The Environmental Directorate of the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia, is concerned about possible contamination of ground water at the Station. Ground water at the Station flows through a shallow system of layered aquifers and leaky confining units. The units of the shallow aquifer system are the Columbia aquifer, the Cornwallis Cave confining unit, the Cornwallis Cave aquifer, the Yorktown confining unit, and the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer. The Eastover-Calvert confining unit separates the shallow aquifer system from deeper confined aquifers beneath the Station.
\n
\n
A three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model was used to simulate steady-state ground-water flow of the shallow aquifer system in and around the Station. The model simulated ground-water flow from the peninsular drainage divide that runs across the Lackey Plain near the southern end of the Station north to King Creek and the York River and south to Skiffes Creek and the James River. The model was calibrated by minimizing the root mean square error between 4 7 measured and corresponding simulated water levels. The calibrated model was used to determine the ground-water budget and general directions of ground-water flow. A particle-tracking routine was used with the calibrated model to estimate groundwater flow paths, flow rates, and traveltimes from selected sites at the Station.
\nSimulated ground-water flow velocities of the Station-area model were small beneath the interstream areas of the Lackey Plain and Croaker Flat, but increased outward toward the streams and rivers where the hydraulic gradients are larger. If contaminants from the land surface entered the water table at or near the interstream areas of the Station, where hydraulic gradients are smaller, they would migrate more slowly than if they entered closer to the streams or the shores of the rivers where gradients commonly are larger.
\nThe ground-water flow simulations indicate that some ground water leaks downward from the water table to the Yorktown confining unit and, where the confining unit is absent, to the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer. The velocities of advective-driven contaminants would decrease considerably when entering the Yorktown confining unit because the hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit is small compared to that of the aquifers.
\nAny contaminants that moved with advective ground-water flow near the groundwater divide of the Lackey Plain would move relatively slowly because the hydraulic gradients are small there. The direction in which the contaminants would move, however, would be determined by precisely where the contaminants entered the water table. The model was not designed to accurately simulate ground-water flow paths through local karst features.
\nBeneath Croaker Flat, ground water flows downward through the Columbia aquifer and the Yorktown confining unit into the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer. Analyses of the movement of simulated particles from two adjacent sites at Croaker Flat indicated that ground-water flow paths were similar at first but diverged and discharged to different tributaries of Indian Field Creek or to the York River. These simulations indicate that complex and possibly divergent flow paths and traveltimes are possible at the Station. Although the Station-area model is not detailed enough to simulate ground-water flow at the scales commonly used to track and remediate contaminants at specific sites, general concepts about possible contaminant migration at the Station can be inferred from the simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Environmental Directorate, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.S., 2001, Ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer system at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4077, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004077.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286097,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286096,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4077/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Yorktown","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Aquifer;Cornwallis Cave;Croaker Flat;Lackey Plain;Yorktown-eastover Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.799712,37.083759 ], [ -76.799712,37.322371 ], [ -76.447786,37.322371 ], [ -76.447786,37.083759 ], [ -76.799712,37.083759 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669173","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Barry S.","contributorId":21532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30011,"text":"wri004033 - 2001 - Delineation of tidal scour through marine geophysical techniques at Sloop Channel and Goose Creek bridges, Jones Beach State Park, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T13:45:18","indexId":"wri004033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4033","title":"Delineation of tidal scour through marine geophysical techniques at Sloop Channel and Goose Creek bridges, Jones Beach State Park, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Inspection of the Goose Creek Bridge in southeastern Nassau County in April 1998 by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) indicated a separation of bridge piers from the road bed as a result of pier instability due to apparent seabed scouring by tidal currents. This prompted a cooperative study by the U.S. Geological Survey with the NYSDOT to delineate the extent of tidal scour at this bridge and at the Sloop Channel Bridge, about 0.5 mile to the south, through several marine- geophysical techniques. These techniques included use of a narrow-beam, 200-kilohertz, research-grade fathometer, a global positioning system accurate to within 3 feet, a 3.5 to 7-kilohertz seismic-reflection profiler, and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The ADCP was used only at the Sloop Channel Bridge; the other techniques were used at both bridges.
Results indicate extensive tidal scour at both bridges. The fathometer data indicate two major scour holes nearly parallel to the Sloop Channel Bridge—one along the east side, and one along the west side (bridge is oriented north-south). The scour-hole depths are as much as 47 feet below sea level and average more than 40 feet below sea level; these scour holes also appear to have begun to connect beneath the bridge. The deepest scour is at the north end of the bridge beneath the westernmost piers. The east-west symmetry of scour at Sloop Channel Bridge suggests that flood and ebb tides produce extensive scour.
The thickness of sediment that has settled within scour holes could not be interpreted from fathometer data alone because fathometer frequencies cannot penetrate beneath the sea-floor surface. The lower frequencies used in seismic-reflection profiling can penetrate the sea floor and underlying sediments, and indicate the amount of infilling of scour holes, the extent of riprap under the bridge, and the assemblages of clay, sand, and silt beneath the sea floor. The seismic- reflection surveys detected 2 to 5 feet of sediment filling the scour holes at both bridges; this indicates that the fathometer surveys were undermeasuring the effective depth of bridge scour by 2 to 5 feet through their inability to penetrate the infilled sediment. Several clay layers with thicknesses of 3 to 5 feet were detected beneath the sea floor at both bridges. Most of the piers beneath Sloop Channel Bridge appear to be surrounded by riprap, but, in several areas the riprap appears to be slumping or sliding into adjacent scour holes. Similar slumping was indicated at the Goose Creek Bridge. Most of the sediment underlying the sea floor at both bridges is interpreted as a fine-grained, cross-bedded sand.
ADCP data from Sloop Channel indicate that the constricted flow beneath the bridge increases the horizontal current velocities from 2 to 6 feet per second. Total measured discharge beneath Sloop Channel Bridge was 41,800 cubic feet per second at flood tide and 27,600 cubic feet per second at ebb tide.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Stumm, F., Chu, A., and Reynolds, R.J., 2001, Delineation of tidal scour through marine geophysical techniques at Sloop Channel and Goose Creek bridges, Jones Beach State Park, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4033, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004033.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4033/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":323692,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4033/wri20004033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4033"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Success of agriculture in many areas of Michigan relies on withdrawal of large quantities of ground water for irrigation. In some areas of the State, water-level declines associated with large ground-water withdrawals may adversely affect nearby residential wells. Residential wells in several areas of Saginaw County, in Michigan's east-central Lower Peninsula, recently went dry shortly after irrigation of crop lands commenced; many of these wells also went dry during last year's agricultural cycle (summer 2000). In September 2000, residential wells that had been dry returned to function after cessation of pumping from large-capacity irrigation wells.
