{"pageNumber":"267","pageRowStart":"6650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11003,"records":[{"id":21838,"text":"ofr00407 - 2000 - Geophysical constraints on the Virgin River Depression, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:27:47.142974","indexId":"ofr00407","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-407","title":"Geophysical constraints on the Virgin River Depression, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","docAbstract":"Gravity and aeromagnetic data provide insights into the subsurface lithology and structure of the Virgin River Depression (VRD) of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. The gravity data indicate that the Quaternary and Tertiary sedimentary deposits hide a complex pre-Cenozoic surface. A north-northwest-trending basement ridge separates the Mesquite and Mormon basins, as evidenced by seismic-reflection, gravity, and aeromagnetic data. The Mesquite basin is very deep, reaching depths of 8?10 km. The Mormon basin reaches thicknesses of 5 km. Its northern margin is very steep and may be characterized by right steps, although this interpretation could change with additional gravity stations. Most of the young (Quaternary), small-displacement faults trend within 10? of due north and occur within the deeper parts of the Mesquite basin north of the Virgin River. South of the Virgin River, only a few, young, small-displacement faults are mapped; the trend of these faults is more northeasterly and parallels the basement topography and is distinct from that of the faults to the north. The Virgin River appears to follow the margin of the basin as it emerges from the plateau.\n The high-resolution aeromagnetic data outline the extent of shallow volcanic rocks in the Mesquite basin. The north-northwest alignment of volcanic rocks east of Toquop Wash appear to be structurally controlled because of faults imaged on seismic-reflection profiles and because the alignment is nearly perpendicular to the direction of Cenozoic extension. More buried volcanics likely exist to the north and east of the high-resolution aeromagnetic survey. Broader aeromagnetic anomalies beneath pre-Cenozoic basement in the Mormon Mountains and Tule Springs Hills reflect either Precambrian basement or Tertiary intrusions. These rocks are probably barriers to groundwater flow, except where fractured.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00407","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Glen, J.M., Jachens, R., Dixon, G.L., Katzer, T., and Morin, R.L., 2000, Geophysical constraints on the Virgin River Depression, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-407, i, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00407.","productDescription":"i, 26 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51324,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0407/pdf/of00-407n.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0407/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1234,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0407/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.4968,36.5008 ], [ -114.4968,37.4999 ], [ -113.7344,37.4999 ], [ -113.7344,36.5008 ], [ -114.4968,36.5008 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glen, J. M.","contributorId":37338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, G. L.","contributorId":95468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Katzer, T.C.","contributorId":49391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzer","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morin, R. L.","contributorId":95484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":30854,"text":"wri004002 - 2000 - Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T06:58:23","indexId":"wri004002","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4002","title":"Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads","docAbstract":"

Metals transport in the Sacramento River, northern California, from July 1996 to June 1997 was evaluated in terms of metal loads from samples of water and suspended colloids that were collected on up to six occasions at 13 sites in the Sacramento River Basin. Four of the sampling periods (July, September, and November 1996; and May-June 1997) took place during relatively low-flow conditions and two sampling periods (December 1996 and January 1997) took place during high-flow and flooding conditions, respectively. This study focused primarily on loads of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc, with secondary emphasis on loads of aluminum, iron, and mercury.

Trace metals in acid mine drainage from abandoned and inactive base-metal mines, in the East and West Shasta mining districts, enter the Sacramento River system in predominantly dissolved form into both Shasta Lake and Keswick Reservoir. The proportion of trace metals that was dissolved (as opposed to colloidal) in samples collected at Shasta and Keswick dams decreased in the order zinc ≈ cadmium > copper > lead. At four sampling sites on the Sacramento River--71, 256, 360, and 412 kilometers downstream of Keswick Dam--trace-metal loads were predominantly colloidal during both high- and low-flow conditions. The proportion of total cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc loads transported to San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta estuary (referred to as the Bay-Delta) that is associated with mineralized areas was estimated by dividing loads at Keswick Dam by loads 412 kilometers downstream at Freeport and the Yolo Bypass. During moderately high flows in December 1996, mineralization-related total (dissolved + colloidal) trace-metal loads to the Bay-Delta (as a percentage of total loads measured downstream) were cadmium, 87 percent; copper, 35 percent; lead, 10 percent; and zinc, 51 percent. During flood conditions in January 1997 loads were cadmium, 22 percent; copper, 11 percent; lead, 2 percent; and zinc, 15 percent. During irrigation drainage season from rice fields (May-June 1997) loads were cadmium, 53 percent; copper, 42 percent; lead, 20 percent; and zinc, 75 percent. These estimates must be qualified by the following factors: (1) metal loads at Colusa in December 1996 and at Verona in May-June 1997 generally exceeded those determined at Freeport during those sampling periods. Therefore, the above percentages represent maximum estimates of the apparent total proportion of metals from mineralized areas upstream of Keswick Dam; and (2) for logistics reasons, the Sacramento River was sampled at Tower Bridge instead of at Freeport during January 1997.

Available data suggest that trace metal loads from agricultural drainage may be significant during certain flow conditions in areas where metals such as copper and zinc are added as agricultural amendments. Copper loads for sampling periods in July and September 1996 and in May-June 1997 show increases of dissolved and colloidal copper and in colloidal zinc between Colusa and Verona, the reach of the Sacramento River along which the Colusa Basin Drain, the Sacramento Slough, and other agricultural return flows are tributaries. Monthly sampling of these two agricultural drains by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program shows seasonal variations in metal concentrations, reaching maximum concentrations of 4 to 6 micrograms per liter in \"dissolved\" (0.45-micrometer filtrate) copper concentrations in May 1996, December 1996, and June 1997. The total (dissolved plus colloidal) load of copper from the Colusa Basin Drain in June 1997 was 18 kilograms per day, whereas the copper load in Spring Creek, which drains the inactive mines on Iron Mountain, was 20 kilograms per day during the same sampling period. For comparison, during the January 1997 flood, the copper load in Spring Creek was about 1,100 kilograms per day and the copper load in the Yolo Bypass was about 7,300 kilograms per day. The data clearly indicate that most copper and zinc loads during the January 1997 flood entered the Sacramento River upstream of Colusa, and upstream of the influence of the most intense agricultural drainage return flows in the Sacramento River watershed.

This study has demonstrated that some trace metals of environmental significance (cadmium, copper, and zinc) in the Sacramento River are transported largely in dissolved form at upstream sites (below Shasta Dam, below Keswick Dam, and at Bend Bridge) proximal to the mineralized areas of the West Shasta and East Shasta mining districts. In contrast, these trace metals are transported largely in colloidal form at downstream sites (Colusa, Verona, Freeport, and Yolo Bypass). Aluminum, iron, and lead were observed to be transported predominantly in the colloidal phase at all mainstem Sacramento River sampling sites during all sampling periods in this study. Despite continuous water treatment, which has removed 85 to 90 percent of the cadmium, copper, and zinc from the mine drainage at Iron Mountain, Spring Creek remains a significant source of these metals to the Sacramento River system.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wri004002","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, California State Water Resources Control Board, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service","usgsCitation":"2000, Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4002, xi, 106 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004002.","productDescription":"xi, 106 p.","numberOfPages":"118","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728630,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":30784,"text":"cir1210 - 2000 - Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T12:39:29","indexId":"cir1210","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1210","title":"Water quality in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota, 1996-98","docAbstract":"

The water quality in rivers and streams and in selected aquifers in eastern Iowa and part of southern Minnesota is described and illustrated. Major ions, nitrogen and other nutrients, and pesticides and some of their breakdown compounds were analyzed in both surface and ground water. Biological communities that included fish, invertebrates, and algae, were described in relation to stream water quality. Volatile organic compounds that originate from fuels, solvent, and industry were analyzed from ground-water samples. Agricultural and urban land-use effects on shallow ground-water compared and contrasted.

