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,{"id":4866,"text":"ds57 - 2000 - Stratigraphic framework of Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks in central and eastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T14:10:57","indexId":"ds57","displayToPublicDate":"2000-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57","title":"Stratigraphic framework of Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks in central and eastern Montana","docAbstract":"This study shows the lithology, thickness, distribution, and correlation of Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks in central and eastern Montana. The described stratigraphic units range from the Aptian Kootenai Formation (oldest) to the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation (youngest). An included text report describes the units, and most formations or members are also represented by isopach maps. Structure contour maps of three horizons are also included. Correlations across the study area are shown on a series of cross sections. All text and illustrations are included as Adobe PDF files.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds57","isbn":"0607940220","usgsCitation":"Condon, S.M., 2000, Stratigraphic framework of Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks in central and eastern Montana (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 57, 1 computer optical disc , https://doi.org/10.3133/ds57.","productDescription":"1 computer optical disc ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":596,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26889.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110082,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26889.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"26889"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,46 ], [ -111.5,49 ], [ -104.25,49 ], [ -104.25,46 ], [ -111.5,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aece8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condon, Steven M.","contributorId":95464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condon","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70164506,"text":"70164506 - 2000 - Nutrients discharged to the Mississippi River from eastern Iowa watersheds, 1996-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-29T13:08:53","indexId":"70164506","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T17:30:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrients discharged to the Mississippi River from eastern Iowa watersheds, 1996-1997","docAbstract":"<p>The introduction of nutrients from chemical fertilizer, animal manure, wastewater, and atmospheric deposition to the eastern Iowa environment creates a large potential for nutrient transport in watersheds. Agriculture constitutes 93 percent of all land use in eastern Iowa. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program, water samples were collected (typically monthly) from six small and six large watersheds in eastern Iowa between March 1996 and September 1997. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to determine land use and quantify inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus within the study area. Streamliow from the watersheds is to the Mississippi River. Chemical fertilizer and animal manure account for 92 percent of the estimated total nitrogen and 99.9 percent of the estimated total phosphorus input in the study area. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads for 1996 were estimated for nine of the 12 rivers and creeks using a minimum variance unbiased estimator model. A seasonal pattern of concentrations and loads was observed. The greatest concentrations and loads occur in the late spring to early summer in conjunction with row-crop fertilizer applications and spring nmoff and again in the late fall to early winter as vegetation goes into dormancy and additional fertilizer is applied to row-crop fields. The three largest rivers in eastern Iowa transported an estimated total of 79,000 metric tons of total nitrogen and 6,800 metric tons of total phosphorus to the Mississippi River in 1996. The estimated mass of total nitrogen and total phosphorus transported to the Mississippi River represents about 19 percent of all estimated nitrogen and 9 percent of all estimated phosphorus input to the study area.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04257.x","usgsCitation":"Becher, K., Schnoebelen, D.J., and Akers, K., 2000, Nutrients discharged to the Mississippi River from eastern Iowa watersheds, 1996-1997: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 1, p. 161-173, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04257.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water 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,{"id":32271,"text":"ofr00175 - 2000 - Geologic map and digital database of the Cougar Buttes 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T13:12:30.732285","indexId":"ofr00175","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-175","title":"Geologic map and digital database of the Cougar Buttes 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"The Southern California Areal Mapping Project (SCAMP) of Geologic Division has undertaken regional geologic mapping investigations in the Lucerne Valley area co-sponsored by the Mojave Water Agency and the San Bernardino National Forest. These investigations span the Lucerne Valley basin from the San Bernardino Mountains front northward to the basin axis on the Mojave Desert floor, and from the Rabbit Lake basin east to the Old Woman Springs area. Quadrangles mapped include the Cougar Buttes 7.5' quadrangle, the Lucerne Valley 7.5' quadrangle (Matti and others, in preparation b), the Fawnskin 7.5' quadrangle (Miller and others, 1998), and the Big Bear City 7.5' quadrangle (Matti and others, in preparation a). The Cougar Buttes quadrangle has been mapped previously at scales of 1:62,500 (Dibblee, 1964) and 1:24,000 (Shreve, 1958, 1968; Sadler, 1982a). In line with the goals of the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program (NCGMP), our mapping of the Cougar Buttes quadrangle has been directed toward generating a multipurpose digital geologic map database. Guided by the mapping of previous investigators, we have focused on improving our understanding and representation of late Pliocene and Quaternary deposits. In cooperation with the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, we have used our mapping in the Cougar Buttes and Lucerne Valley quadrangles together with well log data to construct cross-sections of the Lucerne Valley basin (R.E. Powell, unpublished data, 1996-1998) and to develop a hydrogeologic framework for the basin. Currently, our mapping in these two quadrangles also is being used as a base for studying soils on various Quaternary landscape surfaces on the San Bernardino piedmont (Eppes and others, 1998). In the Cougar Buttes quadrangle, we have endeavored to represent the surficial geology in a way that provides a base suitable for ecosystem assessment, an effort that has entailed differentiating surficial veneers on piedmont and pediment surfaces and distinguishing the various substrates found beneath these veneers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00175","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Mojave Water Agency, California Division of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Powell, R.E., Matti, J.C., and Cossette, P., 2000, Geologic map and digital database of the Cougar Buttes 7.5' quadrangle, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-175, Report: 19 p., Plate: 36.00 x 48.00 inches, Readme, Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00175.","productDescription":"Report: 19 p., Plate: 36.00 x 48.00 inches, Readme, Metadata","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397818,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26228.htm"},{"id":285898,"rank":6,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr00175.jpg"},{"id":281539,"rank":5,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0175/pdf/coug_readme.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281543,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0175/pdf/coug_pamph.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281542,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0175/pdf/coug_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":281541,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0175/coug_met.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":281540,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Cougar Buttes Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.875,\n              34.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.75,\n              34.375\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.75,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.875,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.875,\n              34.375\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Robert E. 0000-0001-7682-1655 rpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-1655","contributorId":4210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Robert","email":"rpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matti, Jonathan C. jmatti@usgs.gov","contributorId":3666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matti","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmatti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":208133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cossette, P. 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,{"id":6445,"text":"pp1600 - 2000 - Stratigraphy and depositional environments of middle Proterozoic rocks, northern part of the Lemhi Range, Lemhi County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-08T18:25:59.415152","indexId":"pp1600","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1600","title":"Stratigraphy and depositional environments of middle Proterozoic rocks, northern part of the Lemhi Range, Lemhi County, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Geologic mapping shows Middle Proterozoic strata form two packages of strata north and south of the Tertiary Lem Peak normal fault. Strata north of the fault, the main focus of this report, contain thicknesses and lithofacies of the Big Creek and Apple Creek formations of the Lemhi Group that contrast with those south of the fault. Strata south of the fault, examined mainly in reconnaissance, may have been thrust eastward prior to being downdropped.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1600","usgsCitation":"Tysdal, R.G., 2000, Stratigraphy and depositional environments of middle Proterozoic rocks, northern part of the Lemhi Range, Lemhi County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1600, iv, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1600.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":33858,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1600/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1600/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":406387,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25865.