The 36.1-square-mile Usquepaug–Queen River Basin in south-central Rhode Island is an important water resource. Streamflow records indicate that withdrawals may have diminished flows enough to affect aquatic habitat. Concern over the effect of withdrawals on streamflow and aquatic habitat prompted the development of a Hydrologic Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model to evaluate the water-management alternatives and land-use change in the basin.
Climate, streamflow, and water-use data were collected to support the model development. A logistic-regression equation was developed for long-term simulations to predict the likelihood of irrigation, the primary water use in the basin, from antecedent potential evapotranspiration and precipitation for generating irrigation demands. The HSPF model represented the basin by 13 pervious-area and 2 impervious-area land-use segments and 20 stream reaches. The model was calibrated to the period January 1, 2000 to September 30, 2001, at three continuous streamflow-gaging stations that monitor flow from 10, 54, and 100 percent of the basin drainage area. Hydrographs and flow-duration curves of observed and simulated discharges, along with statistics compiled for various model-fit metrics, indicate a satisfactory model performance.
The calibrated HSPF model was modified to evaluate streamflow (1) under no withdrawals to streamflow under current (2000–01) withdrawal conditions under long-term (1960–2001) climatic conditions, (2) under withdrawals by the former Ladd School water-supply wells, and (3) under fully developed land use. The effects of converting from direct-stream withdrawals to ground-water withdrawals were evaluated outside of the HSPF model by use of the STRMDEPL program, which calculates the time delayed response of ground-water withdrawals on streamflow depletion.
Simulated effects of current withdrawals relative to no withdrawals indicate about a 20-percent decrease in the lowest mean daily streamflows at the basin outlet, but withdrawals have little effect on flows that are exceeded less than about 90 percent of the time. Tests of alternative model structures to evaluate model uncertainty indicate that the lowest mean daily flows ranged between 3 and 5 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) without withdrawals and 2.2 to 4 ft3/s with withdrawals. Changes in the minimum daily streamflows are more pronounced, however; at the upstream streamflow-gaging station, a minimum daily flow of 0.2 ft3/s was sustained without withdrawals, but simulations with withdrawals indicate that the reach would stop flowing part of a day about 5 percent of the time.
The effect on streamflow of potential ground-water withdrawals of 0.20, 0.90, and 1.78 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) at the former Ladd School near the central part of the basin were evaluated. The lowest daily mean flows in model reach 3, the main stem of the Queen River closest to the pumped wells, decreased by about 50 percent for withdrawals of 0.20 Mgal/d (from about 0.4 to 0.2 ft3/s) in comparison to current withdrawals. Reach 3 would occasionally stop flowing during part of the day at the 0.20-Mgal/d withdrawal rate because of diurnal fluctuation in streamflow. The higher withdrawal rates (0.90 and 1.78 Mgal/d) would cause reach 3 to stop flowing about 10 to 20 percent of the time, but the effects of pumping rapidly diminished downstream because of tributary inflows. Simulation results indicate little change in the annual 1-, 7-, and 30-day low flows at the 0.20 Mgal/d pumping rate, but at the 1.78 Mgal/d pumping rate, reach 3 stopped flowing for nearly a 7-day period every year and for a 30-day period about every other year. At the 0.90 Mgal/d pumping rate, reach 3 stopped flowing about every other year for a 7-day period and about once every 5 years for a 30-day period.
Land-use change was simulated by converting model hydrologic-response units (HRUs) representing undeveloped areas to HRUs representing developed areas on the basis of development suitability and town zoning. About 55 percent of the basin is suitable for development; this area would accommodate about 4,300 new low-density residential homes under current zoning. Increases in storm volume and peak flows, and decreases in base flow, typically associated with urbanization, were not evident in buildout simulations because the effective impervious area was assumed to increase by only 2 percent. Under fully developed conditions, withdrawals from self-supply wells were estimated to reach 1.2 Mgal/d. Potential increases in water withdrawals for a fully developed basin have only a minor impact on the main stem streamflow, but the effects of urbanization could be more pronounced in localized areas where development is concentrated.
Streamflow-depletion rates were calculated for varying distances of a pumped irrigation well from a stream. For the irrigation rates and aquifer conditions tested, streamflow depletion, relative to the pumping rate, decreases rapidly as the pumped well was moved away from the stream. Streamflow depletion, relative to the peak withdrawal rate, decreased by about 60, 80, and 90 percent by locating the pumped well 500, 1,000, and 1,500 feet from the stream, respectively.
