The Grand Rapids area, Michigan, has three sources from which to obtain its water supply: Lake Michigan, the Grand River and its tributaries, and ground water. Each of the first two and possibly the third is capable of supplying the entire needs of the area.
This area is now obtaining a part of its supply from each of these sources. Of the average use of 50 mgd (million gallons per day) during 1951, Lake Michigan supplied 29 mgd; the Grand River and its tributaries supplied 1 mgd; and ground water supplied 20 mgd.
Lake Michigan offers a practically unlimited source of potable water. However, the cost of delivery to the Grand Rapids area presents an economic problem in the further development of this source. Even without storage the Grand River can provide an adequate supply for the city of Grand Rapids. The present average use of the city of Grand Rapids is about 30 mgd and the maximum use is about 60 mgd, while the average flow of the Grand River is 2, 495 mgd or 3, 860 cfs (cubic feet per second) and the minimum daily flow recorded is 246 mgd. The quality and temperature of water in the Grand River is less desirable than Lake Michigan water. However, with proper treatment its chemical quality can be made entirely satisfactory.
The city of Grand Rapids is actively engaged in a study that will lead to the expansion of its present water-supply facilities to meet the expected growth in population in Grand Rapids and its environs.
Ground-water aquifers in the area are a large potential source of supply. The Grand Rapids area is underlain by glacial material containing a moderately hard to very hard water of varying chemical composition but suitable for most uses. The glacial outwash and lacustrine deposits bordering principal streams afford the greatest potential for the development of large supplies of potable ground water. Below the glacial drift, bedrock formations contain water that is extremely hard and moderately to highly mineralized. Thus the major sources of usable ground water are the glacial drift and some parts of the bedrock. Wherever the bedrock yields large quantities of water, the water is generally of inferior quality. Any development should be preceded by test drilling and careful hydrologic and geologic studies of the area under consideration and chemical analysis of the water found.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir323","usgsCitation":"Stramel, G., Wisler, C., and Laird, L., 1954, Water resources of the Grand Rapids area, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 323, Document: iv, 40 p.; 3 Plates: 12.93 x 14.76 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir323.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 40 p.; 3 Plates: 12.93 x 14.76 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30399,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30400,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30401,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30402,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Grand Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.78948974609375,\n 42.76617046685292\n ],\n [\n -85.78948974609375,\n 43.11802655958523\n ],\n [\n -85.42282104492188,\n 43.11802655958523\n ],\n [\n -85.42282104492188,\n 42.76617046685292\n ],\n [\n -85.78948974609375,\n 42.76617046685292\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f054a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stramel, G.J.","contributorId":47768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stramel","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wisler, C.O.","contributorId":34498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisler","given":"C.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laird, L.B.","contributorId":23522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3365,"text":"cir346 - 1954 - First Fourteen Years of Lake Mead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"346","title":"First Fourteen Years of Lake Mead","docAbstract":"This circular summarizes the results of recent studies of Lake Mead and its environs. Area-capacity tables, prepared on the basis of a hydrographic survey of the lake in 1948-49, show that the capacity of the reservoir was reduced 4.9 percent during the first 14 years after Hoover Dam was completed, but the usable capacity was reduced only 3.2 percent. Practically all of this reduction was caused by accumulation of sediment in the reservoir. Studies of inflow and outflow indicate that the reservoir has a total storage capacity about 12 percent greater than that shown by the area-capacity table, because of 'bank' storage, or ground-water storage in the bottom and sides of the reservoir. Thus the total capacity in 1949 was greater than the quantity shown by the original area-capacity table, even though large quantities of sediment had been deposited in the reservoir during the 14 years. \r\n\r\n\r\nAccording to computations of the volume and weight of the accumulated sediment, about 2,000 million tons were deposited in the reservoir by the Colorado River in 14 years; this is within 2 percent of the amount calculated from measurements of the suspended sediment carried by the in flowing rivers. It is estimated that the sediment capacity of the reservoir, when filled to the level of the permanent spillway crest, is about 75,000 million tons. The sediment contributed by the Colorado River averages about 45 percent sand and 55 percent silt and clay. \r\n\r\n\r\nIf the sediment carried by the river in the years 1926-50 represents the long-term average rate of accumulation in Lake Mead, it will be a century before the sediment at the dam reaches the level of the lowest gates in the intake towers, and more than 4 centuries before the reservoir is filled with sediment to the level of the permanent spillway crest. The rate of sedimentation since the first year of Lake Mead (1935) has been about 20 percent lower, and if that rate continues in the future, the life of the reservoir will be correspondingly greater. Construction of upstream reservoirs to capture some of the inflowing sediment, or transportation of sediment in the outflow through Hoover Dam, would also increase the life of the reservoir. \r\n\r\n\r\nIn the first 12 years of Lake Mead, the dissolved mineral matter in the outflowing water was significantly greater than the average in the in flowing water, owing in part to solution of gypsum and rock salt from the bed of the reservoir. Currently the increased dissolved solids in the outflowing water can be accounted for almost entirely by evaporation from the reservoir, which is about 5 fo 7 percent of the annual inflow. The water from Lake Mead is habitually of better quality than that diverted from the river for irrigation prior to regulation by Hoover Dam, because it represents an average of the poor water of low stages and the excellent water from melting snow. \r\n\r\n\r\nGeodetic surveys of the Lake Mead area show that the weight of water has caused subsidence of the earth's crust amounting to about 120 millimeter at Hoover Dam, and an even greater amount in the principal area of storage in the reservoir.