of dormancy and survival in the terrestrial orchid <i>Cypripedium reginae</i>","title":"Demographic analysis of dormancy and survival in the terrestrial orchid Cypripedium reginae","docAbstract":"<p>1. We use capture-recapture models to estimate the fraction of dormant ramets, survival and state transition rates, and to identify factors affecting these rates, for the terrestrial orchid <i>Cypripedium reginae</i>. We studied two populations in West Virginia, USA, for 11 years and investigated relationships between grazing and demography. Abe Run's population was small, with moderate herbivory by deer and relatively constant population size. The population at Big Draft was of medium size, with heavy deer grazing, and a sharply declining number of flowering plants up to the spring before our study started, when the population was fenced.</p><p>2. We observed dormant episodes lasting from 1 to 4 years. At Abe Run and Big Draft, 32.5% and 7.4% of ramets, respectively, were dormant at least once during the study period for an average of 1.6 and 1.3 years, respectively. We estimated the annual fraction of ramets in the dormant state at 12.3% (95% CI 9.5-15.8%) at Abe Run and at 1.8% (95% CI 1.2-2.6%) at Big Draft. Transition rates between the dormant, vegetative and flowering life-states did not vary between years in either population. Most surviving ramets remained in the same state from one year to the next. Survival rates were constant at Abe Run (0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.97), but varied between years at Big Draft (0.89-0.99, mean 0.95).</p><p>3. At Big Draft, we found neither a temporal trend in survival after cessation of grazing, nor relationships between survival and the number of spring frost days or cumulative precipitation during the current or the previous 12 months. However, analysis of precipitation on a 3-month basis revealed a positive relationship between survival and precipitation during the spring (March-May) of the previous year. 4. Relationship between climate and the population dynamics of orchids may have to be studied with a fine temporal resolution, and considering possible time lags. Capture-recapture modelling provides a comprehensive and flexible framework for demographic analysis of plants with dormancy.</p><p>4. <span>Relationship between climate and the population dynamics of orchids may have to be studied with a fine temporal resolution, and considering possible time lags. Capture-recapture modelling provides a comprehensive and flexible framework for demographic analysis of plants with dormancy.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00885.x","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., and Gregg, K.B., 2004, Demographic analysis of dormancy and survival in the terrestrial orchid Cypripedium reginae: Journal of Ecology, v. 92, no. 4, p. 686-695, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00885.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"686","endPage":"695","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00885.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":201988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West 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Virginia\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ed7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, Marc","contributorId":38680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"Marc","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregg, Katharine B.","contributorId":41118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Katharine","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5224386,"text":"5224386 - 2004 - Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T16:36:34.252767","indexId":"5224386","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:22","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3084,"text":"Plant Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant <i>Gentianopsis ciliate</i> (Gentianaceae)","title":"Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae)","docAbstract":"<p>Habitat destruction is the main cause for the biodiversity crisis. Surviving populations are often fragmented, i.e., small and isolated from each other. Reproduction of plants in small populations is often reduced, and this has been attributed to inbreeding depression, reduced attractiveness for pollinators, and reduced habitat quality in small populations. Here we present data on the effects of fragmentation on the rare, self-compatible perennial herb <i>Gentianopsis ciliata</i> (Gentianaceae), a species with very small and presumably well-dispersed seeds. We studied the relationship between population size, plant size, and the number of flowers produced in 63 populations from 1996-1998. In one of the years, leaf and flower size and the number of seeds produced per fruit was studied in a subset of 25 populations. Plant size, flower size, and the number of seeds per fruit and per plant increased with population size, whereas leaf length and the number of flowers per plant did not. The effects of population size on reproduction and on flower size remained significant if the effects were adjusted for differences in plant size, indicating that they could not be explained by differences in habitat quality. The strongly reduced reproduction in small populations may be due to pollination limitation, while the reduced flower size could indicate genetic effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1055/s-2004-830331","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., and Matthies, D., 2004, Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae): Plant Biology, v. 6, no. 6, p. 683-688, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830331.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"688","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615dbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matthies, D.","contributorId":48678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthies","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5200282,"text":"5200282 - 2004 - Population dynamics of the California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis):  a meta-analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5200282","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":203,"text":"Ornithological Monographs","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 54.","title":"Population dynamics of the California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis):  a meta-analysis","docAbstract":"We conducted a meta-analysis to provide a current assessment of the population characteristics of California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) resident on four study areas in the Sierra Nevada and one study area in southern California.  Our meta-analysis followed rigorous a priori analysis protocols, which we derived through extensive discussion during a week-long analysis workshop. Because there is great interest in the owl?s population status, we used state-of-the-art analytical methods to obtain results as precise as possible.     Our meta-analysis included data from five California study areas located on the Lassen National Forest (1990-2000), Eldorado National Forest (1986-2000), Sierra National Forest (1990-2000), Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks (1990-2000), and San Bernardino National Forest (1987-1998).  Four of the five study areas spanned the length of the Sierra Nevada, whereas the fifth study area encompassed the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California.  Study areas ranged in size from 343 km2 (Sequoia and Kings Canyon) to 2,200 km (Lassen).  All studies were designed to use capture-recapture methods and analysis.  We used survival in a meta-analysis because field methods were very similar among studies.  