Increased resolution of data constraining topography and crustal structures provides new quantitative ways to assess province-scale surface-subsurface connections beneath volcanoes. We used a database of mapped vents to extract edifices with known epoch ages from digital elevation models (DEMs) in the Cascades arc (western North America), deriving volumes that likely represent ∼50% of total Quaternary eruptive output. Edifice volumes and spatial vent density correlate with diverse geophysical data that fingerprint magmatic influence in the upper crust. Variations in subsurface structures consistent with volcanism are common beneath Quaternary vents throughout the arc, but they are more strongly associated with younger vents. Geophysical magmatic signatures increase in the central and southern Cascade Range (Cascades), where eruptive output is largest and vents are closely spaced. Vents and correlated crustal structures, as well as temporal transitions in the degree of spatially localized versus distributed eruptions, define centers with lateral extents of ∼100 km throughout the arc, suggesting a time-evolving spatial focusing of magma ascent.
Reliable age estimation is an essential tool to assess the status of wildlife populations and inform successful management. Aging methods, however, are often limited by too few data, skewed demographic representation, and by single or uncertain morphometric relationships. In this study, we synthesize age estimates in southern sea otters Enhydra lutris nereis from 761 individuals across 34 years of study, using multiple noninvasive techniques and capturing all life stages from 0 to 17 years of age. From wild, stranded, and captive individuals, we describe tooth eruptions, tooth wear, body length, nose scarring, and pelage coloration across ontogeny and fit sex‐based growth functions to the data. Dental eruption schedules provided reliable and identifiable metrics spanning 0.3–9 months. Tooth wear was the most reliable predictor of age of individuals aged 1–15 years, which when combined with total length, explained >93% of observed age. Beyond age estimation, dental attrition also indicated the maximum lifespan of adult teeth is 13‒17 years, corresponding with previous estimates of life expectancy. Von Bertalanffy growth function model simulations of length at age gave consistent estimates of asymptotic lengths (male Loo = 126.0‒126.8 cm, female Loo = 115.3‒115.7 cm), biologically realistic gestation periods (t0 = 115 days, SD = 10.2), and somatic growth (male k = 1.8, SD = 0.1; female k = 2.1, SD = 0.1). Though exploratory, we describe how field radiographic imaging of epiphyseal plate development or fusions may improve aging of immature sea otters. Together, our results highlight the value of integrating information from multiple and diverse datasets to help resolve conservation problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.6493","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, T.E., Mayer, K.A., Staedler, M.M., Gagne, T.O., Murray, M.J., Young, M.A., Tomoleoni, J.A., Tinker, M., and Van Houtan, K.S., 2020, Robust age estimation of southern sea otters from multiple morphometrics: Ecology and Evolution, v. 10, no. 16, p. 8592-8609, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6493.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"8592","endPage":"8609","ipdsId":"IP-119622","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6493","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, Teri E.","contributorId":213741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Teri","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, Karl A.","contributorId":203504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36639,"text":"University of Wisconsin Zoological Museum, 250 North Mills Street, Madison, WI 53706 (PMH) Sea Otter Research and Conservation Program, Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Staedler, Michelle M. 0000-0002-1101-6580","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-6580","contributorId":213742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gagne, Tyler O","contributorId":229513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gagne","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"O","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, Michael J.","contributorId":206852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37418,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Young, Marissa A","contributorId":229514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Marissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tomoleoni, Joseph A. 0000-0001-6980-251X jtomoleoni@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-251X","contributorId":167551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomoleoni","given":"Joseph","email":"jtomoleoni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":221787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M. Tim","affiliations":[{"id":40428,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz; former USGS PI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Van Houtan, Kyle S.","contributorId":213743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Houtan","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70211255,"text":"70211255 - 2020 - Robust geographical determinants of infection prevalence and a contrasting latitudinal diversity gradient for haemosporidian parasites in Western Palearctic birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-10T20:06:07.309391","indexId":"70211255","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-11T15:18:35","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robust geographical determinants of infection prevalence and a contrasting latitudinal diversity gradient for haemosporidian parasites in Western Palearctic birds","docAbstract":"Identifying robust environmental predictors of infection probability is central to forecasting and mitigating the ongoing impacts of climate change on vector‐borne disease threats. We applied phylogenetic hierarchical models to a data set of 2,171 Western Palearctic individual birds from 47 species to determine how climate and landscape variation influence infection probability for three genera of haemosporidian blood parasites (Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium). Our comparative models found compelling evidence that birds in areas with higher vegetation density (captured by the normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) had higher likelihoods of carrying parasite infection. Magnitudes of this relationship were remarkably similar across parasite genera considering that these parasites use different arthropod vectors and are widely presumed to be epidemiologically distinct. However, we also uncovered key differences among genera that highlighted complexities in their climate responses. In particular, prevalences of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium showed strong but contrasting relationships with winter temperatures, supporting mounting evidence that winter warming is a key environmental filter impacting the dynamics of host‐parasite interactions. Parasite phylogenetic community diversities demonstrated a clear but contrasting latitudinal gradient, with Haemoproteus diversity increasing towards the equator and Leucocytozoon diversity increasing towards the poles. Haemoproteus diversity also increased in regions with higher vegetation density, supporting our evidence that summer vegetation density is important for structuring the distributions of these parasites. Ongoing variation in winter temperatures and vegetation characteristics will probably have far‐reaching consequences for the transmission and spread of vector‐borne diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/mec.15545","usgsCitation":"Clark, N.J., Drovetski, S.V., and Voelker, G., 2020, Robust geographical determinants of infection prevalence and a contrasting latitudinal diversity gradient for haemosporidian parasites in Western Palearctic birds: Molecular Ecology, v. 29, no. 16, p. 3131-3143, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15545.