To evaluate possible effects of groundwater withdrawals from irrigation wells on residential wells, the U.S. Geological Survey used hydrogeologic data including aquifer tests, water-level records, geologic logs, and numerical models to determine whether water-level declines and the withdrawal of ground water for agricultural irrigation are related. Numerical simulations based on representative irrigation well pumping volumes and a 3-month irrigation period indicate water-level declines that range from 5.3 to 20 feet, 2.8 to 12 feet and 1.7 to 6.9 feet at distances of about 0.5, 1.5 and 3 miles from irrigation wells, respectively. Residential wells that are equipped with shallow jet pumps and that are within 0.5 miles of irrigation wells would likely experience reduced yield or loss of yield during peak periods of irrigation. The actual 1 extent that irrigation pumping cause reduced function of residential wells, however, cannot be fully predicted on the basis of the data analyzed because many _other factors may be adversely affecting the yield of residential wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri014227","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Hoard, C.J., and Westjohn, D.B., 2001, Simulated effects of pumping irrigation wells on ground-water levels in western Saginaw County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4227, vi, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014227.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":113836,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4227/report.pdf","size":"3687","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3863,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014227","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Saginaw County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.330833,\n 43.433889\n ],\n [\n -84.330833,\n 43.352222\n ],\n [\n -84.229167,\n 43.352222\n ],\n [\n -84.229167,\n 43.433889\n ],\n [\n -84.330833,\n 43.433889\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f33e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoard, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2337-506X cjhoard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-506X","contributorId":191767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoard","given":"Christopher","email":"cjhoard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westjohn, David B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44989,"text":"wri014228 - 2001 - Use of ground-water tracers to evaluate the hydraulic connection between Key Cave and the proposed industrial site near Florence, Alabama, 2000 and 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri014228","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4228","title":"Use of ground-water tracers to evaluate the hydraulic connection between Key Cave and the proposed industrial site near Florence, Alabama, 2000 and 2001","docAbstract":"In an effort to attract new industries and jobs, the city of Florence, Alabama has proposed development of an industrial park southwest of the city. Carbonate rock under-lines the area and sinkholes, springs, caves, and sinking streams are common. Key Cave, located about 5 miles southwest of the proposed park, is the only know habitat for the Alabama Cavefish (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni). The Alabama Cavefish is a Federally designated Endangered Species, and Key Cave has been designated as Critical Habitat. The U.S. Geological Survey was requested by the city of Florence and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to assist in determining if a hydraulic connection exists between the proposed industrial park and Key Cave.\r\n Dye tracing methods were used in the investigation to determine if a hydraulic connection exists. Dye tracing is a technique that involves labeling a discrete quantity of ground water with a fluorescent dye so that its flow in the subsurface can be tracked to a ground-water discharge point. Monitoring for dyes involved the use of passive dye detectors placed in springs, wells, caves and surface streams. During the passage of ground water containing fluorescent dye, the dye is absorbed and concentrated on the detectors. Spectrofluorometric analyses of the detectors determines the presence or absence of dye.\r\n Dye injected in well I-1 on January 10, 2001, was recovered from site 67, Cypress Creek at General John Coffee Highway (State Highway 20) on January 17, 2001. No dye was recovered from site 68, Cypress Creek at Waterloo Road (County Road 14), indicating an east-southeast flow path from well I-1 to Cypress Creek. No positive dye recovery was made from dye injected in well I-2 on January 10, 2001. Water samples collected from the well February 1 and 15, 2001, showed little movement into the ground-water system. Dye injected in well I-3 on January 10, 2001, was recovered at two sites in Key Cave and at other locations. This test indicates a hydraulic connection exists between Key Cave and the proposed industrial site.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014228","usgsCitation":"Kidd, R.E., Taylor, C.J., and Stricklin, V.E., 2001, Use of ground-water tracers to evaluate the hydraulic connection between Key Cave and the proposed industrial site near Florence, Alabama, 2000 and 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4228, iv, 20 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014228.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99359,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4228/report.pdf","size":"3641","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4228/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685933","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidd, Robert E.","contributorId":21523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":93100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricklin, Victor E.","contributorId":69193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricklin","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54839,"text":"wdrNY001 - 2001 - Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 2000; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T11:26:03","indexId":"wdrNY001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-00-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 2000; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2000 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and 'water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This volume contains records for water discharge at 139 gaging stations; stage only at 10 gaging stations; stage and contents at 4 gaging stations, and 18 other lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 32 gaging stations; and water levels at 5 observation wells. Also included are data for 34 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of all these sites are shown on figure 8. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data together with the data in volumes 2 and 3 represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Municipal, and Federal agencies in New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY001","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Butch, G.K., Murray, P.M., Suro, T.P., and Weigel, J.F., 2001, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 2000; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-00-1, xix, 509 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY001.","productDescription":"xix, 509 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/ny-00-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":363761,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/ny-00-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb0e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butch, Gerard K. gkbutch@usgs.gov","contributorId":914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butch","given":"Gerard","email":"gkbutch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Patricia M. pmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":4863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Patricia","email":"pmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suro, Thomas P. 0000-0002-9476-6829 tsuro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6829","contributorId":2841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suro","given":"Thomas","email":"tsuro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":251720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weigel, Jay F.","contributorId":19560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":69750,"text":"i1970E - 2001 - Map showing the thickness and character of quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States East of the Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-12T14:58:15","indexId":"i1970E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1970","chapter":"E","title":"Map showing the thickness and character of quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States East of the Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i1970E","isbn":"0607972750","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Soller, D.R., 2001, Map showing the thickness and character of quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States East of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1970, 1 Plate: 69 x 108 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1970E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 69 x 108 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110344,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52177.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52177"}],"scale":"3500000","projection":"Albers Equal Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,36.5 ], [ -110,49 ], [ -70,49 ], [ -70,36.5 ], [ -110,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64939d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44639,"text":"wri014108 - 2001 - Hydrologic setting and geochemical characterization of free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota, November 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:23:12","indexId":"wri014108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4108","title":"Hydrologic setting and geochemical characterization of free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota, November 2000","docAbstract":"Free-phase hydrocarbons are present in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota. A large contaminant body of the hydrocarbons [light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL)] floats on the water table about 20 feet below land surface. The main LNAPL body is about 6 feet thick, and the areal extent is about 657,000 square feet. A study was conducted to describe the hydrologic setting and characterize the geochemical composition of the free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer.
Most of the study area is underlain by alluvium of the Heart River Valley that ranges in thickness from about 25 to 109 feet. The alluvium can be divided into three stratigraphic units silty clay, silty sand, and sand and is underlain by shales and sandstones. Monitoring wells were installed prior to this study, to an average depth of about 29 feet.
Regional ground-water flow in the Heart River aquifer generally may be from west-northwest to eastsoutheast and is influenced by hydraulic connections to the river. Hydraulic connections also are probable between the aquifer and the Missouri River. Ground-water flow across the north boundary of the aquifer is minimal because of adjacent shales and sandstones of relatively low permeability. Recharge occurs from infiltration of precipitation and is spatially variable depending on the thickness of overlying clays and silts. Although the general water-table gradient may be from west-northwest to east-southeast, the flow directions can vary depending on the river stage and recharge events. Any movement of the LNAPL is influenced by the gradients created by changes in water-level altitudes.
LNAPL samples were collected from monitoring wells using dedicated bailers. The samples were transferred to glass containers, stored in the dark, and refrigerated before shipment for analysis by a variety of analytical techniques. For comparison purposes, reference-fuel samples provided by the refinery in Mandan also were analyzed. These reference-fuel samples included a current diesel fuel, a closely related but slightly broader refinery-cut fuel, a crude-oil composite, unleaded regular gasoline, and additives.
