{"pageNumber":"2645","pageRowStart":"66100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184553,"records":[{"id":70175011,"text":"70175011 - 2004 - Influence of anthropogenic alterations on geomorphic response to climate variations and change in San Francisco Bay-Delta and watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T15:13:25","indexId":"70175011","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-02T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3734,"text":"Watershed Management Council Networker","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of anthropogenic alterations on geomorphic response to climate variations and change in San Francisco Bay-Delta and watershed","docAbstract":"

Global warming and attendant sea-level rise may soon impact geomorphic processes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River and San Francisco Bay Delta systems. During the past two centuries, dramatic anthropogenic changes in sediment supply and pervasive structural controls on rivers and floodplains have altered geomorphic responses to floods throughout a zone that extends upstream from tidally influenced areas to dams that regulate flow. Current geomorphic responses to floods differ from natural responses due to historical actions that concentrated the pre-disturbance multiple-channel and flood-basin system into single channels isolated by levees from increasingly developed floodplains and flood bypass channels, altered flow and sediment regimes, and caused subsidence of leveed Delta Islands. A review of historic and current geomorphic responses to floods illustrates the dominance of structural controls on geomorphic changes in the lowland part of the Sacramento-San Joaquin system. Current climate-change projections for CA suggest that the total volume of snowmelt runoff that may be shifted from spring and added to winter flows is roughly 5 maf/yr, similar to the volume currently available for flood storage in Sierra Nevadan reservoirs. Changes in timing of reservoir releases to accommodate these changes could add to either the magnitude or duration of winter flood peaks, each causing different geomorphic responses. Increased wintertime flows that accompany already large floods could increase overbank flood extent, erosion, and sedimentation, or alternatively increase the depth and strength of confined flows and increase the risk of levee failures. Runoff released from reservoirs as a relatively constant addition to winter baseflow would increase the duration of bankfull or possibly \"levee-full\" flows. This scenario could lead to bank and levee failure through increased saturation and seepage erosion. Projected sea level rise of 1-2 m would compound vulnerability of subsided Delta Islands to levee failure during floods and increase upstream backwater flooding. Thus, geomorphic responses to future climate variation and change will be closely tied to infrastructure and reservoir management, with survivability of infrastructure and decisions about timing, magnitude, and duration of flow releases from upstream reservoirs likely to determine the nature of those geomorphic responses.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Florsheim, J., and Dettinger, M.D., 2004, Influence of anthropogenic alterations on geomorphic response to climate variations and change in San Francisco Bay-Delta and watershed: Watershed Management Council Networker, p. 13-16.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325662,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889b6e4b0589fa1c6ba62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Florsheim, J.L.","contributorId":101876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Florsheim","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170447,"text":"70170447 - 2004 - Sagebrush ecosystems: current status and trends.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T13:35:46","indexId":"70170447","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-16T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sagebrush ecosystems: current status and trends.","docAbstract":"

The sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) biome has changed since settlement by Europeans. The current distribution, composition and dynamics, and disturbance regimes of sagebrush ecosystems have been altered by interactions among disturbance, land use, and invasion of exotic plants. In this chapter, we present the dominant factors that have influenced habitats across the sagebrush biome. Using a large-scale analysis, we identified regional changes and patterns in “natural disturbance”, invasive exotic species, and influences of land use in sagebrush systems. Number of fires and total area burned has increased since 1980 across much of the sagebrush biome. Juniper (Juniperus spp.) and pinyon (Pinus spp.) woodlands have expanded into sagebrush habitats at higher elevations. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), an exotic annual grass, has invaded much of lower elevation, more xeric sagebrush landscapes across the western portion of the biome. Consequently, synergistic feedbacks between habitats and disturbance (natural and human-caused) have altered disturbance regimes, plant community dynamics and contributed to loss of sagebrush habitats and change in plant communities. Habitat conversion to agriculture has occurred in the highly productive regions of the sagebrush biome and influenced up to 56% of the Conservation Assessment area. Similarly, urban areas, and road, railroad, and powerline networks fragment habitats, facilitate predator movements, and provide corridors for spread of exotic species across the entire sagebrush biome. Livestock grazing has altered sagebrush habitats; the effects of overgrazing combined with drought on plant communities in the late 1880s and early 1900s still influences current habitats. Management of livestock grazing has influenced sagebrush ecosystems by habitat treatments to increase forage and reduce sagebrush and other plant species unpalatable to livestock. Fences, roads, and water developments to manage livestock movements have further influenced the landscape and increased access into sagebrush habitats. Energy development also influenced sagebrush landscapes by construction of wells, access roads, and pipelines. Treatments to restore sagebrush are becoming a major emphasis of land management agencies. However, revegetation and rehabilitation treatments are limited by the financial, biological, and technological resources needed to restore sagebrush landscapes that function at the spatial and temporal scales used by sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Assessment of greater sage-grouse and sagebrush habitats.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","publisherLocation":"Cheyenne, WY","usgsCitation":"Beever, E., Connelly, J., Knick, S., Schroeder, M., and Stiver, S.J., 2004, Sagebrush ecosystems: current status and trends., chap. of Conservation Assessment of greater sage-grouse and sagebrush habitats., p. 254-378.","productDescription":"124 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"378","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wdfw.wa.gov/publications/01118/"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a84ce4b0ef3b7caba63d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beever, E.A.","contributorId":80040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connelly, J.W.","contributorId":17737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connelly","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knick, S.T.","contributorId":71290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schroeder, M.A.","contributorId":96235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stiver, S. J.","contributorId":168774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stiver","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170284,"text":"70170284 - 2004 - Vital signs monitoring plan for the Klamath Network: Phase I report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T12:22:59","indexId":"70170284","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-10T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Vital signs monitoring plan for the Klamath Network: Phase I report","docAbstract":"

