Interspecific mutualisms are often vulnerable to instability because low benefit : cost ratios can rapidly lead to extinction or to the conversion of mutualism to parasite–host or predator–prey interactions. We hypothesize that the evolutionary stability of mutualism can depend on how benefits and costs to one mutualist vary with the population density of its partner, and that stability can be maintained if a mutualist can influence demographic rates and regulate the population density of its partner. We test this hypothesis in a model of mutualism with key features of senita cactus (Pachycereus schottii) – senita moth (Upiga virescens) interactions, in which benefits of pollination and costs of larval seed consumption to plant fitness depend on pollinator density. We show that plants can maximize their fitness by allocating resources to the production of excess flowers at the expense of fruit. Fruit abortion resulting from excess flower production reduces pre–adult survival of the pollinating seed–consumer, and maintains its density beneath a threshold that would destabilize the mutualism. Such a strategy of excess flower production and fruit abortion is convergent and evolutionarily stable against invasion by cheater plants that produce few flowers and abort few to no fruit. This novel mechanism of achieving evolutionarily stable mutualism, namely interspecific population regulation, is qualitatively different from other mechanisms invoking partner choice or selective rewards, and may be a general process that helps to preserve mutualistic interactions in nature.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2004.2789","usgsCitation":"Holland, J.N., DeAngelis, D., and Schultz, S.T., 2004, Evolutionary stability of mutualism: interspecific population regulation as an evolutionarily stable strategy: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v. 271, no. 1550, p. 1807-1814, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2789.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1807","endPage":"1814","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1691799","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"271","issue":"1550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e48ffe4b0e7a44bc4194d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, J. Nathaniel","contributorId":49912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schultz, Stewart T.","contributorId":152080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Stewart","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121500,"text":"70121500 - 2004 - Integrating digital information for coastal and marine sciences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-09T13:26:14","indexId":"70121500","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-22T11:01:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2238,"text":"Journal of Digital Information Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating digital information for coastal and marine sciences","docAbstract":"A pilot distributed geolibrary, the Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB), was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to classify, integrate, and facilitate access to scientific information about oceans, coasts, and lakes. The MRIB is composed of a categorization scheme, a metadata database, and a specialized software backend, capable of drawing together information from remote sources without modifying their original format or content. Twelve facets are used to classify information: location, geologic time, feature type, biota, discipline, research method, hot topics, project, agency, author, content type, and file type. The MRIB approach allows easy and flexible organization of large or growing document collections for which centralized repositories would be impractical. Geographic searching based on the gazetteer and map interface is the centerpiece of the MRIB distributed geolibrary. The MRIB is one of a very few digital libraries that employ georeferencing -- a fundamentally different way to structure information from the traditional author/title/subject/keyword approach employed by most digital libraries. Lessons learned in developing the MRIB will be useful as other digital libraries confront the challenges of georeferencing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Digital Information Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Digital Information Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Marincioni, F., Lightsom, F.L., Riall, R.L., Linck, G.A., Aldrich, T., and Caruso, M.J., 2004, Integrating digital information for coastal and marine sciences: Journal of Digital Information Management, v. 2, no. 3, p. 132-141.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292858,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292857,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dirf.org/jdim/v2i3.asp"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85963e4b03f038c5c1826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marincioni, Fausto","contributorId":53879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincioni","given":"Fausto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lightsom, Frances L. 0000-0003-4043-3639 flightsom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-3639","contributorId":1535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lightsom","given":"Frances","email":"flightsom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riall, Rebecca L.","contributorId":42655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riall","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linck, Guthrie A.","contributorId":52263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linck","given":"Guthrie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aldrich, Thomas C.","contributorId":20403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldrich","given":"Thomas C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Caruso, Michael J.","contributorId":8010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caruso","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70121299,"text":"70121299 - 2004 - Where in the world are my field plots? Using GPS effectively in environmental field studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T16:04:48","indexId":"70121299","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-20T16:01:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Where in the world are my field plots? Using GPS effectively in environmental field studies","docAbstract":"Global positioning system (GPS) technology is rapidly replacing tape, compass, and traditional surveying instruments as the preferred tool for estimating the positions of environmental research sites. One important problem, however, is that it can be difficult to estimate the uncertainty of GPS-derived positions. Sources of error include various satellite- and site-related factors, such as forest canopy and topographic obstructions. In a case study from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, hand-held, mapping-grade GPS receivers generally estimated positions with 1–5 m precision in open, unobstructed settings, and 20–30 m precision under forest canopy. Surveying-grade receivers achieved precisions of 10 cm or less, even in challenging terrain. Users can maximize the quality of their GPS measurements by “mission planning” to take advantage of high-quality satellite conditions. Repeated measurements and simultaneous data collection at multiple points can be used to assess accuracy and precision.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0475:WITWAM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.E., and Barton, C.C., 2004, Where in the world are my field plots? Using GPS effectively in environmental field studies: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 2, no. 9, p. 475-482, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0475:WITWAM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"482","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292713,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0475:WITWAM]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"2","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b65be4b09d12e0e8e71c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Chris E.","contributorId":17539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, Christopher C.","contributorId":61901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57749,"text":"ofr20041269 - 2004 - Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in Oceano, California, during the 2003 San Simeon Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:33","indexId":"ofr20041269","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1269","title":"Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in Oceano, California, during the 2003 San Simeon Earthquake","docAbstract":"The December 22, 2003, San Simeon, California, (M6.5) earthquake caused damage to houses, road surfaces, and underground utilities in Oceano, California. The community of Oceano is approximately 50 miles (80 km) from the earthquake epicenter. Damage at this distance from a M6.5 earthquake is unusual. To understand the causes of this damage, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted extensive subsurface exploration and monitoring of aftershocks in the months after the earthquake. The investigation included 37 seismic cone penetration tests, 5 soil borings, and aftershock monitoring from January 28 to March 7, 2004.\r\n\r\nThe USGS investigation identified two earthquake hazards in Oceano that explain the San Simeon earthquake damage?site amplification and liquefaction. Site amplification is a phenomenon observed in many earthquakes where the strength of the shaking increases abnormally in areas where the seismic-wave velocity of shallow geologic layers is low. As a result, earthquake shaking is felt more strongly than in surrounding areas without similar geologic conditions. Site amplification in Oceano is indicated by the physical properties of the geologic layers beneath Oceano and was confirmed by monitoring aftershocks.\r\n\r\nLiquefaction, which is also commonly observed during earthquakes, is a phenomenon where saturated sands lose their strength during an earthquake and become fluid-like and mobile. As a result, the ground may undergo large permanent displacements that can damage underground utilities and well-built surface structures. The type of displacement of major concern associated with liquefaction is lateral spreading because it involves displacement of large blocks of ground down gentle slopes or towards stream channels. The USGS investigation indicates that the shallow geologic units beneath Oceano are very susceptible to liquefaction. They include young sand dunes and clean sandy artificial fill that was used to bury and convert marshes into developable lots. Most of the 2003 damage was caused by lateral spreading in two separate areas, one near Norswing Drive and the other near Juanita Avenue. The areas coincided with areas with the highest liquefaction potential found in Oceano.