However, we did not use reproduction in a meta-analysis because it was not clear if variation among individual study-area protocols used to assess reproductive output of owls would confound results.  Thus, we analyzed fecundity only by individual study area.  We examined population trend using the reparameterized Jolly-Seber capture-recapture estimator (8t)     We did not estimate juvenile survival rates because of estimation problems and potential bias because of juvenile emigration from study areas.  We used mark-recapture estimators under an information theoretic framework to assess apparent survival rates of adult owls.  The pooled estimate for adult apparent survival for the five study areas was 0.833, which was lower than pooled adult survival rates (0.850) from 15 Northern Spotted Owl (S. o. caurina) studies.  Estimates of survival from the best model on the Lassen (N = 0.829, 95% confidence intervals [CI = 0.798 to 0.857), Eldorado (N = 0.815, 95% CI = 0.772 to 0.851), Sierra (N = 0.818, 95% CI = 0.781 to 0.850), and San Bernardino (N = 0.813, 95% CI = 0.782 to 0.841) were not different.  However, the Sequoia and Kings Canyon population had a higher survival rate (N = 0.877, 95% CI = 0.842 to 0.905) than the other study areas.  Management history and forest structure (e.g. presence of giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum]) on the Sequoia and Kings Canyon study area differed from all other study areas.  There appears to be little or no evidence for temporal variation in adult apparent survival on any of the study areas.     Although we did not directly compare fecundity estimates were highly variable among years within all study areas (CV of temporal process variation = 0.672-0.817).  Estimates for fecundity among the study populations were Lassen (b = 0.336, SE = 0.083), Eldorado (b = 0.409, SE = 0.087), Sierra (b = 0.284, SE = 0.073), Sequoia and Kings Canyon (b = 0.289, SE = 0.074), and San Bernardino (b = 0.362, SE = 0.038). During most years, the Sierra Nevada populations showed either moderate or poor fecundity. However, 1992 appeared to be an exceptional reproductive year for owls in the Sierra Nevada.  In contrast, the San Bernardino population had less variable reproduction (CV of temporal process variation = 0.217), but experienced neither the exceptional reproduction of 1992 nor the extremely poor years that characterized all of the Sierra Nevada study areas.  Because fecundity may be influenced by weather patterns, it was possible that the different weather patterns between southern California and the Sierra Nevada accounted for that difference.     Except for Eldorado, all estimates for 8t, were <1.0, but none was different from 8 = 1.0 given the 95% confidence i","language":"English","collaboration":"  PDF on file: 6132_Franklin.pdf","usgsCitation":"Franklin, A., Gutierrez, R.J., Nichols, J., Seamans, M., White, G.C., Zimmerman, G., Hines, J., Munton, T., LaHaye, W., Blakesley, J., Steger, G., Noon, B., Shaw, D., Keane, J., McDonald, T.L., and Britting, S., 2004, Population dynamics of the California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis):  a meta-analysis: Ornithological Monographs No. 54., 54.","productDescription":"54","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franklin, A.B.","contributorId":105667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutierrez, R. J.","contributorId":7647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seamans, M.E.","contributorId":48662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seamans","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zimmerman, G.S.","contributorId":16126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":327404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Munton, T.E.","contributorId":18884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munton","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"LaHaye, W.S.","contributorId":98854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHaye","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Blakesley, J.A.","contributorId":63920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakesley","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Steger, G.N.","contributorId":92397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Noon, B.R.","contributorId":24311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noon","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Shaw, D.W.H.","contributorId":57577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"D.W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Keane, J.J.","contributorId":30729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Britting, S.","contributorId":77638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britting","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70374,"text":"sir20045201 - 2004 - Quality of water in the Trinity and Edwards aquifers, south-central Texas, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T17:34:45","indexId":"sir20045201","displayToPublicDate":"2005-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5201","title":"Quality of water in the Trinity and Edwards aquifers, south-central Texas, 1996-98","docAbstract":"<p></p><p>During 1996–98, the U.S. Geological Survey studied surface- and ground-water quality in south-central Texas. The ground-water components included the upper and middle zones (undifferentiated) of the Trinity aquifer in the Hill Country and the unconfined part (recharge zone) and confined part (artesian zone) of the Edwards aquifer in the Balcones fault zone of the San Antonio region. The study was supplemented by information compiled from four ground-water-quality studies done during 1996–98.</p><p>Trinity aquifer waters are more mineralized and contain larger dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride concentrations compared to Edwards aquifer waters. Greater variability in water chemistry in the Trinity aquifer likely reflects the more variable lithology of the host rock. Trace elements were widely detected, mostly at small concentrations. Median total nitrogen was larger in the Edwards aquifer than in the Trinity aquifer. Ammonia nitrogen was detected more frequently and at larger concentrations in the Trinity aquifer than in the Edwards aquifer. Although some nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the Edwards aquifer exceeded a U.S. Geological Survey national background threshold concentration, no concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public drinking-water standard.</p><p>Synthetic organic compounds, such as pesticides and volatile organic compounds, were detected in the Edwards aquifer and less frequently in the Trinity aquifer, mostly at very small concentrations (less than 1 microgram per liter). These compounds were detected most frequently in urban unconfined Edwards aquifer samples. Atrazine and its breakdown product deethylatrazine were the most frequently detected pesticides, and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds. Widespread detections of these compounds, although at small concentrations, indicate that anthropogenic activities affect ground-water quality.</p><p>Radon gas was detected throughout the Trinity aquifer but not throughout the Edwards aquifer. Fourteen samples from the Trinity aquifer and 10 samples from the Edwards aquifer exceeded a proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency public drinking-water standard. Sources of radon in the study&nbsp;area might be granitic sediments underlying the Trinity aquifer and igneous intrusions in and below the Edwards aquifer.</p><p>The presence of tritium in nearly all Edwards aquifer samples indicates that some component of sampled water is young (less than about 50 years), even for long flow paths in the confined zone. About one-half of the Trinity aquifer samples contained tritium, indicating that only part of the aquifer contains young water.