In a study conducted by the US Geological Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 water samples were collected at selected locations within a drinking-water-treatment (DWT) facility and from the two streams that serve the facility to evaluate the potential for wastewater-related organic contaminants to survive a conventional treatment process and persist in potable-water supplies. Stream-water samples as well as samples of raw, settled, filtered, and finished water were collected during low-flow conditions, when the discharge of effluent from upstream municipal sewage-treatment plants accounted for 37–67% of flow in stream 1 and 10–20% of flow in stream 2. Each sample was analyzed for 106 organic wastewater-related contaminants (OWCs) that represent a diverse group of extensively used chemicals. Forty OWCs were detected in one or more samples of stream water or raw-water supplies in the treatment plant; 34 were detected in more than 10% of these samples. Several of these compounds also were frequently detected in samples of finished water; these compounds include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, fragrance compounds, flame retardants and plasticizers, cosmetic compounds, and a solvent. The detection of these compounds suggests that they resist removal through conventional water-treatment processes. Other compounds that also were frequently detected in samples of stream water and raw-water supplies were not detected in samples of finished water; these include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, disinfectants, detergent metabolites, and plant and animal steroids. The non-detection of these compounds indicates that their concentrations are reduced to levels less than analytical detection limits or that they are transformed to degradates through conventional DWT processes. Concentrations of OWCs detected in finished water generally were low and did not exceed Federal drinking-water standards or lifetime health advisories, although such standards or advisories have not been established for most of these compounds. Also, at least 11 and as many as 17 OWCs were detected in samples of finished water. Drinking-water criteria currently are based on the toxicity of individual compounds and not combinations of compounds. Little is known about potential human-health effects associated with chronic exposure to trace levels of multiple OWCs through routes such as drinking water. The occurrence in drinking-water supplies of many of the OWCs analyzed for during this study is unregulated and most of these compounds have not been routinely monitored for in the Nation's source- or potable-water supplies. This study provides the first documentation that many of these compounds can survive conventional water-treatment processes and occur in potable-water supplies. It thereby provides information that can be used in setting research and regulatory priorities and in designing future monitoring programs. The results of this study also indicate that improvements in water-treatment processes may benefit from consideration of the response of OWCs and other trace organic contaminants to specific physical and chemical treatments.
During 2001, 76 water samples were collected upstream and downstream of select towns and cities in Iowa during high-, normal- and low-flow conditions to determine the contribution of urban centers to concentrations of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in streams under varying flow conditions. The towns ranged in population from approximately 2000 to 200 000. Overall, one or more OWCs were detected in 98.7% of the samples collected, with 62 of the 105 compounds being found. The most frequently detected compounds were metolachlor (pesticide), cholesterol (plant and animal sterol), caffeine (stimulant), β-sitosterol (plant sterol) and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (caffeine degradate). The number of OWCs detected decreased as streamflow increased from low- (51 compounds detected) to normal- (28) to high-flow (24) conditions. Antibiotics and other prescription drugs were only frequently detected during low-flow conditions. During low-flow conditions, 15 compounds (out of the 23) and ten compound groups (out of 11) detected in more than 10% of the streams sampled had significantly greater concentrations in samples collected downstream than in those collected upstream of the urban centers. Conversely, no significant differences in the concentrations were found during high-flow conditions. Thus, the urban contribution of OWCs to streams became progressively muted as streamflow increased.
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\"}}]}","volume":"328","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe0ae4b08c986b3293ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skopec, M.","contributorId":14627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skopec","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026868,"text":"70026868 - 2004 - Geophysical modeling of the northern Appalachian Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes under the New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026868","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical modeling of the northern Appalachian Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes under the New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"A regional terrane map of the New Jersey Coastal Plain basement was constructed using seismic, drilling, gravity and magnetic data. The Brompton-Cameron and Central Maine terranes were coalesced as one volcanic island arc terrane before obducting onto Laurentian, Grenville age, continental crust in the Taconian orogeny [Rankin, D.W., 1994. Continental margin of the eastern United States: past and present. In: Speed, R.C., (Ed.), Phanerozoic Evolution of North American Continent-Ocean Transitions. DNAG Continent-Ocean Transect Volume. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 129-218]. Volcanic island-arc rocks of the Avalon terrane are in contact with Central Maine terrane rocks in southern Connecticut where the latter are overthrust onto the Brompton-Cameron terrane, which is thrust over Laurentian basement. Similarities of these allochthonous island arc terranes (Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, Avalon) in lithology, fauna and age suggest that they are faulted segments of the margin of one major late Precambrian to early Paleozoic, high latitude peri-Gondwana island arc designated as \"Avalonia\", which collided with Laurentia in the early to middle Paleozoic. The Brompton Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes are projected as the basement under the eastern New Jersey Coastal Plain based on drill core samples of metamorphic rocks of active margin/magmatic arc origin. A seismic reflection profile across the New York Bight traces the gentle dipping (approximately 20 degrees) Cameron's Line Taconian suture southeast beneath allochthonous Avalon and other terranes to a 4 sec TWTT depth (approximately 9 km) where the Avalonian rocks are over Laurentian crust. Gentle up-plunge (approximately 5 degrees) projections to the southwest bring the Laurentian Grenville age basement and the drift-stage early Paleozoic cover rocks to windows in Burlington Co. at approximately 1 km depth and Cape May Co. at approximately 2 km depths. The antiformal Shellburne Falls and Chester domes and Chain Lakes-Pelham dome-Bronson Hill structural trends, and the synformal Connecticut Valley-Gaspe structural trend can be traced southwest into the New Jersey Coastal Plain basement. A Mesozoic rift basin, the \"Sandy Hook basin\", and associated eastern boundary fault is identified, based upon gravity modeling, in the vicinity of Sandy Hook, New Jersey. The thickness of the rift-basin sedimentary rocks contained within the \"Sandy Hook basin\" is approximately 4.7 km, with the basin extending offshore to the east of the New Jersey coast. Gravity modeling indicates a deep rift basin and the magnetic data indicates a shallow magnetic basement caused by magnetic diabase sills and/or basalt flows contained within the rift-basin sedimentary rocks. The igneous sills and/or flows may be the eastward continuation of the Watchung and Palisades bodies. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.016","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Maguire, T., Sheridan, R.E., and Volkert, R., 2004, Geophysical modeling of the northern Appalachian Brompton-Cameron, Central Maine, and Avalon terranes under the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 37, no. 3-5, p. 457-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.016.","startPage":"457","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209214,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.016"},{"id":235467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2863e4b0c8380cd5a0a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maguire, T.J.","contributorId":82512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maguire","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, R. E.","contributorId":36681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026866,"text":"70026866 - 2004 - Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026866","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA","docAbstract":"Coal-bed fires ignited by natural processes have baked and fused overlying sediments to form clinker, a hard red or varicolored rock, through much of the northern Great Plains of the United States (USA). The gently dipping coal beds in the region burn when regional downwasting brings them above the local water table. The resulting clinker forms a rim along the exposed edge of the coal bed in an ongoing process through geologic time. The resistant clinker is left capping buttes and ridges after the softer unbaked strata erode away. Clinker outcrops cover more than 4100 km2 in the Powder River basin (PRB), which lies in Wyoming (WY) and Montana (MT). The clinker in place records tens of billions of tons of coal that have burned, releasing gases into the atmosphere. The amount of clinker that has eroded away was at least an order of magnitude greater than the clinker that remains in place. Fission-track and uranium-thorium/ helium ages of detrital zircon crystals in clinker, and paleomagnetic ages of clinker, show that coal beds have burned naturally during at least the past 4 million years (Ma). The oldest in-place clinker that has been dated, collected from a high, isolated, clinker-capped ridge, has a fission track age of 2.8??0.6 Ma. Evidence of erosion and downcutting is also preserved by clinker clasts in gravel terraces. One clinker boulder in a terrace 360 m above the Yellowstone River has a fission track age of 4.0??0.7 Ma. Coal-bed fires are caused by lightning, wildfires, spontaneous combustion, or human activity on coal outcrops and in mines. Miners, government agencies, and ranchers have extinguished thousands of coal bed fires, but natural ignition continues where fresh coal has access to air. At any given time, hundreds of fires, mostly small, are burning. In the Powder River basin, the total amount of coal burned by natural fires in the last 2 Ma is one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total amount of coal removed by mining in the past century. However, current annual rates of coal mining are three to four orders of magnitude greater than estimated prehistoric annual rates of coal consumption by natural fires. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Heffern, E., and Coates, D.A., 2004, Geologic history of natural coal-bed fires, Powder River basin, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 59, no. 1-2, p. 25-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002.","startPage":"25","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209187,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.07.002"},{"id":235430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a197ce4b0c8380cd559e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heffern, E.L.","contributorId":76400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heffern","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coates, D. A.","contributorId":63096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"D.