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Samples were collected in a variety of Holocene and Plio-Pleistocene sediments in nearshore and offshore areas of the bays. Ground waters that were significantly fresher than overlying waters were found in plumes up to at least 15 m thick extending to more than 500 m offshore in some areas. Steep salinity and nutrient gradients occur within a few meters of the sediment surface in most locations studied. The zone of transition from deeper fresher waters to shallower brackish waters is generally thin near shore, but thickens and becomes more gradual offshore. Ground water ages at the Delaware site were mostly < 50 yr in both fresh waters and brackish waters up to 22 m below the bay bottom. Water chemistry and age data indicate that fresh water plumes beneath the estuary are active extensions of the surficial aquifer carrying nitrate from recharge areas on land, whereas brackish ground water surrounding the fresh water plumes is recharged beneath the estuary and contains ammonium and phosphate released by diagenesis of shallow estuarine sediments. Denitrification affects some of the fresh water nitrate before it mixes with brackish ground water or discharges to surface water.
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","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.841174","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Crawford, M.M., Goodenough, D., and Irons, J.R., 2004, Foreword to the special issue on Landsat sensor performance characterization: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2687-2689, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.841174.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2687","endPage":"2689","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56051ebfe4b058f706e512c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, M. M.","contributorId":21660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodenough, D.G.","contributorId":103065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodenough","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irons, J. R.","contributorId":67694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159350,"text":"70159350 - 2004 - Landsat-5 bumper-mode geometric correction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:11:07","indexId":"70159350","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-5 bumper-mode geometric correction","docAbstract":"The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) scan mirror was switched from its primary operating mode to a backup mode in early 2002 in order to overcome internal synchronization problems arising from long-term wear of the scan mirror mechanism. The backup bumper mode of operation removes the constraints on scan start and stop angles enforced in the primary scan angle monitor operating mode, requiring additional geometric calibration effort to monitor the active scan angles. It also eliminates scan timing telemetry used to correct the TM scan geometry. These differences require changes to the geometric correction algorithms used to process TM data. A mathematical model of the scan mirror's behavior when operating in bumper mode was developed. This model includes a set of key timing parameters that characterize the time-varying behavior of the scan mirror bumpers. To simplify the implementation of the bumper-mode model, the bumper timing parameters were recast in terms of the calibration and telemetry data items used to process normal TM imagery. The resulting geometric performance, evaluated over 18 months of bumper-mode operations, though slightly reduced from that achievable in the primary operating mode, is still within the Landsat specifications when the data are processed with the most up-to-date calibration parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.836390","usgsCitation":"Storey, J.C., and Choate, M., 2004, Landsat-5 bumper-mode geometric correction: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2695-2703, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836390.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2695","endPage":"2703","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08d5e4b011227bf1fd7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":35505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choate, Mike 0000-0002-8101-4994 choate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":4618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Mike","email":"choate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157495,"text":"70157495 - 2004 - Landsat sensor performance: history and current status","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T15:12:22","indexId":"70157495","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat sensor performance: history and current status","docAbstract":"The current Thematic Mapper (TM) class of Landsat sensors began with Landsat-4, which was launched in 1982. This series continued with the nearly identical sensor on Landsat-5, launched in 1984. The final sensor in the series was the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), which was carried into orbit in 1999. Varying degrees of effort have been devoted to the characterization of these instruments and data over the past 22 years. Extensive short-lived efforts early in the history, very limited efforts in the middle years, and now a systematic program for continuing characterization of all three systems are apparent. Currently, both the Landsat-5 TM and the Landsat-7 ETM+ are operational and providing data. Despite 20+ years of operation, the TM on Landsat-5 is fully functional, although downlinks for the data are limited. Landsat-7 ETM+ experienced a failure of its Scan Line Corrector mechanism in May 2003. Although there are gaps in the data coverage, the data remain of equivalent quality to prefailure data. Data products have been developed to fill these gaps using other ETM+ scenes.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.840720","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Storey, J.C., Williams, D.L., and Irons, J.R., 2004, Landsat sensor performance: history and current status: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2691-2694, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.840720.