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3131","endPage":"3143","ipdsId":"IP-116693","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376602,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Nicholas J.","contributorId":204867,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16755,"text":"University of Queensland, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drovetski, Sergei V. 0000-0002-1832-5597","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-5597","contributorId":229520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drovetski","given":"Sergei","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, Gary","contributorId":229521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Voelker","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6747,"text":"Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211226,"text":"70211226 - 2020 - Brackish tidal marsh management and the ecology of a declining freshwater turtle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-12T17:01:52.38416","indexId":"70211226","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-10T15:26:15","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brackish tidal marsh management and the ecology of a declining freshwater turtle","docAbstract":"Water management practices in tidal marshes of the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California are often aimed at increasing suitable habitat for threatened fish species and sport fishes. However, little is known about how best to manage habitat for other sensitive status species like the semiaquatic freshwater Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) that is declining throughout much of its range. Here, we examined the basking activity, abundance, survival, and growth of Western Pond Turtles at two brackish water study sites in Suisun Marsh, California that differed in how they were managed, with one having passive management (i.e., no active water regulation) and another having active management (i.e., water regulated for seasonal hunting). Our results revealed that basking activity was greatest when salinity, water stage, and air temperatures were low, shortwave radiation was high, and wind levels were intermediate. These preferred habitat characteristics often reflected conditions that were naturally maintained at the passively managed, muted tidal site. We also found that turtles were more abundant and had higher survival rates in the passively managed habitat compared to the actively managed habitat (201-323 turtles/km2 and 96% survival versus 11-135 turtles/km2 and 77% survival, respectively). Finally, characteristic growth constants from von Bertalanffy models showed that turtles grew more quickly in passively managed habitat compared to the actively managed habitat. Our results suggest that management strategies for this sensitive status species may be more effective if they protect passively managed muted tidal systems that limit or delay extreme cycles of salinity and water levels and conserve elevated terrestrial buffer zones adjacent to muted and full tidal systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-020-01326-0","usgsCitation":"Agha, M., Yackulic, C., Riley, M.K., Peterson, B., and Todd, B.D., 2020, Brackish tidal marsh management and the ecology of a declining freshwater turtle: Environmental Management, v. 66, p. 644-653, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01326-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"653","ipdsId":"IP-108939","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay Estuary, Suisun Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.12059020996094,\n 38.10052299089303\n ],\n [\n -121.93656921386719,\n 38.10052299089303\n ],\n [\n -121.93656921386719,\n 38.25004423627535\n ],\n [\n -122.12059020996094,\n 38.25004423627535\n ],\n [\n -122.12059020996094,\n 38.10052299089303\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agha, Mickey","contributorId":22235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Agha","given":"Mickey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12425,"text":"University of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riley, Melissa K.","contributorId":207841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riley","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Blair","contributorId":229496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Blair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Todd, Brian D","contributorId":167777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Todd","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":793351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70211178,"text":"70211178 - 2020 - Seismic stratigraphic framework of the continental shelf offshore Delmarva, U.S.A.: Implications for Mid-Atlantic Bight evolution since the Pliocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T17:21:30.337689","indexId":"70211178","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-10T12:16:09","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic stratigraphic framework of the continental shelf offshore Delmarva, U.S.A.: Implications for Mid-Atlantic Bight evolution since the Pliocene","docAbstract":"Understanding how past coastal systems have evolved is critical to predicting future coastal change. Using over 12,000 trackline kilometers of recently collected, co-located multi-channel boomer, sparker and chirp seismic reflection profile data integrated with previously collected borehole and vibracore data, we define the upper (< 115 m below mean lower low water) seismic stratigraphic framework offshore of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Twelve seismic units and 11 regionally extensive unconformities (U1-U11) were mapped over 5900 km2 of North America's Mid-Atlantic continental shelf. We interpret U3, U7, U9, U11 as transgressive ravinement surfaces, while U1,2,4,5,6,8,10 are subaerial unconformities illustrating distinct periods of lower sea-level. Based on areal distribution, stratigraphic relationships and dating results (Carbon 14 and amino acid racemization estimates) from earlier vibracore and borehole studies, we interpret the infilled channels as late Neogene and Quaternary courses of the Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, James rivers and tributaries, and a broad flood plain. These findings indicate that the region's geologic framework is more complex than previously thought and that Pleistocene paleochannels are abundant in the Mid-Atlantic. This study synthesizes and correlates the findings of other Atlantic Margin studies and establishes a large-scale Quaternary framework that enables more detailed stratigraphic analysis in the future. Such work has implications for inner continental shelf systems tract evolution, the relationship between antecedent geology and modern coastal systems, assessments of eustacy, glacial isostatic adjustment, and other processes and forcings that play a role in passive margin evolution.