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026861,"text":"70026861 - 2004 - Multi-stage origin of the Coast Range ophiolite, California: Implications for the life cycle of supra-subduction zone ophiolites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-27T16:41:39.681989","indexId":"70026861","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-stage origin of the Coast Range ophiolite, California: Implications for the life cycle of supra-subduction zone ophiolites","docAbstract":"The Coast Range ophiolite of California is one of the most extensive ophiolite terranes in North America, extending over 700 km from the northernmost Sacramento Valley to the southern Transverse Ranges in central California. This ophiolite, and other ophiolite remnants with similar mid-Jurassic ages, represent a major but short-lived episode of oceanic crust formation that affected much of western North America. The history of this ophiolite is important for models of the tectonic evolution of western North America during the Mesozoic, and a range of conflicting interpretations have arisen. Current petrologic, geochemical, stratigraphic, and radiometric age data all favor the interpretation that the Coast Range ophiolite formed to a large extent by rapid extension in the forearc region of a nascent subduction zone. Closer inspection of these data, however, along with detailed studies of field relationships at several locales, show that formation of the ophiolite was more complex, and requires several stages of formation. Our work shows that exposures of the Coast Range ophiolite preserve evidence for four stages of magmatic development. The first three stages represent formation of the ophiolite above a nascent subduction zone. Rocks associated with the first stage include ophiolite layered gabbros, a sheeted complex, and volcanic rocks vith arc tholeiitic or (roore rarely) low-K calc-alkaline affinities. The second stage is characterized by intrusive wehrlite-clinopyroxenite complexes, intrusive gabbros, Cr-rich diorites, and volcanic rocks with high-Ca boninitic or tholeiitic ankaramite affinities. The third stage includes diorite and quartz diorite plutons, felsic dike and sill complexes, and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. The first three stages of ophiolite formation were terminated by the intrusion of mid-ocean ridge basalt dikes, and the eruption of mid-ocean ridge basalt or ocean-island basalt volcanic suites. We interpret this final magmatic event (MORB dikes) to represent the collision of an active spreading ridge. Subsequent reorganization of relative plate motions led to sinistral transpression, along with renewed subduction and accretion of the Franciscan Complex. The latter event resulted in uplift and exhumation of the ophiolite by the process of accretionary uplift.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.46.4.289","usgsCitation":"Shervais, J., Kimbrough, D., Renne, P., Hanan, B., Murchey, B., Snow, C., Zoglman, S., and Beaman, J., 2004, Multi-stage origin of the Coast Range ophiolite, California: Implications for the life cycle of supra-subduction zone ophiolites: International Geology Review, v. 46, no. 4, p. 289-315, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.46.4.289.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"315","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley, Transverse Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 36.40359962073253\n ],\n [\n -120.76171875,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -121.97021484374999,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 38.09998264736481\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fc9e4b0c8380cd71133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shervais, J.W.","contributorId":14867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shervais","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimbrough, D.L.","contributorId":25332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Renne, P.","contributorId":48744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renne","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanan, B.B.","contributorId":33475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanan","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murchey, B.","contributorId":11772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Snow, C.A.","contributorId":37130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zoglman, Schuman","contributorId":14174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoglman","given":"Schuman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Beaman, J.","contributorId":12666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70026787,"text":"70026787 - 2004 - The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T12:26:05","indexId":"70026787","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications","docAbstract":"Quantifying patterns is a key element of landscape analysis. One aspect of this quantification of particular importance to landscape ecologists is the classification of continuous variables to produce categorical variables such as land-cover type or elevation stratum. Although landscape ecologists are fully aware of the importance of spatial resolution in ecological investigations, the potential importance of the resolution of classifications has received little attention. Here we demonstrate the effects of using two different land-cover classifications to predict avian species richness and the occurrences of six individual species across the conterminous United States. We compared models built with a data set based on 14 coarsely resolved land-cover variables to models built with a data set based on 160 finely resolved land-cover variables. In general, comparable models built with the two data sets fit the data to similar degrees, but often produced strikingly different predictions in various parts of the country. By comparing the predictions made by pairs of models, we determined in which regions of the US predictions were most sensitive to differences in land-cover classification. In general, these sensitive areas were different for four of the individual species and for predictions of species richness, indicating that alternate classifications will have different effects in the analyses of different ecological phenomena and that these effects will likely vary geographically. Our results lead us to emphasize the importance of the resolution to which continuous variables are classified in the design of ecological studies.