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Lemhi County","otherGeospatial":"Lemhi Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114,\n              44.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.5,\n              44.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.5,\n              44.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              44.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              44.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9fe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tysdal, Russell G.","contributorId":1700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":152733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70168343,"text":"70168343 - 2000 - Summary of the major water-quality findings from the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T10:23:18","indexId":"70168343","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-20T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5059,"text":"Iowa Groundwater Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of the major water-quality findings from the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"<p>An integrated assessment of the water quality in streams and aquifers in the Wapsipinicon, Iowa, Cedar, and Skunk River basins was conducted in 1996 through 1998 as part of the Eastern Iowa Basins (EIWA) study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). The EIWA study unit is one of 59 study units across the Nation designed to assess the status and trends in the quality of the Nation's ground- and surface-water resources and to link the status and trends with an understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of water. Over 90 percent of the land in the EIWA study unit is used for agricultural purposes, while forested areas account for only 4 percent and urban areas about 2 percent of the land.</p>\n<p>Surface-water samples were collected monthly and during selected storm events from six sites in medium-sized basins (125 to about 400 mi2) and five sites in large river basins (2,300 to 12,500 mi2). The medium-sized basins were selected to be representative of various physical features, hydrogeology, and agricultural landuse (row crops and concentrated animal feeding operations) that may affect water quality. The large river sites were selected to determine the integrated effects of combinations of landuse and hydrogeology on river-water quality.</p>\n<p>Ground-water samples were collected primarily from the alluvial aquifers because of the aquifers' direct hydraulic connection with rivers and streams and because alluvial aquifers are one of the most important sources for domestic, municipal, and industrial water supplies in the study area. Monitoring wells were installed in agricultural and urban areas of the alluvial aquifers to assess the quality of the most recently recharged water in relation to land use. Existing domestic wells screened in alluvial aquifers and the Silurian/Devonian aquifer were sampled to assess deeper and older ground water.</p>\n<p>Surface- and ground-water samples were analyzed for a wide variety of chemical constituents (major ions, nutrients, and pesticides) commonly associated with agricultural and urban activities. Because they were not expected to occur in rivers and streams, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), commonly comprising fuels, solvents, and other industrial compounds were only analyzed in ground-water samples. The age of the ground water, important information needed to relate ground-water quality to land use, was determined using both tritium and chlorofluorocarbons (Freon?) age-dating methods.</p>\n<p>Results from the EIWA NAWQA study build on previous and ongoing research and water-quality monitoring programs in Iowa and provide new insights into the relation between the quality of the State's water resources and human activities. 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 \"}}]}","volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bc6d48e4b08d617f66629a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70209550,"text":"70209550 - 2000 - Age and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of plutonic rocks from the Green Mountain magmatic arc, southeastern Wyoming: Isotopic characterization of a Paleoproterozoic island arc system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-13T16:57:54.80266","indexId":"70209550","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T11:51:49","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of plutonic rocks from the Green Mountain magmatic arc, southeastern Wyoming: Isotopic characterization of a Paleoproterozoic island arc system","docAbstract":"<p>Three new U-Pb zircon ages and the Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of 24 whole-rock samples from mainly plutonic rocks of the Sierra Madre and Medicine Bow Mountains near the Colorado-Wyoming border help establish the Green Mountain magmatic arc as a Paleoproterozoic, variably eroded, island arc terrane. The Green Mountain magmatic arc, a terrane composed of variably metamorphosed volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, minor metasedimentary rocks, high-grade gneisses, and plutons ranging from gabbro to granodiorite, was formed between ca. 1792 and 1744 Ma. It is the northernmost and oldest part of the Colorado province and is separated from Archean rocks to the north by the east-west-trending Cheyenne belt.</p><p>New U-Pb zircon ages were determined for two dioritic samples of the Mullen Creek complex (1778 ±2 and 1778 ±17 Ma; an ultramafic/mafic layered intrusion) and for a sample of the Rambler granite (1771 ±3.4 Ma); both units are exposed in the Medicine Bow Mountains. A Sm-Nd internal isochron age of 1750 ±24 Ma (ϵ<sub>Nd</sub><sup>i</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= + 3.8) was determined that is within error of the Sm-Nd whole-rock isochron age for the entire Lake Owen sample database (1775 ±45 Ma). Initial Nd signatures (+ 3.3 to 4.8) indicate that the bulk of the arc rocks was derived from a depleted mantle source at 1.78 Ga. Although the Rb-Sr systematics appear disturbed, data from extremely low Rb/Sr, non-hydrous, ultramafic layered units indicate an initial<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr value of 0.7024. The range of initial Sr isotopic values for these rocks is elevated relative to depleted mantle sources at 1.78 Ga, an isotopic distinction of modern primitive oceanic island arc systems. The U-Pb data on the same mafic rock samples are consistent with the other isotopic results. The values define average initial Pb values of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 15.7 and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 15.3, indicative of a depleted mantle source at 1.78 Ga.</p><p>Felsic plutonic arc rocks exhibit disturbed Pb and Sr isotopic behavior. They are characterized by the same depleted mantle signature with initial ϵ<sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values of ∼2.9–4.4, however, indicating little crustal contamination of source magmas for granites and precluding their derivation by subduction of Archean crustal components during collisional accretion of the arc.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wyoming","doi":"10.2113/35.1.51","usgsCitation":"Premo, W.R., and Loucks, R.R., 2000, Age and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of plutonic rocks from the Green Mountain magmatic arc, southeastern Wyoming: Isotopic characterization of a Paleoproterozoic island arc system: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 51-70, https://doi.org/10.2113/35.1.51.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Green Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.97412109375,\n              40.18307014852534\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0679931640625,\n              40.18307014852534\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0679931640625,\n              41.51269075845857\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.97412109375,\n              41.51269075845857\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.97412109375,\n              40.18307014852534\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loucks, R. R.","contributorId":223988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loucks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21809,"text":"ofr99347 - 2000 - Geochronology and geology of late Oligocene through Miocene volcanism and mineralization in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T15:04:36","indexId":"ofr99347","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-347","title":"Geochronology and geology of late Oligocene through Miocene volcanism and mineralization in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"Twenty-five new 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanic rocks and veins in the western San Juan\r\nMountains clarify relationships between volcanism and mineralization in this classic area. Five\r\ncalc-alkaline ash-flow sheets erupted from caldera sources (Ute Ridge, Blue Mesa, Dillon Mesa,\r\nSapinero Mesa, and Crystal Lake Tuffs) from 28.6 to 27.6 Ma. This is a much more restricted\r\ntime interval than previously thought and indicates that the underlying batholith rose and evolved\r\nvery rapidly beneath the western San Juan Mountains. The new ages and geologic relations\r\nconstrain the timing of joint resurgence of the Uncompahgre and San Juan calderas to between\r\n28.2 and 27.6 Ma. The collapse of the Silverton caldera produced a set of strong ring fractures\r\nthat intersected with graben faults on the earlier resurgent dome to produce the complex set of\r\nstructures that localized the mid-Miocene epithermal gold veins.\r\nLater calc-alkaline monzonitic to quartz monzontic plutons solidified at 26.5-26.0 Ma as\r\nthe underlying batholith rose through its volcanic cover. A new age from lavas near\r\nUncompahgre Peak supports earlier interpretations that these lavas were fed by nearby 26 Ma\r\nmonzonite intrusions. Nearly all of these intrusions are associated with subeconomic Mo and\r\nCu mineralization and associated alteration, and new ages of 26.40 and 25.29 Ma from the\r\nUte-Ulay and Lilly veins in the Lake City region show that some of the most important silver and base-metal veins were temporally and possibly genetically connected to these plutons. In\r\naddition, the Golden Fleece telluride vein cuts all of the post-Uncompahgre caldera volcanics in\r\nthe area and is probably temporally related to this cycle, though its age of 27.5 ? 0.3 Ma was\r\ndetermined by less precise U/Pb methods.