Four principal analytical techniques were used for geochemical characterization: Purge-and-trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (volatile components); capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (semivolatile components); isotope ratio mass spectrometry (carbon isotopes; whole oils); and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (additives and other organic components). Volatile analytes included solvents, disinfection byproducts, halogenated hydrocarbons, and alkylbenzenes, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and meta-, para-, and orf/zo-xylenes. Semivolatile analytes included rt-alkanes, isoprenoid alkanes, cycloalkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds (naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, and dibenzothiophenes and their alkylated derivatives). Of the additives, only the diesel-fuel additive with the red dye marker was amenable to electrospray ionization.
Results indicate the LNAPL consists of closely correlatable diesel fuel at various stages of degradation. All LNAPL samples contained the red dye marker for diesel fuel. None of the samples contained chlorinated solvents associated with industries such as drycleaning or automotive maintenance. Solvents such as acetone, dimethyl ether, and methylene chloride and the gasoline additives methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl-t-butyl ether (ETBE), and t-amyl-methyl ether (TAME) were not found. With one possible exception, no evidence of a different diesel or other hydrocarbon fuel contribution was identified. At one site near the north edge of the main LNAPL body, evidence exists for traces of possible gasoline components in addition to the diesel fuel. The geochemical analysis of the LNAPL and correlations with other fuel products and additives strongly suggest episodic releases of a single, local-source, diesel fuel into the aquifer over an extended period of time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014108","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Rostad, C.E., Kvenvolden, K.A., Delin, G.N., Putnam, L.D., Kolak, J.J., Chaplin, B.P., and Schaap, B.D., 2001, Hydrologic setting and geochemical characterization of free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota, November 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4108, iv, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014108.","productDescription":"iv, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":99312,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4108/report.pdf","size":"8914","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Morton County","city":"Mandan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-101.7633,46.9821],[-101.3824,46.9818],[-100.9351,46.9826],[-100.9377,46.9758],[-100.9379,46.9703],[-100.9336,46.9656],[-100.926,46.9607],[-100.9141,46.9546],[-100.9085,46.9511],[-100.906,46.9471],[-100.9039,46.9374],[-100.9029,46.9245],[-100.9042,46.9176],[-100.9066,46.9108],[-100.9085,46.9048],[-100.9048,46.8994],[-100.8999,46.8945],[-100.8973,46.8909],[-100.892,46.8845],[-100.8839,46.8735],[-100.8739,46.863],[-100.8699,46.857],[-100.8652,46.8474],[-100.8587,46.8419],[-100.8526,46.8354],[-100.8334,46.8218],[-100.8325,46.8211],[-100.8286,46.8192],[-100.8231,46.8156],[-100.8171,46.8068],[-100.8171,46.8038],[-100.818,46.7983],[-100.8178,46.793],[-100.8225,46.7854],[-100.8279,46.7788],[-100.8312,46.7743],[-100.8373,46.77],[-100.839,46.7653],[-100.8382,46.7605],[-100.8356,46.7566],[-100.8343,46.7491],[-100.8281,46.7424],[-100.8197,46.7382],[-100.8108,46.7364],[-100.8083,46.736],[-100.799,46.737],[-100.79,46.737],[-100.7848,46.7372],[-100.7797,46.7371],[-100.7745,46.7315],[-100.7732,46.7239],[-100.7777,46.7201],[-100.7843,46.7195],[-100.7919,46.7187],[-100.7946,46.7176],[-100.7974,46.7165],[-100.7959,46.7125],[-100.7922,46.7032],[-100.7885,46.6916],[-100.7844,46.6881],[-100.7784,46.6866],[-100.7713,46.6867],[-100.7591,46.6914],[-100.7488,46.6927],[-100.7424,46.6896],[-100.7374,46.6793],[-100.7433,46.6718],[-100.744,46.667],[-100.7434,46.6617],[-100.7346,46.6564],[-100.7246,46.6559],[-100.7091,46.6582],[-100.6939,46.6633],[-100.6804,46.6722],[-100.6666,46.6758],[-100.6552,46.6793],[-100.6467,46.6797],[-100.6396,46.6777],[-100.639,46.6717],[-100.6433,46.6633],[-100.6538,46.6567],[-100.6634,46.6409],[-100.6595,46.6349],[-100.6616,46.6344],[-100.6237,46.6114],[-100.6115,46.6066],[-100.5885,46.6008],[-100.5651,46.5931],[-100.56,46.5843],[-100.5673,46.5779],[-100.5832,46.5795],[-100.5862,46.5748],[-100.5817,46.5681],[-100.5432,46.5312],[-100.5555,46.5139],[-100.5774,46.5059],[-100.5822,46.4958],[-100.5855,46.4934],[-100.5901,46.481],[-100.5934,46.47],[-100.598,46.4576],[-100.5986,46.4434],[-100.5947,46.4329],[-100.592,46.4274],[-100.6019,46.4237],[-100.6072,46.4223],[-100.621,46.4227],[-100.6263,46.4209],[-100.6329,46.4163],[-100.6394,46.4131],[-100.65,46.4104],[-100.6625,46.4108],[-100.6717,46.4149],[-100.6803,46.4135],[-100.6849,46.408],[-100.6908,46.397],[-100.6947,46.3947],[-100.6987,46.3942],[-100.7059,46.397],[-100.7092,46.3965],[-100.7066,46.3883],[-100.7072,46.386],[-100.7118,46.3846],[-100.7164,46.3796],[-100.7184,46.3791],[-100.7217,46.3809],[-100.7211,46.3883],[-100.7342,46.3869],[-100.7349,46.3969],[-100.7349,46.4002],[-100.7409,46.4001],[-100.7481,46.3951],[-100.7567,46.3951],[-100.7626,46.3946],[-100.7685,46.3951],[-100.7738,46.396],[-100.7764,46.3882],[-100.7843,46.39],[-100.7929,46.39],[-100.7962,46.3899],[-100.8041,46.3899],[-100.8093,46.3867],[-100.8159,46.3853],[-100.8225,46.3881],[-100.8258,46.3871],[-100.8284,46.3871],[-100.8311,46.3885],[-100.8317,46.3917],[-100.8383,46.3908],[-100.8436,46.3931],[-100.8502,46.3926],[-100.8522,46.393],[-100.8555,46.4017],[-100.8601,46.4008],[-100.8654,46.3944],[-100.8726,46.3939],[-100.8779,46.3957],[-100.8779,46.404],[-100.8812,46.4067],[-100.8892,46.4071],[-100.897,46.4016],[-100.899,46.3975],[-100.9056,46.3965],[-100.9187,46.3933],[-100.9194,46.3905],[-100.922,46.3869],[-100.9246,46.3846],[-100.9318,46.3832],[-100.9344,46.3818],[-100.9364,46.3786],[-100.9364,46.3772],[-100.9383,46.3745],[-100.9403,46.3735],[-100.9416,46.3676],[-100.9442,46.3639],[-100.9442,46.3621],[-100.9422,46.358],[-100.9408,46.3511],[-100.9435,46.3492],[-100.9507,46.3478],[-100.9599,46.3474],[-100.9612,46.346],[-100.9585,46.34],[-100.9611,46.3377],[-100.9703,46.3354],[-100.9696,46.3294],[-100.9749,46.3253],[-100.9815,46.328],[-100.9854,46.3262],[-100.9854,46.3234],[-100.9873,46.317],[-100.9939,46.3161],[-101.0025,46.3197],[-101.0078,46.3229],[-101.0143,46.322],[-101.0176,46.3201],[-101.0195,46.3164],[-101.0143,46.3123],[-101.0136,46.3064],[-101.0017,46.3055],[-100.9997,46.3032],[-101.003,46.2977],[-101.0069,46.2945],[-101.0141,46.2972],[-101.0181,46.2981],[-101.02,46.2926],[-101.0272,46.2885],[-101.0252,46.2779],[-101.0363,46.2756],[-101.041,46.2816],[-101.0462,46.2815],[-101.0502,46.2806],[-101.049,46.3704],[-101.2992,46.3705],[-101.2997,46.63],[-101.7169,46.631],[-101.7152,46.7173],[-102.0939,46.7171],[-102.097,46.9809],[-101.7633,46.9821]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Morton\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605372","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostad, Colleen E. cerostad@usgs.gov","contributorId":833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"Colleen","email":"cerostad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, Geoffrey N. 0000-0001-7991-6158 delin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-6158","contributorId":2610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"Geoffrey","email":"delin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":5063,"text":"Central Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Putnam, Larry D. ldputnam@usgs.gov","contributorId":990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"Larry","email":"ldputnam@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kolak, Jonathan J.","contributorId":59100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chaplin, Brain P.","contributorId":10087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"Brain","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schaap, Bryan D.","contributorId":63438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":42407,"text":"ofr01226 - 2001 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Dixonville 7.5' quadrangle, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T13:52:57.216332","indexId":"ofr01226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-226","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Dixonville 7.5' quadrangle, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Dixonville 7.5 minute quadrangle is situated near the edge of two major geologic and tectonic provinces the northernmost Klamath Mountains and the southeastern part of the Oregon Coast Ranges (Figure 1). Rocks of the Klamath Mountains province that lie within the study area include ultramafic, mafic, intermediate and siliceous igneous types (Diller, 1898, Ramp, 1972, Ryberg, 1984). Similar rock associations that lie to the southwest yield Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous radiometric ages (Dott, 1965, Saleeby, et al., 1982, Hotz, 1971, Harper and Wright, 1984). These rocks, which are part of the Western Klamath terrane (Western Jurassic belt of (Irwin, 1964), are considered to have formed within an extensive volcanic arc and rifted arc complex (Harper and Wright, 1984) that lay along western North America during the Late Jurassic (Garcia, 1979, Garcia, 1982, Saleeby, et al., 1982, Ryberg, 1984). Imbricate thrust faulting and collapse of the arc during the Nevadan orogeny, which ranged in age between about 150 to 145 Ma in the Klamath region (Coleman, 1972, Saleeby, et al., 1982, Harper and Wright, 1984) was syntectonic with, or closely followed by deposition of the volcano-lithic clastic rocks of the Myrtle Group. The Myrtle Group consists of Upper Jurassic and Lower to middle Cretaceous turbidity and mass flow deposits considered to be either arc basin and/or post-orogenic flysh basins that were syntectonic with the waning phases of arc collapse (Imlay et al., 1959, Ryberg, 1984, Garcia, 1982, Roure.and Blanchet, 1983). The intermediate and mafic igneous rocks of the Rogue arc and the pre-Nevadan sedimentary cover (the Galice Formation, (Garcia, 1979) are intruded by siliceous and intermediate plutonic rocks principally of quartz diorite and granodiorite composition (Dott, 1965, Saleeby, et al., 1982, Garcia, 1982, Harper and Wright, 1984). The plutonic rocks are locally tectonized into amphibolite, gneiss, banded gneiss and augen gneiss. Similar metamorphic rocks have yielded metamorphic ages of 165 to 150 Ma (Coleman, 1972, Hotz, 1971, Saleeby, et al., 1982, Coleman and Lanphere, 1991).
\nThe Jurassic arc rocks and sedimentary cover occur as a tectonic outlier in this region (Figure 2) as they are bound to the northwest and southeast by melange, broken formation and semi-schists of the Dothan Formation and Dothan Formation(?) that are considered part of a late Mesozoic accretion complex (Ramp, 1972, Blake, et al., 1985). The plutonism that accompanied arc formation and tectonic collapse of the arc does not intrude the structurally underlying Dothan Formation, indicating major fault displacements since the Early Cretaceous. Semischistose and schistose rocks of the accretion complex have yielded metamorphic ages of around 125-140 Ma where they have been studied to the southwest (Coleman and Lanphere, 1971, Dott, 1965, Coleman, 1972). These rocks were unroofed and unconformably overlain by marine deposits by late early Eocene time (Baldwin, 1974).
\nThe early Tertiary history of this region is controversial. The most recent interpretation is that during the Paleocene and early Eocene the convergent margin was undergoing transtension or forearc extension as suggested by the voluminous extrusion of pillow basalt and related dike complexes (Wells, et al., 1984, Snavely, 1987). This episode was followed shortly by thrust and strike-slip faulting in the late early Eocene (Ryberg, 1984).
\nDuring the Eocene, the Mesozoic convergent margin association of arc, clastic basin, and accretion complex was partly unroofed and faulted against early Cenozoic rocks of the Oregon Coast Ranges (Ramp, 1972, Baldwin, 1974, Champ, 1969, Ryberg, 1984). Faults that are typical of this period of deformation include high-angle reverse faults with a very strong component of strike-slip displacement characterized by a low-angle rake of striae. Thrust and oblique-slip faults are ubiquitous in early Tertiary rocks to the northwest (Ryberg, 1984, Niem and Niem, 1990).