\r\n\r\nAreas with site amplification conditions similar to those in Oceano are particularly vulnerable to earthquakes. Site amplification may cause shaking from distant earthquakes, which normally would not cause damage, to increase locally to damaging levels. The vulnerability in Oceano is compounded by the widespread distribution of highly liquefiable soils that will reliquefy when ground shaking is amplified as it was during the San Simeon earthquake. The experience in Oceano can be expected to repeat because the region has many active faults capable of generating large earthquakes. In addition, liquefaction and lateral spreading will be more extensive for moderate-size earthquakes that are closer to Oceano than was the 2003 San Simeon earthquake.\r\n\r\nSite amplification and liquefaction can be mitigated. Shaking is typically mitigated in California by adopting and enforcing up-to-date building codes. Although not a guarantee of safety, application of these codes ensures that the best practice is used in construction. Building codes, however, do not always require the upgrading of older structures to new code requirements. Consequently, many older structures may not be as resistant to earthquake shaking as new ones. For older structures, retrofitting is required to bring them up to code. Seismic provisions in codes also generally do not apply to nonstructural elements such as drywall, heating systems, and shelving. Frequently, nonstructural damage dominates the earthquake loss.\r\n\r\nMitigation of potential liquefaction in Oceano presently is voluntary for existing buildings, but required by San Luis Obispo County for new construction. Multiple mitigation procedures are available to individual property owners. These procedures typically involve either ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041269","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T.L., Noce, T.E., Bennett, M.J., Di Alessandro, C., Boatwright, J., Tinsley, J., Sell, R., and Rosenberg, L.I., 2004, Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in Oceano, California, during the 2003 San Simeon Earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1269, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041269.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5993,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1269/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4a09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, Thomas L. tholzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"tholzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noce, Thomas E. tnoce@usgs.gov","contributorId":3174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noce","given":"Thomas","email":"tnoce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, Michael J. mjbennett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Michael","email":"mjbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Di Alessandro, Carola","contributorId":43436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Di Alessandro","given":"Carola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boatwright, John 0000-0002-6931-5241 boat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-5241","contributorId":1938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"John","email":"boat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tinsley, John C. III jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":3266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John C.","suffix":"III","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":257689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sell, Russell W.","contributorId":49046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sell","given":"Russell W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rosenberg, Lewis I.","contributorId":12073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberg","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70239858,"text":"70239858 - 2004 - Suspended sediment and hydrodynamics above mildly sloped long wave ripples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T17:33:05.86704","indexId":"70239858","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T11:11:48","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suspended sediment and hydrodynamics above mildly sloped long wave ripples","docAbstract":"We investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of suspended sediment and the associated hydrodynamics over mildly sloped long wave ripples on the inner shelf. These bedforms had wavelengths of approximately 1 m and heights of approximately 5 cm, in a mean water depth of 4 m. The vertical and temporal structures of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) are consistent with the entrainment of sediment on the offshore flank of the ripple, and rapid vertical mixing at the time of flow reversal, followed by advection onshore by the onshore fluid motion. This work confirms that the mechanism for sediment suspension above low-amplitude, long wave ripples is similar to the vortex formation process expected over steeper vortex ripples. Numerical simulations of the flow using the Dune2d model indicate that a separated rotational flow structure is generated at the flank of the ripple on the seaward side of the ripple crest, near the time of flow reversal. The simulations indicate that only one vortex is formed during each wave period, in agreement with the field observations. This asymmetry is due mainly to the presence of an offshore mean near-bed current of approximately 6 to 8 cm/s. The SSC is calculated by the model and compared to the field observations. A hydraulic bed roughness of 10 to 15 median grain diameters (d50) was used in order to match the model prediction to the observed SSC approximately 1 cm above the seabed (cab). However, the modeled SSC and turbulent kinetic energy were significantly lower than the field observations at elevations exceeding approximately 2 cab.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003JC001900","usgsCitation":"Chang, Y.S., and Hanes, D.M., 2004, Suspended sediment and hydrodynamics above mildly sloped long wave ripples: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 109, no. C7, C07022, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001900.","productDescription":"C07022, 16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jc001900","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":412219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Duck","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineering Field Research Facility","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.77189881189373,\n 36.21331821630953\n ],\n [\n -75.76971073533308,\n 36.20184233662506\n ],\n [\n -75.76095842909204,\n 36.17800244108609\n ],\n [\n -75.76095842909204,\n 36.16475491912439\n ],\n [\n -75.75603525683186,\n 36.160780225864826\n ],\n [\n -75.74673593145094,\n 36.134718912950845\n ],\n [\n -75.75439419941165,\n 36.12544076301299\n ],\n [\n -75.7456418931706,\n 36.092737588933645\n ],\n [\n -75.7084445916468,\n 36.102019603129875\n ],\n [\n -75.74290679747055,\n 36.16696299496509\n ],\n [\n -75.7642405439325,\n 36.21773156810583\n ],\n [\n -75.77189881189373,\n 36.21331821630953\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"C7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Yeon S.","contributorId":301136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chang","given":"Yeon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanes, Daniel M.","contributorId":96360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44934,"text":"wri20024292 - 2002 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","indexId":"wri20024292","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Estimates of Median Flows for Streams on the Kansas Surface Water Register","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","indexId":"sir20045032","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-11T10:06:03","indexId":"sir20045032","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5032","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","docAbstract":"The Kansas State Legislature, by enacting Kansas Statute KSA 82a?2001 et. seq., mandated the criteria for determining which Kansas stream segments would be subject to classification by the State. One criterion for the selection as a classified stream segment is based on the statistic of median flow being equal to or greater than 1 cubic foot per second. As specified by KSA 82a?2001 et. seq., median flows were determined from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging-station data by using the most-recent 10 years of gaged data (KSA) for each streamflow-gaging station. Median flows also were determined by using gaged data from the entire period of record (all-available hydrology, AAH).\r\n\r\nLeast-squares multiple regression techniques were used, along with Tobit analyses, to develop equations for estimating median flows for uncontrolled stream segments. The drainage area of the gaging stations on uncontrolled stream segments used in the regression analyses ranged from 2.06 to 12,004 square miles. A logarithmic transformation of the data was needed to develop the best linear relation for computing median flows. In the regression analyses, the significant climatic and basin characteristics, in order of importance, were drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean basin permeability, and mean basin slope. Tobit analyses of KSA data yielded a model standard error of prediction of 0.285 logarithmic units, and the best equations using Tobit analyses of AAH data had a model standard error of prediction of 0.250 logarithmic units.\r\n\r\nThese regression equations and an interpolation procedure were used to compute median flows for the uncontrolled stream segments on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register. Measured median flows from gaging stations were incorporated into the regression-estimated median flows along the stream segments where available. The segments that were uncontrolled were interpolated using gaged data weighted according to the drainage area and the bias between the regression-estimated and gaged flow information. On controlled segments of Kansas streams, the median flow information was interpolated between gaging stations using only gaged data weighted by drainage area. \r\n\r\nOf the 2,232 total stream segments on the Kansas Surface Water Register, 34.5 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second when the KSA analysis was used. When the AAH analysis was used, 36.2 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second.