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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9a0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Kimberlee K.","contributorId":41476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becher, Kent 0000-0002-3947-0793 kdbecher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-0793","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sadorf, Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":203910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":203907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":31153,"text":"ofr00192 - 2000 - Geologic map of the Christian quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T19:36:55.058773","indexId":"ofr00192","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-192","title":"Geologic map of the Christian quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"Most of the Christian quadrangle is in the Porcupine Plateau; the northwestern part is in the southern Brooks Range, and the southern quarter is in the Yukon Flats. Outcrops of bedrock are poor or lacking, except in the Brooks Range. Although large valley glaciers have moved through the Porcupine Plateau, along the East Fork Chandalar and Vanticlese Creek, most of the upland areas in the Porcupine Plateau have not been eroded by ice. Consequently the rocks are deeply weathered and many outcrops in the low hills east of the East Fork are only soil and rubble. The southern quarter of the quadrangle in the Yukon Flats is covered with unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits. The Christian quadrangle is at the east end of the southern Brooks Range schist belt. Here three geologic terranes that originate well south of the Brooks Range intersect the subterranes of the southern Brooks Range along northward-directed thrust faults and northeast-striking strike slip faults. The displaced terranes from the south have been mapped by Jones and others (1987), as the schist of the Ruby terrane, the mafic rocks and phyllite of the Tozitna terrane, and the graywacke of the Venetie terrane. The typical rocks of the southern Brooks Range Arctic Alaska terrane at this intersection are the carbonate and clastic rocks of the Hammond subterrane, and the schist of the Coldfoot subterrane. The Coldfoot schist ends at a probable strike-slip fault about 10 miles west of the Christian quadrangle. At that place the mafic rocks and phyllites of the Angayucham terrane that form the south flank of most of the Brooks Range veer sharply northeastward across the Coldfoot subterrane schist and terminate it. A small fragment of the Endicott Mountains subterrane of the Arctic Alaska terrane also lies within the Christian quadrangle, but the main body of this subterrane lies north of the quadrangle.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00192","usgsCitation":"Brosge, W., and Reiser, H.N., 2000, Geologic map of the Christian quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-192, Pamphlet: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 44.39 x 24.31 inches; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00192.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 44.39 x 24.31 inches; Metadata","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00192.gif"},{"id":285899,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/"},{"id":397739,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34070.htm"},{"id":281538,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/pdf/of00-192pamp.pdf"},{"id":281537,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/csgeol_meta.txt"},{"id":281536,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0192/pdf/of00-192_s1_v1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 6","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Christian quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 67\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ae4b07f02db69cb65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brosge, W. P.","contributorId":58248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, H. N.","contributorId":13199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23764,"text":"ofr2000185 - 2000 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site, Adams County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-31T20:46:57.544871","indexId":"ofr2000185","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-185","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site, Adams County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Ground water in Triassic-age sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers in the area of Gettysburg, Pa., is used as drinking water and for industrial and commercial supply. In 1983, ground water at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant was found by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources to be contaminated with trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and other synthetic organic compounds. As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 1980 process, a Remedial Investigation was completed in July 1991, a method of site remediation was issued in the Record of Decision dated June 1992, and a Final Design Report was completed in May 1997. In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the hydrogeologic assessment of the site remediation, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study in 1997 to determine the effects of the onsite and offsite extraction wells on ground-water flow and contaminant migration from the Gettysburg Elevator Plant. This determination is based on hydrologic and geophysical data collected from 1991 to 1998 and on results of numerical model simulations of the local ground-water flow-system.\r\n\r\nThe Gettysburg Elevator Site is underlain by red, green, gray, and black shales of the Heidlersburg Member of the Gettysburg Formation. Correlation of natural-gamma logs indicates the sedimentary rock strike about N. 23 degrees E. and dip about 23 degrees NW. Depth to bedrock onsite commonly is about 6 feet but offsite may be as deep as 40 feet.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water system consists of two zones?a thin, shallow zone composed of soil, clay, and highly weathered bedrock and a thicker, nonweathered or fractured bedrock zone. The shallow zone overlies the bedrock zone and truncates the dipping beds parallel to land surface. Diabase dikes are barriers to ground-water flow in the bedrock zone. The ground-water system is generally confined or semi-confined, even at shallow depths.\r\n\r\nDepth to water can range from flowing at land surface to more than 71 feet below land surface. Potentiometric maps based on measured water levels at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant indicate ground water flows from west to east, towards Rock Creek. Multiple-well aquifer tests indicate the system is heterogeneous and flow is primarily in dipping beds that contain discrete secondary openings separated by less permeable beds. Water levels in wells open to the pumped bed, as projected along the dipping stratigraphy, are drawn down more than water levels in wells not open to the pumped bed.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow was simulated for steady-state conditions prior to pumping and long-term average pumping conditions. The three-dimensional numerical flow model (MODFLOW) was calibrated by use of a parameter estimation program (MODFLOWP). Steady-state conditions were assumed for the calibration period of 1996. An effective areal recharge rate of 7 inches was used in model calibration. The calibrated flow model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the current onsite and offsite extraction well system. The simulation results generally indicate that the extraction system effectively captures much of the ground-water recharge at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant and, hence, contaminated ground-water migrating from the site. Some of the extraction wells pump at low rates and have very small contributing areas. Results indicate some areal recharge onsite will move to offsite extraction wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Low, D.J., Goode, D., and Risser, D.W., 2000, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site, Adams County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-185, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000185.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7640,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":406040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30032.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Adams County","otherGeospatial":"Gettysburg Elevator Plant Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.25,\n 39.833\n ],\n [\n -77.208,\n 39.833\n ],\n [\n -77.208,\n 39.883\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 39.883\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 39.833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625380","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Low, Dennis J. djlow@usgs.gov","contributorId":3450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Dennis","email":"djlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23572,"text":"ofr00105A - 2000 - Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T18:38:40.68148","indexId":"ofr00105A","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-105","chapter":"A","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, California","docAbstract":"

In 1996-1998 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a geochemical study of the Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) 5.5 million-acre Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert Resource Area (usually referred to as the NECD in this report), Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, southeastern California (figure 1). This study was done in support of the BLM’s Coordinated Management Plan for the area. This report presents analytical data from this study.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr00105A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., and Chaffee, M.A., 2000, Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-105, 163 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00105A.","productDescription":"163 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":52858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0105a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1634,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0105/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0105a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":388956,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23460.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.16,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.167,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f5b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21561,"text":"ofr0037 - 2000 - Abrupt physical and chemical changes during 1992-1999, Anderson Springs, SE Geyser Geothermal Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T13:31:03","indexId":"ofr0037","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-37","title":"Abrupt physical and chemical changes during 1992-1999, Anderson Springs, SE Geyser Geothermal Field, California","docAbstract":"