This report chronicles the Phase 1 stage of the vital signs monitoring program for the Klamath Network. It consists of two chapters and eleven appendixes. The purposes of Chapter One are to 1) describe the network administrative structure and approach to planning; 2) introduce the Klamath Network parks, their resources, and environmental settings; 3) explain the need for monitoring changes in resources and supporting environments; 4) identify key information gaps that limit understanding of how to best achieve these monitoring goals. The purpose of Chapter Two is to develop the descriptive information provided in Chapter One into a conceptual basis for vital signs monitoring and to present the Network’s initial suite of conceptual models. The Report Appendices provide in-depth information on a variety of topics researched in preparation of the report, including: detailed natural resource profiles for each park, supporting policies and guidelines, regional fire regimes, vegetation types of the parks, exotic species threats, interagency monitoring programs, air issues, water quality (Phase 1 Report), Network vital signs (Scoping Summary Report), rare species, and rare habitats of the parks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Klamath Network-National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Ashland, OR","usgsCitation":"Sarr, D., Odion, D., Truitt, R.E., Beever, E.A., Shafer, S., Duff, A., Smith, S.B., Bunn, W., Rocchio, J., Sarnat, E., Alexander, J., and Jessup, S., 2004, Vital signs monitoring plan for the Klamath Network: Phase I report, 106 p.","productDescription":"106 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/627298"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571210bae4b0ef3b7ca6445b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarr, Daniel","contributorId":71148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarr","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odion, Dennis","contributorId":168618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Odion","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Truitt, Robert E.","contributorId":168619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truitt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beever, Erik A. 0000-0002-9369-486X ebeever@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-486X","contributorId":2934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"Erik","email":"ebeever@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shafer, Sarah 0000-0003-3739-2637 sshafer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-2637","contributorId":149866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"Sarah","email":"sshafer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duff, Andrew","contributorId":168620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duff","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, Sean B.","contributorId":168621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bunn, Windy","contributorId":168622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunn","given":"Windy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rocchio, Judy","contributorId":168624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rocchio","given":"Judy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sarnat, Eli","contributorId":168625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sarnat","given":"Eli","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Alexander, John","contributorId":168626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jessup, Steve","contributorId":168627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jessup","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70160023,"text":"70160023 - 2004 - Nutritional ecology of ursids: A review of newer methods and management implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T18:29:28.101966","indexId":"70160023","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-11T02:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutritional ecology of ursids: A review of newer methods and management implications","docAbstract":"

The capability to understand the nutritional ecology of free-ranging bears has increased dramatically in the last 20 years. Advancements have occurred because (1) managers and biologists recognized the need to link habitat quality, productivity, and variability with bear movements, home ranges, and demographic parameters like reproductive output, survival, and population growth, and (2) several research teams are using new methods to build on the results of earlier field studies. Our ability to couple new field methods and empirical field research with controlled experiments using captive bears has been central to our increased understanding of bear nutrition. Newer methods include the use of stable isotopes to quantify assimilated diet and nutrient flows within ecosystems, bioelectrical impedance to measure body composition, and naturally occurring mercury to estimate fish intake. Controlled experiments using captive bears have been integral to developing methods, isolating specific variables by controlling the environment, and providing additional nutritional understanding necessary to interpret field observations. We review new methods and apply our increased understanding of bear nutritional ecology to 3 management issues: (1) the importance of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) to brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Pacific Northwest, (2) the consequences of the closure of the Yellowstone garbage dumps to grizzly bears, and (3) the relocation of problem bears.

","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0161:NEOUAR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C.T., Schwartz, C.C., and Felicetti, L., 2004, Nutritional ecology of ursids: A review of newer methods and management implications: Ursus, v. 15, no. 2, p. 161-171, https://doi.org/10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0161:NEOUAR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"171","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312068,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695edae4b08895842a1c8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Charles T.","contributorId":124585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robbins","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felicetti, L.A.","contributorId":27246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Felicetti","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[{"id":5132,"text":"Washington State University, Pullman","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160020,"text":"70160020 - 2004 - Pattern detection in stream networks: Quantifying spatial variability in fish distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:51:37","indexId":"70160020","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pattern detection in stream networks: Quantifying spatial variability in fish distribution","docAbstract":"

Biological and physical properties of rivers and streams are inherently difficult to sample and visualize at the resolution and extent necessary to detect fine-scale distributional patterns over large areas. Satellite imagery and broad-scale fish survey methods are effective for quantifying spatial variability in biological and physical variables over a range of scales in marine environments but are often too coarse in resolution to address conservation needs in inland fisheries management. We present methods for sampling and analyzing multiscale, spatially continuous patterns of stream fishes and physical habitat in small- to medium-size watersheds (500–1000 hectares). Geospatial tools, including geographic information system (GIS) software such as ArcInfo dynamic segmentation and ArcScene 3D analyst modules, were used to display complex biological and physical datasets. These tools also provided spatial referencing information (e.g. Cartesian and route-measure coordinates) necessary for conducting geostatistical analyses of spatial patterns (empirical semivariograms and wavelet analysis) in linear stream networks. Graphical depiction of fish distribution along a one-dimensional longitudinal profile and throughout the stream network (superimposed on a 10-metre digital elevation model) provided the spatial context necessary for describing and interpreting the relationship between landscape pattern and the distribution of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) in western Oregon, U.S.A. The distribution of coastal cutthroat trout was highly autocorrelated and exhibited a spherical semivariogram with a defined nugget, sill, and range. Wavelet analysis of the main-stem longitudinal profile revealed periodicity in trout distribution at three nested spatial scales corresponding ostensibly to landscape disturbances and the spacing of tributary junctions.