\r\n\r\n\r\nThis report supercedes U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02?4292.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045032","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., Wolock, D.M., and Artman, J.C., 2004, Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register (supercedes Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4292): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5032, 219 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045032.","productDescription":"219 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045032/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":360137,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5032/pdf/sir2004.5032.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.6 mb","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"supercedes Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4292","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Charles A. cperry@usgs.gov","contributorId":2093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Charles","email":"cperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":252974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":252973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artman, Joshua C.","contributorId":28942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artman","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55824,"text":"ofr20041243 - 2004 - Seismic reflection and refraction data acquired in Canada Basin, Northwind Ridge and Northwind Basin, Arctic Ocean in 1988, 1992 and 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:22","indexId":"ofr20041243","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1243","title":"Seismic reflection and refraction data acquired in Canada Basin, Northwind Ridge and Northwind Basin, Arctic Ocean in 1988, 1992 and 1993","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection and refraction data were collected in generally ice-covered waters of the Canada Basin and the eastern part of the Chukchi Continental Borderland of the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, during the late summers of 1988, 1992, and 1993. The data were acquired from a Polar class icebreaker, the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Polar Star, using a seismic reflection system designed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The northernmost data extend to 78? 48' N latitude. \r\n\r\nIn 1988, 155 km of reflection data were acquired with a prototype system consisting of a single 195 cubic inch air gun seismic source and a two-channel hydrophone streamer with a 150-m active section. In 1992 and 1993, 500 and 1,900 km, respectively, of seismic reflection profile data were acquired with an improved six air gun, 674 to 1303 cubic inch tuned seismic source array and the same two-channel streamer. In 1993, a 12-channel streamer with a 150-m active section was used to record five of the reflection lines and one line was acquired using a three air gun, 3,000 cubic inch source. All data were recorded with a DFS-V digital seismic recorder. Processed sections feature high quality vertical incidence images to more than 6 km of sub-bottom penetration in the Canada Basin. \r\n\r\nRefraction data were acquired with U.S. Navy sonobuoys recorded simultaneously with the seismic reflection profiles. In 1988 eight refraction profiles were recorded with the single air gun, and in 1992 and 1993 a total of 47 refraction profiles were recorded with the six air gun array. The sonobuoy refraction records, with offsets up to 35 km, provide acoustic velocity information to complement the short-offset reflection data. \r\n\r\nThe report includes trackline maps showing the location of the data, as well as both digital data files (SEG-Y) and images of all of the profiles.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041243","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., Hart, P.E., and May, S., 2004, Seismic reflection and refraction data acquired in Canada Basin, Northwind Ridge and Northwind Basin, Arctic Ocean in 1988, 1992 and 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1243, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041243.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5694,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1243","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":254327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":254328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Steven D.","contributorId":56194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Steven D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210584,"text":"70210584 - 2004 - Geophysical data reveal the crustal structure of the Alaska range orogen within the aftershock zone of the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-10T19:07:12.569482","indexId":"70210584","displayToPublicDate":"2004-06-10T13:49:06","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical data reveal the crustal structure of the Alaska range orogen within the aftershock zone of the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","docAbstract":"Geophysical information, including deep-crustal seismic reflection, magnetotelluric (mt), gravity, and magnetic data, cross the aftershock zone of the 3 November 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake. These data and aftershock seismicity, jointly interpreted, reveal the crustal structure of the right-lateral-slip Denali fault and the eastern Alaska Range orogen, as well as the relationship between this structure and seismicity. North of the Denali fault, strong seismic reflections from within the Alaska Range orogen show features that dip as steeply as 25° north and extend downward to depths between 20 and 25 km. These reflections reveal crustal structures, probably ductile shear zones, that most likely formed during the Late Cretaceous, but these structures appear to be inactive, having produced little seismicity during the past 20 years. Furthermore, seismic reflections mainly dip north, whereas alignments in aftershock hypocenters dip south. The Denali fault is nonreflective, but modeling of mt, gravity, and magnetic data suggests that the Denali fault dips steeply to vertically. However, in an alternative structural model, the Denali fault is defined by one of the reflection bands that dips to the north and flattens into the middle crust of the Alaska Range orogen. Modeling of mt data indicates a rock body, having low electrical resistivity (>10 Ω·m), that lies mainly at depths greater than 10 km, directly beneath aftershocks of the Denali fault earthquake. The maximum depth of aftershocks along the Denali fault is 10 km. This shallow depth may arise from a higher-than-normal geothermal gradient. Alternatively, the low electrical resistivity of deep rocks along the Denali fault may be associated with fluids that have weakened the lower crust and helped determine the depth extent of the aftershock zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"SSA","doi":"10.1785/0120040613","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Ratchkovski, N., Nokleberg, W., Pellerin, L., and Glen, J.M., 2004, Geophysical data reveal the crustal structure of the Alaska range orogen within the aftershock zone of the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S107-S131, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040613.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"S107","endPage":"S131","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375501,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.798828125,\n 62.14497603754045\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 62.14497603754045\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 64.54844014422517\n ],\n [\n -148.798828125,\n 64.54844014422517\n ],\n [\n -148.798828125,\n 62.14497603754045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratchkovski, N.","contributorId":89316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratchkovski","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":204786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pellerin, Louise","contributorId":20824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Louise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M.G. 0000-0002-3502-3355 jglen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-3355","contributorId":176530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":69776,"text":"sim2823 - 2004 - Surficial geologic map of the southwest Memphis Quadrangle, Shelby County, Tennessee, and Crittenden County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:24","indexId":"sim2823","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2823","title":"Surficial geologic map of the southwest Memphis Quadrangle, Shelby County, Tennessee, and Crittenden County, Arkansas","docAbstract":" This map is one of seven 1:24,000-scale (7.5-minute) quadrangle maps of the surficial geology of the Memphis, Tennessee, area--part of a series of urban hazard maps. Wind-deposited silt and clayey silt (loess) is the predominant surficial deposit in this quadrangle. The loess was deposited as dust during the last major continental glaciation of the region and it covers the upland to depths of 4.5-16 m. River alluvium (unit Qal), which is chiefly a sandy and gravelly sand deposit about 30 m thick, underlies the Mississippi River floodplain. This unit supports extensive artificial fill and infrastructure used for shipping storage and petroleum processing and storage. Based on paleoliquefaction structures (sand boils) documented in Mississippi River alluvium elsewhere, this unit probably has the potential to liquefy during strong earthquake shaking. No paleoliquefaction structures were observed within the Southwest Memphis quadrangle. Another deposit in the quadrangle is silty alluvium of the Nonconnah Creek floodplain, and is 1-10 m thick. Sparse, unconsolidated pebbly sand deposits are 0.5-3 m thick and make up point bars and channel deposits of Nonconnah Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2823","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., and Diehl, S.F., 2004, Surficial geologic map of the southwest Memphis Quadrangle, Shelby County, Tennessee, and Crittenden County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2823, 35 inches x 34 inches sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2823.","productDescription":"35 inches x 34 inches sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110485,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_63839.