The Anderson Springs area is located about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of San Francisco, California, in the southwestern part of Lake County. The area was first developed in the late 1800s as a health resort, which was active until the 1930s. Patrons drank a variety of cool to hot mineral waters from improved springs, swam in various baths and pools, and hiked in the rugged hills flanking Anderson Creek and its tributaries. In the bluffs to the south of the resort were four small mercury mines of the eastern Mayacmas quicksilver district. About 1,260 flasks of mercury were produced from these mines between 1909 and 1943. By the early 1970s, the higher ridges south and west of Anderson Springs became part of the southeast sector of the greater Geysers geothermal field. Today, several electric power plants are built on these ridges, producing energy from a vapor-dominated 240 °C reservoir. Only the main hot spring at Anderson Springs has maintained a recognizable identity since the 1930s. The hot spring is actually a cluster of seeps and springs that issue from a small fault in a ravine southwest of Anderson Creek. Published and unpublished records show that the maximum temperature (Tm) of this cluster fell gradually from 63°C in 1889 to 48°C in 1992. However, Tm of the cluster climbed to 77°C in 1995 and neared boiling (98°C) in 1998. A new cluster of boiling vents and small fumaroles (Tm = 99.3°C) formed in 1998 about 30 m north of the old spring cluster. Several evergreen trees on steep slopes immediately above these vents apparently were killed by the new activity.

\n
\n

Thermal waters at Anderson Hot Springs are mostly composed of near-surface ground waters with some added gases and condensed steam from The Geysers geothermal system. Compared to gas samples from Southeast Geysers wells, the hot spring gases are higher in CO2 and lower in H2S and NH3. As the springs increased in temperature, however, the gas composition became more like the mean composition of steam discharges from the Southeast Geysers. The hot spring waters are low in ions of Cl, B, and Li, but relatively high in HCO3, SO4 and NH4. The stable-isotope compositions (deuterium and oxygen-18) of these waters plot near the global meteoric water line. Geochemical data through time reveal apparent maxima in the concentrations of SO4, Fe, and Mn in 1991 to 1992, before the cluster became hotter. The black-to-gray deposits from the new spring cluster are rich in pyrite and contain anomalous metals. About one-half mile to the east of the hot springs, mineralized water discharges intermittently from an old adit of the Schwartz (Anderson) mine, and enters a tributary of Anderson Creek. This drainage increased substantially in July 1998, and a slurry of mine water and precipitates were transported down the tributary and into Anderson Creek. In December 1998, the adit water was 22°C, and had a chemical composition that was similar to spring waters that once discharged in the ravines surrounding the old Anderson Springs resort.

\n
\n

The cause for the abrupt changes that have occurred in thermal features at Anderson Springs is still not resolved. One possibility is that these changes are a response to withdrawal of steam from The Geysers geothermal field over more than 20 years of production. Pressure declines in the geothermal reservoir may have caused a \"drying out\" of the overlying condensation zone. Induced boiling in this zone and upflow of deep steam to shallower depths would cause heating and vaporization of shallow ground waters. In addition, earthquakes occurring in the vicinity of Anderson Springs have increased significantly after nearby geothermal power plants began operation. These earthquakes may have enhanced surface discharge of thermal fluids along fractures and faults.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0037","usgsCitation":"Janik, C.J., Goff, F., Walter, S.R., Sorey, M.L., Counce, D., and Colvard, E.M., 2000, Abrupt physical and chemical changes during 1992-1999, Anderson Springs, SE Geyser Geothermal Field, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-37, Poster: 2 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0037.","productDescription":"Poster: 2 sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0037.jpg"},{"id":1231,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280656,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0037/pdf/of00-037.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Anderson Springs","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.9004,38.699118 ], [ -122.9004,38.999502 ], [ -122.556788,38.999502 ], [ -122.556788,38.699118 ], [ -122.9004,38.699118 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a3f16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janik, Cathy J.","contributorId":87090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goff, Fraser","contributorId":45340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"Fraser","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, Stephen R.","contributorId":34954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sorey, Michael L.","contributorId":20726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Counce, Dale","contributorId":25966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counce","given":"Dale","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Colvard, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":26675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":64639,"text":"i2540D - 2000 - Surficial geologic map of central and southern New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:51:18","indexId":"i2540D","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2540","chapter":"D","title":"Surficial geologic map of central and southern New Jersey","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2540D","isbn":"0607966386","usgsCitation":"Newell, W., Powars, D.S., Owens, J.P., Stanford, S., and Stone, B.D., 2000, Surficial geologic map of central and southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2540, Pamphlet: 21 p.; 3 Plates: 55.00 x 39.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2540D.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 21 p.; 3 Plates: 55.00 x 39.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":91417,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2540d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91418,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2540d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91419,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2540d/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91420,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2540d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110176,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37331.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"37331"},{"id":186845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2540d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.55,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.55,40.5 ], [ -73.95,40.5 ], [ -73.95,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.55,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68915f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L.","contributorId":48538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":271875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owens, J. P.","contributorId":50946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stanford, S.D.","contributorId":79932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":271877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":60373,"text":"mf2347 - 2000 - Generalized surficial geologic map of the Denver 1° x 2° quadrangle, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T20:26:12.707748","indexId":"mf2347","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2347","title":"Generalized surficial geologic map of the Denver 1° x 2° quadrangle, Colorado","docAbstract":"Thirty-nine types of surficial geologic deposits and residual materials of Quaternary age are described and mapped in the greater Denver area, in part of the Front Range, and in the piedmont and plains east of Denver, Boulder, and Castle Rock. Descriptions appear in the pamphlet that accompanies the map. Landslide deposits, colluvium, residuum, alluvium, and other deposits or materials are described in terms of predominant grain size, mineral or rock composition (e.g., gypsiferous, calcareous, granitic, andesitic), thickness of deposits, and other physical characteristics. Origins and ages of the deposits and geologic hazards related to them are noted. Many lines between geologic units on our map were placed by generalizing contacts on published maps. However, in 1997-1999 we mapped new boundaries, as well. The map was projected to the UTM projection. This large map area extends from the Continental Divide near Winter Park and Fairplay (on the west edge), eastward about 107 mi (172 km); and extends from Boulder on the north edge to Woodland Park at the south edge (68 mi; 109 km).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2347","usgsCitation":"Moore, D.W., Straub, A.W., Berry, M.E., Baker, M.L., and Brandt, T.R., 2000, Generalized surficial geologic map of the Denver 1° x 2° quadrangle, Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2347, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2347.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110146,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34795.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"34795"},{"id":6025,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2001/mf-2347/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Denver 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106,39 ], [ -106,40 ], [ -104,40 ], [ -104,39 ], [ -106,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, D. W.","contributorId":93431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Straub, A. W.","contributorId":65164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berry, M. E.","contributorId":78817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baker, M. L.","contributorId":77234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brandt, T. R.","contributorId":77553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70111411,"text":"70111411 - 2000 - Airborne electromagnetics (EM) as a three-dimensional aquifer-mapping tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-04T14:03:29","indexId":"70111411","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-05T13:53:44","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Airborne electromagnetics (EM) as a three-dimensional aquifer-mapping tool","docAbstract":"The San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona hosts a major migratory bird flyway, and was declared a Riparian Conservation Area by Congress in 1988. Recharge of the adjacent Upper San Pedro Valley aquifer was thought to come primarily from the Huachuca Mountains, but the U. S. Army Garrison of Fort Huachuca and neighboring city of Sierra Vista have been tapping this aquifer for many decades, giving rise to claims that they jointly threatened the integrity of the Riparian Conservation Area. For this reason, the U. S. Army funded two airborne geophysical surveys over the Upper San Pedro Valley (see figure 1), and these have provided us valuable information on the aquifer and the complex basement structure underlying the modern San Pedro Valley. Euler deconvolution performed on the airborne magnetic data has provided a depth-to-basement map that is substantially more complex than a map obtained earlier from gravity data, as would be expected from the higher-resolution magnetic data. However, we found the output of the Euler deconvolution to have \"geologic noise\" in certain areas, interpreted to be post-Basin-and-Range Tertiary volcanic flows in the sedimentary column above the basement but below the ground surface.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Volume, SAGEEP-2000 Conference","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J., Pool, D., Bultman, M., Gettings, M., and Lemieux, J., 2000, Airborne electromagnetics (EM) as a three-dimensional aquifer-mapping tool, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":244,"text":"Eastern Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288084,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/jwynn/10sageep2k.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.82,31.33 ], [ -114.82,37.0 ], [ -109.05,37.0 ], [ -109.05,31.33 ], [ -114.82,31.33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53903fe2e4b04eea98bf84e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pool, Don","contributorId":102797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bultman, Mark","contributorId":74045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gettings, Mark E.","contributorId":100293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lemieux, Jean","contributorId":97430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemieux","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":21739,"text":"ofr00297 - 2000 - Digital geologic map of the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T19:44:25.789448","indexId":"ofr00297","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-297","title":"Digital geologic map of the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00297","usgsCitation":"Southworth, S., Brezinski, D., Orndorff, R.C., Lagueux, K.M., and Chirico, P., 2000, Digital geologic map of the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-297, 1 Plate: 28.00 x 16.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00297.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 28.00 x 16.92 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110138,"rank":699,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34293.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"34293"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Harpers Ferry National Historical Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.79899597167969,\n 39.281167913914636\n ],\n [\n -77.70286560058594,\n 39.281167913914636\n ],\n [\n -77.70286560058594,\n 39.35022841846271\n ],\n [\n -77.79899597167969,\n 39.35022841846271\n ],\n [\n -77.79899597167969,\n 39.281167913914636\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ac4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southworth, Scott","contributorId":93933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southworth","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brezinski, D. K.","contributorId":39010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezinski","given":"D. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orndorff, Randall C. 0000-0002-8956-5803 rorndorf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8956-5803","contributorId":2739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orndorff","given":"Randall","email":"rorndorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lagueux, Kerry M.","contributorId":18799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lagueux","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chirico, Peter G.","contributorId":27086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204692,"text":"70204692 - 2000 - Fire in eastern ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T18:45:28.073773","indexId":"70204692","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T14:51:59","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"RMRS-GTR-42","chapter":"4","title":"Fire in eastern ecosystems","docAbstract":"