</p><p>Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water provide indicators of recharge sources to the Trinity and Edwards aquifers. Most ground-water samples have a meteorological isotopic signature indicating recharge as direct infiltration of water with little residence time on the land surface. Isotopic data from some samples collected from the unconfined Edwards aquifer indicate the water has undergone evaporation. At the time that ground-water samples were collected (during a drought), nearby streams were the likely sources of recharge to these wells.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045201","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Fahlquist, L., and Ardis, A.F., 2004, Quality of water in the Trinity and Edwards aquifers, south-central Texas, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5201, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045201.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6534,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045201/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":341608,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5201/pdf/sir2004-5201.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.2,\n              29\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.8826904296875,\n              29\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.8826904296875,\n              30.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.2,\n              30.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.2,\n              29\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b1f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne","contributorId":8810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":282312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70274,"text":"sir20045022 - 2004 - Hydrogeology of Webb County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-17T06:51:28","indexId":"sir20045022","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5022","title":"Hydrogeology of Webb County, Texas","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction</h1><p>Webb County, in semiarid South Texas on the U.S.-Mexico border, is a region confronted by increasing stresses on natural resources. Laredo (fig. 1), the largest city in Webb County (population 193,000 in 2000), was one of the 10 fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the country during 1990-2000 (Perry and Mackun, 2001). Commercial and industrial activities have expanded throughout the region to support the maquiladora industry (manufacturing plants in Mexico) along the border and other growth as a result of the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The Rio Grande currently (2002) is the primary source of public water supply for Laredo and other cities along the border in Webb County (fig. 1). Other cities, such as Bruni and Mirando City in the southeastern part of the county, rely on ground-water supplies to meet municipal demands. Increased water demand associated with development and population growth in the region has increased the need for the City of Laredo and Webb County to evaluate alternative water sources to meet future demand. Possible options include (1) supplementing the surface-water supply with ground water, and (2) applying artificial storage and recovery (ASR) technology to recharge local aquifers. These options raise issues regarding the hydraulic capability of the aquifers to store economically substantial quantities of water, current or potential uses of the resource, and possible effects on the quality of water resulting from mixing ground water with alternative source waters. </p><p>To address some of these issues, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the City of Laredo, began a study in 1996 to assess the ground-water resources of Webb County. A hydrogeologic study was conducted to review and analyze available information on the hydrogeologic units (aquifers and confining units) in Webb County, to locate available wells in the region with water-level and water-quality information from the aquifers, and to analyze the hydraulic properties of the aquifers. The purpose of this report is to document the findings of the study. The information is organized by hydrogeologic unit and presented on this and six other sheets.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045022","collaboration":"In cooperation with the City of Laredo","usgsCitation":"Lambert, R.B., 2004, Hydrogeology of Webb County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5022, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045022.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6976,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Webb 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Rebecca B. 0000-0002-0611-1591 blambert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-1591","contributorId":1135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Rebecca","email":"blambert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":282085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70029,"text":"ofr20041421 - 2004 - Is the extraction of thorium onto MnO<sub>2</sub>-coated filter cartridges uniform?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:38:53","indexId":"ofr20041421","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1421","title":"Is the extraction of thorium onto MnO<sub>2</sub>-coated filter cartridges uniform?","docAbstract":"<p>Large-volume (i.e., 10<sup>2</sup> - 10<sup>3</sup> L) seawater samples are traditionally required to study the partitioning of particle-reactive radionuclides between solution and size-fractionated particulate matter. One of the most frequently used methods to preconcentrate the short-lived isotopes of Th (<sup>234</sup>Th and <sup>228</sup>Th) from such large volumes of water involves the effective extraction of Th onto two MnO<sub>2</sub>-coated polypropylene cartridges. Determination of dissolved Th activities assumes that the two MnO<sub>2</sub>-coated filter cartridges extract Th uniformly (same extraction efficiency), but this assumption has not been rigorously validated. Any variability in the extraction efficiency of the two cartridges connected in series will directly introduce an error in the determination of final dissolved Th activity. In this article, we evaluated the variability in the extraction efficiency of MnO<sub>2</sub>-coated filter cartridges that were prepared under varying conditions.</p><p>Thorium-234-spiked seawater was filtered in series through a manifold consisting of six MnO<sub>2</sub>-coated cartridges. From the activities of <sup>234</sup>Th retained in each cartridge, the relative (calculated from the activities in two successive cartridges) and absolute (ratio of <sup>234</sup>Th activity retained to the activity entered) extraction efficiency for each of the cartridges was calculated. At a constant flow rate and constant KMnO<sub>4</sub> saturation, the absolute extraction efficiency varied by -40% (from 54.1 to 93.8%) within the first two filter cartridges, and over 50% (from 32.3 to 89.3%) on all six MnO<sub>2</sub> cartridges. Our results confirm that a uniform extraction efficiency using two filters connected in series is rarely achieved. Using the average extraction efficiency of all cartridges, we propose a new approach that assumes a constant extraction efficiency. This method will reduce the error introduced by the assumption of uniform extraction efficiency in the determination of dissolved Th activities.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041421","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P.W., and Baskaran, M., 2004, Is the extraction of thorium onto MnO<sub>2</sub>-coated filter cartridges uniform?