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/cir346","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1954, First Fourteen Years of Lake Mead: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 346, vi, 27 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir346.","productDescription":"vi, 27 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0346/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30375,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0346/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Harold E.","contributorId":36116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4587,"text":"wsp1201 - 1954 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1951, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"wsp1201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1201","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1951, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1201","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1954, Surface water supply of the United States, 1951, Part I-A, North Atlantic slope basins, Maine to Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1201, viii, 287 p. :ill ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1201.","productDescription":"viii, 287 p. :ill ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1201/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1201/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51777,"text":"ofr54308 - 1954 - Computation of drawdown at equilibrium caused by wells drawing water from an aquifer fed by a finite straight-line source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T14:31:44","indexId":"ofr54308","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-308","title":"Computation of drawdown at equilibrium caused by wells drawing water from an aquifer fed by a finite straight-line source","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr54308","usgsCitation":"Theis, C., 1954, Computation of drawdown at equilibrium caused by wells drawing water from an aquifer fed by a finite straight-line source: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-308, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54308.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0308/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":179509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0308/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theis, C.V.","contributorId":101641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theis","given":"C.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51784,"text":"ofr54315 - 1954 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51784,"text":"ofr54315 - 1954 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr54315","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2832,"text":"wsp1494 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska","indexId":"wsp1494","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2832,"text":"wsp1494 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska","indexId":"wsp1494","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-16T17:56:34.274628","indexId":"ofr54315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-315","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Matanuska Valley is a part of the lowland lying north of the Chugach Range in south-central Alaska. The valley of Matanuska River and the lowland extending westward from it to the Susitna River are in the Matanuska and Wasilla districts as defined by P.S. Smith (1939, pl. 3). The area described by this thesis, hereafter termed the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, is best known as including the site of agricultural colonization undertaken by the Federal Government in 1935. It is bounded on the north by the Talkeetna Mountains and Little Susitna River, and on the south by Knik River and Knik Arm (plate 1). It lies between Eska Creek on the northeast and Goose Bay on the southwest. As thus defined the area lies approximately between 148°55' and 149°50' west longitude and between 61°25' and 61°45' north latitude; it covers about 350 square miles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr54315","usgsCitation":"Trainer, F.W., 1954, Geology and ground-water resources of the Matanuska Valley agricultural area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-315, Report: v, 134 p.; 7 Plates: 10.50 x 7.73 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54315.","productDescription":"Report: v, 134 p.; 7 Plates: 10.50 x 7.73 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418172,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/figure-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418171,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/figure-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418170,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":179595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":418169,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418168,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/figure-6A.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418167,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418166,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418165,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Matanuska Valley agricultural area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.36690993454098,\n 61.38792733177766\n ],\n [\n -150.36690993454098,\n 61.25617949802742\n ],\n [\n -150.2543483661154,\n 61.25617949802742\n ],\n [\n -150.2543483661154,\n 61.38792733177766\n ],\n [\n -150.36690993454098,\n 61.38792733177766\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6854e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trainer, Frank W.","contributorId":103655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainer","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51793,"text":"ofr54328 - 1954 - Preliminary investigation of ground water in the East Sound area, Orcas Island, San Juan County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:17","indexId":"ofr54328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-328","title":"Preliminary investigation of ground water in the East Sound area, Orcas Island, San Juan County, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr54328","usgsCitation":"Washburn, R., 1954, Preliminary investigation of ground water in the East Sound area, Orcas Island, San Juan County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-328, 26 p., 