Prior to Euro-American settlement, fire was a ubiquitous force across most of the Eastern United States. Fire regimes spanned a time-scale from chronic to centuries. Fire severity varied from benign to extreme (fig. 1-2). Today, fire is still a major force on the landscape. In some ecosystems fire stabilizes succession at a particular sere, while in others, succession is set back to pioneer species. The wide range in fire regimes coupled with elevation and moisture gradients produce a myriad of plant communities  that continually change over time in both stature and composition, although it is not uncommon for the major species to remain dominant. Discussion is primarily about major vegetation types, for example, oak-hickory. However, some minor types such as spruce-fir and Table Mountain pine are also covered. Vegetation types are discussed under the most representative fire regime type, recognizing that some vegetation types overlap two fire regime types (table 4-1).

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gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoch, G. A.","contributorId":103818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoch","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Patterson III, William A.","contributorId":218028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patterson III","given":"William A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70231228,"text":"70231228 - 2000 - Gypsum-karst collapse in the Black Hills, South Dakota-Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-03T16:32:17.160152","indexId":"70231228","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T11:27:09","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":628,"text":"Acta Carsologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gypsum-karst collapse in the Black Hills, South Dakota-Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute","doi":"10.3986/ac.v29i2.452","usgsCitation":"Epstein, J.B., 2000, Gypsum-karst collapse in the Black Hills, South Dakota-Wyoming, USA: Acta Carsologica, v. 29, no. 2, p. 103-122, https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v29i2.452.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"122","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v29i2.452","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":400069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.0400390625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -102.579345703125,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -102.579345703125,\n 44.95702412512118\n ],\n [\n -106.0400390625,\n 44.95702412512118\n ],\n [\n -106.0400390625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221593,"text":"70221593 - 2000 - Kaolinite distribution in Paleocene/Eocene boundary strata of northeastern United States and Pakistan – climatic and stratigraphic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-24T16:10:46.947257","indexId":"70221593","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T11:07:28","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1719,"text":"GFF","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kaolinite distribution in Paleocene/Eocene boundary strata of northeastern United States and Pakistan – climatic and stratigraphic implications","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/11035890001221056","usgsCitation":"Gibson, T.G., Bybell, L.M., Thomas, E., and Zachos, J.C., 2000, Kaolinite distribution in Paleocene/Eocene boundary strata of northeastern United States and Pakistan – climatic and stratigraphic implications: GFF, v. 122, no. 10, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035890001221056.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Pakistan, United States","volume":"122","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, Thomas G.","contributorId":25180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Ellen","contributorId":260629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zachos, James C.","contributorId":211829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zachos","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":38326,"text":"Earth & Planetary Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70231298,"text":"70231298 - 2000 - Mapping woody vegetation and eastern red cedar in the Nebraska Sand Hills using AVIRIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-05T15:51:33.537323","indexId":"70231298","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T10:40:02","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mapping woody vegetation and eastern red cedar in the Nebraska Sand Hills using AVIRIS","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"AVIRIS Proceedings 2000","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"AVIRIS Airborne Geoscience Workshop, 9th Annual","language":"English","publisher":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Wylie, B.K., Meyer, D., Choate, M., Vierling, L., and Kozak, P.K., 2000, Mapping woody vegetation and eastern red cedar in the Nebraska Sand Hills using AVIRIS, in AVIRIS Proceedings 2000, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400210,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/proceedings/2000_toc.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.0570068359375,\n 42.29965889253408\n ],\n [\n -100.5,\n 42.29965889253408\n ],\n [\n -100.5,\n 42.88\n ],\n [\n -104.0570068359375,\n 42.88\n ],\n [\n -104.0570068359375,\n 42.29965889253408\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, David dmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":173208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dmeyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choate, Mike 0000-0002-8101-4994 choate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":4618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Mike","email":"choate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vierling, L.","contributorId":291391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vierling","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kozak, P. K.","contributorId":291392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kozak","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70226507,"text":"70226507 - 2000 - The East Range, northwestern Nevada: A neglected key to the tectonic history of the region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-22T15:12:14.312576","indexId":"70226507","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T09:07:46","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The East Range, northwestern Nevada: A neglected key to the tectonic history of the region","docAbstract":"