\nThe late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic arc and forearc rocks are unconformably overlain to the east by the late Eocene and younger, mainly continental fluvial deposits and pyroclastic flows of the Cascade arc (Peck, et al., 1964, Baldwin, 1974, Walker and MacLeod, 1991). Minor fossiliferous shallow marine sandstone is locally present. The volcanic sequence consists of a homoclinal section of about 1 to 2 kilometers of andesitic to rhyolitic flows and ash flow tuff. The section is gently east-tilted and is slightly disrupted by NE trending faults with apparent normal separation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01226","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., Wells, R., Givler, R.W., Fenton, J., and Sinor, M., 2001, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Dixonville 7.5' quadrangle, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-226, Map: 48.0 x 36.0 inches; Readme; Metadata: PDF; Metadata: TXT; Pamphlet: PDF, 10 p.; Pamphlet: TXT; Dataset; Map for plotting, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01226.","productDescription":"Map: 48.0 x 36.0 inches; Readme; Metadata: PDF; Metadata: TXT; Pamphlet: PDF, 10 p.; Pamphlet: TXT; Dataset; Map for plotting","numberOfPages":"10","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110198,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42120.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"42120"},{"id":3685,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0226/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282593,"rank":7,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0226/pdf/readme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282592,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0226/pdf/01-226m.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282595,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0226/pdf/metadata.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282594,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0226/pdf/geol.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282596,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0226/ofr01226md.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":282597,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0226/ofr01226ps.tar.gz","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains,Oregon Coast Ranges","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.25,43.125 ], [ -123.25,43.25 ], [ -123.125,43.25 ], [ -123.125,43.125 ], [ -123.25,43.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a72e4b07f02db642aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, Angela S. 0000-0002-7378-0330 ajayko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":2531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"Angela","email":"ajayko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":226423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":226424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Givler, R. W.","contributorId":48152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Givler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fenton, J.S.","contributorId":37708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sinor, M.","contributorId":21930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinor","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":45060,"text":"wri004196 - 2001 - Estimates of nitrogen loads entering Long Island Sound from ground water and streams on Long Island, New York, 1985-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T21:30:59.216162","indexId":"wri004196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4196","title":"Estimates of nitrogen loads entering Long Island Sound from ground water and streams on Long Island, New York, 1985-96","docAbstract":"Fresh ground water that discharges from the northern part of Long Island's aquifer system to Long Island Sound contains elevated concentrations of nitrogen from agricultural fertilizer, domestic waste and fertilizer, and precipitation. The nitrogen contributes to algal blooms, which consume oxygen as the algae die and decompose. The resulting low dissolved oxygen concentrations (hypoxia) adversely affect plant and animal populations in Long Island Sound.
The four major streams on the north shore of Long Island that have long-term discharge and water-quality records were selected for analysis of geographic, long-term, and seasonal trends in nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen concentrations generally decrease eastward among three Nassau County streams, then increase again at the easternmost stream, Nissequogue River in Suffolk County. A long-term (1970-96) increase in total nitrogen concentrations in the Nissequogue River also is evident. Seasonal fluctuations in nitrogen concentrations in all four streams reflect chemical reactions and microbial activity in the stream system, so total nitrogen concentrations in the three easternmost streams generally were lowest during summer and highest in winter, whereas those in the westernmost stream (Glen Cove Creek) were highest during summer and lowest in winter.
The nitrogen loads discharged to Long Island Sound from each of the four streams for each year during 1985-96 were calculated from the annual mean total nitrogen concentration and the annual mean discharge. Nissequogue River's annual mean discharges were 3 to 6 times larger than those of Glen Cove and Mill Neck Creeks, and produced the largest annual loads of nitrogen--65 to 149 ton/yr (59,000 to 135,000 kg/yr). Cold Spring Brook had the lowest annual mean discharges and annual mean total nitrogen concentrations of the four streams; its annual mean nitrogen load ranged from 1.2 to 2.8 ton/yr (1,100 to 2,500 kg/yr).
The nitrogen load carried to Long Island Sound by shallow ground water from the north shore of Long Island was calculated from simulated shallow-aquifer discharges from Nassau and Suffolk Counties (9,200 and 21,400 Mgal/yr or 34,800,000 and 81,100,000 m3/yr, respectively) and median total nitrogen concentrations at selected wells (2.2 and 4.3 milligrams per liter as N, respectively). The resultant nitrogen load was 84 ton/yr (76,500 kg/yr) for Nassau County and 384 ton/yr (349,000 kg/yr) for Suffolk County.
The nitrogen load carried to Long Island Sound by deep ground water from the north shore was calculated from simulated deep-aquifer discharges from Nassau and Suffolk counties (13,200 and 47,300 Mgal/yr or 50,000,000 and 179,000,000 m3/yr, respectively). The median nitrogen concentrations of deep ground water for the two counties were 1.62 and 1.34 mg/L as N, respectively. The resultant nitrogen load from deep-aquifer discharge was 89 ton/yr (81,000 kg/yr) for Nassau County and 265 ton/yr (240,000 kg/yr) for Suffolk County.
Nitrogen loads entering Long Island Sound from the shallow aquifer underlying three areas of differing land use along the north shore--a sewered residential area in Nassau County, an unsewered residential area in Suffolk County, and an agricultural area in Suffolk County--were evaluated. The agricultural area contains no major streams and, therefore, produces very little surface runoff to Long Island Sound and substantially greater shallow-aquifer discharge than in the sewered and unsewered areas. Ground water in the agricultural area also had the highest median nitrogen concentration (9.9 mg/L as N) of the three land-use areas and discharged the largest estimated nitrogen load to Long Island Sound--152 ton/yr (138,000 kg/yr), which represents about 40 percent of the estimated total nitrogen load from Suffolk County. Ground water in the sewered area had the lowest nitrogen concentration (1.9 mg/L as N) and discharged the smallest nitrogen load to Long Island Sound--7.28 ton/yr (6,600 kg/yr). The analysis indicates that land use on the north shore of Long Island can greatly affect the nitrogen concentration of water in the shallow aquifer and the resultant nitrogen load discharged to Long Island Sound from ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Scorca, M.P., and Monti, J., 2001, Estimates of nitrogen loads entering Long Island Sound from ground water and streams on Long Island, New York, 1985-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4196, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004196.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395188,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42288.htm"},{"id":171849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4196/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":324225,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4196/wri20004196.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.49 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4196"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.90502929687499,\n 40.8595252289932\n ],\n [\n -72.6910400390625,\n 40.8595252289932\n ],\n [\n -72.6910400390625,\n 41.04207384890103\n ],\n [\n -73.90502929687499,\n 41.04207384890103\n ],\n [\n -73.90502929687499,\n 40.8595252289932\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
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425 Jordan Rd
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(518) 285-5695
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Over 250 benthic invertebrate taxa were identified from snags and woody debris in streams and rivers of the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River Basins in the Eastern Iowa Basins (EIWA) study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The composition, distribution, and abundance of 74 predominant taxa were related to environmental conditions in the study unit, using habitat, hydrologic, and water-quality data. Four groups of sites were defined, based on the distribution and relative abundance of taxa. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to identify relations in the structure of the invertebrate assemblages, and the correspondence of taxa and sites in the groups was related to habitat, hydrologic, and water-quality information. Responses of invertebrate assemblages were explained by natural factors, such as surficial geology or physical habitat conditions, as well as human influences, such as agriculture or high-density hog-feeding operations.
\nMayflies, caddisflies, and true flies were well represented in streams and rivers of the EIWA study unit. The mayflies Tricorythodes and Baetis intercalaris, the net-spinning caddisflies Hydropsyche bidens and H. simulans, and the Chironomidae Glyptotendipes, Polypedilum, and Rheotanytarsus predominated. Spatial variation in benthic invertebrate assemblages within a site was less than that observed among sites. Assemblages from 3 years of sampling generally were grouped by site, with exceptions related to differences in discharge among years.
\nThe benthic invertebrate assemblages associated with the four groups of sites reflected the cumulative effects of agricultural and urban land use, sources of nutrient and organic enrichment, and longitudinal stream succession—the natural sequence of communities in streams from headwaters to large rivers. These factors, especially the natural changes from upstream to downstream, were influential in characterizing the benthic invertebrate assemblages of the site groups.