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2691","endPage":"2694","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56051ecde4b058f706e512e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232 storey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":5333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"storey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Darrel L.","contributorId":20627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Darrel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irons, J. R.","contributorId":67694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70157498,"text":"70157498 - 2004 - Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric stability and absolute calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T15:47:09","indexId":"70157498","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric stability and absolute calibration","docAbstract":"Launched in April 1999, the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) instrument is in its sixth year of operation. The ETM+ instrument has been the most stable of any of the Landsat instruments. To date, the best onboard calibration source for the reflective bands has been the Full Aperture Solar Calibrator, a solar-diffuser-based system, which has indicated changes of between 1% to 2% per year in the ETM+ gain for bands 1-4 and 8 and less than 0.5%/year for bands 5 and 7. However, most of this change is believed to be caused by changes in the solar diffuser panel, as opposed to a change in the instrument's gain. This belief is based partially on vicarious calibrations and observations of \"invariant sites\", hyperarid sites of the Sahara and Arabia. Weighted average slopes determined from these datasets suggest changes of 0.0% to 0.4% per year for bands 1-4 and 8 and 0.4% to 0.5% per year for bands 5 and 7. Absolute calibration of the reflective bands of the ETM+ is consistent with vicarious observations and other sensors generally at the 5% level, though there appear to be some systematic differences.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.836389","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Thome, K.J., Barsi, J., Kaita, E., Helder, D.L., Barker, J.L., and Scaramuzza, P., 2004, Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric stability and absolute calibration: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2810-2820, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836389.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2810","endPage":"2820","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040021395","text":"External Repository"},{"id":308570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56051ecde4b058f706e512e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaita, E.","contributorId":73777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaita","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Helder, Dennis L.","contributorId":105613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":115996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scaramuzza, Pat 0000-0002-2616-8456 pscar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":3970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"Pat","email":"pscar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70176653,"text":"70176653 - 2004 - Are diseases increasing in the ocean?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T13:10:59","indexId":"70176653","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":808,"text":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are diseases increasing in the ocean?","docAbstract":"Many factors (climate warming, pollution, harvesting, introduced species) can contribute to disease outbreaks in marine life. Concomitant increases in each of these makes it difficult to attribute recent changes in disease occurrence or severity to any one factor. For example, the increase in disease of Caribbean coral is postulated to be a result of climate change and introduction of terrestrial pathogens. Indirect evidence exists that (a) warming increased disease in turtles; (b) protection, pollution, and terrestrial pathogens increased mammal disease; (c) aquaculture increased disease in mollusks; and (d) release from overfished predators increased sea urchin disease. In contrast, fishing and pollution may have reduced disease in fishes. In other taxa (e.g., sea grasses, crustaceans, sharks), there is little evidence that disease has changed over time. The diversity of patterns suggests there are many ways that environmental change can interact with disease in the ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105704","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., Porter, J.W., and Ford, S.E., 2004, Are diseases increasing in the ocean?: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, v. 35, p. 31-54, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105704.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c97e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, James W.","contributorId":174870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porter","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ford, Susan E.","contributorId":40115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176651,"text":"70176651 - 2004 - VTM plots as evidence of historical change: Goldmine or landmine?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T12:59:33","indexId":"70176651","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2639,"text":"Madroño","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VTM plots as evidence of historical change: Goldmine or landmine?","docAbstract":"VTM (Vegetation Type Map) plots comprise a huge data set on vegetation composition for many parts of California collected mostly between 1929 and 1935. Historical changes in vegetation have been inferred by sampling these areas many decades later and evaluating the changes in plant dominance. VTM plots can not be precisely relocated, and it has been assumed that errors resulting from this problem are inconsequential or can be eliminated by comparison with a composite of multiple contemporary plots. This study examines that assumption for southern California shrubland landscapes by comparing the differences in species composition between closely positioned VTM-sized plots. Comparing shrub species density in 400-m² plots separated by 30 m (center to center), I found that all species exhibited considerable differences in density even over this short distance. This patchiness in shrub distribution could lead to major errors in historical reconstructions from VTM plot data. Two methods are proposed for dealing with this problem. One is to collect multiple samples from the vicinity of the VTM plot and use the observed spatial variation to set bounds on the temporal changes required to represent significant historical change. The other is to look at broad landscape changes reflected in the averages observed in a large sampling of sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Botanical Society","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2004, VTM plots as evidence of historical change: Goldmine or landmine?: Madroño, v. 51, no. 4, p. 372-378.