The East Range occupies a strategic position at the western edge of the exposed western facies terrane near the Paleozoic continental margin. There a Cambrian and Ordovician deep-water sequence including the Preble and Valmy Formations is overlain by middle to upper Paleozoic strata that are assigned to three separate stratigraphic sequences on published geologic maps of the range. The three sequences, which include the Havallah sequence, the Inskip Formation, and the Harmony Formation, originally were perceived to be of different ages and lithic composition. The strata assigned to the Havallah are now known to contain conodonts of Late Devonian to Permian ages, and fusulinids of Permian age; those assigned to the Inskip contain conodonts of Early Mississippian and Permian ages and corals of Mississippian age. Strata assigned to the Harmony are undated paleontologically. All three are composed mainly of siliceous deep-water sedimentary deposits. Lower beds of the Havallah and Inskip totalling hundreds of meters in thickness are composed of arkosic sandstone and conglomerate identical to that composing most of the Harmony. The Havallah and Inskip lie disconformably on the quartzitic, middle part of the Valmy Formation. The Harmony lies concordantly on distinctive chert beds at the top of the Valmy Formation. Assuming the latter contact is disconformable rather than a bedding-parallel fault, the East Range displays the stratigraphic bases of all three arkosic map units. The disconformable relation of the Havallah and Inskip to the Valmy Formation indicates elevation of deep-water deposits, subaerial erosion down to Middle Ordovician, and in Late Devonian a return to deep immersion. There is no evidence here of Late Devonian to Early Mississippian folding. Major folds in the East Range must be of Jurassic or younger age because Upper Triassic strata are involved. Evidence of large-scale thrust-faulting is notably scarce. The existence of the Willow Creek thrust shown on published maps of the East Range was based on the mistaken belief that strata below the Valmy Formation are of Triassic age whereas they are actually of Cambrian and earliest Ordovician age.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and ore deposits 2000: The Great Basin and beyond: Geological Society of Nevada symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geology and Ore Deposits 2000: The Great Basin and Beyond: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium","conferenceDate":"May 15-18, 2000","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of Nevada","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., Wardlaw, B.R., Harris, A.G., and Repetski, J.E., 2000, The East Range, northwestern Nevada: A neglected key to the tectonic history of the region, chap. of Geology and ore deposits 2000: The Great Basin and beyond: Geological Society of Nevada symposium proceedings, p. 389-396.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"East Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.871826171875,\n 39.816975090490004\n ],\n [\n -114.81811523437501,\n 39.816975090490004\n ],\n [\n -114.81811523437501,\n 41.87774145109676\n ],\n [\n -119.871826171875,\n 41.87774145109676\n ],\n [\n -119.871826171875,\n 39.816975090490004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":827137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189394,"text":"70189394 - 2000 - Relations among sulfate, metals, sediment, and streamflow data for a stream draining a coal-mined watershed in East-Central Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:58:06","indexId":"70189394","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relations among sulfate, metals, sediment, and streamflow data for a stream draining a coal-mined watershed in East-Central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

Streamflow and water-quality data for the northern part of Swatara Creek, which drains a 112-km2 area in the Southern Anthracite Field of east-central Pennsylvania, indicate iron, copper, and lead, and to a lesser extent manganese and zinc, are transported with suspended particles during stormflow conditions. During stormflow conditions, concentrations of these constituents typically peak prior to peak stream stage as a result of scour and transport of streambed deposits. In contrast, sulfate is transported mostly as a dissolved ion. Concentrations of sulfate, specific conductance, and pH are inversely related to streamflow, indicating dilution and acidification during stormflow. This effect is attributed to the mixing of poorly buffered stream water having pH 6.0-6.5 with weakly acidic storm runoff having pH 4.0-4.5 and low dissolved solids.

","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the ICARD 2000","conferenceTitle":"ICARD 2000 (International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage)","conferenceDate":"May 20-24, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":" Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., 2000, Relations among sulfate, metals, sediment, and streamflow data for a stream draining a coal-mined watershed in East-Central Pennsylvania, in Proceedings of the ICARD 2000, Denver, CO, May 20-24, 2000, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343687,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Swatara Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.51651382446289,\n 40.49317611862768\n ],\n [\n -76.35154724121094,\n 40.51849718776774\n ],\n [\n -76.26846313476562,\n 40.51171103483292\n ],\n [\n -76.19293212890625,\n 40.53572049118792\n ],\n [\n -76.15036010742186,\n 40.567024247788396\n ],\n [\n -76.15585327148438,\n 40.59935608796518\n ],\n [\n -76.21490478515625,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -76.26296997070312,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -76.26331329345703,\n 40.6553782815234\n ],\n [\n -76.26811981201172,\n 40.659545496109864\n ],\n [\n -76.2725830078125,\n 40.662800951382906\n ],\n [\n -76.27738952636719,\n 40.66475414828327\n ],\n [\n -76.27876281738281,\n 40.66892077716713\n ],\n [\n -76.28030776977539,\n 40.67048319588473\n ],\n [\n -76.2839126586914,\n 40.672045577994275\n ],\n [\n -76.28803253173828,\n 40.67399850415071\n ],\n [\n -76.28923416137695,\n 40.675430613644295\n ],\n [\n -76.28751754760742,\n 40.67829474034605\n ],\n [\n -76.28923416137695,\n 40.67959657544238\n ],\n [\n -76.31000518798828,\n 40.69287384120539\n ],\n [\n -76.33644104003906,\n 40.68558468942849\n ],\n [\n -76.34759902954102,\n 40.67048319588473\n ],\n [\n -76.3524055480957,\n 40.660977916004164\n ],\n [\n -76.36613845825195,\n 40.652773640221426\n ],\n [\n -76.38296127319336,\n 40.645740600821476\n ],\n [\n -76.39394760131836,\n 40.639358127326865\n ],\n [\n -76.41008377075195,\n 40.63636206195869\n ],\n [\n -76.43257141113281,\n 40.63479884404164\n ],\n [\n -76.43136978149414,\n 40.629587853312174\n ],\n [\n -76.42845153808594,\n 40.62737305910759\n ],\n [\n -76.42244338989258,\n 40.628154759567266\n ],\n [\n -76.41454696655273,\n 40.629587853312174\n ],\n [\n -76.40459060668945,\n 40.62724277480808\n ],\n [\n -76.39789581298828,\n 40.62177060472069\n ],\n [\n -76.40321731567383,\n 40.61825254434565\n ],\n [\n -76.4073371887207,\n 40.61577676116552\n ],\n [\n -76.4095687866211,\n 40.613691819957566\n ],\n [\n -76.43291473388672,\n 40.60196281341108\n ],\n [\n -76.53488159179688,\n 40.509622849596695\n ],\n [\n -76.51651382446289,\n 40.49317611862768\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673545e4b0d1f9f05dd7f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":704463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70195051,"text":"70195051 - 2000 - Protection of fish spawning habitat for the conservation of warm temperate reef fish fisheries of shelf-edge reefs of Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T17:44:49.457507","indexId":"70195051","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1106,"text":"Bulletin of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Protection of fish spawning habitat for the conservation of warm temperate reef fish fisheries of shelf-edge reefs of Florida","docAbstract":"