Winter cover crops such as barley, rye, and wheat help to improve soil structure by increasing porosity, aggregate stability, and organic matter, while reducing the loss of agricultural nutrients and sediments into waterways. The environmental performance of cover crops is affected by choice of species, planting date, planting method, nutrient inputs, temperature, and precipitation. The Maryland Department of Agriculture (MDA) oversees an agricultural cost-share program that provides farmers with funding to cover costs associated with planting winter cover crops, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) have partnered with the MDA to develop satellite remote sensing techniques for measuring cover crop performance. The MDA has developed the capacity to digitize field boundaries for all fields enrolled in their cover crop programs (>26,000 fields per year) to support a remote sensing performance analysis at a statewide scal,e and has requested assistance with the associated imagery processing from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform, scripts were developed to process Landsat 5/7/8 and Harmonized Sentinel-2 imagery to measure winter cover crop performance. We calibrated cover crop performance models using linear regression between satellite vegetation indices and USGS / USDA-ARS field sampling data collected on Maryland farms between 2006 and 2012 (1298 samples). Satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values showed significant correlation with the natural logarithm of cover crop biomass (p ≤0.01, R2 = 0.56) and with observed percent vegetative ground cover (p ≤0.01, R2 = 0.68). The GEE scripts were used to composite seasonal maximum NDVI values for each enrolled cover crop field and calculate performance metrics for the winter and spring seasons of three enrollment years (2014–15, 2015–16, and 2017–18) for four Maryland counties. Results from winter 2017–18 demonstrate that rye and barley fields had higher biomass than wheat fields, and that early planting, along with planting methods that increase seed-soil contact, increased performance. The processing capabilities of GEE will support the MDA in scaling up remote sensing performance analysis statewide, providing information to evaluate the environmental outcomes associated with various agronomic management strategies. The tool can be modified for different seasonal cutoffs, utilize new sensors to capture phenology in winter and spring, and scale to larger regions for use in adaptive management of winter cover crops planted for environmental benefit.
Managed and wild pollinators are critical components of agricultural and natural systems. Despite the well-known value of insect pollinators to U.S. agriculture, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758; honey bees) and wild bees currently face numerous stressors that have resulted in declining health. These declines have engendered support for pollinator conservation efforts across all levels of government, private businesses, and nongovernmental organizations. In 2014, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Geological Survey initiated an interagency agreement to evaluate honey bee forage across multiple States in the northern Great Plains and upper Midwest. The long-term goal of this study was to provide an empirical evaluation of floral resources used by honey bees, and the relative contribution of multiple land covers and USDA conservation programs to bee health and productivity. Our multi-State analysis of land-use change from 2006 to 2016 revealed loss of grassland and increases in corn and soybean area in North and South Dakota, representing a significant loss of bee-friendly land covers in areas that support the highest density of summer bee yards in the entire United States. Our landscape models demonstrate the importance of the Conservation Reserve Program in providing safe locations for beekeepers to keep honey bees during the summer and highlights how land use in the northern Great Plains has a lasting effect on the health of honey bee colonies during almond pollination the subsequent spring. Our multiseason, multi-State genetic analysis of honey bee-collected pollen revealed Melilotus spp., Asteraceae, Trifolium spp., Fabaceae, Sonchus arvensis, Symphyotrichum cordifolium, and Solidago spp. were the top taxa detected; Melilotus spp. represented 42 percent of all detected taxa. Symphyotrichum cordifolium, Solidago spp., and Grindelia spp. were the top native forbs detected in honey bee-collected pollen. We also conducted plant and bee surveys on private lands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program and Environmental Quality Incentives Program. In general, we found significant variability in floral resources and pollinator utilization across USDA programs and practices. On average, greater than 75 percent of honey bee flower observations on private lands enrolled in a USDA conservation program were on non-native forbs, whereas 33 percent of wild bee flower observations were on non-native forbs. Melilotus officinalis and Medicago sativa were the most visited by honey bees, wherease Medicago sativa and Helianthus maximiliani were the most visited by wild bees. Our analysis of nectar dearth periods in June and September for honey bees revealed that although Melilotus officinalis and Medicago sativa were highly visited, less common native forb species such as Ratibida columnifera, Agastache foeniculum, and Gaillardia aristata were preferred species. However, these preferred species were relatively rare on the landscape and are, therefore, unlikely to make up a sizable part of the honey bee diet. In addition to our empirical results, we also showcase how the U.S. Geological Survey Pollinator Library, a decision-support tool for natural resource managers, can be used to design cost-effective seeding mixes for pollinators. Collectively, the results of this research will assist USDA with maximizing the ecological impact and cost-effectiveness of their conservation programs on pollinators in the northern Great Plains.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201037","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Otto, C.R.V., Smart, A., Cornman, R.S., Simanonok, M., and Iwanowicz, D.D., 2020, Forage and habitat for pollinators in the northern Great Plains—Implications for U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1037, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201037.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 64 p.; Data Releases","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-114029","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1037/ofr20201037.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020–1037"},{"id":376135,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Z7DVY4","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Dataset—Molecular identification of honey bee collected pollen in the Northern Great Plains, North America, 2015–2016"},{"id":376136,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9O61BCB","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Dataset—Plant and bee transects in the Northern Great Plains 2015–2018"},{"id":376133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1037/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Predictions of post‐wildfire flooding and debris flows are needed, typically with short lead times. Measurements of soil‐hydraulic properties necessary for model parameterization are, however, seldom available. This study quantified soil‐hydraulic properties, soil‐water retention, and selected soil physical properties within the perimeter of the 2017 Thomas Fire in California. The Thomas Fire burn scar produced catastrophic debris flows in January 2018, highlighting the need for improved prediction capability. Soil‐hydraulic properties were also indirectly estimated using relations tied to soil‐water retention. These measurements and estimates are examined in the context of parameterizing post‐wildfire hydrologic models. Tension infiltrometer measurements showed significant decreases (p < .05) in field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and sorptivity (S) in burned areas relative to unburned areas. Wildfire effects on soil water‐retention were dominated by significant decreases in saturated soil‐water content (θS). The van Genuchten parameters α, N, and residual water content did not show significant wildfire effects. The impacts of the wildfire on hydraulic and physical soil properties were greatest in the top 1 cm, emphasizing that measurements of post‐fire soil properties should focus on the near‐surface. Reductions in Kfs, θs, and soil‐water retention in burned soils were attributed to fire‐induced decreases in soil structure evidenced by increases in dry bulk density. Sorptivity reductions in burned soils were attributed to increases in soil‐water repellency. Rapid post‐fire assessments of flash flood and debris flow hazards using physically‐based hydrologic models are facilitated by similarities between Kfs, S, and the Green–Ampt wetting front potential (ψf) with measurements at other southern CA burned sites. We suggest that ratios of burned to unburned Kfs (0.37), S (0.36), and ψf (0.66) could be used to scale unburned values for model parameterization. Alternatively, typical burned values (Kfs = 20 mm hr−1; S = 6 mm hr−0.5; ψf = 1.6 mm) could be used for model parameterization.