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"372","endPage":"378","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58167,"text":"sir20045160 - 2004 - Regression equations for estimating flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-Year recurrence intervals in Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T18:54:19","indexId":"sir20045160","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5160","title":"Regression equations for estimating flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-Year recurrence intervals in Connecticut","docAbstract":"Multiple linear-regression equations were developed to estimate the magnitudes of floods in Connecticut for recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years. The equations can be used for nonurban, unregulated stream sites in Connecticut with drainage areas ranging from about 2 to 715 square miles. Flood-frequency data and hydrologic characteristics from 70 streamflow-gaging stations and the upstream drainage basins were used to develop the equations. The hydrologic characteristics?drainage area, mean basin elevation, and 24-hour rainfall?are used in the equations to estimate the magnitude of floods. Average standard errors of prediction for the equations are 31.8, 32.7, 34.4, 35.9, 37.6 and 45.0 percent for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence intervals, respectively. Simplified equations using only one hydrologic characteristic?drainage area?also were developed. The regression analysis is based on generalized least-squares regression techniques.\r\n\r\nObserved flows (log-Pearson Type III analysis of the annual maximum flows) from five streamflow-gaging stations in urban basins in Connecticut were compared to flows estimated from national three-parameter and seven-parameter urban regression equations. The comparison shows that the three- and seven- parameter equations used in conjunction with the new statewide equations generally provide reasonable estimates of flood flows for urban sites in Connecticut, although a national urban flood-frequency study indicated that the three-parameter equations significantly underestimated flood flows in many regions of the country. Verification of the accuracy of the three-parameter or seven-parameter national regression equations using new data from Connecticut stations was beyond the scope of this study.\r\n\r\nA technique for calculating flood flows at streamflow-gaging stations using a weighted average also is described. Two estimates of flood flows?one estimate based on the log-Pearson Type III analyses of the annual maximum flows at the gaging station, and the other estimate from the regression equation?are weighted together based on the years of record at the gaging station and the equivalent years of record value determined from the regression. Weighted averages of flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence intervals are tabulated for the 70 streamflow-gaging stations used in the regression analysis. Generally, weighted averages give the most accurate estimate of flood flows at gaging stations.\r\n\r\nAn evaluation of the Connecticut's streamflow-gaging network was performed to determine whether the spatial coverage and range of geographic and hydrologic conditions are adequately represented for transferring flood characteristics from gaged to ungaged sites. Fifty-one of 54 stations in the current (2004) network support one or more flood needs of federal, state, and local agencies. Twenty-five of 54 stations in the current network are considered high-priority stations by the U.S. Geological Survey because of their contribution to the longterm understanding of floods, and their application for regionalflood analysis. Enhancements to the network to improve overall effectiveness for regionalization can be made by increasing the spatial coverage of gaging stations, establishing stations in regions of the state that are not well-represented, and adding stations in basins with drainage area sizes not represented. Additionally, the usefulness of the network for characterizing floods can be maintained and improved by continuing operation at the current stations because flood flows can be more accurately estimated at stations with continuous, long-term record.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045160","usgsCitation":"Ahearn, E.A., 2004, Regression equations for estimating flood flows for the 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-Year recurrence intervals in Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5160, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045160.","productDescription":"68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5780,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5160/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahearn, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-5633-2640 eaahearn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5633-2640","contributorId":194658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahearn","given":"Elizabeth","email":"eaahearn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58305,"text":"ofr20041388 - 2004 - Biosolids, soil, crop, ground-water, and streambed-sediment data for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-16T14:17:57.725299","indexId":"ofr20041388","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1388","title":"Biosolids, soil, crop, ground-water, and streambed-sediment data for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001","docAbstract":"In January 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began an expanded monitoring program near Deer Trail, Colorado, in cooperation with the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District and the North Kiowa Bijou Groundwater Management District. Monitoring components were biosolids, soils, crops, ground water, and streambed sediment. The monitoring program addresses concerns from the public about chemical effects from applications of biosolids to farmland in the Deer Trail, Colorado, area. Constituents of primary concern to the public are arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, zinc, plutonium, and gross alpha and beta activity, and they are included for all monitoring components. This report presents chemical data from the third year of the monitoring program, January-December 2001, for biosolids, soils, alluvial and bedrock ground water, and streambed sediment. The ground-water section also includes climate data, water levels, and results of statistical testing of selected data for trends and for exceedance of Colorado regulatory standards. The chemical data include the constituents of highest concern to the public in addition to many other constituents.
Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen reaction and loading to Popponesset Bay, a eutrophic coastal embayment on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are evaluated through hydrologic analysis of flow and transport. Approximately 10% of the total nitrogen load to the embayment is intercepted by fresh water ponds and delivered to the coast by connecting streams. For the nitrogen load not intercepted by ponds, we compare two steady-state methods of analyzing nitrogen loss in the aquifer, one using a constant-loss factor and the other time-dependent loss rates. The constant-loss method, which assumes that all similar land uses have the same per unit area loading rate to surface water regardless of location within the watershed, predicts that 42% of the nonpond watershed nitrogen load originated within the zero to 2 yr time-of-travel zone, which is 40% of the contributing area. The time-of-travel loss method calculates loss rates based on aquifer travel times and denitrification reaction kinetics, evaluated separately for carbon-unlimited and carbon-limited cases. Time-of-travel loss calculations for percent of nonpond load that originated within the area of < 2 yr aquifer residence time are 64% when carbon is not limiting, but only 49% when carbon limitation is included, not greatly different from the constant-loss method. A feature of the kinetics used is that carbon (and the denitrified nitrogen) is lost rather quickly in the aquifer travel path, after which carbon limitation stops denitrification altogether. Carbon limitation causes the time-of-travel loss model to approximate the constant-loss model such that in most of the watershed, a nearly constant fraction of the nitrogen input is lost in both models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., Masterson, J., Pabich, W.J., and Walter, D.A., 2004, Effects of aquifer travel time on nitrogen transport to a coastal embayment: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 7, p. 1069-1078, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02644.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1078","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93fe4b0f37a93ee9b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pabich, Wendy J.","contributorId":187775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pabich","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57935,"text":"cir1270 - 2004 - A science strategy to support management decisions related to hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and excess nutrients in the Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:03","indexId":"cir1270","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1270","title":"A science strategy to support management decisions related to hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and excess nutrients in the Mississippi River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/cir1270","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, A science strategy to support management decisions related to hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and excess nutrients in the Mississippi River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1270, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1270.","productDescription":"59 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5877,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1270/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":180834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b18e4b07f02db6a70f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69805,"text":"i2807 - 2004 - Topographic Map of the Ophir and Central Candor Chasmata Region of Mars MTM 500k -05/287E OMKT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:22","indexId":"i2807","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2807","title":"Topographic Map of the Ophir and Central Candor Chasmata Region of Mars MTM 500k -05/287E OMKT","docAbstract":"This map, compiled photogrammetrically from Viking Orbiter stereo image pairs, is part of a series of topographic maps of areas of special scientific interest on Mars. \r\n\r\nThe figure of Mars used for the computation of the map projection is an oblate spheroid (flattening of 1/176.875) with an equatorial radius of 3396.0 km and a polar radius of 3376.8 km. The datum (the 0-km contour line) for elevations is defined as the equipotential surface (gravitational plus rotational) whose average value at the equator is equal to the mean radius as determined by Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. \r\n\r\nThe projection is part of a Mars Transverse Mercator (MTM) system with 20? wide zones. For the area covered by this map sheet the central meridian is at 290? E. (70? W.). The scale factor at the central meridian of the zone containing this quadrangle is 0.9960 relative to a nominal scale of 1:500,000. \r\n\r\nLongitude increases to the east and latitude is planetocentric as allowed by IAU/IAG standards and in accordance with current NASA and USGS standards. A secondary grid (printed in red) has been added to the map as a reference to the west longitude/planetographic latitude system that is also allowed by IAU/IAG standards and has been used for previous Mars maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2807","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Topographic Map of the Ophir and Central Candor Chasmata Region of Mars MTM 500k -05/287E OMKT: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2807, map, 28 by 40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2807.","productDescription":"map, 28 by 40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6163,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2807/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":189087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ab12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184486,"text":"70184486 - 2004 - Ground water recharge and discharge in the central Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-14T07:32:46","indexId":"70184486","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water recharge and discharge in the central Everglades","docAbstract":"Rates of ground water recharge and discharge are not well known in the central Everglades. Here we report estimates of ground water recharge and discharge at 15 sites in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project and in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A), along with measurements of hydraulic properties of peat at 11 sites. A simple hydrogeologic simulation was used to assess how specific factors