","conferenceTitle":"Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences","conferenceDate":"September 3-6, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Brighton, UK","language":"English","publisher":"Fishery/Aquatic GIS Research Group","usgsCitation":"Torgersen, C.E., Gresswell, R.E., and Bateman, D.S., 2004, Pattern detection in stream networks: Quantifying spatial variability in fish distribution, Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, v. 2, Brighton, UK, September 3-6, 2002, p. 405-420.","productDescription":"16 p","startPage":"405","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science 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\"}}]}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695edae4b08895842a1c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torgersen, Christian E. 0000-0001-8325-2737 ctorgersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-2737","contributorId":3578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torgersen","given":"Christian","email":"ctorgersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E. 0000-0003-0063-855X bgresswell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-855X","contributorId":147914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert","email":"bgresswell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bateman, Douglas S. 0000-0002-5609-2085 doug_bateman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5609-2085","contributorId":4016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"Douglas","email":"doug_bateman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160022,"text":"70160022 - 2004 - Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: Annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T10:06:30","indexId":"70160022","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: Annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2003","docAbstract":"

The contents of this Annual Report summarize results of monitoring and research from the 2003 field season. The report also contains a summary of nuisance grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) management actions.

\n

The study team continues to work on issues associated with counts of unduplicated females with cubs-of-the-year (COY). These counts are used to establish a minimum population size, which is then used to establish mortality thresholds for the Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS] 1993). A computer program that defines the rule set used by Knight et al. (1995) to differentiate unique family groups is currently under development. Once complete, we intend to use it to verify the accuracy of the rules using known bears and their telemetry locations in test runs. We hope to have this work complete by summer 2004.

\n

The grizzly bear recovery plan (USFWS 1993) established mortality quotas at 4% of the minimum population estimate derived from female with COY data and no more than 30% of the 4% (1.2%) could be female bears. Simulation modeling (Harris 1984) established sustainable mortality at around 6% of the population. We used the latest information on reproduction and survival to estimate population trajectory in the same simulation model originally used by Harris. A Wildlife Monograph has been drafted and submitted for consideration as a publication. We anticipate final word sometime during winter 2005.

\n

Our project addressing the potential application of stable isotopes and trace elements to quantify consumption rates of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) by grizzly bears was completed. Our manuscript on consumption rates of whitebark pine has been published (Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:763-770). A copy can be found on the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team (IGBST) website http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/igbst-home.htm. The manuscript on fish consumption is in final review and should be published in 2004.

\n

We began a new study in Grand Teton National Park evaluating habitat use both temporally and spatially between grizzly and black (Ursus americanus) bears. We will employ a new form of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology that incorporates a spread spectrum communication system. Spread spectrum allows for transfer of stored GPS locations from the collar to a remote receiving station. We tested 2 collars during the fall of 2003 and provide a summary of the results. We will attempt to deploy several of these collars during the 2004 field season.

\n

The annual reports of the IGBST summarize annual data collection. Because additional information can be obtained after publication, data summaries are subject to change. For that reason, data analyses and summaries presented in this report supersede all previously published data. The study area and sampling techniques are reported by Blanchard (1985), Mattson et al. (1991a), and Haroldson et al. (1998).

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Salmon (Oncorhynchuss pp.) are an important resource for terrestrial wildlife. However, the salmon requirements of wildlife populations and the role wildlife play in nutrient transport across ecosystems are largely ignored in salmon and habitat management. Any activity that reduces the availability of or access to salmon by wildlife may adversely affect wildlife populations and, potentially, ecosystem-level processes. Thus, when the conservation of specific wildlife populations or healthy ecosystems is the management objective, allocation of salmon to wildlife should be considered. We provide an example of how such allocations could be calculated for a hypothetical bear population. Ultimately, salmon allocation for wildlife calls for integrated management of natural resources across agencies, across species, and across ecosystems. We summarize the current state of knowledge relative to the interaction between Pacific salmon and the  terrestrial ecosystem, with special emphasis on the import of salmon to terrestrial wildlife and the import of wildlife to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0001:IOSTWI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hilderbrand, G., Farley, S.D., Schwartz, C.C., and Robbins, C.T., 2004, Importance of salmon to wildlife: Implications for integrated management: Ursus, v. 15, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0001:IOSTWI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed8e4b08895842a1c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hilderbrand, Grant V. 0000-0002-0051-8315 ghilderbrand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-8315","contributorId":199764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilderbrand","given":"Grant V.","email":"ghilderbrand@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farley, Sean D.","contributorId":27642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farley","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robbins, Charles T.","contributorId":124585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robbins","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160040,"text":"70160040 - 2004 - Geospatial techniques for developing a sampling frame of watersheds across a region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:56:17","indexId":"70160040","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-10T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geospatial techniques for developing a sampling frame of watersheds across a region","docAbstract":"