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis offers a promising tool for rapid and early detection of aquatic plant invasive species, but currently suffers from substantial unknowns that limit its widespread use in monitoring programs. We conducted the first study to test the factors related to eDNA-based detectability of 2 invasive aquatic plants, Egeria densa and Myriophyllum spicatum, over extended periods of time. Specifically, we examined how plant growth stage and abundance relate to detection in semi-natural and natural conditions. We conducted a mesocosm experiment over a 10-wk period to assess changes in eDNA detection as a function of plant growth and changing biomass. We also sampled lakes with varying species abundances and resampled a subset of lakes to test temporal variability in detection.
We used multilevel occupancy modeling to determine factors associated with detection and generalized linear mixed effects modeling to assess important predictors of eDNA concentration. In mesocosm experiments, we found that detection was less reliable while plants were actively growing but improved as a function of increasing senescence. Plant abundance in tanks was a poor predictor of detection in water samples. These findings were supported by field sampling, which resulted in higher detections for E. densa during senescence periods and only weak or ambiguous relationships between eDNA and total plant abundance in lakes for both species. Within lakes, proximity to shallow photic zones and discrete plant patches were associated with increased detections and concentrations of eDNA. However, detection at the lake scale (based on 4 sampling stations) was typically successful only at the highest levels of plant abundance. Detection and concentrations of eDNA were consistently lower for M. spicatum than for E. densa in the mesocosm experiment and field sampling, suggesting that overall detectability of aquatic invasive plants varies by species.
Our results support sampling during senescence periods to improve detection, but generally low levels of detection and weak relationships with plant abundance indicate that substantial hurdles remains to implement eDNA analysis for early detection of, and rapid response to, aquatic invasive plants.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/710106","usgsCitation":"Kuehne, L.M., Ostberg, C.O., Chase, D.M., Duda, J.J., and Olden, J., 2020, Use of environmental DNA to detect the invasive aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum and Egeria densa in lakes: Freshwater Science, v. 39, no. 3, p. 521-533, https://doi.org/10.1086/710106.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"533","ipdsId":"IP-112200","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/710106","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90BVKTO","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Detection of invasive aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum and Egeria densa in lakes using eDNA, field and mesocosm data"},{"id":378079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuehne, Lauren M","contributorId":222591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuehne","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":40565,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":797768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostberg, Carl O. 0000-0003-1479-8458","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1479-8458","contributorId":220731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostberg","given":"Carl","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, Dorothy M. 0000-0002-7759-2687","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7759-2687","contributorId":203926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J. 0000-0001-7431-8634 jduda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-8634","contributorId":148954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jduda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Olden, Julian D.","contributorId":202893,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olden","given":"Julian D.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":797772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228240,"text":"70228240 - 2020 - Extreme drought and adaptive resource selection by a desert mammal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T17:16:16.342629","indexId":"70228240","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-08T11:11:01","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extreme drought and adaptive resource selection by a desert mammal","docAbstract":"When animals select areas to occupy, decisions involve trade-offs between the fitness benefits of obtaining critical resources and minimizing costs of biotic and abiotic factors that constrain their use. These processes can be more dynamic and complex for species inhabiting desert environments, where highly variable spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation can create high intra- and inter-annual variability in forage conditions and water availability, and thermal constraints can differ significantly among seasons and diel periods. We examined resource selection in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona, USA, at multiple spatial and temporal scales to gain insight into how a desert mammal responds to variations in climatic conditions. We used resource selection functions to test topographic, forage, and environmental features among seasons and diel periods, and between non-drought and drought conditions at the population and home-range scale. When precipitation was average, sheep selected for topographic features that were beneficial for predator avoidance (i.e., escape terrain—steep, rugged areas with high visibility) and locations near perennial water. When drought occurred, they ranged further from preferred escape terrain and perennial water, perhaps seeking forage conditions suitable to meet their nutritional requirements. On early (April–June) and late (July–September) summer days, sheep selected for more northerly aspects and locations with lower solar radiation, and in some periods, selection for these cooler areas coincided with periods when forage covariates, proximity to perennial water, and several topographic features were uninformative in resource selection models. These choices may be necessary trade-offs, foregoing good escape terrain and foraging areas, and access to water, for improved thermoregulation. This study highlights the importance of identifying resource selection at variable spatial and temporal scales when investigating the interrelationship between species and their environment. It provides insight into the dynamics of resource selection in desert mammals, and how they respond to constraints imposed on them by their environment. This work can serve to inform strategies for managing and conserving species living in arid environments when faced with climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.3175","usgsCitation":"Gedir, J.V., Cain, J.W., Swetnam, T., Krausman, P.R., and Morgart, J.R., 2020, Extreme drought and adaptive resource selection