{"pageNumber":"2676","pageRowStart":"66875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184582,"records":[{"id":57753,"text":"sir20045034 - 2004 - External quality-assurance results for the national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network, 2000-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:33","indexId":"sir20045034","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5034","title":"External quality-assurance results for the national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network, 2000-2001","docAbstract":"Five external quality-assurance programs were operated by the U.S. Geological Survey for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) from 2000 through 2001 (study period): the intersite-comparison program, the blind-audit program, the field-audit program, the interlaboratory-comparison program, and the collocated-sampler program. Each program is designed to measure specific components of the total error inherent in NADP/NTN wet-deposition measurements. \r\n\r\nThe intersite-comparison program assesses the variability and bias of pH and specific-conductance determinations made by NADP/NTN site operators with respect to accuracy goals. The accuracy goals are statistically based using the median of all of the measurements obtained for each of four intersite-comparison studies. The percentage of site operators responding on time that met the pH accuracy goals ranged from 84.2 to 90.5 percent. In these same four intersite-comparison studies, 88.9 to 99.0 percent of the site operators met the accuracy goals for specific conductance. \r\n\r\nThe blind-audit program evaluates the effects of routine sample handling, processing, and shipping on the chemistry of weekly precipitation samples. The blind-audit data for the study period indicate that sample handling introduced a small amount of sulfate contamination and slight changes to hydrogen-ion content of the precipitation samples. The magnitudes of the paired differences are not environmentally significant to NADP/NTN data users. \r\n\r\nThe field-audit program (also known as the 'field-blank program') was designed to measure the effects of field exposure, handling, and processing on the chemistry of NADP/NTN precipitation samples. The results indicate potential low-level contamination of NADP/NTN samples with calcium, ammonium, chloride, and nitrate. Less sodium contamination was detected by the field-audit data than in previous years. Statistical analysis of the paired differences shows that contaminant ions are entrained into the solutions from the field-exposed buckets, but the positive bias that results from the minor amount of contamination appears to affect the analytical results by less than 6 percent. \r\n\r\nAn interlaboratory-comparison program is used to estimate the analytical variability and bias of participating laboratories, especially the NADP Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL). Statistical comparison of the analytical results of participating laboratories implies that analytical data from the various monitoring networks can be compared. Bias was identified in the CAL data for ammonium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, hydrogen-ion, and specific-conductance measurements, but the absolute value of the bias was less than analytical minimum reporting limits for all constituents except ammonium and sulfate. Control charts show brief time periods when the CAL's analytical precision for sodium, ammonium, and chloride was not within the control limits. Data for the analysis of ultrapure deionized-water samples indicated that the laboratories are maintaining good control of laboratory contamination. Estimated analytical precision among the laboratories indicates that the magnitudes of chemical-analysis errors are not environmentally significant to NADP data users. \r\n\r\nOverall precision of the precipitation-monitoring system used by the NADP/NTN was estimated by evaluation of samples from collocated monitoring sites at CA99, CO08, and NH02. Precision defined by the median of the absolute percent difference (MAE) was estimated to be approximately 10 percent or less for calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, specific conductance, and sample volume. The MAE values for ammonium and hydrogen-ion concentrations were estimated to be less than 10 percent for CA99 and NH02 but nearly 20 percent for ammonium concentration and about 17 percent for hydrogen-ion concentration for CO08. \r\n\r\nAs in past years, the variability in the collocated-site data for sam","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045034","usgsCitation":"Wetherbee, G.A., Latysh, N.E., and Gordon, J.D., 2004, External quality-assurance results for the national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network, 2000-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5034, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045034.","productDescription":"68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5996,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045034/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetherbee, Gregory A. 0000-0002-6720-2294 wetherbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-2294","contributorId":1044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherbee","given":"Gregory","email":"wetherbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":143,"text":"Branch of Quality Systems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Latysh, Natalie E.","contributorId":39860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latysh","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, John D. 0000-0001-8396-8524 jgordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-8524","contributorId":347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"John","email":"jgordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53859,"text":"sir20045050 - 2004 - Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes under oxidation-reduction conditions and potentiometric surfaces in two trichloroethene-contaminated zones at the Double Eagle and Fourth Street Superfund sites in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T13:24:14","indexId":"sir20045050","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5050","title":"Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes under oxidation-reduction conditions and potentiometric surfaces in two trichloroethene-contaminated zones at the Double Eagle and Fourth Street Superfund sites in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"