\nStream size, a reflection of basin area, was a principal influence in categorizing the benthic invertebrate assemblages, with sites that have the largest basin areas forming a separate group. Although it is difficult to distinguish among the contributions of large basin area, increased concentrations of nutrients and pesticides, and decreasing instream habitat diversity, the resulting invertebrate assemblage described was distinct. The remaining sites were headwater or tributary streams that reflected conditions more common to smaller streams, such as higher gradients and the potential for more diverse or extensive riparian habitat, but were distinguished by landform. Following basin area in importance, landform contributed to the differences observed among the benthic invertebrate communities at the remaining sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004256","usgsCitation":"Brigham, A.R., and Sadorf, E.M., 2001, Benthic invertebrate assemblages and their relation to physical and chemical characteristics of streams in the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4256, vii, 44 p.; ill., col. map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004256.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.; ill., col. map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004256.JPG"},{"id":3812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/wri004256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 43.44893105587766\n ],\n [\n -92.6531982421875,\n 43.64800079902171\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 43.74728909225906\n ],\n [\n -92.8179931640625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -92.9058837890625,\n 43.878097874251736\n ],\n [\n -93.03771972656249,\n 43.909765943908\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -93.1915283203125,\n 43.79488907226601\n ],\n [\n -93.3453369140625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -93.6090087890625,\n 43.80678314779554\n ],\n [\n -93.7518310546875,\n 43.70362249839005\n ],\n [\n -93.878173828125,\n 43.64005063334694\n ],\n [\n -93.9825439453125,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.432977075795606\n ],\n [\n -94.130859375,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -94.1802978515625,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.04881979669318\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 42.96044267380142\n ],\n [\n -93.9056396484375,\n 42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 42.581399679665054\n ],\n [\n -93.7847900390625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -93.85620117187499,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -93.88916015625,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 41.795888098191426\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -93.526611328125,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -93.3782958984375,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -93.218994140625,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -93.0816650390625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -92.8948974609375,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -92.230224609375,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -91.966552734375,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -91.95556640625,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -91.7303466796875,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -91.5216064453125,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -91.5545654296875,\n 40.65980593837855\n ],\n [\n -91.593017578125,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.34033203125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.79717741518769\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 40.851215574282456\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.942564441333296\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 41.01721057822846\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -91.29089355468749,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.32320110223851\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.51269075845857\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.52091689636249\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.56203190200195\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -90.428466796875,\n 41.759019938155404\n ],\n [\n -90.32409667968749,\n 41.81636125072054\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 41.92271616673924\n ],\n [\n -90.6317138671875,\n 41.90636538970964\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 42.17561739661684\n ],\n [\n -91.483154296875,\n 42.33012354634199\n ],\n [\n -91.6534423828125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 42.72683914955442\n ],\n [\n -91.9390869140625,\n 42.879989517714826\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Acknowledgements
Methods
Site Selection and Description
Water-Quality Variables
Habitat
Benthic Invertebrate Collection and Data Preparation
Field Sampling
Laboratory Processing
Data Preparation
Statistical Analysis and Other Calculations
Distribution of Benthic Invertebrates
Spatial and Temporal Variability
Spatial Variability
Temporal Variability
Differences in Benthic Invertebrates Among Site Groups
Influence of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Streams on Benthic Invertebrate Assemblages
Identification of Important Environmental Variables
Distinctions Among Site Groups
Responses of Benthic Invertebrates to Nutrients and Organic Enrichment
Summary
References cited
Supplemental Data
The statewide average precipitation of 32.82 inches for the 2000 water year was 1.14 inches greater than the normal annual precipitation of 31.68 inches for water years 1961-90. Average precipitation values affecting streamflow conditions ranged from 90 percent of normal in northwest Wisconsin to 121 percent of normal in southeast Wisconsin (summary tables provided by Lyle Anderson, State Climatology Office, University of Wisconsin, Madison, written commun., 2001). Although precipitation for the year averaged only 104 percent of normal, the 2000 water year had extremes of beginning dry, turning very wet in the spring, and ending dry again. The year began below normal the first quarter of the year in all climatic divisions of the State. Record high temperatures in February and March and below normal snowfall brought an early spring and dry conditions statewide during March and April (Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics Service, 2000). The northern part of the State was still below normal for May. May and June brought record wet weather and cool temperatures for the southern half of the State: southeast Wisconsin received over 270 percent of normal rainfall for May, and southwest Wisconsin received over 250 percent of normal rainfall for June. June was the wettest month statewide, averaging 173 percent of normal. The last quarter of the year was more variable with the northern half of the State being below normal and the remainder near normal; heavy rains exceeding 10 inches for the month occurred in localized areas during July and September.
\nRunoff differed for rivers throughout the State and ranged from 33 percent in east central Wisconsin to 166 percent in south central Wisconsin. Runoff was lowest (33 percent of the average annual runoff from 1964- 2000) for the Lake Michigan tributary Kewaunee River near Kewaunee, and highest (166 percent of the average annual runoff from 1974-2000) for the Pheasant Branch at Middleton station in south central Wisconsin. Departures of runoff in the 2000 water year as a percent of long-term average runoff in the State (determined using stations with drainage areas greater than 150 square miles and at least 20 years of record) are shown in Figure 4.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcbda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maertz, Diane E. (compiler)","contributorId":65154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maertz","given":"Diane","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Jan A.","contributorId":14498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Jan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45024,"text":"wri014182 - 2001 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system, Seminole County and vicinity, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri014182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4182","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system, Seminole County and vicinity, Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology and ground-water quality of Seminole County in east-central Florida was evaluated. A ground-water flow model was developed to simulate the effects of both present day (September 1996 through August 1997) and projected 2020 ground-water withdrawals on the water levels in the surficial aquifer system and the potentiometric surface of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers in Seminole County and vicinity. \r\n\r\nThe Floridan aquifer system is the major source of ground water in the study area. In 1965, ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system in Seminole County were about 11 million gallons per day. In 1995, withdrawals totaled about 69 million gallons per day. Of the total ground water used in 1995, 74 percent was for public supply, 12 percent for domestic self-supplied, 10 percent for agriculture self-supplied, and 4 percent for recreational irrigation. \r\n\r\nThe principal water-bearing units in Seminole County are the surficial aquifer system and the Floridan aquifer system. The two aquifer systems are separated by the intermediate confining unit, which contains beds of lower permeability sediments that confine the water in the Floridan aquifer system. The Floridan aquifer system has two major water-bearing zones (the Upper Floridan aquifer and the Lower Floridan aquifer), which are separated by a less-permeable semiconfining unit. \r\n\r\nUpper Floridan aquifer water levels and spring flows have been affected by ground-water development. Long-term hydrographs of four wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer show a general downward trend from the early 1950's until 1990. The declines in water levels are caused predominantly by increased pumpage and below average annual rainfall. From 1991 to 1998, water levels rose slightly, a trend that can be explained by an increase in average annual rainfall. Long-term declines in the potentiometric surface varied throughout the area, ranging from about 3 to 12 feet. Decreases in spring discharge also have been observed in a few springs with long-term record. \r\n\r\nChloride concentrations in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer in Seminole County range areally from 6.2 to 5,300 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentrations are lowest in the recharge areas of the Floridan aquifer system in the western part of Seminole County and near Geneva. The most highly mineralized water occurs adjacent to the Wekiva River in northwestern Seminole County, around the eastern part of Lake Jesup, and along the St. Johns River in eastern Seminole County. Analysis of limited long-term water-quality data indicates that the chloride concentrations in water for most wells in the Floridan aquifer system in Seminole County have not changed significantly in the 20-year period from 1976 to 1996, and probably not since the mid 1950's. Analysis of water samples collected from some Upper Floridan aquifer springs, however, indicates that the water has become more mineralized during recent years. Increases in specific conductance and concentrations of major cations and anions were observed at several of the springs within the study area where long-term water-quality data were available. Associated with these increases in the mineralization of spring water has been an increase in total nitrate-plus- nitrite as nitrogen concentration. \r\n\r\nA three-dimensional model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems. The steady-state ground-water flow model was calibrated to water-level data that was averaged over a 1-year period from September 1996 through August 1997. The calibrated flow model generally produced simulated water levels in reasonably close agreement with measured water levels. As a result, the calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of expected increases in ground-water withdrawals on the water levels in the surficial aquifer system and on the potentiometric surface of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers in Seminole County. \r\n\r\nThe ca","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014182","usgsCitation":"Spechler, R.M., and Halford, K.J., 2001, Hydrogeology, water quality, and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system, Seminole County and vicinity, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4182, vi, 116 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014182.","productDescription":"vi, 116 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3889,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wrir014182","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4a22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spechler, Rick M. spechler@usgs.gov","contributorId":1364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"Rick","email":"spechler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45027,"text":"wri014195 - 2001 - Ground-water discharge determined from estimates of evapotranspiration, Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-08T13:17:41","indexId":"wri014195","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4195","title":"Ground-water discharge determined from estimates of evapotranspiration, Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The Death Valley regional flow system (DVRFS) is one of the larger ground-water flow systems in the southwestern United States and includes much of southern Nevada and the Death Valley region of eastern California. Centrally located within the ground-water flow system is the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The NTS, a large tract covering about 1,375 square miles, historically has been used for testing nuclear devices and currently is being studied as a potential repository for the long-term storage of high-level nuclear waste generated in the United States. The U.S. Department of Energy, as mandated by Federal and State regulators, is evaluating the risk associated with contaminants that have been or may be introduced into the subsurface as a consequence of any past or future activities at the NTS. Because subsurface contaminants can be transported away from the NTS by ground water, components of the ground-water budget are of great interest. One such component is regional ground-water discharge. Most of the ground water leaving the DVRFS is limited to local areas where geologic and hydrologic conditions force ground water upward toward the surface to discharge at springs and seeps. Available estimates of ground-water discharge are based primarily on early work done as part of regional reconnaissance studies. These early efforts covered large, geologically complex areas and often applied substantially different techniques to estimate ground-water discharge. This report describes the results of a study that provides more consistent, accurate, and scientifically defensible measures of regional ground-water losses from each of the major discharge areas of the DVRFS. Estimates of ground-water discharge presented in this report are based on a rigorous quantification of local evapotranspiration (ET). The study identifies areas of ongoing ground-water ET, delineates different ET areas based on similarities in vegetation and soil-moisture conditions, and determines an ET rate for each delineated area. Each area, referred to as an ET unit, generally consists of one or more assemblages of local phreatophytes or a unique moist soil environment. Ten ET units are identified throughout the DVRFS based on differences in spectral-reflectance characteristics. Spectral differences are determined from satellite imagery acquired June 21, 1989, and June 13, 1992. The units identified include areas of open playa, moist bare soils, sparse to dense vegetation, and open water. ET rates estimated for each ET unit range from a few tenths of a foot per year for open playa to nearly 9 feet per year for open water. Mean annual ET estimates are computed for each discharge area by summing estimates of annual ET from each ET unit within a discharge area. The estimate of annual ET from each ET unit is computed as the product of an ET unit's acreage and estimated ET rate. Estimates of mean annual ET range from 450 acre-feet in the Franklin Well area to 30,000 acre-feet in Sarcobatus Flat. Ground-water discharge is estimated as annual ET minus that part of ET attributed to local precipitation. Mean annual ground-water discharge estimates range from 350 acre-feet in the Franklin Well area to 18,000 acre-feet in Ash Meadows. Generally, these estimates are greater for the northern discharge areas (Sarcobatus Flat and Oasis Valley) and less for the southern discharge areas (Franklin Lake, Shoshone area, and Tecopa/ California Valley area) than those previously reported.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014195","usgsCitation":"Laczniak, R.J., Smith, J.L., Elliott, P.E., DeMeo, G.A., Chatigny, M.A., and Roemer, G.J., 2001, Ground-water discharge determined from estimates of evapotranspiration, Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4195, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014195.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3892,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014195","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273551,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/etsite.xml"},{"id":273552,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/etunit.xml"},{"id":273145,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/darea.xml"},{"id":272840,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/cir89.xml"},{"id":272841,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/cir92.xml"},{"id":274650,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/msavi89.xml"},{"id":274652,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/msavi92.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.21632652,35.3783235 ], [ -117.21632652,37.65355519 ], [ -115.25101413,37.65355519 ], [ -115.25101413,35.3783235 ], [ -117.21632652,35.3783235 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ceb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Peggy E. 0000-0002-7264-664X pelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-664X","contributorId":3805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Peggy","email":"pelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeMeo, Guy A. gademeo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMeo","given":"Guy","email":"gademeo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chatigny, Melissa A.","contributorId":34378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chatigny","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roemer, Gaius J.","contributorId":59674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roemer","given":"Gaius","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70038037,"text":"70038037 - 2000 - U.S. Geological Survey Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives Fiscal Year 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-19T14:41:37.42066","indexId":"70038037","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-19T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives Fiscal Year 2000","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is an impartial scientific organization that strives to produce scientific results that are relevant to the people of the United States and their land and resource managers. USGS does not improve the quality of its customers' lives; it provides the informational tools for American Indians, Alaska Natives, and other customers to understand and improve their own lives.
