Some sodium bicarbonate waters at depth in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains have the same bicarbonate content as the shallower calcium bicarbonate waters in the same formation and appear to be the result of replacement of calcium by sodium through the action of base-exchange minerals. Others, however, contain several hundred parts per million more of bicarbonate than any of the calcium bicarbonate waters and much more bicarbonate than can be attributed to solution of calcium carbonate through the action of carbon dioxide derived from the air and soil.
As the waters in the Potomac group (Cretaceous) are all low in sulphate and as the environmental conditions under which the sediments of the Potomac group were deposited do not indicate that large amounts of sulphate are available for solution, it does not seem probable that carbon dioxide generated by chemical or biochemical breakdown of sulphate is responsible for the high sodium bicarbonate waters in this area.
Sulphate as a source of oxygen is not necessary for the generation of carbon dioxide by carbonaceous material. Oxygen is an important constituent of carbonaceous material and carbon dioxide is a characteristic decomposition product of such material—as, for example, peat and lignite.
Experimental work showed that distilled water, calcium bicarbonate water, and sodium bicarbonate water, after contact with lignite, calcium carbonate, and permutite (a base-exchange material), had all increased greatly in sodium bicarbonate content and had become similar in chemical character and in mineral content to high sodium bicarbonate waters found in the Coastal Plain. The tests indicated that carbonaceous material can act as a source of carbon dioxide, which, when dissolved in water, enables it to take into solution more calcium carbonate. If base-exchange materials are also present to replace calcium with sodium, a still greater amount of bicarbonate can be held in solution. The presence of carbonaceous material, together with calcium carbonate and base-exchange minerals in a formation is, therefore, sufficient to account for the occurrence in it of high sodium bicarbonate waters.
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","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327059,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dbfe4b03fd6b7da3714","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Charles C.","contributorId":107367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lohman, S. W.","contributorId":45318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16383,"text":"ofr144 - 1949 - Contribution to the problem of the capacity of water for spontaneous crystallization = K voprosu o sposobnosti vody k samoproizvol'noi kristallizatsii /","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T14:18:27","indexId":"ofr144","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T14:17:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"144","title":"Contribution to the problem of the capacity of water for spontaneous crystallization = K voprosu o sposobnosti vody k samoproizvol'noi kristallizatsii /","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ofr144","usgsCitation":"Vinokurov, G., and Poire, I., 1949, Contribution to the problem of the capacity of water for spontaneous crystallization = K voprosu o sposobnosti vody k samoproizvol'noi kristallizatsii /: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 144, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr144.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291529,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dca9c0e4b0761578637716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vinokurov, G.A.","contributorId":27800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinokurov","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poire, Inna V.","contributorId":50916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poire","given":"Inna V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047667,"text":"70047667 - 1949 - Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir and Effect on artesian aquifer storage of flood water in Hondo Reservoir","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70047667,"text":"70047667 - 1949 - Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir and Effect on artesian aquifer storage of flood water in Hondo Reservoir","indexId":"70047667","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir and Effect on artesian aquifer storage of flood water in Hondo Reservoir"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":50957,"text":"ofr5197 - 1951 - Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir","indexId":"ofr5197","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":50957,"text":"ofr5197 - 1951 - Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir","indexId":"ofr5197","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-16T15:30:03","indexId":"70047667","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:20:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":138,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"9","title":"Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir and Effect on artesian aquifer storage of flood water in Hondo Reservoir","docAbstract":"In the Roswell Basin in southeastern New Mexico artesian water is produced from cavernous zones in the carbonate rocks of the San Andres formation and the lower part of the Chalk Bluff formation, both of Permian age. The Hondo Reservoir, 9 miles west-southwest of Roswell, was completed by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation in 1907, to store waters of the Rio Hondo for irrigation. The project was not successful, as the impounded water escaped rapidly through holes in the gypsum and limestone of the San Andres formation constituting its floor. Of 27,000 acre~feet that entered the reservoir between 1908 and 1913, only 1,100 acre-feet was drawn Ollt for use, the remainder escaping through the floor of the reservoir. Since 1939, plans have been drawn up by the State Engineer and by Federal agencies to utilize the reservoir to protect Roswell from floods. It has also been suggested that water from the Pecos River might be diverted into underground storage through the reservoir. Sinkholes in the Roswell Basin are largely clustered in areas where gypsum occurs in the bedrock. Collapse of strata is due to solution of underlying rock commonly containing gypsum. Domes occur in gypsiferous strata near Salt Creek. The Bottomless Lakes, sinkhole lakes in the escarpment on the east side of the Pecos, are believed to have developed in north-south hinge-line fractures opened when the westernmost beds in the escarpment collapsed. Collapse was due to solution and removal of gypsiferous rock by artesian water which now fills the lakes.","language":"English","publisher":"New Mexico State Engineer","publisherLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Geological Survey and Bureau of Reclamation United States Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Bean, R.T., and Theis, C.V., 1949, Geology of the Roswell artesian basin, New Mexico, and its relation to the Hondo Reservoir and Effect on artesian aquifer storage of flood water in Hondo Reservoir: Technical Report 9, ii, 36 p.","productDescription":"ii, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047667.JPG"},{"id":276715,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ose.state.nm.us/PDF/Publications/Library/TechnicalReports/TechReport-009.