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:LAND.0000036151.28327.01","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Lawler, J.J., O’Connor, R.J., Hunsaker, C.T., Jones, K.B., Loveland, T., and White, D., 2004, The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: A comparison of two land-cover classifications: Landscape Ecology, v. 19, no. 5, p. 517-532, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LAND.0000036151.28327.01.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"532","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab80e4b08c986b322eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawler, Joshua J.","contributorId":73327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawler","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Raymond. J.","contributorId":206571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Raymond.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25572,"text":"University of Maine, Orono","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunsaker, Carolyn T.","contributorId":177336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunsaker","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, K. Bruce","contributorId":66105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Denis","contributorId":206572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Denis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026785,"text":"70026785 - 2004 - Predicting patterns of non-native plant invasions in Yosemite National Park, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70026785","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting patterns of non-native plant invasions in Yosemite National Park, California, USA","docAbstract":"One of the major issues confronting management of parks and reserves is the invasion of non-native plant species. Yosemite National Park is one of the largest and best-known parks in the United States, harbouring significant cultural and ecological resources. Effective management of non-natives would be greatly assisted by information on their potential distribution that can be generated by predictive modelling techniques. Our goal was to identify key environmental factors that were correlated with the percent cover of non-native species and then develop a predictive model using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production technique. We performed a series of analyses using community-level data on species composition in 236 plots located throughout the park. A total of 41 non-native species were recorded which occurred in 23.7% of the plots. Plots with non-natives occurred most frequently at low- to mid-elevations, in flat areas with other herbaceous species. Based on the community-level results, we selected elevation, slope, and vegetation structure as inputs into the GARP model to predict the environmental niche of non-native species. Verification of results was performed using plot data reserved from the model, which calculated the correct prediction of non-native species occurrence as 76%. The majority of the western, lower-elevation portion of the park was predicted to have relatively low levels of non-native species occurrence, with highest concentrations predicted at the west and south entrances and in the Yosemite Valley. Distribution maps of predicted occurrences will be used by management to: efficiently target monitoring of non-native species, prioritize control efforts according to the likelihood of non-native occurrences, and inform decisions relating to the management of non-native species in postfire environments. Our approach provides a valuable tool for assisting decision makers to better manage non-native species, which can be readily adapted to target non-native species in other locations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x","issn":"13669516","usgsCitation":"Underwood, E., Klinger, R., and Moore, P., 2004, Predicting patterns of non-native plant invasions in Yosemite National Park, California, USA: Diversity and Distributions, v. 10, no. 5-6, p. 447-459, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x.","startPage":"447","endPage":"459","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489885,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209082,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00093.x"},{"id":235274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81c0e4b0c8380cd7b6eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Underwood, E.C.","contributorId":47134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klinger, R.","contributorId":78493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, P.E.","contributorId":57395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026783,"text":"70026783 - 2004 - Evidence for competitive dominance of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) over other Salmonids in the North Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026783","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3278,"text":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for competitive dominance of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) over other Salmonids in the North Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Relatively little is known about fish species interactions in offshore areas of the world's oceans because adequate experimental controls are typically unavailable in such vast areas. However, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are numerous and have an alternating-year pattern of abundance that provides a natural experimental control to test for interspecific