have influenced recharge and discharge. Simulations and measurements agreed that the highest values of recharge and discharge occur within 600 m of levees, the result of ground water flow beneath levees. There was disagreement in the interior wetlands of WCA-2A (located > 1000 m from levees) where measurements of recharge and discharge were substantially higher than simulated fluxes. A five-year time series (1997 to 2002) of measured fluxes indicated that recharge and discharge underwent reversals in direction on weekly, monthly, and annual timescales at interior sites in WCA-2A. Ground water discharge tended to occur during average to moderately dry conditions when local surface water levels were decreasing. Recharge tended to occur during moderately wet periods or during very dry periods just as water levels began to increase following precipitation or in response to a pulse of surface water released from water-control structures by water managers. Discharge also tended to occur at sites in the wetland interior for ∼1 week preceding the arrival of the surface water pulse. We conclude that ground water recharge and discharge vary cyclically in the interior wetlands of the central Everglades, driven by the differential responses of surface water and ground water to annual, seasonal, and weekly trends in precipitation and operation of water-control structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02646.x","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., Krupa, S.L., and Krest, J.M., 2004, Ground water recharge and discharge in the central Everglades: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 7, p. 1090-1102, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02646.x.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1090","endPage":"1102","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Central Everglades ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 26.931865156388916\n ],\n [\n -80.496826171875,\n 26.799557733065328\n ],\n [\n -80.4583740234375,\n 26.72108039086171\n ],\n [\n -80.46936035156249,\n 26.598351182358293\n ],\n [\n -80.6121826171875,\n 26.441065564038418\n ],\n [\n -80.82092285156249,\n 26.500072915744372\n ],\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 26.46073804319089\n ],\n [\n -80.8319091796875,\n 26.25893609446839\n ],\n [\n -80.8758544921875,\n 25.760319754713887\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 25.730632525531913\n ],\n [\n -80.3814697265625,\n 26.086388149394875\n ],\n [\n -80.255126953125,\n 26.298339726417737\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 26.73089302213736\n ],\n [\n -80.3485107421875,\n 26.966141794817037\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 26.931865156388916\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93fe4b0f37a93ee9b1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krupa, Steven L.","contributorId":93558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krupa","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krest, James M.","contributorId":66785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krest","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":69802,"text":"mf2427 - 2004 - Geologic map of the Lower Grand Wash cliffs and vicinity, Mohave County, Northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:22","indexId":"mf2427","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2427","title":"Geologic map of the Lower Grand Wash cliffs and vicinity, Mohave County, Northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"This digital map database is compiled from unpublished data and new mapping by the authors and represents the general distribution of surficial and bedrock geology in the mapped area. Together with the accompanying pamphlet, it provides current information on the geologic structure and stratigraphy of the area. The database dilineates map units that are identified by age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. The scale of the source maps limits the spatial resolution of the database to 1:31,680 or smaller.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2427","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., Beard, L.S., Priest, S.S., Wellmeyer, J.L., and Block, D., 2004, Geologic map of the Lower Grand Wash cliffs and vicinity, Mohave County, Northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2427, 24 p. pamphlet and 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2427.","productDescription":"24 p. pamphlet and 1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110523,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69066.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"69066"},{"id":6160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2004/2427/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beard, L. Sue","contributorId":87607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Sue","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Priest, Susan S. spriest@usgs.gov","contributorId":30204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"Susan","email":"spriest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wellmeyer, Jessica L.","contributorId":8177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellmeyer","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Block, Debra L.","contributorId":66351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Block","given":"Debra L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":69794,"text":"i2806 - 2004 - Topographic map of the Tithonium Chasma Region of Mars, MTM 500k -05/277E OMKT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:36","indexId":"i2806","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2806","title":"Topographic map of the Tithonium Chasma Region of Mars, MTM 500k -05/277E OMKT","docAbstract":"This map, compiled photogrammetrically from Viking Orbiter stereo image pairs, is part of a series of topographic maps of areas of special scientific interest on Mars. \r\n\r\nThe figure of Mars used for the computation of the map projection is an oblate spheroid (flattening of 1/176.875) with an equatorial radius of 3396.0 km and a polar radius of 3376.8 km. The datum (the 0-km contour line) for elevations is defined as the equipotential surface (gravitational plus rotational) whose average value at the equator is equal to the mean radius as determined by Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. \r\n\r\nThe projection is part of a Mars Transverse Mercator (MTM) system with 20? wide zones. For the area covered by this map sheet the central meridian is at 270? E. (70? W.). The scale factor at the central meridian of the