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Artesian Basin;Hondo Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0,31.33 ], [ -109.0,37.0 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -103.0,31.33 ], [ -109.0,31.33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e2e4b0fc50304bc4c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bean, Robert T.","contributorId":105630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bean","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theis, Charles V.","contributorId":48080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theis","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040285,"text":"70040285 - 1949 - Buried preglacial ground-water channels in the Albany-Schenectady area in New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T17:28:49.958581","indexId":"70040285","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:52:51","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-20A","title":"Buried preglacial ground-water channels in the Albany-Schenectady area in New York","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Simpson, E., 1949, Buried preglacial ground-water channels in the Albany-Schenectady area in New York: Bulletin GW-20A, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d8bfd0e4b0af4069e428fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, E.S.","contributorId":49848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040284,"text":"70040284 - 1949 - The ground-water resources of Albany County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-12T17:16:08","indexId":"70040284","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:47:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-20","title":"The ground-water resources of Albany County, New York","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Arnow, T., 1949, The ground-water resources of Albany County, New York: Bulletin GW-20, 56 p.","productDescription":"56 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e50726e4b0e8fec6ce9ee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnow, Theodore","contributorId":69642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnow","given":"Theodore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040283,"text":"70040283 - 1949 - Mapping of geologic formations and aquifers of Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-12T17:16:08","indexId":"70040283","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:30:15","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-18","title":"Mapping of geologic formations and aquifers of Long Island, New York","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Suter, R., De Laguna, W., and Perlmutter, N.M., 1949, Mapping of geologic formations and aquifers of Long Island, New York: Bulletin GW-18, 212 p.","productDescription":"212 p.","numberOfPages":"212","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,40.4800 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e010f6e4b0fec3206e9938","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suter, Russell","contributorId":107142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suter","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Laguna, Wallace","contributorId":91547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Laguna","given":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perlmutter, N. 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1949 - Ground-water outflow from the Chino Basin, California, and the controlling geologic and hydrologic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr4972","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"49-72","title":"Ground-water outflow from the Chino Basin, California, and the controlling geologic and hydrologic conditions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr4972","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Garrett, A.A., and Thomasson, H., 1949, Ground-water outflow from the Chino Basin, California, and the controlling geologic and hydrologic conditions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 49-72, 143 p.; 19 folded plates., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4972.","productDescription":"143 p.; 19 folded plates., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667417","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, A. 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G.","contributorId":96239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulsen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2194,"text":"wsp968D - 1949 - Ground-water exploration in the Natchitoches area, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp968D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"968","chapter":"D","title":"Ground-water exploration in the Natchitoches area, Louisiana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp968D","usgsCitation":"Maher, J., and Jones, P.H., 1949, Ground-water exploration in the Natchitoches area, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 968, iii, 159-211 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp968D.","productDescription":"iii, 159-211 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0968d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27836,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0968d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ced5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maher, John Charles","contributorId":58621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maher","given":"John Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Paul Hastings","contributorId":60613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Hastings","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2255,"text":"wsp1078 - 1949 - Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T14:35:34","indexId":"wsp1078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1949","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1078","title":"Ground-water supplies of the Ypsilanti area, Michigan","docAbstract":"As of the date of this report (August 1945), the major water users in the Ypsilanti area are: (1) the city of Ypsilanti, (2) the Willow Run bomber plant, built by the Federal Government and operated by the Ford Motor Co., and (3) the war housing project of the Federal Public Housing Authority, designated in this report the Willow Run Townsite. The city, bomber plant, and townsite have required large quantities of water for domestic and industrial uses, and the necessary water supplies have been developed from wells. The Federal Works Agency had the responsibility of deciding whether the existing water facilities were adequate to meet the expected demands and determining the character of any additional public water-supply facilities that might be constructed with Federal assistance. In order to appraise the ground-water resources of the area the Federal Works Agency requested the Geological Survey to investigate the adequacy of the existing supplies and the availability of additional water. The present report is the result of the investigation, which was made in cooperation with the Michigan Geological Survey Division.