competition in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Since a number of studies have recently examined pink salmon interactions with other salmon, we reviewed them in an effort to describe patterns of interaction over broad regions of the ocean. Research consistently indicated that pink salmon significantly altered prey abundance of other salmon species (e.g., zooplankton, squid), leading to altered diet, reduced total prey consumption and growth, delayed maturation, and reduced survival, depending on species and locale. Reduced survival was observed in chum salmon (O. keta) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) originating from Puget Sound and in Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Growth of pink salmon was not measurably affected by other salmon species, but their growth was sometimes inversely related to their own abundance. In all marine studies, pink salmon affected other species through exploitation of prey resources rather than interference. Interspecific competition was observed in nearshore and offshore waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, and one study documented competition between species originating from different continents. Climate change had variable effects on competition. In the North Pacific Ocean, competition was observed before and after the ocean regime shift in 1977 that significantly altered abundances of many marine species, whereas a study in the Pacific Northwest reported a shift from predation- to competition-based mortality in response to the 1982/1983 El Nino. Key traits of pink salmon that influenced competition with other salmonids included great abundance, high consumption rates and rapid growth, degree of diet overlap or consumption of lower trophic level prey, and early migration timing into the ocean. The consistent pattern of findings from multiple regions of the ocean provides evidence that interspecific competition can significantly influence salmon population dynamics and that pink salmon may be the dominant competitor among salmon in marine waters. ?? Springer 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11160-004-6927-0","issn":"09603166","usgsCitation":"Ruggerone, G., and Nielsen, J., 2004, Evidence for competitive dominance of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) over other Salmonids in the North Pacific Ocean: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, v. 14, no. 3, p. 371-390, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-004-6927-0.","startPage":"371","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208361,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-004-6927-0"},{"id":234067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d38e4b0c8380cd52ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruggerone, G.T.","contributorId":83253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggerone","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, J.L.","contributorId":105665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026780,"text":"70026780 - 2004 - Natural selection of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026780","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural selection of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae)","docAbstract":"The native Hawaiian honeycreepers represent a classic example of adaptive radiation and speciation, but currently face one the highest extinction rates in the world. Although multiple factors have likely influenced the fate of Hawaiian birds, the relatively recent introduction of avian malaria is thought to be a major factor limiting honeycreeper distribution and abundance. We have initiated genetic analyses of class II ?? chain Mhc genes in four species of honeycreepers using methods that eliminate the possibility of sequencing mosaic variants formed by cloning heteroduplexed polymerase chain reaction products. Phylogenetic analyses group the honeycreeper Mhc sequences into two distinct clusters. Variation within one cluster is high, with dN > d S and levels of diversity similar to other studies of Mhc (B system) genes in birds. The second cluster is nearly invariant and includes sequences from honeycreepers (Fringillidae), a sparrow (Emberizidae) and a blackbird (Emberizidae). This highly conserved cluster appears reminiscent of the independently segregating Rfp-Y system of genes defined in chickens. The notion that balancing selection operates at the Mhc in the honeycreepers is supported by transpecies polymorphism and strikingly high dN/dS ratios at codons putatively involved in peptide interaction. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were invariant in the i'iwi, but were highly variable in the 'amakihi. By contrast, levels of variability of class II ?? chain Mhc sequence codons that are hypothesized to be directly involved in peptide interactions appear comparable between i'iwi and 'amakihi. In the i'iwi, natural selection may have maintained variation within the Mhc, even in the face of what appears to a genetic bottleneck.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02228.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Jarvi, S., Tarr, C., Mcintosh, C., Atkinson, C., and Fleischer, R., 2004, Natural selection of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae): Molecular Ecology, v. 13, no. 8, p. 2157-2168, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02228.x.","startPage":"2157","endPage":"2168","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208359,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02228.x"},{"id":234064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a635be4b0c8380cd7245d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarvi, S.I.","contributorId":60341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvi","given":"S.