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54328.","productDescription":"26 p., 2 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Washburn, R.L.","contributorId":89114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Washburn","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51768,"text":"ofr54298 - 1954 - Modification of explanation of map of ground-water provinces in the United States, to show occurrence of saline water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T16:06:27","indexId":"ofr54298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-298","title":"Modification of explanation of map of ground-water provinces in the United States, to show occurrence of saline water","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr54298","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., and DeBuchananne, G., 1954, Modification of explanation of map of ground-water provinces in the United States, to show occurrence of saline water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-298, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54298.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369430,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0298/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6994d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeBuchananne, G.D.","contributorId":91166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBuchananne","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51711,"text":"ofr54187 - 1954 - Ground-water data collected in the Missouri River basin units in Kansas during 1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T10:45:15","indexId":"ofr54187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-187","title":"Ground-water data collected in the Missouri River basin units in Kansas during 1953","docAbstract":"Ground-water studies in the Missouri River basin were begun by the United States Geological Survey during the fall of 1945 as a part of a program for the development of the resources of the basin by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and other Federal Agencies. The studies of the ground-water resources in the part of Kansas that lies within the Missouri River basin have been coordinated with the cooperative program of ground water studies which were already being made in Kansas by the U. S. Geological Survey, the State Geological Survey of Kansas, the Division of Sanitation of the Kansas State Board of Health, and the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture.
Areas in which ground-water data have been and are being collected are the following: Almena unit in Norton and Phillips Counties; Bostwick unit in Jewell, Republic, and Cloud Counties; Cedar Bluff unit in Ellis, Rush, and Trego Counties; Glen Elder unit in Mitchell County; Kanopolis unit in Ellsworth, McPherson, and Saline Counties; Kirwin unit in Phillips, Smiths and Osborne Counties; St. Francis unit in Cheyenne County; Webster unit in Osborne County; and Wilson unit in Lincoln County. (See fig. 1.) Data relating to the Ladder Creek project in Greeley, Gove, Lane, Logan, Scott, Wallace, and Wichita Counties will be published later in a separate report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr54187","usgsCitation":"Mason, B., 1954, Ground-water data collected in the Missouri River basin units in Kansas during 1953: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-187, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54187.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359150,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -97.415771484375,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -97.415771484375,\n 40.002371935876475\n ],\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 40.002371935876475\n ],\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 38.44498466889473\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d019","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, B.J.","contributorId":53029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14611,"text":"ofr54164 - 1954 - Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14611,"text":"ofr54164 - 1954 - Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico","indexId":"ofr54164","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":36059,"text":"b1030L - 1958 - Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico","indexId":"b1030L","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":36059,"text":"b1030L - 1958 - Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico","indexId":"b1030L","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Copper and uranium deposits of the Coyote district, Mora County, New Mexico"},"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-06T15:19:15.441956","indexId":"ofr54164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-164","title":"Copper and uranium mineralization in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Sedimentary copper-uranium deposits lie along the eastern flank of the Sangre de Cristo Range in the Coyote mining district, Mora County, New ilexico. The oldest rocks in the district are pre-Cambrian granites, pegmatites and metasediments. These are unconformably overlain by marine limestones and shales of Pennsylvanian age and fluviatile sediments of Pennsylvanian-Permian age. Tertiary basalt flows are extensive to the east and cover Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks locally.
The copper-uranium mineralization occurred in a belt of thrusting and transverse faulting associated with the uplift of the Ancestral Rockies, but there is no visible evidence to relate the ore deposits to faults. The uranium deposition seems to have been controlled by channels containing carbonized plant remains in the coarser sandstone lenses of the Sangre de Cristo formation.
There are two major types of ore deposits in the Coyote district. One consists of copper-replaced pyrite nodules and plant remains in black carbonaceous shales, the other consists of uranium in cross bedded sandstones. Copper is most abundant in the lower 1500 feet of the Sangre de Cristo formation.
The most important copper mineral is chalcocite with minor amounts of chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite, pyrite, malachite, and azurite. The uranium minerals are metatyuyamunite and an undetermined black radioactive mineral associated with chalcopyrite.
The uranium occurs in stream channels approximately 2000 feet stratigraphically above the top of the Aagdalena group (as mapped).
The copper-uranium was probably derived from nearby pre-Cambrian highlands which contain abundant copper mines, granitic intrusions, and uranium bearing pegmatites. Heteoric waters containing copper sulfate and a soluble uranium compound transported the minerals to their present site and upon encountering carbonaceous material were precipitated out.