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1421, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041421.","productDescription":"33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1421/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Repport"},{"id":191035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1421/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66726e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019,"text":"ofr20041447 - 2004 - A preliminary assessment of geologic framework and sediment thickness studies relevant to prospective US submission on extended continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:36","indexId":"ofr20041447","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1447","title":"A preliminary assessment of geologic framework and sediment thickness studies relevant to prospective US submission on extended continental shelf","docAbstract":"Under the provisions of Articles 76 and 77 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), coastal States have sovereign rights over the continental shelf territory beyond 200-nautical mile (nm) from the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured if certain conditions are met regarding the geologic and physiographic character of the legal continental shelf as defined in those articles. These claims to an extended continental shelf must be supported by relevant bathymetric, geophysical and geological data according to guidelines established by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS, 1999). In anticipation of the United States becoming party to UNCLOS, Congress in 2001 directed the Joint Hydrographic Center/Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping at the University of New Hampshire to conduct a study to evaluate data relevant to establishing the outer limit of the juridical continental shelf beyond 200 nm and to recommend what additional data might be needed to substantiate such an outer limit (Mayer and others, 2002). The resulting report produced an impressive and sophisticated GIS database of data sources. Because of the short time allowed to complete the report, all seismic reflection data were classified together; the authors therefore recommended that USGS perform additional analysis on seismic and related data holdings. The results of this additional analysis are the substance of this report, including the status of geologic framework, sediment isopach research, and resource potential in the eight regions1 identified by Mayer and others (2002) where analysis of seismic data might be crucial for establishing an outer limit .\r\n\r\nSeismic reflection and refraction data are essential in determining sediment thickness, one of the criteria used in establishing the outer limits of the juridical continental shelf. Accordingly, the initial task has been to inventory public-domain seismic data sources, primarily those regionally extensive data held within the Department of the Interior (DOI). The numerous seismic reflection and refraction surveys collected prior to 1970 by academic and governmental institutions are generally not included in this compilation, except where they provide unique data in a region. These data sources were omitted from this report because they were deemed to be of insufficient quality (poorly navigated or low resolution) to meet the CLCS standards for a submission, or they were redundant with higher-quality, more modern data. Hence, this report attempts to identify those data sets of highest utility for establishing the outer limits of the juridical continental shelf. If there was any ambiguity or uncertainty about the relevance of a data set to a continental shelf submission, either by its quality, location, or other parameter, it was included in this compilation. This report does not summarize other geophysical data (such as marine magnetics or gravity) that might be relevant to understanding crustal provenance and geological continuity.\r\n\r\nDetailed metadata tables and maps are included to facilitate the location and utilization of these sources when a comprehensive assessment (?desktop study?) is undertaken.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041447","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Childs, J.R., Hammar-Klose, E., Dadisman, S., Edgar, N.T., and Barth, G., 2004, A preliminary assessment of geologic framework and sediment thickness studies relevant to prospective US submission on extended continental shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1447, CD-ROM only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041447.","productDescription":"CD-ROM only","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6249,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1447/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab29d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Childs, Jonathan R. jchilds@usgs.gov","contributorId":3155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"Jonathan","email":"jchilds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammar-Klose, Erika","contributorId":36227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammar-Klose","given":"Erika","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn","contributorId":56735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Edgar, N. Terrence","contributorId":102149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barth, Ginger A. gbarth@usgs.gov","contributorId":3595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"Ginger A.","email":"gbarth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":69900,"text":"sir20045171 - 2004 - Hydrology and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Little Bean Marsh: A remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri, 1996–97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-25T20:55:04.510033","indexId":"sir20045171","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5171","title":"Hydrology and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Little Bean Marsh: A remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri, 1996–97","docAbstract":"<p>The lack of concurrent water-quality and hydrologic data on riparian wetlands in the Midwestern United States has resulted in a lack of knowledge about the water-quality functions that these wetlands provide. Therefore, Little Bean Marsh, a remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River, was investigated in 1996 and 1997 primarily to determine the magnitude and character of selected water-quality benefits that can be produced in such a wetland and to identify critical processes that can be managed in remnant or restored riparian wetlands for amelioration of water quality.</p><p>Little Bean Marsh averages 69 hectares in size, has a maximum depth of about 1 meter, and the majority of the marsh is covered by macrophytes. In 1997, 41 percent of the water received by Little Bean Marsh was from direct precipitation, 14 percent was from ground-water seepage, 30 percent from watershed runoff, and 15 percent was backflow from Bean Lake. Although, Little Bean Marsh was both a ground-water recharge and discharge area, discharge to the marsh was three times the recharge to ground water. Ground-water levels closely tracked marsh water levels indicating a strong hydraulic connection between ground water and the marsh. Reduced surface runoff and ground-water availability are stabilizing influences on marsh hydrology and probably contribute to the persistence of emergent vegetation. The rapid hydraulic connection between Little Bean Marsh and ground water indicates that the hydrologic regime of most wetlands along the lower Missouri River is largely a function of the altitude of the marsh bottom relative to the altitude of the water table.</p><p>More water was lost from the marsh through evapotranspiration (59 percent) than all other pathways combined. This is partially because the transpiration process of abundant macrophytes can greatly contribute to the evapotranspiration above that lost from open water surfaces. Surface outflow accounted for 36 percent and ground-water seepage accounted for only 5 percent of the losses. Large residence times allows the marsh to greatly affect water quality before water escapes as ground-water recharge or surface outflow.