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"63839"},{"id":188186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6408,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2823/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.11749999999999,35 ], [ -90.11749999999999,35.1175 ], [ -90,35.1175 ], [ -90,35 ], [ -90.11749999999999,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688bdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, David W.","contributorId":63835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"David W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diehl, Sharon F. diehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":1089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"Sharon","email":"diehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178410,"text":"70178410 - 2004 - A new coccidian parasite, Isospora samoaensis, from the Wattled Honeyeater (Foulehaio carunculata) from American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:58:47","indexId":"70178410","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5228,"text":"Acta Protozoologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new coccidian parasite, Isospora samoaensis, from the Wattled Honeyeater (Foulehaio carunculata) from American Samoa","docAbstract":"A new species of Isospora is described from the feces of the wattled honeyeater, Foulehaio carunculata from American Samoa. Numerous oocysts of similar morphology were found in a single adult wattled honeyeater. Sporulated oocysts are ovoid, 28.9 × 26.1 (25-32 × 23-30) µm, with a smooth, colorless, bilayered wall; the inner wall is slightly thicker and darker than the outer wall. The average shape index is 1.1. No micropyle or oocyst residuum are present but the oocyst contains one or two ovoid polar granules. Sporocysts are ovoid, 17.1 × 10.9 (16-18 × 10-11) µm with a smooth single layered wall and an average shape index of 1.6. The Stieda body is broad, dome-like with a rather rectangular-shaped substieda body. Within the sporocyst is a large amorphous residuum composed of coarse granules and 4 randomly arranged, sausage-shaped sporozoites with a subspherical, posterior refractile body and a centrally located nucleus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology","publisherLocation":"Warsaw, Poland","usgsCitation":"Adamczyk, K.J., McQuistion, T.E., and LaPointe, D., 2004, A new coccidian parasite, Isospora samoaensis, from the Wattled Honeyeater (Foulehaio carunculata) from American Samoa: Acta Protozoologica, v. 43, p. 179-181.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331103,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"American Samoa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170.84632873535156, -14.320941406152793 ], [ -170.83980560302734, -14.319278129324783 ], [ -170.83568572998047, -14.316616860764674 ], [ -170.83396911621094, 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E.","contributorId":176937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McQuistion","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaPointe, Dennis dlapointe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPointe","given":"Dennis","email":"dlapointe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53734,"text":"wri034083 - 2004 - Estimates of hydraulic properties from a one-dimensional numerical model of vertical aquifer-system deformation, Lorenzi site, Las Vegas, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:25","indexId":"wri034083","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4083","title":"Estimates of hydraulic properties from a one-dimensional numerical model of vertical aquifer-system deformation, Lorenzi site, Las Vegas, Nevada","docAbstract":"Land subsidence related to aquifer-system compaction and ground-water withdrawals has been occurring in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, since the 1930's, and by the late 1980's some areas in the valley had subsided more than 5 feet. Since the late 1980's, seasonal artificial-recharge programs have lessened the effects of summertime pumping on aquifer-system compaction, but the long-term trend of compaction continues in places.\r\n\r\nSince 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey has continuously monitored water-level changes in three piezometers and vertical aquifer-system deformation with a borehole extensometer at the Lorenzi site in Las Vegas, Nevada. A one-dimensional, numerical, ground-water flow model of the aquifer system below the Lorenzi site was developed for the period 1901-2000, to estimate aquitard vertical hydraulic conductivity, aquitard inelastic skeletal specific storage, and aquitard and aquifer elastic skeletal specific storage. Aquifer water-level data were used in the model as the aquifer-system stresses that controlled simulated vertical aquifer-system deformation. Nonlinear-regression methods were used to calibrate the model, utilizing estimated and measured aquifer-system deformation data to minimize a weighted least-squares objective function, and estimate optimal property values.\r\n\r\nModel results indicate that at the Lorenzi site, aquitard vertical hydraulic conductivity is 3 x 10-6 feet per day, aquitard inelastic skeletal specific storage is 4 x 10-5 per foot, aquitard elastic skeletal specific storage is 5 x 10-6 per foot, and aquifer elastic skeletal specific storage is 3 x 10-7 per foot. Regression statistics indicate that the model and data provided sufficient information to estimate the target properties, the model adequately simulated observed data, and the estimated property values are accurate and unique.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034083","usgsCitation":"Pavelko, M.T., 2004, Estimates of hydraulic properties from a one-dimensional numerical model of vertical aquifer-system deformation, Lorenzi site, Las Vegas, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4083, v, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034083.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4083.jpg"},{"id":5096,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034083/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavelko, Michael T. 0000-0002-8323-3998 mpavelko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-3998","contributorId":2321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavelko","given":"Michael","email":"mpavelko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178622,"text":"70178622 - 2004 - Limiting spread of a unicolonial invasive insect and characterization of seasonal patterns of range expansion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:00:01","indexId":"70178622","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limiting spread of a unicolonial invasive insect and characterization of seasonal patterns of range expansion","docAbstract":"Limiting dispersal is a fundamental strategy in the control of invasive species, and in certain situations containment of incipient populations may be an important management technique. To test the feasibility of slowing the rapid spread of two Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) supercolonies in Haleakala National Park, Hawaii, we applied ant bait and toxicant within an experimental plot situated along a supercolony boundary. The 120×260 m plot simulated a small section of what could potentially be a 120 m wide treatment encompassing the entire expanding boundaries of both supercolonies. Foraging ant numbers at baited monitoring stations decreased sharply within two weeks after treatment, and ant spread was completely halted within the plot for at least one year. In contrast, an adjacent untreated colony boundary advanced an average of 65.2 m over the course of 1 year. Most of this spread took place in the summer and fall, at the time of highest ant abundance at bait monitoring stations, while no outward dispersal occurred during the spring and early summer. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that local budding dispersal in this unicolonial species stems from density dependent pressure rather than inherent founding behavior associated with mating. Based on results from this experiment, we are investigating the effectiveness of annual boundary treatments in slowing the Argentine ant invasion at Haleakala National Park. The goals of this program are to protect populations of native arthropods and to keep options open for eventual attempts at eradication.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1023/B:BINV.0000010121.45225.cc","usgsCitation":"Krushelnycky, P.D., Loope, L.L., and Joe, S.M., 2004, Limiting spread of a unicolonial invasive insect and characterization of seasonal patterns of range expansion: Biological Invasions, v. 6, no. 1, p. 47-57, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BINV.0000010121.45225.cc.