\r\nThe 22.9 Ma Lake City caldera collapsed within the older Uncompahgre caldera structure\r\nbut is petrologically unrelated to the older calc-alkaline activity. The distinctive suite of\r\nhigh-silica rhyolite tuff and alkaline resurgent intrusions indicates that it is closely related to the\r\nearly stages of bimodal high-silica rhyolite-alkali basalt volcanism that accompanied the onset of\r\nextensional tectonism in the region. Both 40Ar/39Ar ages and paleomagnetic data confirm that the\r\nentire caldera sequence formed in less than 330,000 years. Only weak quartz vein mineralization\r\nis present in the center of the caldera, and it appears to be related to leaching of metals from the\r\nintracaldera tuffs above the resurgent intrusion. Massive alunitization and weak Mo and Cu\r\nmineralization along the eastern ring fracture are associated with calc-alkaline lavas and stocks\r\nrelated to late stages of the caldera cycle. These calc-alkaline stocks also appear to be genetically\r\nand temporally linked to a radial pattern of barite-precious metal veins on the northeastern\r\nmargin of the Lake City caldera.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99347","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Bove, D.J., Hon, K., Budding, K., Slack, J.F., Snee, L., and Yeoman, R.A., 2000, Geochronology and geology of late Oligocene through Miocene volcanism and mineralization in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-347, 33 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99347.","productDescription":"33 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1229,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0347/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db530720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bove, D. J.","contributorId":70767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budding, K. E.","contributorId":104932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budding","given":"K. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yeoman, R. A.","contributorId":107726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeoman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70260450,"text":"70260450 - 2000 - Evaluation of seismic slope-performance models using a regional case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-01T16:13:32.147663","indexId":"70260450","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T11:07:18","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7559,"text":"Environmental and Engineering Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of seismic slope-performance models using a regional case study","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper compares four permanent displacement models based on Newmark's sliding-block analogy for assessing regional seismic slope-performance. The models vary primarily by the ground motion descriptor used to correlate with Newmark displacement. The first uses peak ground-acceleration (PGA). The second uses PGA but normalizes displacements by predominant period and equivalent cycles. The third uses Arias intensity. The fourth calculates cumulative displacements from double-integrating simulated earthquake accelerograms. The models are implemented in a GIS to characterize seismic slope-performance for the Oakland East quadrangle near San Francisco, California. The resulting slope-performance maps are compared visually and through statistical analysis to expose potential differences and assess the effects of using a particular approach within a decision-making context. These maps were created for the purpose of comparison and are not suitable for use as critical decision-making tools. The models forecast notably different levels of slope-performance, with the PGA-based models predicting the greatest Newmark displacement on average. Thus, considering the variety of slope-performance models, it is suggested that practitioners avoid reliance on a single model. Instead, multiple models can be implemented in a GIS framework to gain a better perspective of the potential hazard and make a more informed decision.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.6.1.25","usgsCitation":"Miles, S.B., and Keefer, D.K., 2000, Evaluation of seismic slope-performance models using a regional case study: Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 6, no. 1, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.6.1.25.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":463548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Oakland East quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.65411806022144,\n              38.04518653599146\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.65411806022144,\n              37.330806715923316\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.59715228156782,\n              37.330806715923316\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.59715228156782,\n              38.04518653599146\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.65411806022144,\n              38.04518653599146\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, Scott B.","contributorId":38600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":77930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":68169,"text":"ha732B - 2000 - Hydrogeology and hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T13:24:28","indexId":"ha732B","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"732","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeology and hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p>Severe and prolonged droughts between 1961 and 1988, combined with increased demands for freshwater supplies in the United States, have resulted in a critical need to assess the potential for development of ground- and surface-water supplies. Rapid industrial growth and urban expansion have caused existing freshwater supplies to be used at or near maximum capacity. Begun in 1978, the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation's most important aquifer systems, which, in aggregate, underlie much of the country and represent an important component of the Nation's total water supply. The broad objective for each of the 28 studies in the program is to assemble geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understanding of the system, and to develop predictive capabilities that will contribute to the effective management of the system.</p><p>In 1988, as part of the RASA Program, the USGS began a 6-year study of the ground-water resources of parts of 11 States in the Eastern United States (Swain and others, 1991). The study was designated the Appalachian Valley and Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (APRASA). The APRASA team investigated ground-water resources primarily in the unglaciated part of the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the New England, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces (fig. 1). For the purposes of this report, the small area in the New England Physiographic Province that is within the study area in New Jersey and Pennsylvania was considered part of the Piedmont Physiographic Province. The results of the APRASA are contained in about 50 reports and abstracts, including reports on simulation of ground-water flow in three type areas, this atlas, and chapters in Professional Paper 1422. These chapters include the summary (Chapter A), descriptions of recharge rates and surface- and ground-water relations (Chapter B), hydrogeologic terranes in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province (Chapter C), and ground-water geochemistry (Chapter D).</p><p>The purposes of this atlas are to summarize the hydrogeology, to describe an analysis of maps and well records, and to present a classification and map of the hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces within the APRASA study area. Hydrogeologic terranes are defined for this atlas as regionally mappable areas characterized by similar water-yielding properties of a grouping of selected rock types. The hydrogeologic terranes represent areas of distinct hydrologic character. The terranes are intended to help water users locate and develop adequate water supplies and to help hydrologists interpret the regional hydrogeology.</p><p>Previous investigations provide maps and descriptions of the geologic units, describe the local quantity and quality of ground water within these units, and establish the statistical methods for comparing the water-yielding properties of these units. State geologic maps show the distribution of geologic units at a scale of 1:500,000 for Alabama (Osborne and others, 1989), Georgia (Lawton and others, 1976), North Carolina (Brown and Parker, 1985), and Virginia (Calver and Hobbs, 1963). State maps show geologic units at a scale of 1:250,000 for Maryland (Cleaves and others, 1968), New Jersey (Lewis and Kummel, 1912), Pennsylvania (Berg and others, 1980), South Carolina (Overstreet and Bell, 1965), Tennessee (Hardeman, 1966), and West Virginia (Cardwell and others, 1968). Quadrangle geologic maps show geologic units at a scale of 1:24,000 for parts of Delaware within the APRASA area (Woodruff and Thompson, 1972, 1975). Many reports have been published describing the groundwater resources of a county, parts of a county, multi-county areas, or river basins.</p><p>The statistical methods used in this atlas are based largely on those used by Helsel and Hirsch (1992) and by Knopman (1990, p. 7-9). In her analysis of well records in the USGS Ground-Water Site Inventory (GWSI) data base, Knopman (1990) ranked factors that must be taken into account when assessing the water-yielding potential of the rocks in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in Pennsylvania. Readers are referred to Helsel and Hirsch (1992) and Knopman (1990) for details regarding statistical methods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha732B","isbn":"0607920750","usgsCitation":"Mesko, T.O., Swain, L.A., and Hollyday, E., 2000, Hydrogeology and hydrogeologic terranes of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces in the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 732, 41.00 x 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha732B.","productDescription":"41.00 x 34.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ha732B.PNG"},{"id":89477,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/732b/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"6.