</p><p>The shallowness of Little Bean Marsh and ion exclusion during ice formation caused the highest specific conductances of 1,100 to 1,300 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius to occur during the winter. This concentration of dissolved solutes under ice can make wetlands more vulnerable to toxic contaminants than deeper surface-water bodies.</p><p>Dissolved oxygen was less than 5 mg/L (milligrams per liter) for 3 to 4 months and near 0 mg/L for about 1 month in summer. Despite depths of less than 1 meter, temperature stratification persisted more than 3 months during the summers of 1996 and 1997, preventing mixing and contributing to periods of anoxia. Shallow depths and extended periods of anoxia in the marsh limit the ability of some organisms to escape high-temperature stress.</p><p>Turbidity in Little Bean Marsh usually was low for several reasons: sediment loadings from the largely flood-plain drainage were low, emergent vegetation shade out algae and shield the water from wind, and high concentrations of bivalent cations increase flocculation rates of inorganic suspended material. The high concentrations of bivalent cations was largely because of a substantial amount of ground-water seepage into the marsh.</p><p>Dissolved organic nitrogen was the dominant nitrogen species in Little Bean Marsh. Denitrification and biotic uptake kept more than 62 percent of nitrate (NO3) and 43 percent of ammonium (NH4) concentrations in marsh samples less than a detection limit of 0.005 mg/L. This contrasts with the Missouri River where inorganic NO3 dominates. Consequently, artificial flood-plain drainage that bypasses riparian wetlands likely deliver substantially more biotically available inorganic nitrogen to receiving waters than surface water that has been routed through a remnant wetland. Average total nitrogen concentrations in Little Bean Marsh were substantially less than those at other Missouri River wetlands, roughly one-half the mean concentrations in the Missouri River, but roughly twice the average nitrogen values in reservoirs of the glaciated plains of Missouri.</p><p>The largest concentrations of nearly all species of nitrogen and phosphorus and the most intense period of hypereutrophy coincided with a phytoplankton bloom and senescence of River Bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis) and common cattail (Typha latifolia) in September 1997. The rapid leaching of nitrogen that occurs soon after macrophyte senescence combined with a recent destratification of the marsh probably provided nitrogen to the nitrogen-limited open-water areas and triggered a phytoplankton bloom. Despite the rarity of runoff events, surface runoff from the watershed, combined with atmospheric deposition, contributed more than seven times the 530 kg (kilograms) of nitrogen that escaped Little Bean Marsh in surface outflow during 1997. Atmospheric deposition alone was more than 530 kg. Seepage to ground water contained less than 1.5 percent of the nitrogen leaving the marsh in surface outflow. The slow decay rate of Scirpus fluviatilis and reducing conditions in bottom sediments make burial of organic nitrogen a substantial sink of nitrogen.</p><p>Denitrification experiments indicate that denitrification rates were limited by NO3 in the water column. Consequently, decomposition and nitrification of NH4 and organic nitrogen are the rate limiting steps of nitrogen removal in Little Bean Marsh. The NO3-limited rates of denitrification also indicate that Little Bean Marsh has a large unused capacity for nitrogen removal. These data indicate that the vast extent of riparian marshes along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers may have had a substantial role in limiting NO3 loads to the Gulf of Mexico before agricultural development of flood plains. Drainage and removal of riparian marshes may be a major cause of the increased NO3 loads to the Gulf of Mexico.</p><p>Periods of anoxia had much larger effects on phosphorus release than the other variables. The largest concentrations of phosphorus occurred in late summer and corresponded with senescing macrophytes, periods of anoxia, and a large algal bloom in Little Bean Marsh. Low water levels prevented the escape of phosphorus in surface outflow during these periods of highest phosphorus concentrations. Dry weather in late summer is typical and probably makes the correspondence of low water levels, anoxia, and consequent low phosphorus release a common occurrence in marshes along the Missouri River. Little Bean Marsh retained more than 95 percent of the phosphorus it received. The amount of phosphorus in surface inflows to the marsh were more than one order of magnitude greater than that escaping in surface outflows. The long hydraulic residence time of the marsh and large contributions of iron from ground water (that provide many sorption sites for phosphorus) make the marsh an effective sediment and phosphorus trap.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045171","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., 2004, Hydrology and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in Little Bean Marsh: A remnant riparian wetland along the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri, 1996–97: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5171, vii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045171.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6221,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394836,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70818.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Platte County","otherGeospatial":"Little Bean Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.0389,\n              39.475\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.0083,\n              39.475\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.0083,\n              39.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.0389,\n              39.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.0389,\n              39.475\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70184592,"text":"70184592 - 2004 - Hydrogeology Journal in 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T12:37:53","indexId":"70184592","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology Journal in 2004","docAbstract":"<p><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Hydrogeology Journal</i><span> continues to flourish. The increase in the size of our yearly volume attests to the success and growing international reputation of the journal. Until 2001,</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \"> HJ</i><span> produced about 600 printed pages each year. This number has steadily increased, and in 2005 and 2006,</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \"> HJ</i><span> will be allocated 800 pages per year by the publisher. Despite this good news, the journal is having some growing pains. Most pages in next year’s issues are already fully allocated with currently accepted articles and therefore, many accepted articles must now wait up to one year to appear in printed form. Clearly, this is not an acceptable situation for authors or readers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s10040-004-0418-1","usgsCitation":"Voss, C., Olcott, P., Schneider, R., and Watson, C., 2004, Hydrogeology Journal in 2004: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 6, p. 611-612, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0418-1.