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarr, C.L.","contributorId":25116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mcintosh, C.E.","contributorId":36720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcintosh","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkinson, C. T.","contributorId":29349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fleischer, R.C.","contributorId":82259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1001050,"text":"1001050 - 2004 - Modeling the suppression of sea lamprey populations by the release of sterile males or sterile females","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T12:16:48.222082","indexId":"1001050","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the suppression of sea lamprey populations by the release of sterile males or sterile females","docAbstract":"The suppressive effects of trapping adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, and releasing sterile males (SMRT) or females (SFRT) into a closed system were expressed in deterministic models. Suppression was modeled as a function of the proportion of the population removed by trapping, the number of sterile animals released, the reproductive rate and sex ratio of the population, and (for the SFRT) the rate of polygyny. Releasing sterile males reduced populations more quickly than did the release of sterile females. For a population in which 30% are trapped, sterile animals are initially released at ratio of 10 sterile to 1 fertile animal, 5 adult progeny are produced per fertile mating, 60% are male, and males mate with an average of 1.65 females, the initial population is reduced 87% by SMRT and 68% by SFRT in one generation. The extent of suppression achieved is most sensitive to changes in the initial sterile release ratio. Given the current status of sea lamprey populations and trapping operations in the Great Lakes, the sterile-male-release technique has the best chance for success on a lake-wide basis if implemented in Lake Michigan. The effectiveness of the sterile-female-release technique should be investigated in a controlled study. Advancing trapping technology should be a high priority in the near term, and artificial rearing of sea lampreys to the adult stage should be a high priority in the long term. The diligent pursuit of sea lamprey suppression over a period of several decades can be expected to yield great benefits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70363-9","usgsCitation":"Klassen, W., Adams, J.V., and Twohey, M.B., 2004, Modeling the suppression of sea lamprey populations by the release of sterile males or sterile females: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 30, no. 4, p. 463-473, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70363-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"463","endPage":"473","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.724609375,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -88.59374999999999,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -86.1328125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -85.869140625,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -75.673828125,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -78.31054687499999,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -79.98046875,\n 45.767522962149876\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -92.724609375,\n 46.73986059969267\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae35c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klassen, Waldemar","contributorId":89476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klassen","given":"Waldemar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twohey, Michael B.","contributorId":62541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Twohey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026748,"text":"70026748 - 2004 - Mesoscale spatial variability of selected aquatic invertebrate community metrics from a minimally impaired stream segment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026748","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesoscale spatial variability of selected aquatic invertebrate community metrics from a minimally impaired stream segment","docAbstract":"The related topics of spatial variability of aquatic invertebrate community metrics, implications of spatial patterns of metric values to distributions of aquatic invertebrate communities, and ramifications of natural variability to the detection of human perturbations were investigated. Four metrics commonly used for stream assessment were computed for 9 stream reaches within a fairly homogeneous, minimally impaired stream segment of the San Pedro River, Arizona. Metric variability was assessed for differing sampling scenarios using simple permutation procedures. Spatial patterns of metric values suggest that aquatic invertebrate communities are patchily distributed on subsegment and segment scales, which causes metric variability. Wide ranges of metric values resulted in wide ranges of metric coefficients of variation (CVs) and minimum detectable differences (MDDs), and both CVs and MDDs often increased as sample size (number of reaches) increased, suggesting that any particular set of sampling reaches could yield misleading estimates of population parameters and effects that can be detected. Mean metric variabilities were substantial, with the result that only fairly large differences in metrics would be declared significant at ?? = 0.05 and ?? = 0.20. The number of reaches required to obtain MDDs of 10% and 20% varied with significance level and power, and differed for different metrics, but were generally large, ranging into tens and hundreds of reaches. Study results suggest that metric values from one or a small number of stream reach(es) may not be adequate to represent a stream segment, depending on effect sizes of interest, and that larger sample sizes are necessary to obtain reasonable estimates of metrics and sample statistics. For bioassessment to progress, spatial variability may need to be investigated in many systems and should be considered when designing studies and interpreting data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1899/0887-3593(2004)023<0616:MSVOSA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Gebler, J., 2004, Mesoscale spatial variability of selected aquatic invertebrate community metrics from a