The water supplies of the three major users are obtained from wells penetrating glacial and associated sands and gravels. Supplies for the city of Ypsilanti and the Willow Run bomber plant are obtained from wells in the valley of the Huron River; the supply for the Willow Run Townsite is obtained from wells penetrating glacial gravels underlying the upland northeast of the valley. The bedrock formations of the area either yield little water to wells or yield water that is too highly mineralized for most uses.
The water supply for the bomber plant is obtained from three closely spaced, highly productive wells at the northern edge of the Huron River, a little more than 3 miles southeast of Ypsilanti. The water receives complete treatment in a modern treatment plant. River water also can be treated and has been used occasionally in the winter and spring. The average daily pumpage during periods of maximum production at the bomber plant has been 4.5 to 4.75 million gallons. On June 30, 1945, production of bombers was suspended, and the plant went on a. maintenance basis.
The water supply of the bomber-plant well field is replenished by recharge from precipitation and from the Huron River. The evidence shows that recharge from the river is one of the principal sources of water and gives assurance both of the adequacy of the present supply and of the availability of additional water if needed. The safe yield of the three existing wells is estimated to be not less than 6 million gallons per day.
The Ypsilanti public water supply is obtained from three tubular wells drilled in 1943, which replaced a number of suction-pumped tubular wells and one large dug well. All the wells penetrate sand and gravel in the bend of the Huron River in the southeastern part of Ypsilanti. The water is treated in a modern treatment plant completed in 1939. The average daily pumpage in million gallons was about 1.68 in 1942, 1.70 in 1943, and 1.66 in 1944. Considerable water was furnished to the Willow Run bomber plant from the Ypsilanti public-supply system during the period from August 1941 through March 1943.
The available information indicates that the water pumped from the Ypsilanti well field is replenished by ground-water flow from adjacent stretches of the Huron Valley and from the upland areas outside the valley, from precipitation on the valley in the vicinity of the well field, and possibly from the Huron River. It is believed that sufficient water can be obtained from the well field to meet the expected demand for a considerable time. The safe yield of the present wells is estimated to be not less than 3 million gallons per day, and detailed pumping tests might show that still larger supplies could be safely developed.
The water supply of the Willow Run Townsite is obtained from four wells in two well fields about 2 miles apart, one well in the northwest or Prospect and Geddes Road field, and three wells in the southeast or Wiard Road field. The pumpage was originally expected to be 2 to 3 million gallons per day, but it averaged only about 450,000 gallons per day from March 1943 through June 1945.
The evidence afforded by logs of wells and by pumping tests indicates that the water-bearing gravels at the townsite are covered by relatively impermeable materials and thus that the rate of recharge is low. However, only relatively small declines in water level have occurred during more than 2 years' operation of the wells, indicating that recharge may occur nearby. The safe yield of the present wells is estimated to be 1.0 to 1.5 million gallons per day, and detailed pumping tests might show it to be somewhat greater. The water supply of the Willow Run Townsite has the smallest potential capacity of the three major ground-water supplies in the area; however, the demand has been relatively small, and no difficulty should arise unless this demand increases greatly.
The investigation involved the drilling of 13 test wells to locate additional ground-water supplies, on the assumption that the wartime demand for water in the Ypsilanti area might increase beyond the capacity of the present sources. All 13 wells were drilled at sites selected by the Geological Survey. Two wells on the Willow Run Townsite were drilled by the Federal Public Housing Authority and 11 at other sites by the Federal Works Agency. Records of the wells are given in the report and discussed with respect to the availability of water at the different sites; similarly, the results of the controlled pumping tests made on four of the test wells drilled by the Federal Works Agency are analyzed and discussed with respect to the availability of additional water. The combined results of the test drilling and the pumping tests show that emergency supplies of several million gallons per day can be developed at the sites of the test wells. The best site shown by the test drilling is on the south bank of the Huron River opposite the bomber-plant well field, where a Well with a capacity of several thousand gallons per minute could be constructed if necessary. Three wells in the outwash-filled valley now occupied by Fleming Creek, on two of which pumping tests were made, show that emergency supplies ranging from a few hundred thousand to a million gallons per day could be developed at these test-well sites if necessary. Smaller Supplies ranging from a gallon or two per minute to perhaps 100,000 or 200,000 gallons per day could be developed at the sites of the remaining test Wells.
Pumping tests made on the supply wells of the three major water users by the consulting-engineering firms who designed the systems are analyzed and discussed briefly by the authors.
The report includes maps and graphs showing the surficial geology of the area, the location of wells, and fluctuations of water level in selected wells. Alsp included are tables giving data on water levels and pumpage, chemical analyses of representative ground waters, and records of wells.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1105","usgsCitation":"Knox, C., and Soule, R.M., 1949, Hydrology of Massachusetts. 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