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.92675781249999,\n              41.590796851056005\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.48681640625,\n              41.0130657870063\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.79394531249999,\n              39.9602803542957\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.17822265625,\n              38.71980474264237\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.89208984375,\n              37.17782559332976\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.7373046875,\n              35.42486791930558\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.0888671875,\n              34.831841149828655\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.0888671875,\n              33.96158628979907\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.11083984375,\n              32.91648534731439\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.55078125,\n              33.37641235124676\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              34.34343606848294\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.31005859375,\n              35.42486791930558\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.453125,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.76123046875,\n              38.08268954483802\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              39.40224434029275\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.77294921875,\n              40.16208338164617\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.828125,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.92675781249999,\n              41.590796851056005\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62557f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesko, Thomas O.","contributorId":81498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesko","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Lindsay A.","contributorId":7323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hollyday, E. F.","contributorId":95062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollyday","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70093982,"text":"70093982 - 2000 - Streamflow changes in the Sierra Nevada, California, simulated using a statistically downscaled general circulation model scenario of climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:54:27","indexId":"70093982","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T15:01:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Streamflow changes in the Sierra Nevada, California, simulated using a statistically downscaled general circulation model scenario of climate change","docAbstract":"<p>Simulations of future climate using general circulation models (GCMs) suggest that rising concentrations of greenhouse gases may have significant consequences for the global climate. Of less certainty is the extent to which regional scale (i.e., sub-GCM grid) environmental processes will be affected. In this chapter, a range of downscaling techniques are critiqued. Then a relatively simple (yet robust) statistical downscaling technique and its use in the modelling of future runoff scenarios for three river basins in the Sierra Nevada, California, is described. This region was selected because GCM experiments driven by combined greenhouse-gas and sulphate-aerosol forcings consistently show major changes in the hydro-climate of the southwest United States by the end of the 21st century. The regression-based downscaling method was used to simulate daily rainfall and temperature series for streamflow modelling in three Californian river basins under current-and future-climate conditions. The downscaling involved just three predictor variables (specific humidity, zonal velocity component of airflow, and 500 hPa geopotential heights) supplied by the U.K. Meteorological Office couple ocean-atmosphere model (HadCM2) for the grid point nearest the target basins. When evaluated using independent data, the model showed reasonable skill at reproducing observed area-average precipitation, temperature, and concomitant streamflow variations. Overall, the downscaled data resulted in slight underestimates of mean annual streamflow due to underestimates of precipitation in spring and positive temperature biases in winter. Differences in the skill of simulated streamflows amongst the three basins were attributed to the smoothing effects of snowpack on streamflow responses to climate forcing. The Merced and American River basins drain the western, windward slope of the Sierra Nevada and are snowmelt dominated, whereas the Carson River drains the eastern, leeward slope and is a mix of rainfall runoff and snowmelt runoff. Simulated streamflow in the American River responds rapidly and sensitively to daily-scale temperature and precipitation fluctuations and errors; in the Merced and Carson Rivers, the response to the same short-term influences is much less. Consequently, the skill of simulated flows was significantly lower in the American River model than in the Carson and Merced. The physiography of the three basins also accounts for differences in their sensitivities to future climate change. Increases in winter precipitation exceeding +100% coupled with mean temperature rises greater than +2&deg;C result in increased winter streamflows in all three basins. In the Merced and Carson basins, these streamflow increases reflect large changes in winter snowpack, whereas the streamflow changes in the lower elevation American basin are driven primarily by rainfall runoff. Furthermore, reductions in winter snowpack in the American River basin, owing to less precipitation falling as snow and earlier melting of snow at middle elevations, lead to less spring and summer streamflow. Taken collectively, the downscaling results suggest significant changes to both the timing and magnitude of streamflows in the Sierra Nevada by the end of the 21st Century. In the higher elevation basins, the HadCM2 scenario implies more annual streamflow and more streamflow during the spring and summer months that are critical for water-resources management in California. Depending on the relative significance of rainfall runoff and snowmelt, each basin responds in its own way to regional climate forcing. Generally, then, climate scenarios need to be specified &mdash; by whatever means &mdash; with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to capture subtle orographic influences if projections of climate-change responses are to be useful and reproducible.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Linking climate change to land surface change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/0-306-48086-7_6","isbn":"978-0-306-48086-7","usgsCitation":"Wilby, R.L., and Dettinger, M., 2000, Streamflow changes in the Sierra Nevada, California, simulated using a statistically downscaled general circulation model scenario of climate change, chap. <i>of</i> Linking climate change to land surface change, v. 6, p. 99-121, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48086-7_6.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282435,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48086-7_6"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.886496,37.494762 ], [ -119.886496,38.185228 ], [ -119.195416,38.185228 ], [ -119.195416,37.494762 ], [ -119.886496,37.494762 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7493e4b0b290851099eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilby, Robert L.","contributorId":101561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70073376,"text":"70073376 - 2000 - Superposed fold-thrust events at the Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T11:35:38","indexId":"70073376","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T14:22:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1724,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superposed fold-thrust events at the Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"<p>The Nevada Test Site (NTS), in southern Nye County, Nevada, straddles significant pre-Tertiary structural and stratigraphic boundaries. Detailed stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Paleozoic section delineates the regional trust sheets and constrains their burial histories. The Paleozoic rocks record three phases of contractional deformation, overprinted by strike-slip faulting. These occurred in the folloing order: (1) foreland-vergant folding and imbricate thrusting in the footwall of the Belted Range thrust; (2) hinterland-vergent folding and thrusting; and (3) north-vergant folding that we interpret as footwall deformation below a third major thrust system. Sinistral slip, typically accompanied by minor east-west shortening, has occurred along a series of north-northeast--north-northwest--striking faults around Yucca Flat. This strike-slip faulting postdates both foreland-vergent and hinterland-vergent deformation, and predates the Cretaceous Climax stock; its age relative to the north-vergent folding and thrusting is unknown. Our new understanding of the geometry of these structures provides new insights into the correlation and interpretation of regional structural features. Field trip stops will examine: (1) the stratigraphic differences that allow us to distinguish the regional thrust sheets and constrain their burial histories; and (2) the field relationships that document the kinematics and relative ages of the penetrative deformational events.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.337","usgsCitation":"Cashman, P.H., Cole, J., and Trexler, J.H., 2000, Superposed fold-thrust events at the Nevada Test Site: GSA Field Guides, v. 2, p. 337-354, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.337.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"354","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,36.0 ], [ -117.5,38.0 ], [ -115.0,38.0 ], [ -115.0,36.0 ], [ -117.5,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7563e4b0b2908510a344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cashman, Patricia H.","contributorId":84058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":21539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trexler, James H. Jr.","contributorId":37399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70073837,"text":"70073837 - 2000 - Paleozoic subduction complex and Paleozoic-Mesozoic island-arc volcano-plutonic assemblages in the northern Sierra terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-22T14:07:27","indexId":"70073837","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:52:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1724,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic subduction complex and Paleozoic-Mesozoic island-arc volcano-plutonic assemblages in the northern Sierra terrane","docAbstract":"This field trip provides an overview of the stratigraphic and structural evolution of the northern Sierra terrane, which forms a significant part of the wall rocks on the western side of the later Mesozoic Sierra Nevada batholith in California. The terrane consists of a pre-Late Devonian subduction complex (Shoo Fly Complex) overlain by submarine arc-related deposits that record the evolution of three separate island-arc systems in the Late Sevonian-Early Mississippian, Permian, and Late Triassic-Jurassic. The two Paleozoic are packages and the underlying Shoo Fly Complex have an important bearing on plate-tectonic processes affecting the convergent margin outboard of the Paleozoic Cordilleran miogeocline, although their original paleogeographic relations to North America are controversial. The third arc package represents an overlap assemblage that ties the terrane to North America by the Late Triassic and helps constrain the nature and timing of Mesozoic orogenesis. Several of the field-trip stops examine the record of pre-Late Devonian subduction contained in the Shoo Fly Complex, as well as the paleovolcanology of the overlying Devonian to Jurassic arc rocks. Excellent glaciated exposures provide the opportunity to study a cross section through a tilted Devonian volcano-plutonic association. Additional stops focus on plutonic rocks emplaced during the Middle Jurassic arc magmatism in the terrane, and during the main pulse of Cretaceous magmatism in the Sierra Nevada batholith to the east.