by a desert mammal: Ecosphere, v. 11, no. 7, e03175, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3175.","productDescription":"e03175, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-109452","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3175","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395633,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.96279907226562,\n 32.3822809650579\n ],\n [\n -112.97378540039062,\n 32.507445513754526\n ],\n [\n -113.13858032226562,\n 32.50860363229596\n ],\n [\n -113.14544677734375,\n 32.42402179265739\n ],\n [\n -113.66180419921875,\n 32.41590703229392\n ],\n [\n -113.75930786132811,\n 32.227904590766364\n ],\n [\n -113.51348876953125,\n 32.113985463263816\n ],\n [\n -113.40225219726562,\n 32.09071916431268\n ],\n [\n -113.29513549804688,\n 32.10351636222566\n ],\n [\n -113.27728271484374,\n 32.10467965495091\n ],\n [\n -113.21548461914062,\n 32.13724583390058\n ],\n [\n -113.14544677734375,\n 32.098863043145876\n ],\n [\n -113.08227539062499,\n 32.127942397192314\n ],\n [\n -113.08639526367188,\n 32.20582936513577\n ],\n [\n -112.994384765625,\n 32.20234331330286\n ],\n [\n -113.03146362304688,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -113.04519653320312,\n 32.288293580436644\n ],\n [\n -113.05755615234375,\n 32.36952297435149\n ],\n [\n -113.06716918945312,\n 32.377641904110355\n ],\n [\n -113.06442260742188,\n 32.397356268013105\n ],\n [\n -113.03695678710938,\n 32.397356268013105\n ],\n [\n -113.01223754882812,\n 32.38344069307763\n ],\n [\n -112.96279907226562,\n 32.3822809650579\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gedir, Jay V.","contributorId":171735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gedir","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, James W. III 0000-0003-4743-516X jwcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-516X","contributorId":4063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"jwcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":833507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swetnam, Tyson","contributorId":213550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swetnam","given":"Tyson","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38787,"text":"University of Arizona , BIO5 Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krausman, Paul R.","contributorId":31467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krausman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morgart, John R.","contributorId":10891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgart","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70211519,"text":"70211519 - 2020 - Conceptual model for the removal of cold-trapped H2O ice on the Mars northern seasonal springtime polar cap","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-31T13:10:16.119741","indexId":"70211519","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-08T10:49:10","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Conceptual model for the removal of cold-trapped H2O ice on the Mars northern seasonal springtime polar cap","title":"Conceptual model for the removal of cold-trapped H2O ice on the Mars northern seasonal springtime polar cap","docAbstract":"The transport of H2O ice along the retreating north polar seasonal CO2 ice cap has previously been modeled and observed. Spectral observations show that H2O ice forms on the interior of the seasonal cap, while thermal observations show these regions to be consistent with CO2 ice. Prior to the sublimation of the seasonal CO2, the observed H2O ice deposits are diminished—and because H2O ice sublimation rates are extremely slow while in direct thermal contact with CO2 ice, an alternate removal process must be operating. We propose a model where the process of removing these H2O deposits starts with insolation‐induced basal sublimation of the underlying CO2 ice. This sublimed gas would “seep” upward and into the interface between the two ices, increasing pressure until the gas pressure fractures the cold‐trapped H2O ice. Small fragments would be suspended while larger fragments would be pushed aside, exposing the underlying CO2 ice.
Paleoseismic rupture histories provide spatiotemporal models of earthquake moment release needed to test numerical models and lengthen the instrumental catalog. We develop a model of the fewest and thus largest magnitude earthquakes permitted by paleoseismic data for the last 1,500 years on the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto Faults, California, USA. The largest geometric complexity appears to regulate the system: Only two ruptures break the San Gorgonio Pass region, followed by episodes of ruptures that could bridge the northern San Jacinto Fault and the San Andreas Fault. When tested against independent data on slip per event, the model produces comparable values indicating the end‐member model does not underpredict rupture rates. Rupture of >85% of the fault length in the historic period between 1800 and 1857 and the subsequent quiescence is similar to epochs of activity in the prehistoric model, suggesting that regional clustering of seismicity could be a trait of the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GL088532","usgsCitation":"Scharer, K., and Yule, D., 2020, A maximum rupture model for the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto Faults California, derived from paleoseismic earthquake ages: Observations and limitations: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 47, e2020GL088532, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088532.","productDescription":"e2020GL088532, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-119093","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl088532","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":377818,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault, San Jacinto Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -116.89453125,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -115.1806640625,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -115.13671875,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 36.59788913307022\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scharer, Katherine M. 0000-0003-2811-2496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-2496","contributorId":217361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharer","given":"Katherine M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yule, Doug","contributorId":239568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yule","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36305,"text":"CSU Northridge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":797256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243728,"text":"70243728 - 2020 - Estimating soil organic carbon redistribution in three major river basins of China based on erosion processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-18T14:02:55.45746","indexId":"70243728","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-08T08:55:58","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9533,"text":"Soil Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating soil organic carbon redistribution in three major river basins of China based on erosion processes","docAbstract":"Soil erosion by water affects soil organic carbon (SOC) migration and distribution, which are important processes for defining ecosystem carbon sources and sinks. Little has been done to quantify soil carbon erosion in the three major basins in China, the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Pearl River Basins, which contain the most eroded areas. This research attempts to quantify the lateral movement of SOC based on spatial and temporal patterns of water erosion rates derived from an empirical Unit Stream Power Erosion Deposition Model (USPED) model. The water erosion rates simulated by the USPED model agreed reasonably with observations (R2 = 0.43, P < 0.01). We showed that regional water erosion ranged within 23.3–50 Mg ha–1 year–1 during 1992–2013, inducing the lateral redistribution of SOC caused by erosion in the range of 0.027–0.049 Mg C ha–1 year–1, and that caused by deposition of 0.0079–0.015 Mg C ha–1 year–1, in the three basins. The total eroded SOC was 0.006, 0.002 and 0.001 Pg year–1 in the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Pearl River Basins respectively. The net eroded SOC in the three basins was ~0.0075 Pg C year–1. Overall, the annual average redistributed SOC rate caused by erosion was greater than that caused by deposition, and the SOC loss in the Yangtze River Basin was greatest among the three basins. Our study suggests that considering both processes of erosion and deposition – as well as effects of topography, rainfall, land use types and their interactions – on these processes are important to understand SOC redistribution caused by water erosion.