We mapped and briefly describe the surficial geology of selected examples of shelf-edge reefs (50–120 m deep) of the southeastern United States, which are apparently derived from ancient Pleistocene shorelines and are intermittently distributed throughout the region. These reefs are ecologically significant because they support a diverse array of fish and invertebrate species, and they are the only aggregation spawning sites of gag (Mycteroperca microlepis), scamp (M. phenax), and other economically important reef fish. Our studies on the east Florida shelf in the Experimental Oculina Research Reserve show that extensive damage to the habitat-structuring coral Oculina varicosa has occurred in the past, apparently from trawling and dredging activities of the 1970s and later. On damaged or destroyed Oculina habitat, reef-fish abundance and diversity are low, whereas on intact habitat, reef-fish diversity is relatively high compared to historical diversity on the same site. The abundance and biomass of the economically important reef fish was much higher in the past than it is now, and spawning aggregations of gag and scamp have been lost or greatly reduced in size. On the west Florida shelf, fishers have concentrated on shelf-edge habitats for over 100 yrs, but fishing intensity increased dramatically in the 1980s. Those reefs are characterized by low abundance of economically important species. The degree and extent of habitat damage there is unknown. We recommend marine fishery reserves to protect habitat and for use in experimentally examining the potential production of unfished communities.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of Miami","usgsCitation":"Koenig, C., Coleman, F., Grimes, C.B., Fitzhugh, G.R., Scanlon, K.M., Gledhill, C.T., and Grace, M., 2000, Protection of fish spawning habitat for the conservation of warm temperate reef fish fisheries of shelf-edge reefs of Florida: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 66, no. 3, p. 593-616.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"616","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/2000/00000066/00000003/art00008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 23.483400654325642\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 23.483400654325642\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 23.483400654325642\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7acd74e4b00f54eb20c80e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koenig, Christopher C.","contributorId":32099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Christopher C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, Felicia C.","contributorId":101578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Felicia C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grimes, Churchill B.","contributorId":93839,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimes","given":"Churchill","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fitzhugh, Gary R.","contributorId":70307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzhugh","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scanlon, Kathryn M.","contributorId":6816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gledhill, Christopher T.","contributorId":61355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gledhill","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grace, Mark","contributorId":18286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":23571,"text":"ofr2000105B - 2000 - Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-17T22:57:14.74313","indexId":"ofr2000105B","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-105","chapter":"B","title":"Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, California","docAbstract":"

In 1996-1998 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a geochemical study of the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) 5.5 million-acre Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert Resource Area (usually referred to as the NECD in this report), Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, southeastern California (figure 1). This study was done in support of the BLM's Coordinated Management Plan for the area. This report presents analytical data from this study. To provide comprehensive coverage of the NECD, we compiled and examined all available geochemical data, in digital form, from previous studies in the area, and made sample-site plots to aid in determining where sample-site coverage and analyses were sufficient, which samples should be re-analyzed, and where additional sampling was needed. Previous investigations conducted in parts of the current study area included the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program studies of the Needles and Salton Sea 1° x 2° quadrangles; USGS studies of 12 BLM Wilderness Study Areas (WSAs) (Big Maria Mountains, Chemehuevi Mountains, Chuckwalla Mountains, Coxcomb Mountains, Mecca Hills, Orocopia Mountains, Palen-McCoy, Picacho Peak, Riverside Mountains, Sheephole Valley (also known as Sheep Hole/Cadiz), Turtle Mountains, and Whipple Mountains); and USGS studies in the Needles and El Centro 1° x 2° quadrangles done during the early 1990s as part of a project to identify the regional geochemistry of southern California. Areas where we did new sampling of rocks and stream sediments are mainly in the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range and in Joshua Tree National Park, which extends into the west-central part of the NECD, as shown in figure 1 and figure 2. This report contains analytical data for 132 rock samples and 1,245 stream-sediment samples collected by the USGS, and 362 stream-sediment samples and 189 soil samples collected during the NURE program. All samples are from the Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area and vicinity. Included in the 1,245 stream-sediment samples collected by the USGS are 284 samples collected as part of the current study, 817 samples collected as part of investigations of the12 BLM WSAs and re-analyzed for the present study, 45 samples from the Needles 1° x 2° quadrangle, and 99 samples from the El Centro 1° x 2° quadrangle. The NURE stream-sediment and soil samples were re-analyzed as part of the USGS study in the Needles quadrangle. Analytical data for samples from the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range, which is located within the area of the NECD, were previously reported (King and Chaffee, 1999a). For completeness, these results are also included in this report. Analytical data for samples from the area of Joshua Tree National Park that is within the NECD have also been reported (King and Chaffee, 1999b). These results are not included in this report. The analytical data presented here can be used for baseline geochemical, mineral resource, and environmental geochemical studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000105B","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., and Chaffee, M.A., 2000, Analytical results and sample locality map for rock, stream-sediment, and soil samples, Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-105, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000105B.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":391839,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23460.htm"},{"id":1633,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0105/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Northern and Eastern Colorado Desert BLM Resource Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.167,\n 32.7\n ],\n [\n -114.167,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 34.917\n ],\n [\n -116.25,\n 32.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acde4b07f02db67f3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66537,"text":"i2722 - 2000 - Digital data and geologic map of the Powder Mill Ferry Quadrangle, Shannon and Reynolds counties, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:21","indexId":"i2722","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2722","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Digital data and geologic map of the Powder Mill Ferry Quadrangle, Shannon and Reynolds counties, Missouri","docAbstract":"The geology of the Powder Mill Ferry 7 1/2-minute\r\n quadrangle ,\r\n Shannon and Reynolds Counties, Missouri was mapped from\r\n 1997 through 1998 as part of the Midcontinent Karst Systems\r\n and Geologic\r\n Mapping Project, Eastern Earth Surface Processes Team. The\r\n map supports the production of a geologic framework that\r\n will be used in hydrogeologic investigations related to\r\n potential lead and zinc mining in the Mark Twain National\r\n Forest adjacent to the Ozark National Scenic Riverways\r\n (National Park Service). Digital geologic coverages will be\r\n used by other federal and state agencies in hydrogeologic\r\n analyses of the Ozark karst system and in ecological models.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2722","usgsCitation":"McDowell, R., Harrison, R., and Lagueux, K.M., 2000, Digital data and geologic map of the Powder Mill Ferry Quadrangle, Shannon and Reynolds counties, Missouri (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2722, map, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2722.","productDescription":"map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6127,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2722/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110139,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34355.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"34355"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.25,37.1175 ], [ -91.25,37.25 ], [ -91.11749999999999,37.25 ], [ -91.11749999999999,37.1175 ], [ -91.25,37.1175 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDowell, Robert C.","contributorId":88345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Robert C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Richard W. rharriso@usgs.gov","contributorId":544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Richard W.","email":"rharriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":274676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lagueux, Kerry M.","contributorId":18799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lagueux","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206471,"text":"70206471 - 2000 - Pseudomulceodens: A Mississippian Rostroconch from Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T06:58:39","indexId":"70206471","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-06T11:30:40","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pseudomulceodens: A Mississippian Rostroconch from Mexico","docAbstract":"

This finding of Pseudomulceodens in Mississippian-age rocks of the Santiago Formation provides the first evidence of the molluscan class Rostroconchia in Mexico. Elsewhere in North American Mississippian rocks the class occurs in Arkansas (Hoare et al., 1982, 1988); Illinois (Weller, 1916); Indiana (Beede, 1906); Iowa (White and Whitfield, 1862); Michigan (Winchell, 1870); Montana and Nevada (Pojeta and Runnegar, 1976); Ohio (Hyde, 1953; Hoare, 1990); and Oklahoma (Branson, 1958). Pseudomulceodens cancellatus (Hyde, 1953) confirms the Osagean age (Early Mississippian) of the Santiago Formation, and reinforces the conclusion that there is paleobiogeographic similarity between faunas of the Nochixtlan region of Oaxaca, Mexico and the midcontinent of the USA during Early Carboniferous time. It seems likely that there was a close connection between southwestern Mexico and the Mid-Continent Paleoprovince, located in the east and central regions of the United States. Prior to this study the rostroconch genera Aphelakardia and Pseudomulceodens were placed in the family Hippocardiidae; they are here transferred to the family Conocardiidae.