minimally impaired stream segment: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 23, no. 3, p. 616-633, https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2004)023<0616:MSVOSA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"616","endPage":"633","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208324,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2004)023<0616:MSVOSA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":233995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5449e4b0c8380cd6cf37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gebler, J.B.","contributorId":89699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebler","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026727,"text":"70026727 - 2004 - Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:58:53","indexId":"70026727","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida?","docAbstract":"On several occasions, winter freezes have wrought severe destruction on Florida agriculture. A series of devastating freezes around the turn of the twentieth century, and again during the 1980s, were related to anomalies in the large-scale flow of the ocean–atmosphere system. During the twentieth century, substantial areas of wetlands in south Florida were drained and converted to agricultural land for winter fresh vegetable and sugarcane production. During this time, much of the citrus industry also was relocated to those areas to escape the risk of freeze farther to the north. The purpose of this paper is to present a modeling study designed to investigate whether the conversion of the wetlands to agriculture itself could have resulted in or exacerbated the severity of recent freezes in those agricultural areas of south Florida.
For three recent freeze events, a pair of simulations was undertaken with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. One member of each pair employed land surface properties that represent pre-1900s (near natural) land cover, whereas the other member of each pair employed data that represent near-current land-use patterns as derived from analysis of Landsat data valid for 1992/93. These two different land cover datasets capture well the conversion of wetlands to agriculture in south Florida during the twentieth century. Use of current land surface properties resulted in colder simulated minimum temperatures and temperatures that remained below freezing for a longer period at locations of key agricultural production centers in south Florida that were once natural wetlands. Examination of time series of the surface energy budget from one of the cases reveals that when natural land cover is used, a persistent moisture flux from the underlying wetlands during the nighttime hours served to prevent the development of below-freezing temperatures at those same locations. When the model results were subjected to an important sensitivity factor, the depth of standing water in the wetlands, the outcome remained consistent. These results provide another example of the potential for humans to perturb the climate system in ways that can have severe socioeconomic consequences by altering the land surface alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00270644","usgsCitation":"Marshall, C.H., Pielke, R., and Steyaert, L.T., 2004, Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida?: Monthly Weather Review, v. 132, no. 9, p. 2243-2258, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2243","endPage":"2258","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478195,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:htconw>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208589,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"132","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f82e4b0c8380cd5ce48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, C. H.","contributorId":31050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026691,"text":"70026691 - 2004 - Terrestrial microorganisms at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70026691","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial microorganisms at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere","docAbstract":"A joint effort between the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Global Desert Dust and NASA's Stratospheric and Cosmic Dust Programs identified culturable microbes from an air sample collected at an altitude of 20,000 m. A total of 4 fungal (Penicillium sp.) and 71 bacteria colonyforming units (70 colonies of Bacillus luciferensis believed to have originated from a single cell collected at altitude and one colony of Bacillus sphaericus) were enumerated, isolated and identified using a morphological key and 16S rDNA sequencing respectively. All of the isolates identified were sporeforming pigmented fungi or bacteria of terrestrial origin and demonstrate that the presence of viable microorganisms in Earth's upper atmosphere may not be uncommon.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aerobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:AERO.0000032948.84077.12","issn":"03935965","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D., 2004, Terrestrial microorganisms at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: Aerobiologia, v. 20, no. 2, p. 135-140, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032948.84077.12.","startPage":"135","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208438,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:AERO.0000032948.84077.12"},{"id":234182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba55fe4b08c986b3209dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W.","contributorId":23668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":410496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026682,"text":"70026682 - 2004 - Nutrient mass balance and trends, Mobile River Basin, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T16:05:35.330058","indexId":"70026682","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient mass balance and trends, Mobile River Basin, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi","docAbstract":"A