Current land-management decisions that affect the persistence of native salmonids are often influenced by studies of individual sites that are selected based on judgment and convenience. Although this approach is useful for some purposes, extrapolating results to areas that were not sampled is statistically inappropriate because the sampling design is usually biased. Therefore, in recent investigations of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) located above natural barriers to anadromous salmonids, we used a methodology for extending the statistical scope of inference. The purpose of this paper is to apply geospatial tools to identify a population of watersheds and develop a probability-based sampling design for coastal cutthroat trout in western Oregon, USA. The population of mid-size watersheds (500-5800 ha) west of the Cascade Range divide was derived from watershed delineations based on digital elevation models. Because a database with locations of isolated populations of coastal cutthroat trout did not exist, a sampling frame of isolated watersheds containing cutthroat trout had to be developed. After the sampling frame of watersheds was established, isolated watersheds with coastal cutthroat trout were stratified by ecoregion and erosion potential based on dominant bedrock lithology (i.e., sedimentary and igneous). A stratified random sample of 60 watersheds was selected with proportional allocation in each stratum. By comparing watershed drainage areas of streams in the general population to those in the sampling frame and the resulting sample (n = 60), we were able to evaluate the how representative the subset of watersheds was in relation to the population of watersheds. Geospatial tools provided a relatively inexpensive means to generate the information necessary to develop a statistically robust, probability-based sampling design.

","conferenceTitle":"Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences","conferenceDate":"September 3-6, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Brighton, UK","language":"English","publisher":"Fishery/Aquatic GIS Research Group","usgsCitation":"Gresswell, R.E., Bateman, D.S., Lienkaemper, G., and Guy, T., 2004, Geospatial techniques for developing a sampling frame of watersheds across a region, Second International Symposium on GIS/Spatial Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, Brighton, UK, September 3-6, 2002, p. 515-528.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"528","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312081,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed3e4b08895842a1c84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E. 0000-0003-0063-855X bgresswell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-855X","contributorId":147914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert","email":"bgresswell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bateman, Douglas S. 0000-0002-5609-2085 doug_bateman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5609-2085","contributorId":4016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"Douglas","email":"doug_bateman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lienkaemper, George","contributorId":106211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guy, T.J.","contributorId":38087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70160108,"text":"70160108 - 2004 - Integrating association data and disease dynamics: an illustration using African Buffalo in Kruger National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-11T11:34:48","indexId":"70160108","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-03T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":783,"text":"Annales Zoologici Fennici","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating association data and disease dynamics: an illustration using African Buffalo in Kruger National Park","docAbstract":"

Recognition is a prerequisite for non-random association amongst individuals. We explore how non-random association patterns (i.e. who spends time with whom) affect disease dynamics. We estimated the amount of time individuals spent together per month using radio-tracking data from African buffalo and incorporated these data into a dynamic social network model. The dynamic nature of the network has a strong influence on simulated disease dynamics particularly for diseases with shorter infectious periods. Cluster analyses of the association data demonstrated that buffalo herds were not as well defined as previously thought. Associations were more tightly clustered in 2002 than 2003, perhaps due to drier conditions in 2003. As a result, diseases may spread faster during drought conditions due to increased population mixing. Association data are often collected but this is the first use of empirical data in a network disease model in a wildlife population.

","language":"English","publisher":"Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2004","usgsCitation":"Cross, P.C., Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Bowers, J.A., Hay, C.T., Hofmeyr, M., and Getz, W.M., 2004, Integrating association data and disease dynamics: an illustration using African Buffalo in Kruger National Park: Annales Zoologici Fennici, v. 41, no. 6, p. 879-892.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"879","endPage":"892","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23736148?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Kruger National Park","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[31.521,-29.25739],[31.32556,-29.40198],[30.90176,-29.90996],[30.62281,-30.42378],[30.05572,-31.14027],[28.92555,-32.17204],[28.21976,-32.77195],[27.46461,-33.22696],[26.41945,-33.61495],[25.90966,-33.66704],[25.78063,-33.94465],[25.17286,-33.79685],[24.67785,-33.98718],[23.59404,-33.79447],[22.98819,-33.91643],[22.57416,-33.86408],[21.5428,-34.25884],[20.68905,-34.41718],[20.07126,-34.79514],[19.61641,-34.81917],[19.19328,-34.4626],[18.85531,-34.44431],[18.42464,-33.99787],[18.37741,-34.13652],[18.2445,-33.86775],[18.25008,-33.28143],[17.92519,-32.61129],[18.24791,-32.42913],[18.22176,-31.66163],[17.56692,-30.72572],[17.06442,-29.87864],[17.06292,-29.87595],[16.34498,-28.57671],[16.82402,-28.08216],[17.21893,-28.35594],[17.3875,-28.78351],[17.83615,-28.85638],[18.4649,-29.04546],[19.00213,-28.97244],[19.89473,-28.4611],[19.89577,-24.76779],[20.16573,-24.91796],[20.75861,-25.86814],[20.66647,-26.47745],[20.88961,-26.82854],[21.6059,-26.72653],[22.10597,-26.28026],[22.57953,-25.97945],[22.82427,-25.50046],[23.3121,-25.26869],[23.73357,-25.39013],[24.21127,-25.67022],[25.02517,-25.71967],[25.66467,-25.48682],[25.76585,-25.17485],[25.94165,-24.69637],[26.48575,-24.61633],[26.78641,-24.24069],[27.11941,-23.57432],[28.01724,-22.82775],[29.43219,-22.09131],[29.83904,-22.10222],[30.32288,-22.27161],[30.65987,-22.15157],[31.19141,-22.25151],[31.6704,-23.65897],[31.93059,-24.36942],[31.75241,-25.48428],[31.83778,-25.84333],[31.33316,-25.66019],[31.04408,-25.73145],[30.94967,-26.02265],[30.67661,-26.39808],[30.68596,-26.74385],[31.28277,-27.28588],[31.86806,-27.17793],[32.07167,-26.73382],[32.83012,-26.74219],[32.58026,-27.47016],[32.46213,-28.30101],[32.20339,-28.7524],[31.521,-29.25739]]],[[[28.5417,-28.6475],[28.97826,-28.9556],[29.32517,-29.25739],[29.01842,-29.74377],[28.8484,-30.07005],[28.29107,-30.22622],[28.1072,-30.54573],[27.7494,-30.64511],[26.99926,-29.87595],[27.53251,-29.24271],[28.07434,-28.85147],[28.5417,-28.6475]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"South Africa\"}}]}","volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566c01dae4b09cfe53ca5ad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lloyd-Smith, James O.","contributorId":124537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lloyd-Smith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5095,"text":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowers, Justin A.","contributorId":150504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowers","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Craig T.","contributorId":150505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hay","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hofmeyr, Markus","contributorId":150506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hofmeyr","given":"Markus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Getz, Wayne M.","contributorId":64563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Getz","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160027,"text":"70160027 - 2004 - Natural avalanches and transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:59:31","indexId":"70160027","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-14T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural avalanches and transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"