In cooperation with American Indian and Alaska Native governments, the USGS conducts research on water and mineral resources, animals and plants of environmental, economic, or subsistence importance, natural hazards, and geologic resources. Digital data on cartography, mineral resources, stream flows, biota, and other data sets are available to American Indian and Alaska Native institutions. The USGS recognizes the need to learn from and share knowledge with Native peoples. This report describes most of the activities that the USGS conducted with American Indian and Alaska Native governments, educational institutions, and individuals during Federal Fiscal Year 2000. Some of these USGS activities were conducted in concert with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Others were conducted by Tribes and the USGS.
In the year 2000, the USGS began examining its activities related to American Indians and Native Alaskans to determine how it can better serve these customers within its mandates. More Tribal governments, educational institutions, and other Tribal organizations are using geographic information systems and other digital technologies in recent years. As Tribes become more interested and more adept at managing digital information, they are seeking such data from the USGS with greater frequency. The increasing use of such technologies allows Tribal governments additional means of managing lands and resources for the benefit of current and future generations. The USGS recognizes the need to make its information available to Tribal governments, and to work with those governments and other institutions to advance data management capabilities.
The USGS is responding to this need by increasing the transfer of scientific information to American Indian and Alaska Native governments and by training employees of these governments to conduct and improve scientific studies. The USGS is also encouraging American Indians and Alaska Natives to pursue careers in science, and seeking ways to hire Indian and Native students. By identifying, improving, and disseminating information about available hiring mechanisms, the USGS is working to make hiring such students easier, and therefore more likely, for USGS managers.
The U.S. Geological Survey is the Federal science bureau within the Department of the Interior (DoI). The USGS is non-regulatory and is not a significant manager of Federal or Trust lands or assets. However, there are two types of USGS activities that do involve American Indians, Alaska Natives, and their lands. The first type of activity is the course of formal studies, conducted through existing USGS programs, that involve collection of specific types of data as well as investigative and research projects. These projects have a duration of two or three years, although a few are parts of longer-term activities. Some are funded through cooperative agreements or reimbursable accounts, from monies provided to the USGS by individual Tribal governments or by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The USGS provides matching funds for cooperative projects. These formal projects may also receive funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Indian Health Service (part of the Department of Health and Human Services), or other Federal agencies. The USGS routinely works with its sister bureaus in the Department of the Interior to provide the scientific information and expertise needed to meet the Department's science priorities. Within this context, the USGS and the Bureau of Indian Affairs are cooperating to use USGS knowledge for the benefit of American Indian and Native peoples and their lands.
The second type of USGS activity is less formal, based on initiatives designed and conducted by USGS employees. Frequently involving educational activities, these endeavors are prompted by employee interests, often as collateral issues, that result from an individual or group of USGS employees identifying and responding to an observed need. In these activities, USGS employees help us fulfill a mission of the USGS, to make science relevant, while helping their fellow citizens. USGS employees have also taken the initiative to assist American Indians and Alaska Natives through participation in several organizations that were created to foster knowledge of science among Native peoples and to help build support and communication networks. One such group is the American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES). This group sponsors an annual national meeting in which USGS employees participate. USGS employees join this organization on a voluntary basis, paying the costs themselves, yet bringing the benefits of this expanded network to the USGS, as many employees do with other professional organizations.
Each part of the USGS has identified an American Indian/Alaska Native liaison. As USGS moves to a more regional organizational structure, it will establish contacts in the Western, Central, and Eastern Regions. Within the USGS, this report will help in developing outreach, educational, and program documents for use in future years. It is hoped that USGS employees, American Indians, and Alaska Natives will adapt these activities in new areas and will use the USGS contacts to expand the relevance of the USGS to more Americans.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70038037","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives Fiscal Year 2000, xi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70038037.","productDescription":"xi, 57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":254498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038037/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bba52e4b08c986b3280e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231299,"text":"70231299 - 2000 - Integration of a numerical model and remotely sensed data to study urban/rural land surface climate processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-05T15:58:48.077773","indexId":"70231299","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-20T10:53:14","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of a numerical model and remotely sensed data to study urban/rural land surface climate processes","docAbstract":"Simulation of urban/rural land surface climate processes using boundary layer climate models requires accurate input data with regard to surface thermal and radiative properties. The research reported here resulted in development of a procedure to integrate the satellite-derived surface biophysical parameters with a boundary layer climate model for simulating spatial surface energy exchange.
The procedure was tested through spatial surface energy balance simulation of an urban/rural landscape in eastern Nebraska. The modeled surface temperature and net radiation were compared to those derived from the concurrent satellite data. The errors of the modeled surface temperature were small, and were mainly attributed to uncertainties in the estimation of surface moisture availability and satellite-derived surface radiant temperature. Modeled net radiation was also in agreement with the values calculated from satellite data. Modeled turbulent heat fluxes were in general agreement as compared to those reported in the literature, but the model tended to overestimate the latent heat flux for most rural land cover types. It was concluded that by incorporation of satellite-derived surface physical parameters into a boundary layer model, simulation of spatial land surface climate processes was much improved. The method and procedures developed from this study can be utilized in other boundary layer climate models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00124-7","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., 2000, Integration of a numerical model and remotely sensed data to study urban/rural land surface climate processes: Computers & Geosciences, v. 26, no. 4, p. 451-468, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00124-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400212,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","city":"Lincoln, Omaha","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.97357177734375,\n 40.69521661351714\n ],\n [\n -95.82824707031249,\n 40.69521661351714\n ],\n [\n -95.82824707031249,\n 41.498292501398545\n ],\n [\n -96.97357177734375,\n 41.498292501398545\n ],\n [\n -96.97357177734375,\n 40.69521661351714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159719,"text":"70159719 - 2000 - Elk, beaver, and the persistence of willows in national parks: comment on Singer et al. (1998).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T15:01:30","indexId":"70159719","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-28T04:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elk, beaver, and the persistence of willows in national parks: comment on Singer et al. (1998).","docAbstract":"Singer et al. (1998) propose that the decline in populations of beaver (Castor canadensis) in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) has caused willow to be more vulnerable to browsing by clk (Alces alces). I do not believe that their scenario correctly characterizes the relationship between elk and willow in YNP
\nThe authors developed their hypothesis based on 2 sets of observations. One was an experiment that compared willow growth in YNP to that in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP). Current annual growth was clipped from plants at 0%, 50%, and 100% levels in each of 4 years (1992–1995). From RMNP plants in 1 exclosure were used (Beaver Meadows); in YNP plants in 3 exclosures were treatcd (Junction Butte, Lamar East, and Lamar West; L.C. Zeigenfuss, personal communication). A second set of observations, which included additional sites in RMNP measured the growth and stature of browsed and unbrowsed plants.