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Field Guides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.255","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.E., Girty, G.H., Harwood, D.S., and Schweickert, R.A., 2000, Paleozoic subduction complex and Paleozoic-Mesozoic island-arc volcano-plutonic assemblages in the northern Sierra terrane: GSA Field Guides, v. 2, p. 255-277, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.255.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281388,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.255"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Terrane","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.25,39.25 ], [ -121.25,40.25 ], [ -120.25,40.25 ], [ -120.25,39.25 ], [ -121.25,39.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a92e4b0b29085103548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Richard E.","contributorId":72559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Girty, Gary H.","contributorId":99731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schweickert, Richard A.","contributorId":60107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70073524,"text":"70073524 - 2000 - An elevational gradient in snowpack chemical loading at Glacier National Park, Montana: implications for ecosystem processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T09:37:33","indexId":"70073524","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:42:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An elevational gradient in snowpack chemical loading at Glacier National Park, Montana: implications for ecosystem processes","docAbstract":"<p>The accumulation and melting of mountain snowpacks are major drivers of ecosystem processes in the Rocky Mountains. These include the influence of snow water equivalent (SWE) timing and amount of release on soil moisture for annual tree growth, and alpine stream discharge and temperature that control aquatic biota life histories. Snowfall also brings with it atmospheric deposition. Snowpacks will hold as much as 8 months of atmospheric deposition for release into mountain ecosystems during the spring melt. These pulses of chemicals influence soil microbiota and biogeochemical processes affecting mountain vegetation growth. Increased atmospheric nitrogen inputs recently have been documented in remote parts of Colorado's mountain systems but no baseline data exist for the Northern Rockies. We examined patterns of SWE and snow chemistry in an elevational gradient stretching from west to east over the continental divide in Glacier National Park in March 1999 and 2000. Sites ranged from 1080m to 2192m at Swiftcurrent Pass. At each site, two vertically-integrated columns of snow were sampled from snowpits up to 600cm deep and analyzed for major cations and anions. Minor differences in snow chemistry, on a volumetric basis, existed over the elvational gradient. Snowpack chemical loading estimates were calculated for NH<sub>4</sub>, SO<sub>4</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> and closely followed elevational increases in SWE. NO<sub>3</sub> (in microequivalents/square meter) ranged from 1,000 ueq/m<sup>2</sup> at low elevation sites to 8,000+ ueq/m<sup>2</sup> for high elevation sites. Western slopes received greater amounts of SWE and chemical loads for all tested compounds.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"A merging of theory & practice: ISSW 2000","conferenceLocation":"Big Sky, MT","language":"English","publisher":"International Snow Science Workshop","publisherLocation":"Bozeman, MT","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D., Tonnessen, K., Morris, K., Ingersoll, G., McKeon, L., and Holzer, K., 2000, An elevational gradient in snowpack chemical loading at Glacier National Park, Montana: implications for ecosystem processes, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, MT, p. 462-467.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"462","endPage":"467","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.4755,48.2337 ], [ -114.4755,49.001 ], [ -113.242,49.001 ], [ -113.242,48.2337 ], [ -114.4755,48.2337 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4c74e4b0b290850f0ff1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel","contributorId":68649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tonnessen, Kathy","contributorId":62135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"Kathy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Kristi","contributorId":45197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Kristi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, George","contributorId":25863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKeon, Lisa","contributorId":43668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeon","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holzer, Karen","contributorId":89055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70073836,"text":"ofr2000411 - 2000 - Data for Quaternary faults in western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-22T13:47:54","indexId":"ofr2000411","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:40:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-411","title":"Data for Quaternary faults in western Montana","docAbstract":"The \"World Map of Major Active Faults\" Task Group is compiling published fault data, developing a digital\ndatabase of the fault data, and preparing a series of maps for the United States and other countries in the western\nHemisphere. The data is intended to portray the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related\nfeatures such as faults, folds, and liquefaction features that have geologic evidence of Quaternary (1.6 Ma)\ndeformation. The Western Hemisphere effort is sponsored by International Lithosphere Program (ILP) Task Group\nII-2; the data compilation, database, and map for the United States is funded largely by the National Earthquake\nHazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) through the U.S. Geological Survey. The ILP effort in the Western\nHemisphere is coordinated by Michael N. Machette, the digital database is designed and managed Kathleen M.\nHaller, and map data are digitized and manipulated by Richard L. Dart. In addition to meeting the goals of the Task\nGroup II-2, this effort represents a key contribution to the new Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (ILP\nTask Group II-0) for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.\nThis compilation, which documents the published data on Quaternary surface faulting in western Montana, is one of\nmany similar state or regional compilations that are planned for the project. Compilations for Arizona (Pearthree,\n1998 #2945), Colorado (Widmann and others, 1998 #3441), New Mexico (Machette and others, 1998), and West\nTexas (Collins and others, 1996 #993) are currently available and the compilation for features east of the Rocky\nMountain front will be available in early 2000 (Crone and Wheeler, in press). All are primarily a catalog of data that\nincludes a variety of geographic, geologic, and paleoseismologic parameters for known or assumed Quaternary\nfaults. These data compilations, the digital database, and the companion maps summarize the published information\non known tectonic features and present the information in an internally consistent format. The compilations will be\navailable in digital database format on the WorldWide Web in the near future, which will greatly improve their\nutility. Release of data for individual states and regions within the United States in this text-based format was\nnecessary because of the time required to develop the national database.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000411","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) project on UNITED STATES MAP OF QUATERNARY FAULTS AND FOLDS. In cooperation with the International Lithosphere Program’s Task Group II-2, World Map of Major Active Faults Michael N. Machette, Co-chairman.","usgsCitation":"Haller, K., Dart, R.L., Machette, M., and Stickney, M., 2000, Data for Quaternary faults in western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-411, v, 229 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000411.","productDescription":"v, 229 p.","numberOfPages":"241","costCenters":[{"id":414,"text":"National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.05,44.3582 ], [ -116.05,49.0014 ], [ -108.9944,49.0014 ], [ -108.9944,44.3582 ], [ -116.05,44.3582 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd53b5e4b0b290850f550b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haller, Kathleen M. haller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen M.","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stickney, Michael C.","contributorId":27786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickney","given":"Michael C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70073651,"text":"70073651 - 2000 - Applications of imaging spectroscopy data: A case study at Summitville, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-03T16:15:42","indexId":"70073651","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T13:24:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Applications of imaging spectroscopy data: A case study at Summitville, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>From 1985 through 1992, the Summitville open-pit mine produced gold from lowgrade ore using cyanide heap-leach techniques, a method to extract gold whereby the ore pile is sprayed with water containing cyanide, which dissolves the minute gold grains. Environmental problems due to mining activity at Summitville include significant increases in acidic and metal-rich drainage from the site, leakage of cyanide-bearing solutions from the heap-leach pad into an underdrain system, and several surface leaks of cyanide-bearing solutions into the Wightman Fork of the Alamosa River. In general, drainage from the Summitville mine moves downslope into the Wightman Fork, a small tributary of the Alamosa River, which in turn flows east into the Terrace Reservoir before entering the agricultural lands of the San Luis Valley. The increase in the trace-metal burden of the Alamosa River watershed due to the mining activities at Summitville is of concern to farmers and&nbsp;fisherman, as well as Federal and State of Colorado agencies having responsibility for land stewardship.