In January 2004, two natural avalanches (destructive class 3) derailed a freight train in John F. Stevens Canyon, on the southern boundary of Glacier National Park. The railroad tracks were closed for 29 hours due to cleanup and lingering avalanche hazard, backing up 112km of trains and shutting down Amtrak’s passenger service. The incident marked the fourth time in three winters that natural avalanches have disrupted transportation in the canyon, which is also the route of U.S. Highway 2. It was the latest in a 94-year history of accidents that includes three fatalities and the destruction of a major highway bridge. Despite that history and the presence of over 40 avalanche paths in the 16km canyon, mitigation is limited to nine railroad snow sheds and occasional highway closures. This case study examines natural avalanche cycles of the past 28 winters using data from field observations, a Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) SNOTEL station, and data collected since 2001 at a high-elevation weather station. The avalanches occurred when storms with sustained snowfall buried a persistent near-surface faceted layer and/or were followed by rain-on-snow or dramatic warming (as much as 21oC in 30 minutes). Natural avalanche activity peaked when temperatures clustered near freezing (mean of -1.5oC at 1800m elev.). Avalanches initiated through rapid loading, rain falling on new snow, and/ or temperature-related changes in the mechanical properties of slabs. Lastly, the case study describes how recent incidents have prompted a unique partnership of land management agencies, private corporations and non-profit organizations to develop an avalanche mitigation program for the transportation corridor.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of The International Snow Science Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The International Snow Science Workshop","conferenceDate":"September 19-24, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Jackson, WY","language":"English","publisher":"International Snow Science Workshop Canada","usgsCitation":"Reardon, B., Fagre, D.B., and Steiner, R., 2004, Natural avalanches and transportation: A case study from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, in Proceedings of The International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson, WY, September 19-24, 2004, p. 582-597.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"582","endPage":"597","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.issw.net/2004.php"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.111099041065366\n ],\n [\n -113.0987548828125,\n 48.111099041065366\n ],\n [\n -113.0987548828125,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.111099041065366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed9e4b08895842a1c8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reardon, B.A.","contributorId":51497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steiner, R.W.","contributorId":150425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steiner","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160109,"text":"70160109 - 2004 - USA: Glacier National Park, Biosphere Reserve and GLORIA Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T18:03:29","indexId":"70160109","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-14T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"chapter":"12","title":"USA: Glacier National Park, Biosphere Reserve and GLORIA Site","docAbstract":"

The National Park Service of the United States has 388 designated protected areas and parks that include historic and cultural sites as well as ‘natural resource’ parks set aside for their unique and outstanding natural features. Early efforts to create parks were focused on areas of beauty or unusual features but later efforts increasingly aimed to protect biodiversity and intact ecosystems. Protected areas in the National Park Service are found in nearly all the fifty states from Florida to Alaska, with examples of preserved natural environments ranging from coral reefs to the icy summit of Mt. McKinley in Alaska, at 6,187 m. Many of the larger parks have been designated as Biosphere Reserves under the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere Programme.

\n

The area now managed as Glacier National Park was first set aside as a Forest Reserve in 1897 and then designated as a national park in 1910, six years before a national park service was created to oversee the growing number of parks that the US Congress was establishing. Waterton National Park was created by Canada immediately north of the US–Canada border during the same period. In 1932, a joint lobbying effort by private citizens and groups convinced both the United States and Canada to establish the world’s first trans-boundary park to explicitly underscore and symbolize the neighbourly relationship between these two countries. This became the world’s first ‘peace’ park and was named Waterton–Glacier International Peace Park. The combined park is managed collaboratively on many issues but each national park is separately funded and operates under different national statutes and laws. It was, however, jointly named a Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and a World Heritage Site in 1995. There have been recent efforts to significantly increase the size of Waterton National Park by adding publicly owned forests on the western side of the continental divide in British Columbia, Canada. For the purposes of this chapter, I will emphasize the US portion of the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park and refer to it as the Glacier Mountain Biosphere Reserve (MBR).