\nSinger et al. (1998) reported response to the clipping experiment in their Table 5. Even under the most severe clipping treatments, willow height and annual production were maintained in RMNP willows but declincd in YNP willows. Willows in RMNP responded to the 50% clipping treatment by increasing the level of chemical defenses (tannins and phenolics), whereas the chemical defenses of YNP willows remained relatively constant. The authors surmised that 1) enhanced vigor may enable a plant's terminal leader to grow out of ungulates' reach and 2) increased production of chemical defenses may deter herbivory.
\nSinger et al. (1998) concluded that the betweenpark differences were directly related to better growing conditions in RMNP compared to YNP The better growing conditions in RMNP were attributed to: 1) higher effective precipitation, 2) more beaver activity, 3) more beaver dams in drainages, and 4) higher water tables near streamsides. There are several reasons the experiment conducted by Singer et al. (1998) does not support these conclusions.
\n\n
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., 2000, Elk, beaver, and the persistence of willows in national parks: comment on Singer et al. (1998).: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 28, no. 2, p. 448-450.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"448","endPage":"450","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park, Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.1651611328125,\n 44.044167353572185\n ],\n [\n -111.1651611328125,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -109.57763671875,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -109.57763671875,\n 44.044167353572185\n ],\n [\n -111.1651611328125,\n 44.044167353572185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.01531982421875,\n 40.0360265298117\n ],\n [\n -106.01531982421875,\n 40.62854560636587\n ],\n [\n -105.369873046875,\n 40.62854560636587\n ],\n [\n -105.369873046875,\n 40.0360265298117\n ],\n [\n -106.01531982421875,\n 40.0360265298117\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf4be4b0112df6c62e13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70159713,"text":"70159713 - 2000 - Effect of browsing on willow in the Steel Creek grazing allotment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T10:43:37","indexId":"70159713","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Effect of browsing on willow in the Steel Creek grazing allotment","docAbstract":"
The Steel Creek drainage serves as both wildlife range (primarily moose and elk) and as a livestock grazing allotment. For some years there has been concern about the effect of browsing on willows. Dense clusters of twigs have formed at the end of branches; entire stems of some plants have died. As of 1996, the relative impacts attributable to each of the ungulate species had not been documented.
\nIn 1997 a study was begun to determine: a) the current level of browsing, b) the history of past browsing pressure, and c) the relative roles of the different ungulate species. All areas surveyed in 1997 were found to be 100% intensely browsed as measured by the methods described in Keigley and Frisina (1998). A reconstructed history of aspen browsing indicated that browsing pressure increased sometime in the mid-1980s (Keigley and Frisina 1998: pp. 122-124). The intense aspen browsing occurred east of the Steel Creek Ranger Station in an area in which all livestock have been excluded for several years, thus indicating that wildlife were responsible. While the 1997 study indicated that wildlife had a significant impact on browse condition, no data were collected that documented the potential impact of livestock within grazed areas, or the combined impact of livestock and wildlife.
\nIn 1998 we began a study of browsing impacts in the Steel Creek grazing allotment. The objectives of the study were to:
\n1. Determine willow growth potential,
\n2. Document the effect of browsing,
\n3. Document the response of willows to protection from browsing,
\n4. Determine the amount consumed each year,
\n5. Distinguish between the impacts of livestock and wildlife, and
\n6. Evaluate the consistency of the measurement methods.
\nView upstream from the study area. Salix geyerriana is the dominant willow species. Salix drummondiana and S. Boothii are less common; older individuals of both species grow to about 2-m tall. Salix bebbiana is much less common, and where present, is browsed close to ground level. The carcass of an old Bebb willow that had attained typical stature is located near the study area. Beaver are absent. The remains of relic beaver dams indicate that beaver were once an important hydrologic influence.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statewide browse evaluation project: Report no. 1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., and Gale, G., 2000, Effect of browsing on willow in the Steel Creek grazing allotment, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Beaverhead/Deerlodge National Forest, Steel Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.82110595703125,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -113.82110595703125,\n 46.337447097476925\n ],\n [\n -112.35443115234375,\n 46.337447097476925\n ],\n [\n -112.35443115234375,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -113.82110595703125,\n 45.22848059584359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf4ae4b0112df6c62e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, Gil","contributorId":149959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gale","given":"Gil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224041,"text":"5224041 - 2000 - Breeding season demography and movements of Eastern Towhees at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-09T16:45:43.128975","indexId":"5224041","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding season demography and movements of Eastern Towhees at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina","docAbstract":"The Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) has undergone population declines across much of its range, especially in New England. Despite being a widespread and, at one time, a common species, relatively little is known about its natural history, ecology, or demographics. We conducted baseline research on Eastern Towhees at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, in 1995 and 1996 to estimate breeding season survival rates, nest success rates, breeding densities, and daily movements. We also were interested in whether towhees had differences in survival and movement rates between young and mature managed pine stands. We found that survival rates during the breeding season of radio-marked towhees did not vary by sex or stand type. Daily nest success rates were very low [0.629 ± 0.088 (SE)] as a result of high predation levels. Abundance estimates adjusted for sampling effort differed between years. In 1995, the abundance estimate was significantly lower in mature stands (7.1 ± 0.47) than in young stands (9.6 ± 0.60) while in 1996, there was no different between mature stands (26.2 ± 5.67) and young stands (16.5 ± 3.39). Average daily movements by radio-marked towhees did not vary by sex or stand type. Movements among adjacent stands were common, and sometimes great distances.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0243:BSDAMO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D.G., and Powell, L.A., 2000, Breeding season demography and movements of Eastern Towhees at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 112, no. 2, p. 243-248, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0243:BSDAMO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/242754","text":"External Repository"},{"id":199466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River, Savannah River Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.45675659179688,\n 32.706422286395664\n ],\n [\n -81.38809204101562,\n 32.71913249723243\n ],\n [\n -81.40182495117188,\n 32.84382741262935\n ],\n [\n -81.48147583007812,\n 32.966043055036586\n ],\n [\n -81.48422241210938,\n 33.03744943602074\n ],\n [\n -81.6064453125,\n 33.116849834921005\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 33.17089311052488\n ],\n [\n -81.74652099609375,\n 33.20996748987798\n ],\n [\n -81.88796997070312,\n 33.364943593285545\n ],\n [\n -81.88522338867188,\n 33.461234144932305\n ],\n [\n -82.02804565429688,\n 33.606613375388086\n ],\n [\n -82.12417602539062,\n 33.60546961227188\n ],\n [\n -82.12692260742188,\n 33.58030298537655\n ],\n [\n -82.02392578125,\n 33.49445251114959\n ],\n [\n -81.97174072265625,\n 33.43831750748322\n ],\n [\n -81.968994140625,\n 33.354620418436255\n ],\n [\n -81.86874389648438,\n 33.237538907121575\n ],\n [\n -81.76025390625,\n 33.12950124445052\n ],\n [\n -81.63253784179688,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -81.529541015625,\n 32.99484290420988\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 32.94414888814148\n ],\n [\n -81.46636962890625,\n 32.811515885384395\n ],\n [\n -81.45675659179688,\n 32.706422286395664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb43b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, David G. 0000-0002-5661-4541 dkrementz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-4541","contributorId":2827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"David","email":"dkrementz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Larkin A.","contributorId":198829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Larkin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224109,"text":"5224109 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Robbins Nest, Laurel, MD (390-0765)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5224109,"text":"5224109 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Robbins Nest, Laurel, MD (390-0765)","indexId":"5224109","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Robbins Nest, Laurel, MD (390-0765)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5224108,"text":"5224108 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","indexId":"5224108","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5224108,"text":"5224108 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","indexId":"5224108","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T17:39:35","indexId":"5224109","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Robbins Nest, Laurel, MD (390-0765)","docAbstract":"This is the first of three stations along the Patuxent River. Elevation here at the edge of the Piedmont ranges from 265 ft at the house to 160 ft at the river. In spite of easterly winds and heavily overcast skies from Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene, we suffered from drought all summer, not rain. We had only about two inches each in June and July, 4.55 in August, then a whopping 16.03 in September, and a normal 3.46 in October. This station operates all day on weekends, but only before and after work on other days. Net-hours were 5% above the 26-year mean of 3655, but way down from last year because other commitments kept me out of town on several weekends. I had only 14 days when I could net all day. Although the most birds were banded on opening day, the most per net-hour were on 19 and 15 October and 23 September.
The nets caught 26 returns from prior years, the oldest being a seven-year-old Blue Jay and a seven-year-old cardinal. To illustrate how biased a sample one can obtain from netting, I captured only one junco in the nets, but caught 47 of them in baited traps on our deck. Other species taken only in the traps (and not included in the totals) were Mourning Dove, Chipping Sparrow, House Finch, Pine Siskin, and American Goldfinch.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western, Inland, and Eastern Bird Banding Associations","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C.S., 2000, Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Robbins Nest, Laurel, MD (390-0765): North American Bird Bander, v. 25, no. 2, p. 63-63.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"63","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17195,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernbirdbanding.org/nabb.html","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Prince George's County","city":"Laurel","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fec94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Chandler S. crobbins@usgs.gov","contributorId":4275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Chandler","email":"crobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224110,"text":"5224110 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5224110,"text":"5224110 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)","indexId":"5224110","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5224108,"text":"5224108 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","indexId":"5224108","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5224108,"text":"5224108 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","indexId":"5224108","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T17:38:16","indexId":"5224110","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)","docAbstract":"Fall 1999 was among the poorest seasons in this banding station's 20 years of operation. Record high capture totals were set for only two species: Ruby-throated Hummingbird (41 individuals captured, none banded; previous high 21) and White-breasted Nuthatch (two individuals banded; previous high, one). The only other species that stood out as being unusually numerous was Blackpoll Warbler, for which the banding total (33 birds) was the highest since 1988. Bandings of several species (Red-eyed Vireo, Tennessee Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Ovenbird, Hooded Warbler, Canada Warbler, Eastern Towhee, and Field Sparrow) were at record lows, and bandings of many other species were below the long-term (1980-1998) mean.