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"611","endPage":"612","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0418-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337349,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93ee4b0f37a93ee9b17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Clifford","contributorId":63150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olcott, Perry","contributorId":188041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olcott","given":"Perry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watson, Christine","contributorId":188042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watson","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70176653,"text":"70176653 - 2004 - Are diseases increasing in the ocean?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T13:10:59","indexId":"70176653","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":808,"text":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are diseases increasing in the ocean?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many factors (climate warming, pollution, harvesting, introduced species) can contribute to disease outbreaks in marine life. Concomitant increases in each of these makes it difficult to attribute recent changes in disease occurrence or severity to any one factor. For example, the increase in disease of Caribbean coral is postulated to be a result of climate change and introduction of terrestrial pathogens. Indirect evidence exists that (</span><i>a</i><span>) warming increased disease in turtles; (</span><i>b</i><span>) protection, pollution, and terrestrial pathogens increased mammal disease; (</span><i>c</i><span>) aquaculture increased disease in mollusks; and (</span><i>d</i><span>) release from overfished predators increased sea urchin disease. In contrast, fishing and pollution may have reduced disease in fishes. In other taxa (e.g., sea grasses, crustaceans, sharks), there is little evidence that disease has changed over time. The diversity of patterns suggests there are many ways that environmental change can interact with disease in the ocean.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105704","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., Porter, J.W., and Ford, S.E., 2004, Are diseases increasing in the ocean?: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, v. 35, p. 31-54, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105704.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c97e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, James W.","contributorId":174870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porter","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ford, Susan E.","contributorId":40115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176651,"text":"70176651 - 2004 - VTM plots as evidence of historical change: Goldmine or landmine?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T12:59:33","indexId":"70176651","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2639,"text":"Madroño","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VTM plots as evidence of historical change: Goldmine or landmine?","docAbstract":"<p><span>VTM (Vegetation Type Map) plots comprise a huge data set on vegetation composition for many parts of California collected mostly between 1929 and 1935. Historical changes in vegetation have been inferred by sampling these areas many decades later and evaluating the changes in plant dominance. VTM plots can not be precisely relocated, and it has been assumed that errors resulting from this problem are inconsequential or can be eliminated by comparison with a composite of multiple contemporary plots. This study examines that assumption for southern California shrubland landscapes by comparing the differences in species composition between closely positioned VTM-sized plots. Comparing shrub species density in 400-m² plots separated by 30 m (center to center), I found that all species exhibited considerable differences in density even over this short distance. This patchiness in shrub distribution could lead to major errors in historical reconstructions from VTM plot data. Two methods are proposed for dealing with this problem. One is to collect multiple samples from the vicinity of the VTM plot and use the observed spatial variation to set bounds on the temporal changes required to represent significant historical change. The other is to look at broad landscape changes reflected in the averages observed in a large sampling of sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"California Botanical Society","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2004, VTM plots as evidence of historical change: Goldmine or landmine?: Madroño, v. 51, no. 4, p. 372-378.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"372","endPage":"378","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70184479,"text":"70184479 - 2004 - Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen transport to a coastal embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T14:18:00","indexId":"70184479","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen transport to a coastal embayment","docAbstract":"<p><span>Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen reaction and loading to Popponesset Bay, a eutrophic coastal embayment on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are evaluated through hydrologic analysis of flow and transport. Approximately 10% of the total nitrogen load to the embayment is intercepted by fresh water ponds and delivered to the coast by connecting streams. For the nitrogen load not intercepted by ponds, we compare two steady-state methods of analyzing nitrogen loss in the aquifer, one using a constant-loss factor and the other time-dependent loss rates. The constant-loss method, which assumes that all similar land uses have the same per unit area loading rate to surface water regardless of location within the watershed, predicts that 42% of the nonpond watershed nitrogen load originated within the zero to 2 yr time-of-travel zone, which is 40% of the contributing area. The time-of-travel loss method calculates loss rates based on aquifer travel times and denitrification reaction kinetics, evaluated separately for carbon-unlimited and carbon-limited cases. Time-of-travel loss calculations for percent of nonpond load that originated within the area of &lt; 2 yr aquifer residence time are 64% when carbon is not limiting, but only 49% when carbon limitation is included, not greatly different from the constant-loss method. A feature of the kinetics used is that carbon (and the denitrified nitrogen) is lost rather quickly in the aquifer travel path, after which carbon limitation stops denitrification altogether. Carbon limitation causes the time-of-travel loss model to approximate the constant-loss model such that in most of the watershed, a nearly constant fraction of the nitrogen input is lost in both models.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., Masterson, J., Pabich, W.J., and Walter, D.A., 2004, Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen transport to a coastal embayment: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 7, p. 1069-1078, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1078","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93fe4b0f37a93ee9b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pabich, Wendy J.","contributorId":187775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pabich","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70199723,"text":"70199723 - 2004 - Transtensional deformation in the Lake Tahoe region, California and Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:08:18","indexId":"70199723","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-08T12:07:38","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transtensional deformation in the Lake Tahoe region, California and Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Dextral transtensional deformation is occurring along the Sierra Nevada–Great Basin boundary zone (SNGBBZ) at the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada microplate. In the Lake Tahoe region of the SNGBBZ, transtension is partitioned spatially and temporally into domains of north–south striking normal faults and transitional domains with conjugate strike-slip faults. The normal fault domains, which have had large Holocene earthquakes but account only for background seismicity in the historic period, primarily accommodate east–west extension, while the transitional domains, which have had moderate Holocene and historic earthquakes and are currently seismically active, primarily record north–south shortening. Through partitioned slip, the upper crust in this region undergoes overall constrictional strain.