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global change research in mountain biosphere reserves","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Launching Workshop Entlebuch Biosphere Reserve","conferenceDate":"November 10-13, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Switzerland","language":"English","publisher":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","publisherLocation":"Paris, France","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D.B., 2004, USA: Glacier National Park, Biosphere Reserve and GLORIA Site, in Global change research in mountain biosphere reserves, Switzerland, November 10-13, 2003, p. 99-108.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312167,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.111099041065366\n ],\n [\n -113.0987548828125,\n 48.111099041065366\n ],\n [\n -113.0987548828125,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.111099041065366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566c01f6e4b09cfe53ca5b0c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lee, Cathy","contributorId":150507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581926,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaaf, Thomas","contributorId":150508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaaf","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581927,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simmonds, Paul","contributorId":150509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simmonds","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581928,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160025,"text":"70160025 - 2004 - Forecasting for natural avalanches during spring opening of Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T17:56:10","indexId":"70160025","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Forecasting for natural avalanches during spring opening of Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"

The annual spring opening of the Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park presents a unique avalanche forecasting challenge. The highway traverses dozens of avalanche paths mid-track in a 23-kilometer section that crosses the Continental Divide. Workers removing seasonal snow and avalanche debris are exposed to paths that can produce avalanches of destructive class 4. The starting zones for most slide paths are within proposed Wilderness, and explosive testing or control are not currently used. Spring weather along the Divide is highly variable; rain-on-snow events are common, storms can bring several feet of new snow as late as June, and temperature swings can be dramatic. Natural avalanches - dry and wet slab, dry and wet loose, and glide avalanches - present a wide range of hazards and forecasting issues. This paper summarizes the forecasting program instituted in 2002 for the annual snow removal operations. It focuses on tools and techniques for forecasting natural wet snow avalanches by incorporating two case studies, including a widespread climax wet slab cycle in 2003. We examine weather and snowpack conditions conducive to wet snow avalanches, indicators for instability, and suggest a conceptual model for wet snow stability in a northern intermountain snow climate.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The International Snow Science Workshop","conferenceDate":"September 19-24, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Jackson, WY","language":"English","publisher":"International Snow Science Workshop Canada","usgsCitation":"Reardon, B., and Lundy, C., 2004, Forecasting for natural avalanches during spring opening of Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, in Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Jackson, WY, September 19-24, 2004, p. 565-581.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"581","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":370139,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.issw.net/2004.php"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.111099041065366\n ],\n [\n -113.0987548828125,\n 48.111099041065366\n ],\n [\n -113.0987548828125,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -114.76318359375,\n 48.111099041065366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed2e4b08895842a1c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reardon, Blase","contributorId":150198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"Blase","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lundy, Chris","contributorId":150424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lundy","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16272,"text":"National Park Service, Glacier National Park, West Glacier, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160035,"text":"70160035 - 2004 - Modeling survival: application of the Andersen-Gill model to Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-09T12:41:01","indexId":"70160035","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T04:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling survival: application of the Andersen-Gill model to Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"

 Wildlife ecologists often use the Kaplan-Meier procedure or Cox proportional hazards model to estimate survival rates, distributions, and magnitude of risk factors. The Andersen-Gill formulation (A-G) of the Cox proportional hazards model has seen limited application to mark-resight data but has a number of advantages, including the ability to accommodate left-censored data, time-varying covariates, multiple events, and discontinuous intervals of risks. We introduce the A-G model including structure of data, interpretation of results, and assessment of assumptions. We then apply the model to 22 years of radiotelemetry data for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) of the Greater Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Recovery Zone in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, USA. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc) and multi-model inference to assess a number of potentially useful predictive models relative to explanatory covariates for demography, human disturbance, and habitat. Using the most parsimonious models, we generated risk ratios, hypothetical survival curves, and a map of the spatial distribution of high-risk areas across the recovery zone. Our results were in agreement with past studies of mortality factors for Yellowstone grizzly bears. Holding other covariates constant, mortality was highest for bears that were subjected to repeated management actions and inhabited areas with high road densities outside Yellowstone National Park. Hazard models developed with covariates descriptive of foraging habitats were not the most parsimonious, but they suggested that high-elevation areas offered lower risks of mortality when compared to agricultural areas.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0966:MSAOTA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.J., Boyce, M.S., Schwartz, C.C., and Haroldson, M.A., 2004, Modeling survival: application of the Andersen-Gill model to Yellowstone grizzly bears: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 4, p. 966-978, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0966:MSAOTA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"966","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312076,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2193/0022-541X%282004%29068%5B0966:MSAOTA%5D2.0.CO;2/abstract"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ed9e4b08895842a1c8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Christopher J. cjjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Christopher","email":"cjjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyce, Mark S.","contributorId":113205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyce","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159827,"text":"70159827 - 2004 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Merlin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T09:17:42","indexId":"70159827","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-29T04:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Merlin","docAbstract":"

Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the breeding, year-round, and nonbreeding ranges in the United States and southern Canada. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159827","usgsCitation":"Konrad, P.M., 2004, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Merlin, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159827.","productDescription":"22 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311743,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159827.PNG"},{"id":312426,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159827/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"565d813de4b071e7ea543469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Paul M.","contributorId":150064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konrad","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160041,"text":"70160041 - 2004 - What limits the Serengeti zebra population?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-09T13:53:26","indexId":"70160041","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What limits the Serengeti zebra population?","docAbstract":"

The populations of the ecologically dominant ungulates in the Serengeti ecosystem (zebra, wildebeest and buffalo) have shown markedly different trends since the 1960s: the two ruminants both irrupted after the elimination of rinderpest in 1960, while the zebras have remained stable. The ruminants are resource limited (though parts of the buffalo population have been limited by poaching since the 1980s). The zebras' resource acquisition tactics should allow them to outcompete the ruminants, but their greater spatial dispersion makes them more available to predators, and it has been suggested that this population is limited by predation. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the population dynamics of Serengeti zebra, we compared population dynamics among the three species using demographic models based on age-class-specific survival and fecundity. The only major difference between zebra and the two ruminants occurred in the first-year survival. We show that wildebeest have a higher reproductive potential than zebra (younger age at first breeding and shorter generation time). Nevertheless, these differences in reproduction cannot account for the observed differences in the population trends between the zebra and the ruminants. On the other hand, among-species differences in first-year survival are great enough to account for the constancy of zebra population size. We conclude that the very low first-year survival of zebra limits this population. We provide new data on predation in the Serengeti and show that, as in other ecosystems, predation rates on zebras are high, so predation could hold the population in a \"predator pit\". However, lion and hyena feed principally on adult zebras, and further work is required to discover the process involved in the high mortality of foals.

\n

 

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-004-1567-6","usgsCitation":"Grange, S., Duncan, P., Gaillard, J., Sinclair, A.R., Gogan, P.J., Packer, C., Hofer, H., and Marion, E., 2004, What limits the Serengeti zebra population?: Oecologia, v. 140, no. 3, p. 523-532, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1567-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/what-limits-the-serengeti-zebra-population-otBkDq5hIt"}],"country":"Kenya, Tanzania","otherGeospatial":"Serengeti","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[38.74054,-5.90895],[38.79977,-6.47566],[39.44,-6.84],[39.47,-7.1],[39.19469,-7.7039],[39.25203,-8.00781],[39.18652,-8.48551],[39.53574,-9.11237],[39.9496,-10.0984],[40.31659,-10.3171],[39.521,-10.89688],[38.42756,-11.2852],[37.82764,-11.26879],[37.47129,-11.56876],[36.77515,-11.59454],[36.51408,-11.72094],[35.3124,-11.43915],[34.55999,-11.52002],[34.28,-10.16],[33.94084,-9.69367],[33.73972,-9.41715],[32.75938,-9.2306],[32.19186,-8.93036],[31.55635,-8.76205],[31.15775,-8.59458],[30.74,-8.34],[30.2,-7.08],[29.62,-6.52],[29.41999,-5.94],[29.51999,-5.41998],[29.34,-4.49998],[29.75351,-4.45239],[30.11632,-4.09012],[30.50554,-3.56858],[30.75224,-3.35931],[30.74301,-3.03431],[30.52766,-2.80762],[30.46967,-2.41383],[30.75831,-2.28725],[30.81613,-1.69891],[30.4191,-1.13466],[30.76986,-1.01455],[31.86617,-1.02736],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"140","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695eebe4b08895842a1ca1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grange, Sophie","contributorId":150444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grange","given":"Sophie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncan, Patrick","contributorId":150445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaillard, Jean-Michel","contributorId":150446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gaillard","given":"Jean-Michel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sinclair, Anthony R.E.","contributorId":150447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sinclair","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gogan, Peter J. 0000-0002-7821-133X peter_gogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-133X","contributorId":1771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogan","given":"Peter","email":"peter_gogan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Packer, Craig","contributorId":78592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packer","given":"Craig","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hofer, Heribert","contributorId":150448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hofer","given":"Heribert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marion, East","contributorId":150449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marion","given":"East","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70160031,"text":"70160031 - 2004 - Ecological response to global climatic change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-09T12:12:55","indexId":"70160031","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ecological response to global climatic change","docAbstract":"

Climate change and ecological change go hand in hand. Because we value our ecological environment, any change has the potential to be a problem. Geographers have been drawn to this challenge, and have been successful in addressing it, because the primary ecological response to climate changes in the past — the waxing and waning of the great ice sheets over the past 2 million years – was the changing geographic range of the biota. Plants and animals changed their location. Geographers have been deeply involved in documenting the changing biota of the past, and today we are called upon to help assess the possible responses to ongoing and future climatic change and, thus, their impacts. Assessing the potential responses is important for policy makers to judge the outcomes of action or inaction and also sets the stage for preparation for and mitigation of change.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"WorldMinds: Geographical Perspectives on 100 Problems, Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Association of American Geographers 1904 - 2004","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","usgsCitation":"Malanson, G., Butler, D., and Walsh, S.J., 2004, Ecological response to global climatic change, chap. of WorldMinds: Geographical Perspectives on 100 Problems, Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Association of American Geographers 1904 - 2004, p. 469-473.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"473","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781402016127"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ecbe4b08895842a1c7a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Janelle, Donald G.","contributorId":150440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Janelle","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581676,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warf, Barney","contributorId":150441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warf","given":"Barney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581677,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, Kathy","contributorId":150442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Kathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581678,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Malanson, G.P.","contributorId":14982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malanson","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, D.R.","contributorId":49602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsh, S. J.","contributorId":76241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159775,"text":"70159775 - 2004 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:37:39","indexId":"70159775","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-04T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow","docAbstract":"

Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species’ nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species’ response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species’ breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/70159775","usgsCitation":"Walker, B.L., 2004, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Brewer's sparrow, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159775.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159775.PNG"},{"id":312402,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159775/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56505244e4b0f162148c5cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Brett L.","contributorId":82964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121218,"text":"70121218 - 2004 - Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T09:10:27","indexId":"70121218","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-20T08:58:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan","docAbstract":"The modern Monterey submarine fan, one of the largest deep-water deposits off the western US, is composed of two major turbidite systems: the Neogene Lower Turbidite System (LTS) and the late Quarternary Upper Turbidite System (UTS). The areally extensive LTS is a distal deposit with low-relief, poorly defined channels, overbank, and lower-fan elements. The younger UTS comprises almost half of the total fan volume and was initiated in the late Pleistocene from canyons in the Monterey Bay area. Rapidly prograding high-relief, channel-levee complexes dominated deposition early in the UTS with periodic avulsion events. In the last few 100 ka, much of the sediment bypassed the northern fan as a result of allocyclic controls, and deposition is simultaneously occuring on a sandy lobe with low-relief channels and on an adjacent detached muddier lobe built from reconfinement of overbank flow from the northern high-relief channels. During the relatively short-lived UTS deposition, at least seven different channel types and two lobe types were formed. This study provides a significant reinterpretation of the depositional history of Monterey Fan by incorporating all available unpublished geophysical data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001","usgsCitation":"Fildani, A., and Normark, W.R., 2004, Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan: Marine Geology, v. 206, no. 1-4, p. 199-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292595,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.03.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Fan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.0,34.0 ], [ -127.0,36.0 ], [ -123.0,36.0 ], [ -123.0,34.0 ], [ -127.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"206","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b656e4b09d12e0e8e6f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fildani, Andrea","contributorId":45993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fildani","given":"Andrea","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120955,"text":"70120955 - 2004 - Holocene reef accretion: southwest Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T16:23:26","indexId":"70120955","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-18T16:14:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene reef accretion: southwest Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"

Two reef systems off south Molokai, Hale O Lono and Hikauhi (separated by only 10 km), show strong and fundamental differences in modern ecosystem structure and Holocene accretion history that reflect the influence of wave-induced near-bed shear stresses on reef development in Hawaii. Both sites are exposed to similar impacts from south, Kona, and trade-wind swell. However, the Hale O Lono site is exposed to north swell and the Hikuahi site is not. As a result, the reef at Hale O Lono records no late Holocene net accretion while the reef at Hikauhi records consistent and robust accretion over late Holocene time.

\n
\n

Analysis and dating of 24 cores from Hale O Lono and Hikauhi reveal the presence of five major lithofacies that reflect paleo-environmental conditions. In order of decreasing depositional energy they are: (1) coral-algal bindstone; (2) mixed skeletal rudstone; (3) massive coral framestone; (4) unconsolidated floatstone; and (5) branching coral framestone-bafflestone. At Hale O Lono, 10 cores document a backstepping reef ranging from ∼ 8,100 cal yr BP (offshore) to ∼ 4,800 cal yr BP (nearshore). A depauperate community of modern coral diminishes shoreward and seaward of ∼ 15 m depth due to wave energy, disrupted recruitment activities, and physical abrasion. Evidence suggests a change from conditions conducive to accretion during the early Holocene to conditions detrimental to accretion in the late Holocene.

\n
\n

Reef structure at Hikauhi, reconstructed from 14 cores, reveals a thick, rapidly accreting and young reef (maximum age ∼ 900 cal yr BP). Living coral cover on this reef increases seaward with distance from the reef crest but terminates at a depth of ∼ 20 m where the reef ends in a large sand field. The primary limitation on vertical reef growth is accommodation space under wave base, not recruitment activities or energy conditions.

\n
\n

Interpretations of cored lithofacies suggest that modern reef growth on the southwest corner of Molokai, and by extension across Hawaii in general, is controlled by wave-induced near-bed shear stress related to refracted North Pacific swell. Holocene accretion patterns here also reflect the long-term influence of wave-induced near-bed shear stress from north swell during late Holocene time. This finding is consistent with other studies (e.g., Grigg 1998; Cabioch et al. 1999) that reflect the dominance of swell energy and sea level in controlling modern and late Holocene accretion elsewhere in Hawaii and across the Pacific and Indian oceans. Notably, however, this result is refined and clarified for Hawaii in the hypothesis of Rooney et al. (2003) stating that enhancement of the El Niño Southern Oscillation beginning approximately 5000 years ago led to increased north swell energy and signaled the end to net accretion along exposed coastlines in Hawaii. The exposure of Hale O Lono to north swell and the age of sea floor there (ca. 4,800 cal yr BP), coupled with the lack of north swell incidence at Hikauhi and the continuous accretion that has occurred there over the last millennium, strongly supports the ENSO reef hypothesis as outlined by Rooney et al. (2003). Other factors controlling Holocene reef accretion at the study site are relative sea-level position and rate of rise, and wave sheltering by Laau Point. Habitat suitable for reef accretion on the southwest shore of Molokai has shrunk throughout the Holocene.

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