&nbsp;</p><p>The environment of the Summitville area is a result of 1) its geologic evolution, that culminated in the formation of precious-metal mineral deposits; and 2) previous metal mining activity. Mining accentuates, accelerates, and pertubates natural geochemical processes. The development of underground workings, open pits, mill tailings, and spoil heaps and the extractive processing of ore enhances the likelihood of releasing chemicals and elements to the surrounding areas and at increased rates relative to unmined areas. Both mined and unmined mineralized areas can produce acid drainage from the formation and movement of highly acidic water rich in heavy metals. This acidic water forms principally through the chemical reaction of oxygenated surface water and shallow subsurface water with rocks that contain sulfide minerals, producing sulphuric acid. Heavy metals can be leached by the acid solution that comes in contact with mineralized rocks, a process that may be enhanced by bacterial action. The resulting fluids may be highly toxic and, when mixed with groundwater, surface water, and soil, may have harmful effects on humans, animals, and plants. Thus, understanding the geologic and hydrologic history of this area is a critical piece of the environmental puzzle in the Summitville area. </p><p>The Summitville mine operators had ceased active mining and begun environmental remediation, including treatment of the heap-leach pile and installation of a water-treatment facility, when it declared bankruptcy in December 1992 and abandoned the mine site. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) immediately took over the Summitville site under EPA Superfund Emergency Response authority. </p><p>Summitville has focused public attention on the environmental effects of modern mineral-resource development. Soon after the mine was abandoned, Federal, State, and local agencies, along with Alamosa River water users and private companies, began extensive studies at the mine site and surrounding areas. These studies included analysis of water, soil, livestock and vegetation. The role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was to provide geologic, hydrologic and agricultural information about the mine and surrounding area and to describe and evaluate the environmental condition of the Summitville mine and the downstream effects of the mine on the San Luis Valley (King 1995). </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing for site characterization","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-56978-4_6","usgsCitation":"King, T., Clark, R.N., and Swayze, G.A., 2000, Applications of imaging spectroscopy data: A case study at Summitville, Colorado, chap. <i>of</i> Remote sensing for site characterization, p. 164-185, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56978-4_6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Summitville","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4da5e4b0b290850f19f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70095227,"text":"70095227 - 2000 - Guidebook to the Gaudalupian symposium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T11:48:25","indexId":"70095227","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:31:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3397,"text":"Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Guidebook to the Gaudalupian symposium","docAbstract":"Compared to the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas and New Mexico the depositional environments of the Permian strata of the Glass Mountains (and adjacent Del Norte Mountains) are less well known. In general, the Guadalupian facies in the the Glass and Del Norte mountains changes from predominantly carbonate facies in the northeast to thicker clastic facies in the southwest. Philip B. Kind (1931) originally considered this trend to reflect an uplifted clastic source to the southwest, with carbonate facies developing away from the source area. Ross (1986) interpreted the eastern portion of the Road Canyon and Word formations to consist the shelf, shelf-edge bioherm, and reef facies, and the southwest area to consist of deeper water siliceous shale, clastic limestone, and basinal sandstone facies. Probably the best known controversy in the Glass Mountains involves the depositional environment of the Skinner Ranch Formation (Leonardian according to Ross, 1986; Wolfcampian according to Cooper and Grant, 1972) at its type section on Leonard Mountain. Cooper and Grant (1964) identified in situ patch reefs at the base of the section, which were subsequently interpreted as displaced limestone blocks deposited in a slope environment (Rogers, 1972; Cys and Mazzullo, 1978; Ross, 1986). Later Flores, McMillan, and Watters (1977) interpreted the same units as subtidal and intertidal deposits. The Skinner Ranch Formation illustrates  the complexities involved in interpreting the paleogeography of the Glass Mountains. If the Sinner Ranch contains displaced blocks, some eroded from older units, it explains the occurrence of Wolfcampian fossils in the Skinner Ranch (Ross, 1986).The slop facies interpretation also is used to place the shelf edge at that time between Skinner Ranch outcrops at Leonard Mountain and the lagoonal, backreef deposits of the Hess Formation to the east, although most of the actual shelf edge is not preserved (Ross, 1987:30). Similar conflicting interpretations exist in younger rocks in the western facies of the Leonardian Guadalupian to the southwest in the Del Norte Mountains. Ross (1986, 1987) considered the western facies of the Road Canyon and Word formations to be basinal shales and turbidites. Wardlaw et al. (1990) and Rohr et al. (1987) have interpreted this area to be shallow intertidal to lagoonal environments adjacent to an uplifted area to the south. The type section of the Road Canyon Formation is also a subject of disagreement and will be discusses in more detail later.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press","usgsCitation":"Rohr, D., Wardlaw, B.R., Rudine, S., Haneef, M., Hall, A., and Grant, R., 2000, Guidebook to the Gaudalupian symposium: Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 5-36.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Del Norte Mountains;Glass Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.45,30.1 ], [ -103.45,30.5 ], [ -103.0,30.5 ], [ -103.0,30.1 ], [ -103.45,30.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6008e4b0b290850fcaa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rohr, D.M.","contributorId":6276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohr","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wardlaw, B. R.","contributorId":9269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rudine, S.F.","contributorId":108392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudine","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haneef, Mohammad","contributorId":103178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haneef","given":"Mohammad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hall, A.J.","contributorId":81627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grant, R.E.","contributorId":86484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70073336,"text":"70073336 - 2000 - Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:27:33","indexId":"70073336","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:41:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","docAbstract":"The filling history, hydrologic budget, and geomorphic development of ancient Lake Creede and its tributary basin are evaluated to determine the factors that controlled its character. The lake filled the Creede caldera that formed in the late Oligocene as a consequence of the eruption of the Snowshoe Mountain Tuff. The caldera's sedimentary fill accumlated to a depth of about 1.26 km and had a volume of about 89 km<sup>3</sup>. The highest lake level was ~3300 m (10,800 ft) present altitude before it drained eastward across a broad volcanic plateau as the ancestral Rio Grande. A tributary canyon several hundred meters deep was cut into hard rhyolite in the north wall of the caldera before the lake was more than half full; its presence demonstrates that ancient Lake Creede filled slowly and thus occupied a long-lived, closed basin. The slow filling rate is incompatible with the present water flux through the Creede caldera basin, because such a flow would fill the basin geologically instantaneously. This mismatch, together with the recognition that the Oligocene climate was similar to that of today, forces the reexamination of the hydrologic and geomorphic history of the caldera. That appraisal shows that the caldera cannot have resurged rapidly immediately after caldera collapse, and that ancient watershed must have been lass than half as large as the present upper Rio Grande basin. The ancient lake had a more or less constant surface area of about 200 km<sup>2</sup> that approximated a steady-state condition between inflow and evaporation. Although the lake level fluctuated with climatic variations, its surface elevation steadily climbed as sediment accumulated, accelerating as resurgance and dome growth usurped spacewithin the basin. It could have had one playa stage early in its development and another after the basin had nearly filled with sediment, but there is no direct evidence for either. At least the lower half of the sedimentary column (the part sampled by the scientific drilling) formed in an euxinic environment. This argues against a persistent early playa, although evaporative accumulation of brine was inevitable. When the rate of resurgance was rapid relative to sedimentary infilling, the lake would have been deep (i.e., bordered by bedrock rather than sedimentary fans). The geomorphic evolution of the Creede caldera and its watershed tracks a two-phase topographic history, the first the Oligocene through Miocene, and the second for Pliocene to the recent. In Oligocene time, the San Juan volcanic field was a hydrologically immature, gently undulating, and outward sloping, constructional volcanic plateau straddling the ancient Continental Divide. West of the Creede caldera, a dendritic drainage discharged northeastward into ancestral Cebolla Creek (a tributary of the ancestral Gunnison River) through an early stage of the Clear Creek graben in the vicinity of Spring Creek Pass. Miocene basalt choked, but did not reconstruct, the drainage. By the end of Miocene time a mature topography of moderate relief developed, exposing some of the higher ores in the Creede district to weathering. In the late Miocene-early Pliocene time the San Juan Mountains were uplifted and titled eastward; the ancestral Rio Grande was revitalized and cut deeply into the older terrain, excavating much of the accessible sediment from the moat of the Creede caldera and exposing successively lowe levels in the Creede district to oxidation. Simultaneously, the southeast end of the Clear Creek graben was reactivated and breached the southwest wall of the Creede caldera. The rejuvenated Rio Grande captured the formerly northeast-directed headwaters of ancestral Cebolla Creek, shifting more than 1000 km<sup>2</sup> from the Pacific-directed drainage to the Atlantic. The water budget for ancient Lake Creede was strictly limited by the early stages of the fist geomorphic cycle; the modern water budget is the product of the second cycle.