The Double Eagle Refining Superfund site and the Fourth Street Abandoned Refinery Superfund site are in northeast Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, adjacent to one another. The Double Eagle facility became a Superfund site on the basis of contamination from lead and volatile organic compounds; the Fourth Street facility on the basis of volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and acid-base neutral compounds. The study documented in this report was done to investigate whether reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes under oxidation-reduction conditions is occurring in two zones of the Garber-Wellington aquifer (shallow zone 30–60 to 75 feet below land surface, deep zone 75 to 160 feet below land surface) at the sites; and to construct potentiometric surfaces of the two water-yielding zones to determine the directions of groundwater flow at the sites. The presence in some wells of intermediate products of reductive dechlorination, dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, is an indication that reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene is occurring. Dissolved oxygen concentrations (less than 0.5 milligram per liter) indicate that consumption of dissolved oxygen likely had occurred in the oxygen-reducing microbial process associated with reductive dechlorination. Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (generally less than 2.0 and 0.06 milligrams per liter, respectively) indicate that nitrate reduction probably is not a key process in either aquifer zone. Concentrations of ferrous iron greater than 1.00 milligram per liter in the majority of wells sampled indicate that iron reduction is probable. Concentrations of sulfide less than 0.05 milligram per liter in all wells indicate that sulfate reduction probably is not a key process in either zone. The presence of methane in ground water is an indication of strongly reducing conditions that facilitate reductive dechlorination. Methane was detected in all but one well. In the shallow zone in the eastern part of the study area, ground water flowing from the northwest and south coalesces in a potentiometric trough, then moves westward and ultimately northwestward. In the western part of the study area, ground water in the shallow zone flows northwest. In the deep zone in the eastern part of the study area, ground water generally flows northwestward; and in the western part of the study area, ground water in the deep zone generally flows northward.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045050","collaboration":"Prepared under interagency agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., 2004, Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes under oxidation-reduction conditions and potentiometric surfaces in two trichloroethene-contaminated zones at the Double Eagle and Fourth Street Superfund sites in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5050, HTML Document; Report: iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045050.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335650,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5050/pdf/2004-5050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"713 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":4693,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5050/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Oklahoma City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.48602390289307,\n 35.462662370157865\n ],\n [\n -97.46696949005127,\n 35.462662370157865\n ],\n [\n -97.46696949005127,\n 35.473427568038844\n ],\n [\n -97.48602390289307,\n 35.473427568038844\n ],\n [\n -97.48602390289307,\n 35.462662370157865\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bfac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54144,"text":"wri034300 - 2004 - Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T11:32:04","indexId":"wri034300","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4300","title":"Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","docAbstract":"

Ground-water budgets were developed for 32 small basin-based zones in the Greenwich area of southwestern Connecticut, where crystalline-bedrock aquifers supply private wells, to determine the status of residential ground-water consumption relative to rates of ground-water recharge and discharge. Estimated residential ground-water withdrawals for small basins (averaging 1.7 square miles (mi2)) ranged from 0 to 0.16 million gallons per day per square mile (Mgal/d/mi2). To develop these budgets, residential ground-water withdrawals were estimated using multiple-linear regression models that relate water use from public water supply to data on residential property characteristics. Average daily water use of households with public water supply ranged from 219 to 1,082 gallons per day (gal/d).

A steady-state finite-difference ground-water- flow model was developed to track water budgets, and to estimate optimal values for hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock (0.05 feet per day) and recharge to the overlying till deposits (6.9 inches) using nonlinear regression. Estimated recharge rates to the small basins ranged from 3.6 to 7.5 inches per year (in/yr) and relate to the percentage of the basin underlain by coarse- grained glacial stratified deposits. Recharge was not applied to impervious areas to account for the effects of urbanization. Net residential ground-water consumption was estimated as ground-water withdrawals increased during the growing season, and ranged from 0 to 0.9 in/yr.

Long-term average stream base flows simulated by the ground-water-flow model were compared to calculated values of average base flow and low flow to determine if base flow was substantially reduced in any of the basins studied. Three of the 32 basins studied had simulated base flows less than 3 in/yr, as a result of either ground-water withdrawals or reduced recharge due to urbanization. A water-availability criteria of the difference between the 30-day 2-year low flow and the recharge rate for each basin was explored as a method to rate the status of water consumption in each basin. Water consumption ranged from 0 to 14.3 percent of available water based on this criteria for the 32 basins studied.