</p><p>Major fault zones within the Lake Tahoe basin include two normal fault zones: the northwest-trending Tahoe–Sierra frontal fault zone (TSFFZ) and the north-trending West Tahoe–Dollar Point fault zone. Most faults in these zones show eastside down displacements. Both of these fault zones show evidence of Holocene earthquakes but are relatively quiet seismically through the historic record. The northeast-trending North Tahoe–Incline Village fault zone is a major normal to sinistral-oblique fault zone. This fault zone shows evidence for large Holocene earthquakes and based on the historic record is seismically active at the microearthquake level. The zone forms the boundary between the Lake Tahoe normal fault domain to the south and the Truckee transition zone to the north.</p><p>Several lines of evidence, including both geology and historic seismicity, indicate that the seismically active Truckee and Gardnerville transition zones, north and southeast of Lake Tahoe basin, respectively, are undergoing north–south shortening. In addition, the central Carson Range, a major north-trending range block between two large normal fault zones, shows internal fault patterns that suggest the range is undergoing north–south shortening in addition to east–west extension.</p><p>A model capable of explaining the spatial and temporal partitioning of slip suggests that seismic behavior in the region alternates between two modes, one mode characterized by an east–west minimum principal stress and a north–south maximum principal stress as at present. In this mode, seismicity and small-scale faulting reflecting north–south shortening concentrate in mechanically weak transition zones with primarily strike-slip faulting in relatively small-magnitude events, and domains with major normal faults are relatively quiet. A second mode occurs after sufficient north–south shortening reduces the north–south<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub>hmax</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in magnitude until it is less than<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub>v</sub>, at which point<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub>v</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>becomes the maximum principal stress. This second mode is then characterized by large earthquakes on major normal faults in the large normal fault domains, which dominate the overall moment release in the region, producing significant east–west extension.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2004.04.019","usgsCitation":"Schweickert, R.A., Lahren, M., Smith, K., Howle, J., and Ichinose, G., 2004, Transtensional deformation in the Lake Tahoe region, California and Nevada, USA: Tectonophysics, v. 392, no. 1-2, p. 303-323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.04.019.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"323","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"392","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e7a1e4b034bf6a8004dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweickert, Richard A.","contributorId":60107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahren, M.M.","contributorId":24154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahren","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, K.D.","contributorId":64003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howle, J. F. 0000-0003-0491-6203","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-6203","contributorId":66294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howle","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ichinose, G.","contributorId":208197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ichinose","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70239785,"text":"70239785 - 2004 - Stress orientations at intermediate angles to the San Andreas Fault, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T22:00:50.751877","indexId":"70239785","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T15:53:53","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress orientations at intermediate angles to the San Andreas Fault, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>There are currently two competing models for the frictional strength of the San Andreas Fault in California: the strong-fault model and the weak-fault model. The strong-fault model predicts the maximum horizontal compressive stress axis to be at low angles to the fault, while the relatively weak fault model predicts it to be at high angles. Previous studies have disagreed as to which model is supported by observed stress orientations. We review and compare these studies and present results from several new focal mechanism stress inversions. We find that the observed stress orientations of different studies are generally consistent, implying that the disagreement is one of interpretation. The majority of studies find compressive stress orientations at intermediate angles to the fault, not strictly consistent with either current model. The strong-fault model is acceptable if the San Andreas is assumed to be a nonoptimally orientated fault that fails because optimally oriented, preexisting planes are not present. The relatively weak fault model is not consistent with the stress orientations. We propose two alternative models to better explain the observed intermediate stress orientations: an intermediate-strength San Andreas model and a model in which all major active faults are weak.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004JB003239","usgsCitation":"Hardebeck, J.L., and Michael, A.J., 2004, Stress orientations at intermediate angles to the San Andreas Fault, California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. B11, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003239.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.60701826588769,\n              40.35472705083461\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.97178280102474,\n              39.726889002615195\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.8275507330327,\n              38.87061204905052\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.17752868999185,\n              38.21551290609864\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.08029152084634,\n              37.774054770544396\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.80672133917147,\n              37.765513078706675\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.47148043640496,\n              36.99539994721212\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.21701590087184,\n              36.17947610219545\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.64245789775549,\n              34.66133361181426\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81716374128007,\n              34.14457385272107\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.36496270289223,\n              32.565344988412036\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.01598801758453,\n              32.71856673024281\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.15873337536033,\n              