","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<1184:PAMRFM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Quiroz-Barroso, S., Pojeta, J., Sour-Tovar, F., and Morales-Soto, S., 2000, Pseudomulceodens: A Mississippian Rostroconch from Mexico: Journal of Paleontology, v. 74, no. 6, p. 1184-1186, https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<1184:PAMRFM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1184","endPage":"1186","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quiroz-Barroso, S.A.","contributorId":220325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quiroz-Barroso","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pojeta, John Jr.","contributorId":8507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pojeta","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sour-Tovar, Francisco","contributorId":220326,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sour-Tovar","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morales-Soto, Salvador","contributorId":220327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morales-Soto","given":"Salvador","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58955,"text":"mf2343 - 2000 - Geologic map of the upper Parashant Canyon and vicinity Mohave County, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T19:18:27.982542","indexId":"mf2343","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2343","title":"Geologic map of the upper Parashant Canyon and vicinity Mohave County, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"

The geologic map of the upper Parashant Canyon area covers part of the Colorado Plateau and several large tributary canyons that make up the western part of Arizona's Grand Canyon. The map is part of a cooperative U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service project to provide geologic information for areas within the newly established Grand Canyon/Parashant Canyon National Monument. Most of the Grand Canyon and parts of the adjacent plateaus have been geologically mapped; this map fills in one of the remaining areas where uniform quality geologic mapping was needed. The geologic information presented may be useful in future related studies as to land use management, range management, and flood control programs for federal and state agencies, and private concerns. The map area is in a remote region of the Arizona Strip, northwestern Arizona about 88 km south of the nearest settlement of St. George, Utah. Elevations range from about 1,097 m (3,600 ft) in Parashant Canyon (south edge of map area) to 2,145 m (7,037 ft) near the east-central edge of the map area. Primary vehicle access is by dirt road locally known as the Mount Trumbull road; unimproved dirt roads and jeep trails traverse various parts of the map area. Travel on the Mount Trumbull road is possible with 2-wheel-drive vehicles except during wet conditions. Extra fuel, two spare tires and extra food and water are highly recommended when traveling in this remote area. The map area includes about 26 sections of land belonging to the State of Arizona, about 40 sections of private land, and a small strip of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area (southeast edge of the map area). The private land is mainly clustered around the abandoned settlement of Mt. Trumbull, locally known as Bundyville, and a few sections are scattered in the upper Whitmore Canyon area just south of Bundyville. Lower elevations within the canyons support a sparse growth of sagebrush, cactus, grass, creosote bush, and a variety of desert shrubs. Sagebrush, grass, cactus, cliffrose bush, pinyon pine trees, juniper trees, and some ponderosa pines thrive at higher elevations. Surface runoff in the north half of the map area drains northward towards the Virgin River in Utah via Hurricane Wash. In the south half of the area, it drains towards the Colorado River in Grand Canyon via Parashant and Whitmore Canyons. Upper Parashant and Whitmore Canyons are part of the physiography of the western Grand Canyon, but are not included within Grand Canyon National Park. The entire map area is now within the newly established Grand Canyon/Parashant Canyon National Monument (as of January, 2000), and is jointly managed by the Lake Mead National Recreational Area, Boulder City, Nevada, and the Bureau of Land Management, Arizona Strip District, St. George, Utah. Surface runoff in the north half of the map area drains northward towards the Virgin River in Utah via Hurricane Wash. In the south half of the area, it drains towards the Colorado River in Grand Canyon via Parashant and Whitmore Canyons. Upper Parashant and Whitmore Canyons are part of the physiography of the western Grand Canyon, but are not included within Grand Canyon National Park. The entire map area is now within the newly established Grand Canyon/Parashant Canyon National Monument (January, 2000), and is jointly managed by the Lake Mead National Recreational Area, Boulder City, Nevada, and the Bureau of Land Management, Arizona Strip District, St. George, Utah.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2343","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., Harr, M.L., and Wellmeyer, J.L., 2000, Geologic map of the upper Parashant Canyon and vicinity Mohave County, northwestern Arizona (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2343, Report: 27 p.; 1 Plate: 39.06 × 44.04 inches; Metadata; Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2343.","productDescription":"Report: 27 p.; 1 Plate: 39.06 × 44.04 inches; Metadata; Data","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110131,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34052.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"34052"},{"id":9534,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2343/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"31680","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Mohave County","otherGeospatial":"upper Parashant Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.5,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -113.25,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -113.25,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 36.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a840e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harr, Michelle L.","contributorId":55905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harr","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wellmeyer, Jessica L.","contributorId":8177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellmeyer","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22050,"text":"ofr00219 - 2000 - Preliminary potential-field constraints on the geometry of the San Fernando basin, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:21:30.011181","indexId":"ofr00219","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-219","title":"Preliminary potential-field constraints on the geometry of the San Fernando basin, Southern California","docAbstract":"Gravity and magnetic data provide new insights on the structural underpinnings of the San Fernando Basin region, which may be important to ground motion models. Gravity data indicate that a deep basin (>5 km) underlies the northern part of the San Fernando Valley; this deep basin is required to explain the lowest gravity values over the Mission Hills thrust fault. Gravity modeling, constrained by well data and density information, shows that the basin may reach a thickness of 8 km, coinciding with the upper termination of the 1994 Northridge earthquake mainshock rupture. The basin is deeper than previous estimates by 2 to 4 km; this estimate is the result of high densities for the gravels of the Pliocene-Pleisocene Saugus Formation. The geometry of the southern margin of the deep basin is not well-constrained by the gravity data, but may dip to the south. Recently acquired seismic data along the LARSE (Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment) II profile may provide constraints to determine the location and attitude of the basin edge. Gravity and aeromagnetic models across the eastern margin of the San Fernando Valley indicate that the Verdugo fault may dip to the southwest along its southern extent and therefore have a normal fault geometry whereas it clearly has a thrust fault geometry along its northern strand.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00219","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Griscom, A., Jachens, R., and Hildenbrand, T., 2000, Preliminary potential-field constraints on the geometry of the San Fernando basin, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-219, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00219.","productDescription":"36 p.","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51507,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0219/pdf/ofr00-219.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0219/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0219/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Fernando Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.25,34.0 ], [ -119.25,34.75 ], [ -117.75,34.75 ], [ -117.75,34.0 ], [ -119.25,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"

Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 901
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cc96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":186858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griscom, Andrew","contributorId":23520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22266,"text":"ofr0067 - 2000 - Water-quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through September 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T20:38:56.112509","indexId":"ofr0067","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-67","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through September 1998","docAbstract":"