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","county":"Maui","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.42677307128906,\n 20.608363387859857\n ],\n [\n -156.42677307128906,\n 20.899229877849546\n ],\n [\n -156.11846923828125,\n 20.899229877849546\n ],\n [\n -156.11846923828125,\n 20.608363387859857\n ],\n [\n -156.42677307128906,\n 20.608363387859857\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584144e1e4b04fc80e5073bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krushelnycky, Paul D.","contributorId":24252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krushelnycky","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loope, Lloyd L.","contributorId":107848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Joe, Stephanie M.","contributorId":177093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joe","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200766,"text":"70200766 - 2004 - Patterns of magma flow in segmented silicic dikes at Summer Coon volcano, Colorado: AMS and thin section analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T08:50:40","indexId":"70200766","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T08:50:21","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of magma flow in segmented silicic dikes at Summer Coon volcano, Colorado: AMS and thin section analysis","docAbstract":"A complex pattern of magma flow is found in two silicic dikes of a radial swarm at Summer Coon, an eroded stratovolcano in southern Colorado. The two intrusions are broken into multiple segments that suggest vertical dike propagation. However, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements and thin section observations suggest that magma flow was often subhorizontal and away from the center of the volcano. Segments that are proximal to the central intrusion are characterized by magma that flowed steeply upward at the proximal segment extremity, then laterally along the segment, and finally downward at the distal end of the segment. Magma flow in offset segment tips located far from the volcano center was subhorizontal towards the adjacent segment, implying lateral propagation of segment tips towards one another. This observation suggests relatively high driving pressure in distal dike segments, as supported by dike thickening with radial distance from the center of the volcano. The present study indicates that radial dike evolution at stratovolcanoes is dominated by lateral flow of magma and dike segmentation is a poor magma flow indicator. A horizontally propagating radial dike has the potential to cause an eruption low on the flank of a composite cone, which poses a significant yet largely unrecognized hazard to population centers and infrastructure that may surround the volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00706-4","usgsCitation":"Poland, M.P., Fink, J.H., and Tauxe, L., 2004, Patterns of magma flow in segmented silicic dikes at Summer Coon volcano, Colorado: AMS and thin section analysis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 219, no. 1-2, p. 155-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00706-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Summer Coon volcano","volume":"219","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e876e4b034bf6a800f50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fink, Jonathan H.","contributorId":192764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fink","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":750432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tauxe, Lisa","contributorId":210311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tauxe","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":750433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53643,"text":"wri034298 - 2004 - Status of ground-water levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2000-January 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T22:56:16.477211","indexId":"wri034298","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4298","title":"Status of ground-water levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2000-January 2003","docAbstract":"The Equus Beds aquifer northwest of Wichita, Kansas, was developed to supply water to Wichita residents and for irrigation in south-central Kansas beginning on September 1, 1940. Ground-water pumping for city and agricultural use from the aquifer caused water levels to decline in a large part of the area. Irrigation pumpage in the area increased substantially during the 1970s and 1980s and accelerated water-level declines. A period of water-level rises associated with greater-than-average precipitation and decreased city pumpage from the study area began in 1993. An important factor in the decreased city pumpage was increased use of Cheney Reservoir as a water-supply source by the city of Wichita; as a result, city pumpage from the Equus Beds aquifer during 1993-2002 went from being greater than one-half to slightly less than one-third of Wichita's water usage. Since 1995, the city also has been investigating the use of artificial recharge in the study area to meet future water-supply needs and to protect the aquifer from the intrusion of saltwater from natural and human-related sources to the west.\r\n\r\nDuring January 2003, the direction of ground-water flow in the Equus Beds aquifer in the area was generally from west to east similar to predevelopment of the aquifer. The maximum water-level decline since 1940 for the period January 2000 to January 2003 was 29.54 feet in July 2002 at well 3 in the northern part of the area. Cumulative water-level changes from January 2000 to January 2003 typically were less than 4 feet with rises of less than 4 feet common in the central part of the area; however, declines of more than 4 feet occurred in the northwestern and southern parts of the area. \r\n\r\nThe recovery of water levels and aquifer storage volumes from record low levels in October 1992 generally continued to April 2000. The recovery of about 182,000 acre-feet of storage volume in the area from October 1992 to April 2000 represents about a 64-percent recovery of the storage depletion that occurred from August 1940 to October 1992. About 47 percent of this recovery was lost from April 2000 to October 2002 when storage volume in the area decreased by about 86,000 acre-feet. Major contributors to the decreases in water levels and storage volumes were reduced recharge associated with precipitation that was less than in the preceding 5 years and increased irrigation pumpage. The loss of storage probably would have been larger if the continued decrease in city pumpage, which is closely associated with the water-level rises in the central part of the study area, and increased city use of water from Cheney Reservoir had not occurred. The effect of artificial recharge on water levels and storage volume probably was masked by the generally larger decreases in city pumpage in the area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034298","usgsCitation":"Hansen, C.V., and Aucott, W.R., 2004, Status of ground-water levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2000-January 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4298, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034298.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4942,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034298/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":410602,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67625.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","city":"Wichita","otherGeospatial":"Equus Beds aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.375,\n 37.825\n ],\n [\n -97.375,\n 38.0733\n ],\n [\n -97.6956,\n 38.0733\n ],\n [\n -97.6956,\n 37.825\n ],\n [\n -97.375,\n 37.825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4812e4b07f02db4d9cc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Cristi V. chansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Cristi","email":"chansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aucott, Walter R.","contributorId":90275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aucott","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70145216,"text":"70145216 - 2004 - Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T11:19:18","indexId":"70145216","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","docAbstract":"Geochemical analyses of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the western Brooks Range reveal a complex evolutionary history for strata surrounding the large Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Red Dog district. Data for major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) were obtained on 220 samples of unaltered and unmineralized siliciclastic rocks from the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Endicott Group (Hunt Fork Shale, Noatak Sandstone, Kanayut Conglomerate, Kayak Shale), the overlying Carboniferous Lisburne Group (Kuna Formation, unnamed drowned shelf facies), and the Pennsylvanian-Permian Siksikpuk Formation. Major base metal sulfide deposits of the region are present only in the Kuna Formation, which in the Red Dog district comprises siliceous black shale and black chert, minor limestone (calcareous radiolarite), and sparse lithic turbidite and bedded siliceous rock. Gray and rare black shales of the Kayak Shale and common black shales of the Kuna Formation are anomalously low in iron (avg Fe/Ti = 6.25 and 6.34, respectively) relative to other Paleozoic shales in the region (9.58-10.6) and to average shales worldwide (10.1-10.5). In contrast, the bedded siliceous rocks contain appreciable hematite (avg Fe/Ti = 35.0) and high U/Ti and REE/Ti ratios that are interpreted to reflect low amounts of detrital material and a major Fe-rich eolian component.
\nGeochemical data (e.g., MnO <0.01 wt %; avg Cr = 317 ppm), sizes of framboidal pyrite grains, and limited bioturbation suggest anoxic and denitrifying depositional conditions for most black shales of the Kuna Formation; low Mo/Ti ratios argue against euxinic (sulfate-reducing) conditions. Organic-rich black shales of the Kuna Formation with up to 8.4 wt percent Corganic and gray to black shales of the Kayak Shale with up to 4.1 wt percent Corganic typically have only sparse pyrite (<1 wt % S) and very low iron-limited S/C ratios (mostly <0.2). Immobile element plots (e.g., Th-Zr/10-Sc) suggest that source terranes for all of the formations were dominated by one or more felsic-rich continental arcs; a small proportion of recycled sediments is present locally. A minor mafic igneous component also occurs in several shales of the Kuna and Siksikpuk Formations. High average values for the chemical index of alteration [Al2O3/(Al2O3 + CaO + Na2O + K2O)] ∞ 100 for shales of the Endicott Group (76.4-81.5) imply moderate to intense chemical weathering in source areas of these sediments. A lower average for black shales of the Kuna Formation (73.7) does not require such weathering.
\nTextural and geochemical data record the effects of diagenetic and/or hydrothermal fluid flow in some of the Paleozoic rocks. Mobility of P, F, U, and light REE is documented in black shales of the Kuna Formation by phosphate replacements of carbonate clasts and of matrix material surrounding the clasts. A relatively low average Ce/Ce* value of 0.73 for P-poor black shales of the Kuna Formation (<0.05 wt % P2O5) and a similar Ce/Ce* value of 0.78 for a siderite concretion in Kayak Shale suggest that these diagenetic fluids were oxidizing. Many shales of the Kuna Formation have high (K2O ∞ 100)/(K2O + Al2O3) ratios of 21.0 to 23.0, which contrast with low ratios of generally <18.0 for shales of the underlying Endicott Group. The high ratios in shales of the Kuna Formation reflect preferential reaction of smectite to illite during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny, owing to high silica activities in pore fluids that were generated by the dissolution of abundant biogenic silica.