zone containing this quadrangle is 0.9960 relative to a nominal scale of 1:500,000. \r\n\r\nLongitude increases to the east and latitude is planetocentric as allowed by IAU/IAG standards and in accordance with current NASA and USGS standards. A secondary grid (printed in red) has been added to the map as a reference to the west longitude/planetographic latitude system that is also allowed by IAU/IAG standards and has been used for previous Mars maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2806","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Topographic map of the Tithonium Chasma Region of Mars, MTM 500k -05/277E OMKT: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2806, 1 sheet, 28 by 41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2806.","productDescription":"1 sheet, 28 by 41 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6418,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2806/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629b77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69804,"text":"i2805 - 2004 - Topographic Map of the West Candor Chasma Region of Mars, MTM 500k -05/282E OMKT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:22","indexId":"i2805","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2805","title":"Topographic Map of the West Candor Chasma Region of Mars, MTM 500k -05/282E OMKT","docAbstract":"This map, compiled photogrammetrically from Viking Orbiter stereo image pairs, is part of a series of topographic maps of areas of special scientific interest on Mars. \r\n\r\nThe figure of Mars used for the computation of the map projection is an oblate spheroid (flattening of 1/176.875) with an equatorial radius of 3396.0 km and a polar radius of 3376.8 km. The datum (the 0-km contour line) for elevations is defined as the equipotential surface (gravitational plus rotational) whose average value at the equator is equal to the mean radius as determined by Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. \r\n\r\nThe projection is part of a Mars Transverse Mercator (MTM) system with 20? wide zones. For the area covered by this map sheet the central meridian is at 290? E. (70? W.). The scale factor at the central meridian of the zone containing this quadrangle is 0.9960 relative to a nominal scale of 1:500,000. \r\n\r\nLongitude increases to the east and latitude is planetocentric as allowed by IAU/IAG standards and in accordance with current NASA and USGS standards. A secondary grid (printed in red) has been added to the map as a reference to the west longitude/planetographic latitude system that is also allowed by IAU/IAG standards and has been used for previous Mars maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2805","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Topographic Map of the West Candor Chasma Region of Mars, MTM 500k -05/282E OMKT: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2805, map, 28 by 41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2805.","productDescription":"map, 28 by 41 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6162,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2805/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58297,"text":"ofr20041343 - 2004 - Data collected from USGS drilling in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C. in November-December, 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:04","indexId":"ofr20041343","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1343","title":"Data collected from USGS drilling in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C. in November-December, 1976","docAbstract":"In 1976, the U.S. Geological Survey drilled four holes in Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C. These holes encountered two Coastal Plain units (Quaternary (undifferentiated) and the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group), and then bottomed in Paleozoic metamorphic bedrock. The stratigraphic relations of the Coastal Plain formations indicate that the Potomac Group strata become abruptly thicker from west to east across the park.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041343","usgsCitation":"Prowell, D.C., and Christopher, R.A., 2004, Data collected from USGS drilling in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C. in November-December, 1976 (Version 1.0, Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1343, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041343.","productDescription":"10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5868,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1343/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0, Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c98b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prowell, David C.","contributorId":46956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prowell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christopher, Raymond A.","contributorId":29812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54057,"text":"wri034257 - 2004 - Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in Orange County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:51","indexId":"wri034257","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4257","title":"Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in Orange County, Florida","docAbstract":"Ground water is the main source of water supply in central Florida and is critical for aquatic habitats and human consumption. To provide a better understanding for the conservation, development, and management of the water resources of Orange County, Florida, a study of the hydrogeologic framework, water budget, and ground-water quality characteristics was conducted from 1998 through 2002. The study also included extensive analyses of the surface-water resources, published as a separate report.