The number of species banded was also below the long-term mean of 86 species, and tied the previous low. Possible contributing factors included drought conditions in Maryland and elsewhere in the East, which may have influenced nesting productivity and migration dates for some species; Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd, which influenced East Coast weather through much of September; the unprecedented scarcity of Hercules' Club (Aralia spinosa) fruits at the banding station; and occasional visits by a gray fox, which reduced operation of some nets in October and November. A season highlight was the August capture of 37 Red-eyed Vireos banded at this station in previous years, including a bird banded in August 1989. These are almost certainly locally nesting birds that feed on the abundant fruits of Viburnum dentatum in the powerline right-of-way in late summer.
Regular assistants at the banding station included Woody Martin, Susie Michaelson, Jane Nicolich, Gemma Radko, Jack Saba, Julie Tomita, and Laurie Walter. Danny Bystrak and Mary Gustafson each served as bander-in-charge on several mornings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western, Inland, and Eastern Bird Banding Associations","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D.K., 2000, Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764): North American Bird Bander, v. 25, no. 2, p. 63-63.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"63","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17196,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernbirdbanding.org/nabb.html","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Prince George's County","city":"Laurel","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c78e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Deanna K. ddawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Deanna","email":"ddawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224108,"text":"5224108 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5224109,"text":"5224109 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Robbins Nest, Laurel, MD (390-0765)","indexId":"5224109","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Robbins Nest, Laurel, MD (390-0765)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5224108,"text":"5224108 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","indexId":"5224108","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":5224110,"text":"5224110 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)","indexId":"5224110","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5224108,"text":"5224108 - 2000 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","indexId":"5224108","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T17:37:11","indexId":"5224108","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999","docAbstract":"In a slight reorganization, the Mount Nebo station in the mountains of western Maryland near Oakland was moved to Region III (Western Ridge), in exchange for Lakeshore Estates in Leon County, Florida, which we welcome to Region IV. This was the year of the hurricane in Region IV, with the majority of stations commenting on summer drought, persistent easterly winds, or hurricanes. Nine of the ten stations that operated in both 1998 and 1999 banded fewer birds in the 1999 season, the notable exception being Chino Farms, which jumped from 5193 to 8225 birds and also had a 3% increase in birds per 100 net-hours. Summing across these ten stations: 27,911 birds were banded in 1998, 24,753 in 1999, a decrease of 11%. (Net-hours are not available for all sites for 1998). Yellow-rumped Warbler was again the most commonly banded, followed again by Common Yellowthroat (which was among the top ten species at all sites except Lakeshore Estates at Tallahassee), and with the American Goldfinch a surprise in third place.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western, Inland, and Eastern Bird Banding Associations","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C.S., 2000, Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 1999: North American Bird Bander, v. 25, no. 2, p. 60-67.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"67","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17194,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernbirdbanding.org/nabb.html","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Chandler S. crobbins@usgs.gov","contributorId":4275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Chandler","email":"crobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":340576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223945,"text":"5223945 - 2000 - Influence of inner-continental shelf geologic framework on the evolution and behavior of the barrier-island system between Fire Island Inlet and Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T11:15:29","indexId":"5223945","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:41","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of inner-continental shelf geologic framework on the evolution and behavior of the barrier-island system between Fire Island Inlet and Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"High-resolution, sea-floor mapping techniques, including sidescan-sonar and subbottom profiling, were used to investigate how the geologic framework of the inner-continental shelf influenced the Holocene evolution and modern behavior of the Fire Island barrier-island system, Long Island, New York. The inner-continental shelf off Long Island is divided into two physiographic provinces by a broad outcrop of Cretaceous coastal-plain strata offshore of Watch Hill; this outcrop was part of a subaerial headland during the Holocene marine transgression. Erosion of the headland during transgression furnished sediment to the inner-continental shelf downdrift to the west. The sediment was, in turn, reworked by oceanographic processes into a series of shoreface-attached sand ridges. The oldest (~1200 yr BP) and most stable part of the barrier-island system is immediately landward of the outcropping coastal-plain strata and thickest sand ridges. East of Watch Hill, Pleistocene sediment either is exposed on the inner-continental shelf or is buried by a veneer of modern reworked sediment. Here the barrier-island system has migrated landward at a faster rate than the segment west of Watch Hill and has been breached by numerous historic inlets. Because the Pleistocene sedimentary deposit is generally of uniform thickness throughout the study area and unconformably overlies the Cretaceous coastal-plain strata, both the Holocene and historical evolution of the Fire Island barrier-island system are controlled by the physiography of this regional unconformity. In particular, the shoreface-connected sand ridges appear to be a significant source of sediment to the western portion of Fire Island. Previous attempts to develop a sediment budget for this coastal system have failed to explain volumetric discrepancies, primarily because poor assumptions were made about the nature of sediment transport in the system. A more realistic sediment budget must include a significantly larger spatial scale, including sediment input from the inner-continental shelf.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Thieler, E., Allen, J., Foster, D., Swift, B., and Denny, J.F., 2000, Influence of inner-continental shelf geologic framework on the evolution and behavior of the barrier-island system between Fire Island Inlet and Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island, New York: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 2, p. 408-422.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"422","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300050"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island Inlet, Long Island, Shinnecock Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 40.55972134684838\n ],\n [\n -71.268310546875,\n 40.55972134684838\n ],\n [\n -71.268310546875,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -73.8775634765625,\n 40.55972134684838\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dcb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thieler, E.R. 0000-0003-4311-9717","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":93082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J.R.","contributorId":16955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swift, B.A.","contributorId":32937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Denny, J. F.","contributorId":13653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223934,"text":"5223934 - 2000 - Patterns of colony-site use and disuse in saltmarsh-nesting Common and Roseate terns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:36","indexId":"5223934","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:40","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of colony-site use and disuse in saltmarsh-nesting Common and Roseate terns","docAbstract":"Nearly all previous studies of saltmarsh-nesting Common Terns on the east coast of the United States have concluded that tidal saltmarshes were suboptimal or marginal breeding habitats. Questioning that conclusion, we analyzed patterns of both saltmarsh and nonmarsh colony use (stability, movement, establishment, abandonment, and size) obtained during 5 yr of annual helicopter censuses of all Common and Roseate terns breeding on Long Island, New York. We found 1900-3600 pairs at 10-33 saltmarsh and 22-30 nonmarsh sites; there were few biologically important differences between Common Terns nesting at marsh and at nonmarsh sites. We did find that (1) marsh sites and colony sizes increased through the study period; (2) both marsh and nonmarsh colonies grew with duration of occupancy; (3) smaller marsh and nonmarsh colonies (<50 pairs) usually lasted only 12 yr, while larger colonies were equally likely to persist for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 yr; (4) numbers of marsh and nonmarsh sites used each year were generally unrelated to population sizes; (5) 5yr sites composed only 10.6% of total marsh and 17.6% of total nonmarsh sites; (6) the mean sizes of both newly established and about-to-be-abandoned colonies were smaller than the mean sizes of all others when averaged between but not within years; (7) most previously occupied sites, once abandoned, remained so for only 1 yr, and most new sites were occupied for only a single year; (8) annual turnover rates were 32%-49% for both marsh and nonmarsh sites; (9) marsh and nonmarsh breeding populations were correlated each year, allowing estimation of the total Long Island population to within +4% by censusing only the 20-25% in saltmarshes. Roseate Tern data were few, especially in marshes, obviating marsh-nonmarsh comparisons, except that Roseates failed to persist in saltmarshes, and their overall mean colony sizes across the same numbers of years' occupancy were usually smaller than Commons', although their turnover rates were roughly the same. We conclude that saltmarsh-nesting Common Terns are well adapted to marsh nesting and that they have probably been doing so for perhaps hundreds of generations. We hypothesize that it may have been a relict population of saltmarsh-nesters that saved the species from extirpation in the late 1800s. In contrast, Roseate Tern's failure to exploit extensive saltmarsh habitat seems yet another factor abetting its precarious status in northeastern North America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"5499_Buckley.pdf","usgsCitation":"Buckley, P.A., and Buckley, F.G., 2000, Patterns of colony-site use and disuse in saltmarsh-nesting Common and Roseate terns: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 71, no. 2, p. 356-369.","productDescription":"356-369","startPage":"356","endPage":"369","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17124,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1648%2F0273-8570%282000%29071%5B0356%3APOCSUA%5D2.0.CO%3B2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688ac0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buckley, F. G.","contributorId":73319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}