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/SR19325","usgsCitation":"Yang, Y., Zhu, Q., Liu, J., Li, M., Yuan, M., Chen, H., Peng, C., and Yang, Z., 2020, Estimating soil organic carbon redistribution in three major river basins of China based on erosion processes: Soil Research, v. 58, no. 6, p. 540-550, https://doi.org/10.1071/SR19325.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"540","endPage":"550","ipdsId":"IP-107196","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Yangtze River, Yellow River and Pearl River 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Yan 0000-0003-0858-7603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-7603","contributorId":245232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Yan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6737,"text":"Colorado State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Qiuan","contributorId":197933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhu","given":"Qiuan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6612,"text":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6613,"text":"Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal H3C 3P8, 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University, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chen, Huai","contributorId":172942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Huai","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27125,"text":"State Key Lab of Soil Erosion and Dryland Framing, NW A&F Unv, Yangling, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Peng, Changhui","contributorId":197932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peng","given":"Changhui","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6613,"text":"Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6612,"text":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Yang, Zhenan","contributorId":305522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Zhenan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66236,"text":"Northwest A&F University, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70210991,"text":"70210991 - 2020 - Segmentation and supercycles: A catalog of earthquake rupture patterns from the Sumatran Sunda Megathrust and other well-studied faults worldwide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-10T13:47:57.191861","indexId":"70210991","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-08T08:46:34","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Segmentation and supercycles: A catalog of earthquake rupture patterns from the Sumatran Sunda Megathrust and other well-studied faults worldwide","docAbstract":"After more than 100 years of earthquake research, earthquake forecasting, which relies on knowledge of past fault rupture patterns, has become the foundation for societal defense against seismic natural disasters. A concept that has come into focus more recently is that rupture segmentation and cyclicity can be complex, and that a characteristic earthquake model is too simple to adequately describe much of fault behavior. Nevertheless, recognizable patterns in earthquake recurrence emerge from long, high resolution, spatially distributed chronologies. Researchers now seek to discover the maximum, minimum, and typical rupture areas; the distribution, variability, and spatial applicability of recurrence intervals; and patterns of earthquake clustering in space and time. The term “supercycle” has been used to describe repeating longer periods of elastic strain accumulation and release that involve multiple fault ruptures. However, this term has become very broadly applied, lumping together several distinct phenomena that likely have disparate underlying causes. We divide earthquake cycle behavior into four major classes that have different implications for seismic hazard and fault mechanics: 1) quasi-periodic similar ruptures, 2) clustered similar ruptures, 3) clustered complementary ruptures/rupture cascades, and 4) superimposed cycles. “Segmentation” is likewise an ambiguous term; we identify “master segments” and “asperities” as defined by barriers to fault rupture. These barriers may be persistent (rarely or never traversed), frequent (occasionally traversed), or ephemeral (changing location from cycle to cycle). We compile a catalog of the historical and paleoseismic evidence that currently exists for each of these types of behavior on major well-studied faults worldwide. Due to the unique level of paleoseismic and paleogeodetic detail provided by the coral microatoll technique, the Sumatran Sunda megathrust provides one of the most complete records over multiple earthquake rupture cycles. Long historical records of earthquakes along the South American and Japanese subduction zones are also vital contributors to our catalog, along with additional data compiled from subduction zones in Cascadia, Alaska, and Middle America, as well as the North Anatolian and Dead Sea strike-slip faults in the Middle East. We find that persistent and frequent barriers, rupture cascades, superimposed cycles, and quasi-periodic similar ruptures are common features of most major faults. Clustered similar ruptures do not appear to be common, but broad overlap zones between neighboring segments do occur. Barrier regions accommodate slip through reduced interseismic coupling, slow slip events, and/or smaller more localized ruptures, and are frequently associated with structural features such as subducting seafloor relief or fault trace discontinuities. This catalog of observations provides a basis for exploring and modeling root causes of rupture segmentation and cycle behavior. We expect that researchers will recognize similar behavior styles on other major faults around the world.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106390","usgsCitation":"Philibosian, B.E., and Meltzner, A.J., 2020, Segmentation and supercycles: A catalog of earthquake rupture patterns from the Sumatran Sunda Megathrust and other well-studied faults worldwide: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 241, 106390, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106390.","productDescription":"106390, 43 p.","ipdsId":"IP-103767","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106390","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":376257,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"241","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Philibosian, Belle E. 0000-0003-3138-4716","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-4716","contributorId":206110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philibosian","given":"Belle","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meltzner, Aron J.","contributorId":193419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meltzner","given":"Aron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5110,"text":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7218,"text":"California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210949,"text":"ofr20201068 - 2020 - Development of a two-stage life cycle model for Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon) in the upper Cowlitz River Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T13:43:08.205679","indexId":"ofr20201068","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-08T08:31:31","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-1068","displayTitle":"Development of a Two-Stage Life Cycle Model for Oncorhynchus kisutch (Coho Salmon) in the Upper Cowlitz River Basin, Washington","title":"Development of a two-stage life cycle model for Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon) in the upper Cowlitz River Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"Recovery of salmon populations in the upper Cowlitz River Basin depends on trap-and-haul efforts owing to impassable dams. Therefore, successful recovery depends on the collection of out-migrating juvenile salmon at Cowlitz Falls Dam (CFD) for transport below downstream dams, as well as the collection of adults for transport upstream from the dams. Tacoma Power began downstream fish collection efforts at CFD in the mid-1990s and has been working consistently since then to improve collection efficiency to support self-sustaining salmon and steelhead (Onchorhynchus spp.) populations in the upper Cowlitz River Basin. Although much work has focused on estimating fish collection efficiency (FCE), there has been relatively little focus on modeling population dynamics to understand how fish collection efficiency and other factors drive production of both juvenile and adult salmon over their life cycle. As a first step towards understanding the factors affecting population dynamics of Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon) in the upper Cowlitz River Basin, we developed a statistical life cycle model using adult escapement and age structure data, juvenile collection data, and juvenile fish collection efficiency estimates. The goal of the statistical life cycle model is to estimate annual production and survival during two critical life-stage transitions: the freshwater production from escapement of adults upstream from CFD to collection of juveniles at CFD, and the juvenile-to-adult survival from the time of collection at the dam to the return of adults. To structure the life cycle model, we used the Ricker stock-recruitment model to estimate juvenile production from the number of parent spawners. This approach allowed us to account for density dependence at high spawner abundances while estimating annual productivity, defined as the number of juveniles produced per spawner at low spawner abundance. We then expressed productivity as a function two key variables affecting the number of juveniles collected and transported at CFD: (1) annual FCE, and (2) the annual number of days that spill occurred at CFD from September 1 to April 30.
Our key findings were as follows:
Additionally, by including FCE in the model, we estimated that the median pre-collection productivity, defined as the number of juveniles produced per spawner when FCE=1, was 108.4 juveniles per spawner. Because this two-stage life cycle model partitions factors that affect fish production in river compared to the ocean environment and fish life stages, the model estimates should help inform fishery managers about the overall role that fish collection at CFD may have on the recovery and sustainability of coho salmon populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Tacoma Power","usgsCitation":"Plumb, J.M., and Perry, R.W., 2020, Development of a two-stage life cycle model for Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho salmon) in the upper Cowlitz River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1068, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201068.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-117483","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1068/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":376163,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1068/ofr20201068.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1068"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cowlitz River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.97821044921875,\n 46.09228143052647\n ],\n [\n -121.8548583984375,\n 46.09228143052647\n ],\n [\n -121.8548583984375,\n 46.70596917928676\n ],\n [\n -122.97821044921875,\n 46.70596917928676\n ],\n [\n -122.97821044921875,\n 46.09228143052647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
While the physical processes governing groundwater flow are well understood, and the computational resources now exist for solving the governing equations in three dimensions over continental-scale domains, there remains substantial uncertainty about the subsurface distribution of the properties that control groundwater flow and transport for much of the contiguous United States (CONUS). The transmissivity of the shallow subsurface is a key parameter for the simulation of water table position, shallow groundwater flow, and base-flow discharge, but is not well-characterized at large regional to continental scales. We used a process-based inversion of CONUS-extent groundwater information to generate national data sets of (a) the transmissivity of the shallow groundwater system, (b) the depth to the water table, (c) groundwater discharge as base-flow, and (d) long-term average water content in the unsaturated zone. CONUS-extent coverage was developed in the form of 75 subdomain models, with the spatial distribution of long-term average transmissivity for each subdomain model calibrated against water-levels derived from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) observation wells, NHDPlusV2 first-order perennial streams, and National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) freshwater wetlands. Estimated transmissivities were lower in the western CONUS than the eastern CONUS, and across the CONUS both transmissivity and depth to water correlate with recharge, elevation, and topographic slope. These generated data sets provide spatially distributed, long-term average estimates of subsurface properties and hydrological states that we anticipate will complement other environmental modeling efforts as explanatory variables, boundary conditions, or transport pathways.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2019WR026724","usgsCitation":"Zell, W.O., and Sanford, W.E., 2020, Calibrated simulation of the long-term average surficial groundwater system and derived spatial distributions of its characteristics for the contiguous United States: Water Resources Research, v. 56, no. 8, e2019WR026724, 16 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026724.","productDescription":"e2019WR026724, 16 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-117925","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91LFFN1","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW 6 models used to simulate the long-term average surficial groundwater system for the contiguous United 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0000-0002-8782-6627","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8782-6627","contributorId":339721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zell","given":"Wesley","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":904935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":904936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70212531,"text":"70212531 - 2020 - Deep Learning as a tool to forecast hydrologic response for landslide-prone hillslopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-19T13:25:09.670826","indexId":"70212531","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-08T08:19:50","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep Learning as a tool to forecast hydrologic response for landslide-prone hillslopes","docAbstract":"Empirical thresholds for landslide warning systems have benefitted from the incorporation of soil‐hydrologic monitoring data, but the mechanistic basis for their predictive capabilities is limited. Although physically based hydrologic models can accurately simulate changes in soil moisture and pore pressure that promote landslides, their utility is restricted by high computational costs and nonunique parameterization issues. We construct a deep learning model using soil moisture, pore pressure, and rainfall monitoring data acquired from landslide‐prone hillslopes in Oregon, USA, to predict the timing and magnitude of hydrologic response at multiple soil depths for 36‐hr intervals. We find that observation records as short as 6 months are sufficient for accurate predictions, and our model captures hydrologic response for high‐intensity rainfall events even when those storm types are excluded from model training. We conclude that machine learning can provide an accurate and computationally efficient alternative to empirical methods or physical modeling for landslide hazard warning.