\nThe distribution and composition of Paleozoic strata in the western Brooks Range may have played a fundamental role in Zn-Pb mineralization of the Red Dog district. In our model, deposition and early lithification of biogenic chert and bedded siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Kuna Formation served as a regional hydrologic seal, acting as a cap rock to heat and hydrothermal fluids during Late Mississippian base-metal mineralization. Equally important was the iron-poor composition of black shales of the Kuna Formation (i.e., low Fe/Ti ratios), which limited synsedimentary pyrite formation in precursor sediments, resulting in significant H2S production in pore waters through the interaction of aqueous sulfate with abundant organic matter. This H2S may have been critical to the subsurface deposition of the huge quantities of Zn and Pb in the district. On the basis of this model, we propose that low Fe/Ti and S/C ratios in black shale sequences are potential basin-scale exploration guides for giant sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Dumoulin, J.A., Schmidt, J., Young, L.E., and Rombach, C., 2004, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1385-1414, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1414","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae40e4b027f0aee3d146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70145196,"text":"70145196 - 2004 - Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-06T12:44:03","indexId":"70145196","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district in the western Brooks Range, northern Alaska, contains numerous shale-hosted Zn-Pb sulfide and barite deposits in organic-rich siliceous mudstone and shale, chert, and carbonate rocks of the Carboniferous Kuna Formation. The giant Red Dog shale-hosted deposits consist of a cluster of four orebodies (Main, Qanaiyaq, Aqqaluk, and Paalaaq) that lie within distinct thrust panels that offset a single ore deposit during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. These Zn-Pb-Ag-barite orebodies contain one of the world's largest reserves and resources of zinc.
\nFluid inclusions in samples of vein sphalerite, which accounts for about 20 percent of the ore in the Main deposit, and quartz that composes the bulk of the extensive silicification in the ore deposit, were studied by microthermometry, Raman spectrometry, and ion chromatography. The study of fluid inclusions in the vein sphalerite was limited by the intense postore deformation of the ore deposits. However, four primary aqueous fluid inclusion assemblages in vein sphalerite yield temperatures of homogenization of 115° to 120°C, 123° to 127°C, 110° to 120°C and 175° to 180°C. More abundant final-melting temperatures indicate that the fluid inclusions in sphalerite have salinities of about 14 to 19 wt percent NaCl equiv. The fluid inclusion electrolyte data show that the ore fluid responsible for the vein sphalerite derived its salinity from the evaporation of seawater. Considering the salinity of the fluid inclusions together with the electrolyte data, it is possible that the evaporative brine was initially about 30 wt percent saline fluid and that it mixed with a more dilute fluid somewhere along its flow path. The temperature, salinity, and electrolyte composition of vein sphalerite in the Red Dog deposits are remarkably similar to those characteristics in sphalerite veins near the Century zinc deposit, Australia. Together, these data compose the majority of information on the temperature and composition of sphalerite in deposits of this type.
\nOn the basis of data describing fluid inclusions in sphalerite and the geologic setting of the ore deposits, a \"reflux brine\" model is suggested for the Red Dog deposits. In this model, brines were produced in evaporative environments in supratidal carbonate facies of the Lisburne Group less than 100 km from the Red Dog deposits. These reflux brines may have infiltrated the underlying rocks of Endicott Group or fractured metasedimentary basement rocks. In the absence of a local heat source at the Red Dog deposits, the temperature of the ore fluids (~100° to <200°C) requires that the fluids circulated at depths between ~ 2.4 and 7.4 km.
\nIn the Red Dog area, the metalliferous fluids ascended into the organic-rich rocks of the Kuna Formation, probably along zones of active extensional faults or breaches in the shale aquitards overlying the aquifers in the Endicott Group. Fluid inclusions were also studied in the abundant quartz that constitutes the majority of the silica rock in the ore deposits. This postore quartz extensively replaced barite and was traditionally thought to be part of the main ore event. Primary fluid inclusion assemblages contain two-phase aqueous inclusions, single-phase inclusions of dense methane, or both. Primary assemblages that contain single-phase, dense-methane inclusions together with two-phase aqueous inclusions yield consistent homogenization temperatures that provide unequivocal evidence for the coeval trapping of immiscible gas and aqueous fluids.
\nThe densities of the methane inclusions, together with the temperature of homogenization of coexisting aqueous fluid inclusions, show that these fluid inclusions were trapped between pressures of 800 and 3,400 bars and temperatures between 187° and 214°C. The pressures obtained provide unequivocal evidence that the quartz formed after ore deposition in the Carboniferous because such high fluid pressures could only have been produced from thrust loading during the Mesozoic Brookian orogeny. The observed large variation in pressure is best explained by transient fluid pressures from hydrostatic to lithostatic conditions during thrust loading. The 3,400 bars pressure corresponds with about 12 km of lithostatic burial, whereas the lower pressures (800 bars) correspond with about 8 km of hydrostatic pressure. Because of their low salinity (0-5 wt % NaCl equiv) the electrolyte compositions of the quartz fluid inclusions do not constrain their origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1449","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Marsh, E., Emsbo, P., Rombach, C., Kelley, K.D., and Anthony, M.W., 2004, Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1449-1480, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1449.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1449","endPage":"1480","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae3ee4b027f0aee3d13a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, David L.","contributorId":83902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":58765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. kdkelley@usgs.gov","contributorId":431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anthony, Michael W. manthony@usgs.gov","contributorId":1232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Michael","email":"manthony@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":544088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70145187,"text":"70145187 - 2004 - Structure of the Red Dog District, western Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-06T11:46:42","indexId":"70145187","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the Red Dog District, western Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Red Dog district of the western Brooks Range of northern Alaska, which includes the sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag ± Ba deposits at Red Dog, Su-Lik, and Anarraaq, contains one of the world's largest reserves of zinc. This paper presents a new model for the structural development of the area and shows that understanding the structure is crucial for future exploration efforts and new mineral discoveries in the district. In the Red Dog district, a telescoped Late Devonian through Jurassic continental passive margin is exposed in a series of subhorizontally stacked, internally imbricated, and regionally folded thrust sheets. These sheets were emplaced during the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous Brookian orogeny and subsequently were uplifted by late tectonic activity in the Tertiary. The thrust sheet stack comprises seven tectonostratigraphically distinct allochthonous sheets, three of which have been subject to regional and detailed structural analysis. The lowermost of these is the Endicott Mountains allochthon, which is overlain by the structurally higher Picnic Creek and Kelly River allochthons. Each individual allochthon is itself internally imbricated into a series of tectonostratigraphically coherent and distinct thrust plates and subplates. This structural style gives rise to duplex development and imbrication at a range of scales, from a few meters to tens of kilometers. The variable mechanical properties of the lithologic units of the ancient passive margin resulted in changes in structural styles and scales of structures across allochthon boundaries. Structural mapping and analysis of the district indicate a dominant northwest to west-northwest direction of regional tectonic transport. Local north to north-northeast transport of thrust sheets is interpreted to reflect the influence of underlying lateral and/or oblique ramps, which may have been controlled by inherited basin margin structures. Some thrust-sheet stacking patterns suggest out-of-sequence thrusting. The west-northwest-east-southeast-trending Wrench Creek and Sivukat Mountain faults were previously interpreted to be strike-slip faults, but this study shows that they are Tertiary (Eocene?) late extensional faults with little or no lateral displacement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1415","usgsCitation":"de Vera, J.P., and McClay, K.R., 2004, Structure of the Red Dog District, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1415-1434, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1415.