34.329886314797164\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.565554020046,\n              35.32365315704175\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.16461231319045,\n              37.31309615926722\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.34189543396661,\n              39.20287531109085\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.56333542266947,\n              40.4532299445475\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.60701826588769,\n              40.35472705083461\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardebeck, Jeanne L. 0000-0002-6737-7780 jhardebeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-7780","contributorId":841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"Jeanne","email":"jhardebeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":861950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":861951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57931,"text":"sir20045187 - 2004 - Regional water table (2004) and water-level changes in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins, Southwestern Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-28T15:10:48","indexId":"sir20045187","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5187","title":"Regional water table (2004) and water-level changes in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins, Southwestern Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"The Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins are in the southwestern part of the Mojave Desert in southern California. Ground water from these basins supplies a major part of the water requirements for the region. The continuous population growth in this area has resulted in ever-increasing demands on local ground-water resources. The collection and interpretation of ground-water data helps local water districts, military bases, and private citizens gain a better understanding of the ground-water flow systems, and consequently, water availability. During March and April 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies made almost 900 water-level measurements in about 740 wells in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins. These data document recent conditions and, when compared with historical data, changes in ground-water levels. A water-level contour map was drawn using data from 500 wells, providing coverage for most of the basins. In addition, 26 long-term (as much as 74 years) hydrographs were constructed which show water-level conditions throughout the basins, 9 short-term (1992 to 2004) hydrographs were constructed which show the effects of recharge and discharge along the Mojave River, and a water-level-change map was compiled to compare 2002 and 2004 water levels throughout the basins. The water-level change data show that in the Mojave River ground-water basin, more than one half (102) of the wells had water-level declines of 0.5 ft or more and almost one fifth (32) of the wells had declines greater than 5 ft. between 2002 and 2004. The water-level change data also show that about one tenth (17) of the wells compared in the Mojave River ground-water basin had water level increases of 0.5 ft or more. Most of the water-level increases were the result of stormflow in the Mojave River during March 2004, which resulted in recharge to wells in the floodplain aquifer mainly along the river in the Alto subarea and the Transition zone, and along the river east of Barstow. In the Morongo ground-water basin, nearly one half (55) of the wells had water-level declines of 0.5 ft or more, and about one tenth (13) of the wells had declines greater than 5 ft. The Warren subbasin, where artificial-recharge operations in Yucca Valley (pl. 1) have caused water levels to rise, had water-level increases of as much as about 97 ft since 2002.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045187","usgsCitation":"Stamos, C., Huff, J., Predmore, S.K., and Clark, D.A., 2004, Regional water table (2004) and water-level changes in the Mojave River and Morongo ground-water basins, Southwestern Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5187, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045187.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5873,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5187/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272924,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/cont2004.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.663376,34.114644 ], [ -117.663376,35.053578 ], [ -116.058686,35.053578 ], [ -116.058686,34.114644 ], [ -117.663376,34.114644 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634db5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huff, Julia A.","contributorId":23130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Julia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Predmore, Steven K. spredmor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Predmore","given":"Steven","email":"spredmor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":257924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":257923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026468,"text":"70026468 - 2004 - One-dimensional wave bottom boundary layer model comparison: Specific eddy viscosity and turbulence closure models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-14T14:20:02.355552","indexId":"70026468","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One-dimensional wave bottom boundary layer model comparison: Specific eddy viscosity and turbulence closure models","docAbstract":"<p>Six one-dimensional-vertical wave bottom boundary layer models are analyzed based on different methods for estimating the turbulent eddy viscosity: Laminar, linear, parabolic, <i>k</i>—one equation turbulence closure, <i>k−ε</i>—two equation turbulence closure, and <i>k−ω</i>—two equation turbulence closure. Resultant velocity profiles, bed shear stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy are compared to laboratory data of oscillatory flow over smooth and rough beds. Bed shear stress estimates for the smooth bed case were most closely predicted by the <i>k−ω</i> model. Normalized errors between model predictions and measurements of velocity profiles over the entire computational domain collected at 15° intervals for one-half a wave cycle show that overall the linear model was most accurate. The least accurate were the laminar and <i>k−ε</i> models. Normalized errors between model predictions and turbulence kinetic energy profiles showed that the <i>k−ω</i> model was most accurate. Based on these findings, when the smallest overall velocity profile prediction error is required, the processing requirements and error analysis suggest that the linear eddy viscosity model is adequate. However, if accurate estimates of bed shear stress and TKE are required then, of the models tested, the <i>k−ω</i> model should be used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2004)130:6(322)","usgsCitation":"Puleo, J., Mouraenko, O., and Hanes, D.M., 2004, One-dimensional wave bottom boundary layer model comparison: Specific eddy viscosity and turbulence closure models: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 130, no. 6, p. 322-325, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2004)130:6(322).","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e36e4b0c8380cd75536","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puleo, Jack A.","contributorId":108287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puleo","given":"Jack A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mouraenko, O.","contributorId":37510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouraenko","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel M.","contributorId":96360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}