Hydrologic and biologic data collected from October 1996 through September 1998 in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program are presented in this report. Monthly data collected from 12 sites on rivers and streams included measurements of physical properties and determinations of the concentrations of nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, suspended sediment, and dissolved pesticides. Fish-tissue samples were collected at two sites in September 1997 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. In addition, water-quality assessments were made at 25 sites as part of a synoptic study in August 1997 and May 1998. A ground-water study was conducted to evaluate the effects of agricultural and urban land use on the water quality of shallow alluvial aquifers in the study unit. Samples were collected and analyzed from wells in 31 agricultural and 30 urban land-use areas during June-August 1997. Samples were collected and analyzed from 32 domestic wells during June-July 1998 to provide a broad assessment of the water quality of shallow alluvial aquifers throughout the study unit. Samples were collected during August 1998 from 27 shallow monitoring wells completed in the Iowa River alluvial aquifer to evaluate the effects of changing land use on shallow ground-water quality. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved pesticides, volatile organic compounds, radon-222, and tritium.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0067","usgsCitation":"Akers, K., Montgomery, D.L., Christiansen, D.E., Savoca, M.E., Schnoebelen, D.J., Becher, K., and Sadorf, E.M., 2000, Water-quality assessment of the Eastern Iowa Basins: Hydrologic and biologic data, October 1996 through September 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-67, viii, 359 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0067.","productDescription":"viii, 359 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr0067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405948,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_30106.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.828,\n 40.719\n ],\n [\n -90.367,\n 40.719\n ],\n [\n -90.367,\n 43.916\n ],\n [\n -93.828,\n 43.916\n ],\n [\n -93.828,\n 40.719\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"

Abstract
Introduction
     Purpose and Scope
     Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Implementation of Water-Quality Studies
     Surface-Water-Quality Data Collection
          Sampling Sites
          Surface-Water Sample Collection
          Biologic Sample Collection
          Analytical Procedures
     Ground-Water-Quality Data
          Site Selection
          Well Installation
          Ground-Water Sample Collection
          Analytical Procedures
     Water-Quality Analysis and Quality Control
          Surface Water
          Ground Water
Acknowledgments
Selected References

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb5a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Akers, Kimberlee K.","contributorId":43379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akers","given":"Kimberlee K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montgomery, Denise L.","contributorId":92698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christiansen, Daniel E. 0000-0001-6108-2247 dechrist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-2247","contributorId":366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Daniel","email":"dechrist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schnoebelen, Douglas J.","contributorId":87514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Becher, Kent 0000-0002-3947-0793 kdbecher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3947-0793","contributorId":3863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"Kent","email":"kdbecher@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sadorf, Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":187858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70179116,"text":"70179116 - 2000 - Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T17:29:48.788751","indexId":"70179116","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"116","title":"Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah","docAbstract":"

Because rapid growth of communities in Washington and Iron Counties, Utah, is expected to cause an increase in the future demand for water resources, a hydrologic investigation was done to better understand ground-water resources within the central Virgin River basin. This study focused on two of the principal ground-water reservoirs within the basin: the upper Ash Creek basin ground-water system and the Navajo and Kayenta aquifer system.

The ground-water system of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin consists of three aquifers: the uppermost Quaternary basin-fill aquifer, the Tertiary alluvial-fan aquifer, and the Tertiary Pine Valley monzonite aquifer. These aquifers are naturally bounded by the Hurricane Fault and by drainage divides. On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations of reasonable values for all inflow and outflow components, total water moving through the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is estimated to be about 14,000 acre-feet per year. Recharge to the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is mostly from infiltration of precipitation and seepage from ephemeral and perennial streams. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be evapotranspiration; however, subsurface discharge near Ash Creek Reservoir also may be important.

The character of two of the hydrologic boundaries of the upper Ash Creek drainage basin ground-water system is speculative. The eastern boundary provided by the Hurricane Fault is assumed to be a no-flow boundary, and a substantial part of the ground-water discharge from the system is assumed to be subsurface outflow beneath Ash Creek Reservoir along the southern boundary. However, these assumptions might be incorrect because alternative numerical simulations that used different boundary conditions also proved to be feasible. The hydrogeologic character of the aquifers is uncertain because of limited data. Differences in well yield indicate that there is considerable variability in the transmissivity of the basin-fill aquifer. Field data also indicate that the basin-fill aquifer is more transmissive than the underlying alluvial-fan aquifer. Data from the Pine Valley monzonite aquifer indicate that its transmissivity may be highly variable and that it is strongly influenced by the connection of fractures.

The Navajo and Kayenta aquifers provide most of the potable water to the municipalities of Washington County. Because of large outcrop exposures, uniform grain size, and large stratigraphic thickness, these formations are able to receive and store large amounts of water. In addition, structural forces have resulted in extensive fracture zones that enhance ground-water recharge and movement within these aquifers. Aquifer testing of the Navajo aquifer indicates that horizontal hydraulic-conductivity values range from 0.2 to 32 feet per day at different locations and may be primarily dependent on the extent of fracturing. Limited data indicate that the Kayenta aquifer generally is less transmissive than the Navajo aquifer. The aquifers are bounded to the south and west by the erosional extent of the formations and to the east by the Hurricane Fault, which completely offsets these formations and is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary. Like the Hurricane Fault, the Gunlock Fault is assumed to be a lateral no-flow boundary that divides the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers within the study area into two parts: the main part, between the Hurricane and Gunlock Faults; and the Gunlock part, west of the Gunlock Fault.

Generally, the water in the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers contains few dissolved minerals. However, two distinct areas contain water with dissolved-solids concentrations greater than 500 milligrams per liter: a larger area north of the city of St. George and a smaller area a few miles west of the town of Hurricane. Mass-balance calculations indicate that in the higher-dissolved-solids area north of St. George, as much as 2.7 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations. For the area west of Hurricane, as much as 1.5 cubic feet per second may be entering the aquifer from underlying formations.

On the basis of measurements, estimates, and numerical simulations, total water moving through the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers is estimated to be about 25,000 acre-feet per year for the main part and 5,000 acre-feet per year for the Gunlock part. The primary source of recharge is assumed to be infiltration of precipitation in the main part and seepage from the Santa Clara River in the Gunlock part. The primary source of discharge is assumed to be well discharge for both the main and Gunlock parts of the aquifers. Numerical simulations indicate that faults with major offset, such as the Washington Hollow Fault and an unnamed fault near Anderson Junction, may impede horizontal ground-water flow. Also, increased horizontal hydraulic conductivity along the orientation of predominant surface fracturing may be an important factor in regional ground-water flow. Simulations with increased north-south hydraulic conductivity substantially improved the match to measured water levels in the central area of the model between Snow Canyon and Mill Creek. Numerical simulation of the Gunlock part, using aquifer properties determined for the city of St. George municipal well field, resulted in a reasonable representation of regional water levels and estimated seepage from and to the Santa Clara River. To further quantify the Gunlock part of the Navajo and Kayenta aquifers, a better understanding of ground-water flow at the Gunlock Fault is needed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V., Freethey, G., Wilkowske, C., Stolp, B., and Wilberg, D., 2000, Geohydrology and numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the central Virgin River Basin of Iron and Washington Counties, Utah: Technical Publication 116, xviii, 139 p.","productDescription":"xviii, 139 p.","numberOfPages":"206","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409264,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/docview.exe?Folder=TP50-1-203&Title=Technical+Publication+116"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Iron County, Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Central Virgin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.78808138412046\n ],\n [\n -112.25830078125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b8ae4b02bdf681568c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, V.M.","contributorId":25197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkowske, C.D.","contributorId":63050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkowske","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}