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1415","endPage":"1434","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae45e4b027f0aee3d151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de Vera, Jean-Pierre P.","contributorId":127517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vera","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7018,"text":"German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McClay, K. R.","contributorId":140063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClay","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70240441,"text":"70240441 - 2004 - Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-07T17:28:54.406921","indexId":"70240441","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T11:16:15","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1042,"text":"Bioremediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater","docAbstract":"Results from a series of studies of methanogenic processes in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated aquifers indicate that acetoclastic methanogenesis is inhibited near non-aqueous sources. At a crude oil-contaminated site, numbers of acetoclastic methanogens found close to crude oil were one hundred times fewer than those of hydrogen- and formate-utilizing methanogens. In laboratory toxicity assays, crude oil collected from the site inhibited methane production from acetate but not from formate or hydrogen. Toxicity assays with aqueous creosote extract completely inhibited acetate utilization over the range of tested dilutions but only mildly affected formate and hydrogen utilization. The combined results from the laboratory and field studies suggest that in methanogenic contaminated aquifers, inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis may lead to a buildup of acetate relative to dissolved organic carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889860490465840","usgsCitation":"Warren, E., Bekins, B.A., Godsy, E.M., and Smith, V.K., 2004, Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater: Bioremediation Journal, v. 8, no. 1-2, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889860490465840.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":412819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Minnesota","city":"Bemidji, Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.94825567887175,\n 47.510004595874534\n ],\n [\n -94.94825567887175,\n 47.41809133602223\n ],\n [\n -94.81641974137156,\n 47.41809133602223\n ],\n [\n -94.81641974137156,\n 47.510004595874534\n ],\n [\n -94.94825567887175,\n 47.510004595874534\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.39555721398766,\n 30.591676071104317\n ],\n [\n -87.39555721398766,\n 30.32078312407623\n ],\n [\n -87.08408284572732,\n 30.32078312407623\n ],\n [\n -87.08408284572732,\n 30.591676071104317\n ],\n [\n -87.39555721398766,\n 30.591676071104317\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godsy, E. Michael","contributorId":45842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":863808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Virginia K.","contributorId":72021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":863809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006448,"text":"70006448 - 2004 - Sampling issues affecting accuracy of likelihood-based classification using genetical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"70006448","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:40:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling issues affecting accuracy of likelihood-based classification using genetical data","docAbstract":"We demonstrate the effectiveness of a genetic algorithm for discovering multi-locus combinations that provide accurate individual assignment decisions and estimates of mixture composition based on likelihood classification. Using simulated data representing different levels of inter-population differentiation (Fst ~ 0.01 and 0.10), genetic diversities (four or eight alleles per locus), and population sizes (20, 40, 100 individuals in baseline populations), we show that subsets of loci can be identified that provide comparable levels of accuracy in classification decisions relative to entire multi-locus data sets, where 5, 10, or 20 loci were considered. Microsatellite data sets from hatchery strains of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, representing a comparable range of inter-population levels of differentiation in allele frequencies confirmed simulation results. For both simulated and empirical data sets, assignment accuracy was achieved using fewer loci (e.g., three or four loci out of eight for empirical lake trout studies). Simulation results were used to investigate properties of the 'leave-one-out' (L1O) method for estimating assignment error rates. Accuracy of population assignments based on L1O methods should be viewed with caution under certain conditions, particularly when baseline population sample sizes are low (<50).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022869.72448.cd","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Guinand, B., Scribner, K., Topchy, A., Page, K., Punch, W., and Burnham-Curtis, M.K., 2004, Sampling issues affecting accuracy of likelihood-based classification using genetical data: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 69, no. 1-4, p. 245-259, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022869.72448.cd.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261918,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022869.72448.cd","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"69","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab086e4b0c8380cd87b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guinand, B.","contributorId":6020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinand","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Topchy, A.","contributorId":64619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topchy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Page, K.S.","contributorId":47332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Punch, W.","contributorId":103917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punch","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, M. K.","contributorId":39328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1000937,"text":"1000937 - 2004 - Dietary uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T13:41:13","indexId":"1000937","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dietary uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by rainbow trout","docAbstract":"The presence of detectable levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in commercially produced fish feed has raised a concern about the degree of biomagnification of these contaminants in hatchery-reared trout. Our objectives were to (1) define the relationship between concentrations of PCBs in fish feed and in fish tissue and (2) estimate the relative contributions of feed and hatchery supply water to PCB concentrations in fish. We conducted a 6-month feeding trial with fingerling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed commercial diets with four concentrations of PCBs: a low-PCB diet (69 ng/g); a typical commercial diet (126 ng/g); and the typical diet spiked with PCBs at two levels (220 and 280 ng/g). The concentrations of PCBs in fillets after 1 month were commensurate with those in the feeds and remained relatively stable for the next 5 months; mean PCB concentrations in fillets ranged from 54 to 94 ng/g. Low levels of PCBs were detected in the hatchery supply water. We used the concentrations of PCBs in the feeds, absorption rates of PCBs, and two different rates of PCB depuration to estimate the potential uptake of PCBs from supply water. When we used a low depuration rate (half-life = 219 d), the computed body burdens of PCBs could be entirely attributed to the feeds. When a high depuration rate (half-life = 66 d) was used, some uptake of PCBs from the supply water was likely, but most of the total body burden originated from the feeds. We concluded that rainbow trout fed a diet with 126 ng/g PCBs would have a PCB concentration of about 60 ng/g in their fillets, which is high enough to warrant issuance of a consumption advisory (no more than one meal of fish per week) under a protocol adopted by some Great Lakes states.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/A03-028.1","usgsCitation":"Carline, R.F., Barry, P.M., and Ketola, H.G., 2004, Dietary uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by rainbow trout: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 66, no. 2, p. 91-99, https://doi.org/10.1577/A03-028.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"99","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d7fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carline, Robert F.","contributorId":102442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carline","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barry, Patrick M.","contributorId":11572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ketola, H. George 0000-0002-7260-5602 gketola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7260-5602","contributorId":2664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketola","given":"H.","email":"gketola@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016288,"text":"1016288 - 2004 - Flower and fruit production of understory shrubs in western Washington and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1016288","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flower and fruit production of understory shrubs in western Washington and Oregon","docAbstract":"We observed flower and fruit production for nine understory shrub species in western Washington and Oregon and examined the relationships between shrub reproductive output and plant size, plant age, site factors, and overstory density to determine the factors that control flowering or fruiting in understory shrubs. In Washington, 50 or more shrubs or microplots (for rhizomatous species) were sampled for each of eight species. The variables examined were more useful for explaining abundance of flowers or fruit on shrubs than they were for explaining the probability that a shrub would produce flowers or fruit. Plant size was consistently the most useful predictor of flower/fruit abundance in all species; plant age was also a good predictor of abundance and was strongly correlated with plant size. Site variables (e.g., slope) and overstory competition variables (e.g., presence/absence of a canopy gap) also helped explain flower/fruit abundance for some species. At two Oregon sites, the responses of five species to four levels of thinning were observed for 2-4 yr (15 shrubs or microplots per treatment per year). Thinning increased the probability and abundance of flowering/fruiting for two species, had no effect on one species, and responses for two other species were positive but inconsistent between sites or from year to year. We believe reducing overstory density or creating canopy gaps may be useful tools for enhancing shrub size and vigor, thus, increasing the probability and abundance of fruiting in some understory shrub species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wender, B., Harrington, C., and Tappeiner, J.C., 2004, Flower and fruit production of understory shrubs in western Washington and Oregon: Northwest Science, v. 78, no. 2, p. 124-140.","productDescription":"p. 124-140","startPage":"124","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a4e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wender, B.","contributorId":102041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wender","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrington, C.","contributorId":21126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015215,"text":"1015215 - 2004 - Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T11:24:24","indexId":"1015215","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events","docAbstract":"Catastrophic events share characteristic nonlinear behaviors that are often generated by cross-scale interactions and feedbacks among system elements. These events result in surprises that cannot easily be predicted based on information obtained at a single scale. Progress on catastrophic events has focused on one of the following two areas: nonlinear dynamics through time without an explicit consideration of spatial connectivity [Holling, C. S. (1992) Ecol. Monogr. 