\r\nAn increase in population from about 264,000 in 1960 to 896,000 in 2000 and subsequent urban growth throughout this region has been accompanied by a substantial increase in water use. Total ground-water use in Orange County increased from about 82 million gallons per day in 1965 to about 287 million gallons per day in 2000. The hydrogeology of Orange County consists of three major hydrogeologic units: the surficial aquifer system, the intermediate confining unit, and the Floridan aquifer system. Data were compiled from 634 sites to construct hydrogeologic maps and sections of Orange County. Water-level elevations measured in 23 wells tapping the surficial aquifer system ranged from about 10.6 feet in eastern Orange County to 123.8 feet above NGVD 29 in northwestern Orange County from March 2000 through September 2001. Water levels also were measured in 14 wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer. Water levels fluctuate over time from seasonal and annual variations in rainfall; however, water levels in a number of wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer have declined over time. Withdrawal of ground water from the aquifers by pumping probably is causing the declines because the average annual precipitation rate has not changed substantially in central Florida since the 1930s, although yearly rates can vary. A generalized water budget was computed for Orange County from 1991 to 2000. Average rates for the 10-year period for the following budget components were computed based on reported measurements or estimates: precipitation was 53 inches per year (in/yr), runoff was 11 in/yr, spring discharge was 2 in/yr, and net lateral subsurface outflow and exported water was 1 in/yr. Evapotranspiration was 39 in/yr, which was calculated as the residual of the water-budget analysis, assuming changes in storage were negligible. \r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected from April 1999 through May 2001 from a total of 26 wells tapping the surficial aquifer system, 1 well tapping the intermediate confining unit, 24 wells tapping the Upper Floridan aquifer, 2 springs issuing from the Upper Floridan aquifer, and 8 wells tapping the Lower Floridan aquifer. These data were supplemented with existing water-quality data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and St. Johns River Water Management District.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of total dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride in samples from the surficial aquifer system generally were low. Concentrations of nitrate were higher in samples from the surficial aquifer system than in samples from the Upper Floridan or Lower Floridan aquifers, probably as a result of agricultural and residential land use. Water type throughout most of the Upper Floridan and Lower Floridan aquifers was calcium or calcium-magnesium bicarbonate, probably as a result of dissolution of the carbonate rocks. Water type in both the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in eastern Orange County is sodium chloride. Concentrations of total dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride in the aquifers increase toward eastern Orange County. Data from 16 of 24 wells in eastern Orange County with long-term water-quality records indicated distinct increases in concentrations of chloride over time. The increases probably are related to withdrawal of ground water at the Cocoa well field, causing an upwelling of deeper, more saline water. The most commonly detected trace elements were aluminum, barium, boron, iron, manganese, and strontium. In addition, arse","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034257","usgsCitation":"Adamski, J.C., and German, E.R., 2004, Hydrogeology and quality of ground water in Orange County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4257, vi, 113 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034257.","productDescription":"vi, 113 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5499,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62548c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adamski, James C.","contributorId":20316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adamski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"German, Edward R.","contributorId":85567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58096,"text":"ofr20041019 - 2004 - Huntington Beach shoreline contamination investigation, phase III, final report— Coastal circulation and transport patterns: The likelihood of OCSD's plume impacting Huntington Beach shoreline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T20:27:12.194729","indexId":"ofr20041019","displayToPublicDate":"2004-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1019","title":"Huntington Beach shoreline contamination investigation, phase III, final report— Coastal circulation and transport patterns: The likelihood of OCSD's plume impacting Huntington Beach shoreline","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041019","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, P., Jones, B., Largier, J., McGee, C., Noble, M., Orzech, K., Robertson, G., Rosenfeld, L., and Xu, J., 2004, Huntington Beach shoreline contamination investigation, phase III, final report— Coastal circulation and transport patterns: The likelihood of OCSD's plume impacting Huntington Beach shoreline: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1019, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041019.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6015,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1019/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389990,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_69172.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Huntington Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.04054260253905,\n 33.59803478218408\n ],\n [\n -117.93617248535158,\n 33.59803478218408\n ],\n [\n -117.93617248535158,\n 33.688353095331856\n ],\n [\n -118.04054260253905,\n 33.688353095331856\n ],\n [\n -118.04054260253905,\n 33.59803478218408\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a5f8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Noble, Marlene","contributorId":29463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749289,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Peter","contributorId":105798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Burton","contributorId":97193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Burton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Largier, John","contributorId":85257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Largier","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGee, Charles","contributorId":16100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Noble, Marlene","contributorId":29463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orzech, Kevin","contributorId":33389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzech","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Robertson, George","contributorId":55509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rosenfeld, Leslie","contributorId":98386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Xu, Jingping jpx@usgs.gov","contributorId":2574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Jingping","email":"jpx@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ]}