Assessments of groundwater and surface water budgets at a large scale, such as the contiguous United States, often separately analyze the complex dynamics linking the surface and subsurface categories of water resources. These dynamics include recharge and groundwater contributions to streamflow. The time-varying simulation of these complex hydrologic dynamics, across large spatial and temporal scales, remains a scientific challenge due to the complexity of the processes and data availability. In this study, groundwater fluxes and surface hydrologic processes are simulated across the contiguous US for 1950-2010. The simulation estimates the monthly water budget components, such as groundwater recharge, surface runoff, and evapotranspiration; streamflow in major rivers is routed while accounting for groundwater exchange. Human impacts are included through groundwater pumping, and climate variability is included, including variability in precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration. The simulated groundwater level and river discharge have strong correlation with USGS observation wells and streamflow gages, with R2 values of 0.992 and 0.946, respectively. The simulated evapotranspiration is compared with three other published estimation methods, showing that it is able to capture the magnitude and seasonality of evapotranspiration over the Mississippi River basin. As such, the model is able to reasonably simulate the surface and groundwater budgets over the US, allowing for questions of the relative importance of climate and human impacts to be explored in the future.
As the Arctic warms and wildfire occurrence increases, talik formation in permafrost regions is projected to expand and affect the cycling of water and carbon. Yet, few unified field and modeling studies have examined this process in detail, particularly in areas of continuous permafrost. We address this gap by presenting multimethod, multiseasonal geophysical measurements of permafrost and liquid‐water content that reveal substantial talik development in response to recent wildfire in continuous permafrost of boreal Alaska. Results from observation‐based cryohydrogeologic model simulations suggest that predisturbance subsurface conditions are key factors influencing thaw response to fire disturbance and air temperature warming. Our high‐resolution integrated study illustrates enhanced vulnerability of boreal continuous permafrost, with observed talik formation that exceeds coarse‐scale model projections by ~100 years even under the most extreme future emissions scenario. Results raise important scaling questions for representing extreme permafrost thaw phenomena of growing widespread importance in large‐scale predictive models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GL087565","usgsCitation":"Rey, D., Walvoord, M.A., Minsley, B.J., Ebel, B., Voss, C., and Singha, K., 2020, Wildfire-initiated talik development exceeds current thaw projections: Observations and models from Alaska's continuous permafrost zone: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 47, no. 15, e2020GL087565, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087565.","productDescription":"e2020GL087565, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-116894","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":456104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087565","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.82031249999997,\n 64.77412531292873\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 64.77412531292873\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 70.37785394109224\n ],\n [\n -150.82031249999997,\n 70.37785394109224\n ],\n [\n -150.82031249999997,\n 64.77412531292873\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rey, David M. 0000-0003-2629-365X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-365X","contributorId":211848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rey","given":"David M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle A. 0000-0003-4269-8366","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":211843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minsley, Burke J. 0000-0003-1689-1306 bminsley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-1306","contributorId":697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"Burke","email":"bminsley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":211845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":211844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford I.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Singha, Kamini 0000-0002-0605-3774","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0605-3774","contributorId":191366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70219544,"text":"70219544 - 2020 - Do two wrongs make a right? Persistent uncertainties regarding environmental selenium-mercury interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-13T12:59:31.232823","indexId":"70219544","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-07T07:58:29","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5925,"text":"Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do two wrongs make a right? Persistent uncertainties regarding environmental selenium-mercury interactions","docAbstract":"Mercury (Hg) is a pervasive environmental pollutant and contaminant of concern for both people and wildlife that has been a focus of environmental remediation efforts for decades. A growing body of literature has motivated calls for revising Hg consumption advisories to co-consider selenium (Se) levels in seafood and implies that remediating aquatic ecosystems with ecosystem-scale Se additions could be a robust solution to Hg contamination. Provided that elevated Se concentrations are also known toxicological threats to aquatic animals, we performed a literature search to evaluate the strength of evidence supporting three assertions underpinning the ameliorating benefits of Se: (1) dietary Se reduces MeHg toxicity in consumers; (2) environmental Se reduces Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification in aquatic food webs; and (3) Se inhibits Hg bioavailability to, and/or methylmercury production by, microbial communities. Limited or ambiguous support for each criterion indicates that many scientific uncertainties and gaps remain regarding Se mediation of Hg behavior and toxicity in abiotic and biotic compartments. Significantly more information is needed to provide a strong scientific basis for modifying current fish consumption advisories on the basis of Se:Hg ratios or for applying Se amendments to remediate Hg-contaminated ecosystems.