Base-flow water quality was related to the amount of urbanized area in each basin sampled. Concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus, chloride, indicator bacteria, and the number of pesticide detections increased with basin urbanization, which ranged from 18 to 63 percent of basin area.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034300","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the town of Greenwich, Connecticut","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., 2004, Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4300, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034300.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/GreenwichCT03-4300.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5590,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, New York","county":"Fairfield County, Westchester County","otherGeospatial":"Greenwich area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.75,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 40.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a1e4b07f02db5be166","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54071,"text":"wri034135 - 2004 - Water-quality and bottom-material characteristics of Cross Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-06T14:30:48","indexId":"wri034135","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4135","title":"Water-quality and bottom-material characteristics of Cross Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana, 1997-99","docAbstract":"Cross Lake is a shallow, monomictic lake that was formed in 1926 by the impoundment of Cross Bayou. The lake is the primary drinking-water supply for the City of Shreveport, Louisiana. In recent years, the lakeshore has become increasinginly urbanized. In addition, the land use of the watershed contributing runoff to Cross Lake has changed. Changes in land use and urbanization could affect the water chemistry and biology of the Lake. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data were collected at 10 sites on Cross Lake from February 1997 to February 1999. Water-column and bottom-material samples were collected. The water-column samples were collected at least four times per year. These samples included physical and chemical-related properties such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance; selected major inorganic ions; nutrients; minor elements; organic chemical constituents; and bacteria. Suspended-sediment samples were collected seven times during the sampling period. The bottom-material samples, which were collected once during the sampling period, were analyzed for selected minor elements and inorganic carbon.\r\n\r\nAside from the nutrient-enriched condition of Cross Lake, the overall water-quality of Cross Lake is good. No primary Federal or State water-quality criteria were exceeded by any of the water-quality constituents analyzed for this report. Concentrations of major inorganic constituents, except iron and manganese, were low. Water from the lake is a sodium-bicarbonate type and is soft. Minor elements and organic compounds were present in low concentrations, many below detection limits. \r\n\r\nNitrogen and phosphorus were the nutrients occurring in the highest concentrations. Nutrients were evenly distributed across the lake with no particular water-quality site indicating consistently higher or lower nutrient concentrations. No water samples analyzed for nitrate exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nBased on nitrogen to phosphorus ratios calculated for Cross Lake, median values for all water-quality sites were within the nitrogen-limited range (less than or equal to 5). Historical Trophic State Indexes for Cross Lake classified the lake as eutrophic. Recent (1998-99) Trophic State Indexes classify Cross Lake as mesotrophic-eutrophic, which might indicate a recution in eutrophication. Sedimentation traps indicate that Cross Lake is filling at an average rate of 0.41 inches per year.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of fecal-coliform and streptococci bacteria generally were low. Fecal coliform was detected in higher concentrations than fecal streptococci. High bacterial concentrations were measured shortly after rainfall-runoff events, possibly washing bacteria from surrounding areas into the lake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034135","usgsCitation":"McGee, B.D., 2004, Water-quality and bottom-material characteristics of Cross Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana, 1997-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4135, iv, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034135.","productDescription":"iv, 101 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":368993,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana ","county":"Caddo Parish","otherGeospatial":"Cross Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.94065856933594,\n 32.48659682936049\n ],\n [\n -93.790283203125,\n 32.48659682936049\n ],\n [\n -93.790283203125,\n 32.54276141685697\n ],\n [\n -93.94065856933594,\n 32.54276141685697\n ],\n [\n -93.94065856933594,\n 32.48659682936049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb747","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, Benton D. bdmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Benton","email":"bdmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54154,"text":"sir20045079 - 2004 - Riverbed elevations and water quality of the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa, 2002-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T13:13:42","indexId":"sir20045079","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5079","title":"Riverbed elevations and water quality of the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa, 2002-03","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Sioux City, Iowa, conducted an investigation of the Missouri River, during 2002-2003, to assess changes in riverbed elevations from its confluence with the Big Sioux River, downstream to the area of the Sioux City municipal well field. Water-quality samples also were collected across the Missouri River to provide additional information on the differences between the water quality of the Missouri River and Big Sioux River in the well field area.

\n

The water supply at Sioux City, Iowa, is withdrawn from fourteen vertical wells and one horizontal collector well. Twelve vertical wells and the collector well are completed in the alluvial sand and gravel aquifer adjacent to the Missouri River at Sioux City. The well field is located on the left bank (looking downstream) of the Missouri River about 0.5 mile upstream from USGS streamflow gage 06486000, and approximately 5,000 feet downstream from the confluence with the Big Sioux River.

\n

The Missouri River, adjacent to the Sioux City alluvial well field, consists of the combined streamflows from the Missouri and the Big Sioux Rivers. The streamflows do not appear to be well mixed downstream from the confluence, and the streamflow directly adjacent to the well field could be predominately from the Big Sioux River. The U.S. Geological Survey measures streamflow on the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa (USGS streamflow gage 06486000). The riverbed of the Missouri River at Sioux City consists of a sequence of sands and gravels. The surface of the riverbed is undulatory, with continuously migrating riverbed forms, 5 to 8 feet in relief, of sand and gravel.