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105","issn":" 00721077","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., Steven, T., and Hayba, D.O., 2000, Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 105-126, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281158,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Lake Creede","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6167e4b0b290850fd81d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Paul B.","contributorId":97128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":57529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayba, Daniel O. 0000-0003-4092-1894 dhayba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-1894","contributorId":396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayba","given":"Daniel","email":"dhayba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70209576,"text":"70209576 - 2000 - SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-14T15:14:09.938037","indexId":"70209576","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:08:15","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","docAbstract":"<p>Sensitive, high-resolution, ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon ages from a sample of the high-grade, hornblende-feldspathic Big Creek gneiss of the southeastern Sierra Madre, along with samples of a quartz monzonitic phase of the Boulder Creek batholith, help define timing of three major Paleoproterozoic thermo-tectonic events within the northern Colorado province at approximately 1810, 1710, and 1610 Ma. Previous ages determined for these key rock units were problematic; they hindered regional tectonic interpretations of the Paleoproterozoic crustal accretion history of the Colorado province that extends from the Cheyenne belt of southern Wyoming to north-central New Mexico. The Colorado province has been popularly modelled as a series of accreted oceanic volcano-plutonic arc systems and associated sediments, although alternative interpretations suggest that the series represents continental-margin arc rocks.</p><p>The Big Creek gneiss has been interpreted as a high-grade basement equivalent of the oldest arc volcanic rocks exposed within the Green Mountain arc terrane, but it also has been suspected of being either an older block of pre-arc basement or perhaps an allochthonous piece of crust from slightly older orogens to the east and north. Previous ID-TIMS work on mg-size zircon fractions yielded U-Pb concordia upper-intercept ages of 1618 ± 22 and 1684 ± 5 Ma as well as negative lower-intercept ages, indicating complex U-Pb isotopic systematics involving at least two ages of zircon growth overprinted by at least one episode of Pb-loss. Zircons from this gneiss were analyzed using the SHRIMP, and a total of 32 spot analyses on both centers and rims produced a range of different<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ages between ∼1840 and ∼1560 Ma. The weighted mean of the oldest<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ages is 1812 ± 12 Ma and is interpreted to estimate the age of the protolith that appears to be slightly older than lower-grade metabasalts and associated plutons at ∼1790–1775 Ma. This protolith age of 1812 Ma further implies that significantly older crust (&gt; 1820 Ma; e.g., Penokean orogeny) is not found in the Green Mountain magmatic arc. The youngest<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ages of ∼1610 Ma are interpreted to represent a time of new zircon growth during highly localized high-grade metamorphism—an event that also produced local granitic magmatism at ∼1625 Ma.</p><p>The Boulder Creek batholith had been dated previously using the ID-TIMS, U-Pb zircon technique that yielded ages at ∼1670 and ∼1714 Ma, a 45-m.y. discrepancy that left the true age of the batholith in doubt. Zircons from two samples, previously dated using the ID-TIMS method, were analyzed using SHRIMP, and yielded concordia upper-intercept ages of 1713 ± 10 and 1721 ± 15 Ma. These results, combined with two earlier U-Pb zircon determinations, help to establish the age of the Boulder Creek batholith at 1714.4 ± 4.6 Ma (weighted mean), an age more compatible with those for the other large, tonalitic to quartz monzonitic, syntectonic plutons within the northern Colorado province. The new Boulder Creek age helps to establish a discrete period of plutonism (∼1735–1705 Ma) that is syn- to post-tectonic with respect to major regional structures of deformation and metamorphism in the northern Colorado province. Assuming the multiple oceanic arc accretion model, the new age for the mid-crustal emplacement of this batholith into a deforming composite back-arc basin may date the closure of that basin during crustal shortening.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wyoming","doi":"10.2113/35.1.31","usgsCitation":"Premo, W.R., and Fanning, C., 2000, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 31-50, https://doi.org/10.2113/35.1.31.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.4520263671875,\n              40.204050425113294\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.4140625,\n              40.204050425113294\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.4140625,\n              42.15933157601718\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4520263671875,\n              42.15933157601718\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4520263671875,\n              40.204050425113294\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fanning, C. Mark","contributorId":46814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"C. Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70006783,"text":"70006783 - 2000 - Relationship of Eastern hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>) to the ecology of small streams in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-02T09:24:56","indexId":"70006783","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T09:20:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NE-267","title":"Relationship of Eastern hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>) to the ecology of small streams in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","docAbstract":"Hemlock ravines in Delaware Water Gap National\nRecreation Area (DEWA) are highly valued because of their\ndistinctive aesthetic, recreational and ecological qualities.\nWe conducted a comparative study designed to determine\nthe potential long-term consequences to aquatic\ncommunities of the suspected transition from\nhemlock-dominated forests to mixed hardwood forests as a\nresult of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae)\ninduced mortality. A landscape analysis of DEWA using\nGeographic Information Systems (GIs) was used to select\n14 hemlock and hardwood site-pairs that were similar in\ntopography (i.e., slope, terrain shape, aspect, light levels)\nand stream size (first or second order) but differed in forest\ncomposition. This paired watershed approach provided a\npowerful means to discern the influence of hemlock forests\non stream communities. This study was designed to provide\nan aquatic perspective on potential losses of biological\ndiversity should hemlock forests die.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in Eastern North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","usgsCitation":"Lemarie, D.P., Young, J.A., Snyder, C.D., Ross, R.M., Smith, D., and Bennett, R., 2000, Relationship of Eastern hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i>) to the ecology of small streams in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area: General Technical Report NE-267, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"182","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287939,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/14747"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey;Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.168339,40.940896 ], [ -75.168339,41.342998 ], [ -74.745521,41.342998 ], [ -74.745521,40.940896 ], [ -75.168339,40.940896 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7809e4b0abf75cf2c870","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemarie, David P.","contributorId":30914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, John A. 0000-0002-4500-3673 jyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":3777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","email":"jyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, Craig D. 0000-0002-3448-597X csnyder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":2568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","email":"csnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, David 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":1989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bennett, Randy M.","contributorId":7157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Randy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":2000754,"text":"2000754 - 2000 - Bird community composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T17:47:15","indexId":"2000754","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"GTR-SRS 38","title":"Bird community composition","docAbstract":"Neotropical migrants are birds that breed in North America and winter primarily in Central and South America. Long-term population studies of birds in the Eastern United States indicated declines of some forest-dwelling birds, many of which winter in the Neotropics (Peterjohn and others 1995). These declines were attributed to loss of wintering and breeding habitat due to deforestation and fragmentation, respectively. Many species of Nearctic migrants--birds that breed in the northern regions of North America and winter in the Southern United States--are also experiencing population declines. Because large areas of undistrubed, older, bottomland hardwood forests oftern contain large numbers of habitat specialists, including forest-interior neotropical migrants and wintering Nearctic migrants, these forests may be critical in maintaining avian diversity.\r\nThis study had two primary objectivs: (1) to create a baseline data set that can be used as a standard against which other bottomland hardwood forests can be compared, and (2) to establish long-term monitoring stations during both breeding and wintering seasons to discern population trends of avian species using bottomland hardwood forests.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Coosawhatchie Bottomland Ecosystem Study: a report on the development of a reference wetland","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station","publisherLocation":"Asheville, NC","collaboration":"SD11 .S7 no.38","usgsCitation":"Antrobus, T.J., Guilfoyle, M., Barrow, W., Hamel, P., and Wakeley, J., 2000, Bird community composition, chap. <i>of</i> The Coosawhatchie Bottomland Ecosystem Study: a report on the development of a reference wetland, p. 32-33.