nutrient mass balance - accounting for nutrient inputs from atmospheric deposition, fertilizer, crop nitrogen fixation, and point source effluents; and nutrient outputs, including crop harvest and storage - was calculated for 18 subbasins in the Mobile River Basin, and trends (1970 to 1997) were evaluated as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Agricultural nonpoint nitrogen and phosphorus sources and urban nonpoint nitrogen sources are the most important factors associated with nutrients in this system. More than 30 percent of nitrogen yield in two basins and phosphorus yield in eight basins can be attributed to urban point source nutrient inputs. The total nitrogen yield (1.3 tons per square mile per year) for the Tombigbee River, which drains a greater percentage of agricultural (row crop) land use, was larger than the total nitrogen yield (0.99 tons per square mile per year) for the Alabama River. Decreasing trends of total nitrogen concentrations in the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers indicate that a reduction occurred from 1975 to 1997 in the nitrogen contributions to Mobile Bay from the Mobile River. Nitrogen concentrations also decreased (1980 to 1995) in the Black Warrior River, one of the major tributaries to the Tombigbee River. Total phosphorus concentrations increased from 1970 to 1996 at three urban influenced sites on the Etowah River in Georgia. Multiple regression analysis indicates a distinct association between water quality in the streams of the Mobile River drainage basin and agricultural activities in the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb04458.x","usgsCitation":"Harned, D., Atkins, J., and Harvill, J., 2004, Nutrient mass balance and trends, Mobile River Basin, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 3, p. 765-793, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb04458.x.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"793","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mobile River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -91.0986328125,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 31.466153715024294\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -81.650390625,\n 33.32134852669881\n ],\n [\n -83.3642578125,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -85.869140625,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a698be4b0c8380cd73dab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harned, D.A.","contributorId":20331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, J.B.","contributorId":63842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvill, J.S.","contributorId":30408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvill","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026664,"text":"70026664 - 2004 - Multimodal approach to seismic pavement testing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026664","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multimodal approach to seismic pavement testing","docAbstract":"A multimodal approach to nondestructive seismic pavement testing is described. The presented approach is based on multichannel analysis of all types of seismic waves propagating along the surface of the pavement. The multichannel data acquisition method is replaced by multichannel simulation with one receiver. This method uses only one accelerometer-receiver and a light hammer-source, to generate a synthetic receiver array. This data acquisition technique is made possible through careful triggering of the source and results in such simplification of the technique that it is made generally available. Multiple dispersion curves are automatically and objectively extracted using the multichannel analysis of surface waves processing scheme, which is described. Resulting dispersion curves in the high frequency range match with theoretical Lamb waves in a free plate. At lower frequencies there are several branches of dispersion curves corresponding to the lower layers of different stiffness in the pavement system. The observed behavior of multimodal dispersion curves is in agreement with theory, which has been validated through both numerical modeling and the transfer matrix method, by solving for complex wave numbers. ?? ASCE / JUNE 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(636)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Ryden, N., Park, C., Ulriksen, P., and Miller, R., 2004, Multimodal approach to seismic pavement testing: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 130, no. 6, p. 636-645, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(636).","startPage":"636","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208587,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(636)"},{"id":234422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6030e4b0c8380cd7135d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryden, N.","contributorId":23318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryden","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Park, C.B.","contributorId":21714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ulriksen, P.","contributorId":17408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulriksen","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026653,"text":"70026653 - 2004 - Evaluation of multidimensional transport through a field-scale compacted soil liner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-04T15:28:28.748357","indexId":"70026653","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of multidimensional transport through a field-scale compacted soil liner","docAbstract":"A field-scale compacted soil liner was constructed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Illinois State Geological Survey in 1988 to investigate chemical transport rates through low permeability compacted clay liners (CCLs). Four tracers (bromide and three benzoic acid tracers) were each added to one of four large ring infiltrometers (LRIs) while tritium was added to the pond water (excluding the infiltrometers). Results from the long-term transport of