62, 447–502] or spatial connectivity and the spread of contagious processes without a consideration of cross-scale interactions and feedbacks [Zeng, N., Neeling, J. D., Lau, L. M. & Tucker, C. J. (1999) Science 286, 1537–1540]. These approaches rarely have ventured beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. We provide an interdisciplinary, conceptual, and general mathematical framework for understanding and forecasting nonlinear dynamics through time and across space. We illustrate the generality and usefulness of our approach by using new data and recasting published data from ecology (wildfires and desertification), epidemiology (infectious diseases), and engineering (structural failures). We show that decisions that minimize the likelihood of catastrophic events must be based on cross-scale interactions, and such decisions will often be counterintuitive. Given the continuing challenges associated with global change, approaches that cross disciplinary boundaries to include interactions and feedbacks at multiple scales are needed to increase our ability to predict catastrophic events and develop strategies for minimizing their occurrence and impacts. Our framework is an important step in developing predictive tools and designing experiments to examine cross-scale interactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0403822101","usgsCitation":"Peters, D., Pielke, R.A., Bestelmeyer, B.T., Allen, C.D., Munson-McGee, S., and Havstad, K.M., 2004, Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events: PNAS, v. 101, no. 42, p. 15130-15135, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403822101.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"15130","endPage":"15135","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/523446","text":"External Repository"},{"id":132401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Debra P. C.","contributorId":36903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peters","given":"Debra P. C.","affiliations":[{"id":25579,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, Roger A. Sr.","contributorId":32762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pielke","given":"Roger","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.","contributorId":26180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bestelmeyer","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6973,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada Basin LTER, Las Cruces, NM; New Mexico State University, Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Las Cruces, NM","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Munson-McGee, Stuart","contributorId":99939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munson-McGee","given":"Stuart","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27640,"text":"New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Havstad, Kris M.","contributorId":16692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havstad","given":"Kris","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1003497,"text":"1003497 - 2004 - Risk assessment and screening for potentially invasive fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-15T16:47:25.446401","indexId":"1003497","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2870,"text":"New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Risk assessment and screening for potentially invasive fishes","docAbstract":"Preventing the introduction of potentially invasive species is becoming more important as this worldwide problem continues to grow. The ability to predict the identity or range of potential invaders could influence regulatory decisions and help to optimally allocate resources to deal with ongoing invasions. One screening tool presented here, using species life history and environmental tolerances to identify potential invaders similar to past invaders, can be used to predict potential invading species. Another screening tool, genetic algorithms, can be used to predict the potential range of an invading species. Use and further development of tools such as these, that are quantitative and relatively transparent, would give managers and other decision makers more information for making better-informed decisions.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/00288330.2004.9517247","usgsCitation":"Kolar, C., 2004, Risk assessment and screening for potentially invasive fishes: New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 38, no. 3, p. 391-397, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2004.9517247.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"397","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db6002cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolar, C.","contributorId":41384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolar","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016301,"text":"1016301 - 2004 - Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-10T11:39:20.172916","indexId":"1016301","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl","docAbstract":"Hierarchical genetic structure was examined in the three geographically-defined subspecies of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) to define relationships among subspecies and quantify variation within and among regional and local populations. Sequences (522 bp) from domains I and II of the mitochondrial control region were analyzed for 213 individuals from 30 local breeding areas. Results confirmed significant differences between northern spotted owls and the other traditional geographically defined subspecies but did not provide support for subspecific level differences between California and Mexican spotted owls. Divergence times among subspecies estimated with a 936 bp portion of the cytochrome b gene dated Northern and California/Mexican spotted owl divergence time to 115,000–125,000 years ago, whereas California/Mexican spotted owl divergence was estimated at 15,000 years ago. Nested clade analyses indicated an association between California spotted owl and Mexican spotted owl haplotypes, implying historical contact between the two groups. Results also identified a number of individuals geographically classified as northern spotted owls (S. o. caurina) that contained haplotypes identified as California spotted owls (S. o. caurina). Among all northern spotted owls sampled (n=131), 12.9% contained California spotted owl haplotypes. In the Klamath region, which is the contact zone between the two subspecies, 20.3% (n=59) of owls were classified as California spotted owls. The Klamath region is a zone of hybridization and speciation for many other taxa as well. Analyses of population structure indicated gene flow among regions within geographically defined subspecies although there was significant differentiation among northern and southern regions of Mexican spotted owls. Among all areas examined, genetic diversity was not significantly reduced except in California spotted owls where the southern region consists of one haplotype. Our results indicate a stable contact zone between northern and California spotted owls, maintaining distinct subspecific haplotypes within their traditional ranges. This supports recovery efforts based on the traditional subspecies designation for the northern spotted owl. Further, although little variation was found between California and Mexican spotted owls, we suggest they should be managed separately because of current isolation between groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10592-004-1864-y","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Forsman, E., and Mullins, T., 2004, Subspecific relationships and genetic structure in the spotted owl: Conservation Genetics, v. 5, no. 5, p. 683-705, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-004-1864-y.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"705","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullins, Thomas D.","contributorId":12819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015205,"text":"1015205 - 2004 - Use of Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: introduction to the special issue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-28T10:17:41","indexId":"1015205","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1921,"text":"Hydroécologie Appliquée","onlineIssn":"1958-556X","printIssn":"1147-9213","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: introduction to the special issue","docAbstract":"In 1991, Harvey Doerksen was able to write a memoir discussing 20 years of instream flow work (Doerksen 1991). He recalled coming into the field in about 1973, but points out that there were many dedicated professionals working on the front line of what has become known as the environmental flow issue since at least the 1940’s. One of the earliest controversies in this new field was about what to call it. Some of the can- didate titles included “Stream Re- source Maintenance Flow,” “Base Flow,” and “Minimum Flow.” Although some of these terms were already in wide use by the early 1970’s, the term “instream flow” was not even listed in the 1973, 1974, or 1975 editions of the Water Resources Research Catalog of keywords (Doerksen 1991: 100). When most of the authors represented in this special issue began their professional careers, the field of instream flow was still seeking a core identity and a set of organizing principles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecosciences","doi":"10.1051/hydro:2004001","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., Sabaton, C., and Souchon, Y., 2004, Use of Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: introduction to the special issue: Hydroécologie Appliquée, v. 14, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1051/hydro:2004001.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.hydroecologie.org/10.1051/hydro:2004001/pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":96784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabaton, C.","contributorId":21507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabaton","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Souchon, Y.","contributorId":102437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souchon","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}