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15374,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/2208","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6873.000000000000000"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db616271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Antrobus, T. J.","contributorId":63117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antrobus","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guilfoyle, M.P.","contributorId":59145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guilfoyle","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrow, W.C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":11183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"W.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamel, P.B.","contributorId":88444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamel","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wakeley, J.S.","contributorId":103996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wakeley","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015946,"text":"1015946 - 2000 - Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"1015946","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA","docAbstract":"We quantified the distribution of tropospheric ozone in topographically complex western Washington state, USA (total area a??6000 km2), using passive ozone samplers along nine river drainages to measure ozone exposure from near sea level to high-elevation mountain sites. Weekly average ozone concentrations were higher with increasing distance from the urban core and at higher elevations, increasing a mean of 1.3 ppbv per 100 m elevation gain for all mountain transects. Weekly average ozone concentrations were generally highest in Cascade Mountains drainages east and southeast of Seattle (maximum=55a??67 pbv) and in the Columbia River Gorge east of Portland (maximum=59 ppbv), and lowest in the western Olympic Peninsula (maximum=34 ppbv). Higher ozone concentrations in the Cascade Mountains and Columbia River locations downwind of large cities indicate that significant quantities of ozone and ozone precursors are being transported eastward toward rural wildland areas by prevailing westerly winds. In addition, temporal (week to week) variation in ozone distribution is synchronous within and between all drainages sampled, which indicates that there is regional coherence in air pollution detectable with weekly averages. These data provide insight on large-scale spatial variation of ozone distribution in western Washington, and will help regulatory agencies optimize future monitoring networks and identify locations where human health and natural resources could be at risk.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cooper, S., and Peterson, D.L., 2000, Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA: Environmental Pollution, v. 107, no. 3, p. 339-347.","productDescription":"p. 339-347","startPage":"339","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e763c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, S.M.","contributorId":11576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1002690,"text":"1002690 - 2000 - Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T12:32:30","indexId":"1002690","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","docAbstract":"The introduced tree Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) is considered a serious threat to the preservation of the coastal prairie region of Louisiana and Texas, although it is currently uncommon in the western part of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of location, soils, and available moisture on the growth and survival of S. sebiferum in coastal prairie. In a field experiment, S. sebiferum mortality was significantly greater at a western site than at central and eastern sites. The greatest mortality and least growth of surviving plants occurred on a soil from the western region, regardless of site. A greenhouse study also found that S. sebiferum growth was lowest on the western soil. Watering frequency significantly affected S. sebiferum growth, except on the western soil. Sapium sebiferum growth responded to both nitrogen and phosphorum additions for all soils. Soil analyses revealed the highest sand, sodium, and phosphorus contents, and much higher electrical conductivity in the western soil. It is concluded that the soil examined from the western region is unfavorable for S. sebiferum growth, though not to the extent to preclude S. sebiferum completely. Evidence suggests that soil salinity may be the primary cause of the poor S. sebiferum growth at the western site.","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/2656646","usgsCitation":"Barrilleaux, T., and Grace, J., 2000, Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime: American Journal of Botany, v. 87, no. 8, p. 1099-1106, https://doi.org/10.2307/2656646.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1106","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.49316406249999,\n              30.6662659463233\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.2841796875,\n              30.06909396443887\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.052978515625,\n              27.586197857692664\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.6025390625,\n              27.15692045688088\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              27.771051193172273\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.735107421875,\n              29.458731185355344\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.417236328125,\n              29.773913869992242\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrilleaux, T.C.","contributorId":34482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrilleaux","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001870,"text":"1001870 - 2000 - Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T11:35:00","indexId":"1001870","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3534,"text":"Texas Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","docAbstract":"<p><span>Surface water quality was monitored at 19 stations (2-4 week intervals) in six drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve of east Texas between 1996 and 1999. The parameters monitored were temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, current speed, light attenuation, chlorophyll a and concentrations of ammonium, ortho-phosphate, nitrate and nitrite. The best water quality (low nutrients and chlorophyll a; no hypoxia) was found in the Big Sandy Creek, Turkey Creek and Village Creek systems. Water quality in the Neches River was also generally good except for instances of moderate algal blooms. The Pine Island Bayou system, however, typically showed poor water quality. Very low current velocities and high concentrations of nutrients promoted massive spring plankton blooms (chlorophyll a in excess of 100 μg L-1) and subsequent hypoxia/anoxia (dissolved oxygen less than 5 mg L-1). In this system, hypoxia occurred as early as April and as late as December.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rizzo, W., Rafferty, P., and Segura, M., 2000, Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve: Texas Journal of Science, v. 52, no. 4, p. 79-92.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rizzo, W.M.","contributorId":104849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rafferty, P.","contributorId":98672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rafferty","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segura, M.R.","contributorId":51244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segura","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":7000028,"text":"7000028 - 2000 - The mountain that moved: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-04T08:49:17","indexId":"7000028","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"subseriesTitle":"Geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, No. 2","title":"The mountain that moved: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests","docAbstract":"<p><span>Prehistoric, giant landslides in Montgomery and Craig Counties, Va., in the Blacksburg/Wythe Ranger Districts of the Jefferson National Forest, are the largest known landslides in eastern North America and are among the largest in the world. One of the landslides is more than 3 miles long! The ancient, giant landslides extend for more than 20 miles along the eastern slope of Sinking Creek Mountain. Enormous slabs of rock ranging from about 0.2 to more than 1.5 square miles in size broke loose and slid downslope under the influence of gravity. The movement of some slides may have been slow, but the movement of others was probably sudden and catastrophic.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/7000028","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Forest Service, 2000, The mountain that moved: geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests: General Interest Publication, Pamphlet: 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000028.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300978,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/mountain/mountain.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":18598,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/mountain/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Craig County, Montgomery County","otherGeospatial":"Blacksburg/Wythe Ranger Districts of the Jefferson National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.30986022949217,\n              38.94125285438687\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.30986022949217,\n              38.966382907015735\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.28707218170166,\n              38.966382907015735\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.28707218170166,\n              38.94125285438687\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.30986022949217,\n              38.94125285438687\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.36975097656249,\n              36.58906837139909\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6563720703125,\n              36.53612263184686\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.870849609375,\n              37.38761749978395\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.0853271484375,\n              38.10430528370985\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.8326416015625,\n              39.15136267949032\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.299560546875,\n              39.40648882684979\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.36975097656249,\n              36.58906837139909\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"U.S. Forest Service","contributorId":128067,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Forest Service","id":535080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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