\n

Measurements of riverbed elevations from October 1, 2002, to September 30, 2003, showed an annual change of as much as 8 feet with the majority of the riverbed change closer to 5 feet. The largest change occurred near a wing dike on the Nebraska side of the Missouri River. On the Iowa side, the annual change was close to 5 feet. The results showed that channel fill occurred in the winter months and scour occurred during the summer months.

\n

Results of analyses of water samples collected at five locations across the Missouri River, near the municipal well field, were similar for most samples. Higher values of specific conductance and turbidity were recorded on the Iowa side of the Missouri River, the side from which the Big Sioux River enters upstream. Higher concentrations of chloride, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and atrazine also were detected on the Iowa side of the Missouri River. Based on these results, there does not appear to be complete mixing of water from the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers near the municipal well field.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045079","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Sioux City","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, D.E., 2004, Riverbed elevations and water quality of the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5079, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045079.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":183966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Woodbury","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.8585,42.5611],[-95.7402,42.5609],[-95.7414,42.5223],[-95.7399,42.475],[-95.6696,42.4744],[-95.6693,42.384],[-95.6706,42.3658],[-95.6696,42.2962],[-95.6701,42.2099],[-95.7872,42.2102],[-95.9055,42.2108],[-95.9849,42.212],[-96.0214,42.2122],[-96.138,42.214],[-96.2539,42.2147],[-96.3128,42.2148],[-96.358,42.2147],[-96.3576,42.2154],[-96.3368,42.2178],[-96.3224,42.2324],[-96.3287,42.24],[-96.328,42.2478],[-96.3307,42.2587],[-96.3389,42.2679],[-96.3534,42.2743],[-96.3574,42.277],[-96.3674,42.2899],[-96.3703,42.3065],[-96.3715,42.3142],[-96.3735,42.3171],[-96.3737,42.3185],[-96.3829,42.3256],[-96.4085,42.3374],[-96.4186,42.352],[-96.4162,42.3629],[-96.4077,42.3739],[-96.4158,42.3923],[-96.4149,42.4088],[-96.3987,42.4227],[-96.3964,42.4243],[-96.3909,42.4288],[-96.3869,42.4327],[-96.3834,42.4383],[-96.382,42.4445],[-96.381,42.4526],[-96.3807,42.4642],[-96.3831,42.4722],[-96.3863,42.4787],[-96.3915,42.484],[-96.3997,42.4877],[-96.4079,42.4896],[-96.4192,42.4916],[-96.4328,42.4908],[-96.4483,42.4893],[-96.45,42.4895],[-96.4589,42.4907],[-96.4687,42.493],[-96.473,42.4945],[-96.4754,42.4962],[-96.4763,42.5014],[-96.4749,42.5037],[-96.4746,42.5071],[-96.4764,42.5101],[-96.4838,42.5121],[-96.4888,42.5123],[-96.4918,42.5137],[-96.4926,42.5215],[-96.4798,42.5261],[-96.4774,42.5294],[-96.477,42.5335],[-96.4776,42.5494],[-96.4792,42.557],[-96.4862,42.5601],[-96.4954,42.5589],[-96.4982,42.562],[-96.4514,42.5622],[-96.3711,42.5622],[-96.2166,42.5614],[-96.0995,42.5615],[-95.8585,42.5611]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Woodbury\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","tableOfContents":"

Abstract
Introduction
     Purpose and Scope
     Description of Study Area
     Acknowledgments
Data-Collection Methods
     Riverbed-Elevation Data
     Water-Quality Data
     Quality Assurance
Riverbed Elevation
Water Quality
Summary
References

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb5e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen, Daniel E. 0000-0001-6108-2247 dechrist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-2247","contributorId":366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Daniel","email":"dechrist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54269,"text":"sir20045066 - 2004 - Summary and Comparison of Multiphase Streambed Scour Analysis at Selected Bridge Sites in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-21T13:44:04","indexId":"sir20045066","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5066","title":"Summary and Comparison of Multiphase Streambed Scour Analysis at Selected Bridge Sites in Alaska","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities undertook a cooperative multiphase study of streambed scour at selected bridges in Alaska beginning in 1994. Of the 325 bridges analyzed for susceptibility to scour in the preliminary phase, 54 bridges were selected for a more intensive analysis that included site investigations. Cross-section geometry and hydraulic properties for each site in this study were determined from field surveys and bridge plans. Water-surface profiles were calculated for the 100- and 500-year floods using the Hydrologic Engineering Center?s River Analysis System and scour depths were calculated using methods recommended by the Federal Highway Administration.\r\n\r\nComputed contraction-scour depths for the 100- and 500-year recurrence-interval discharges exceeded 5 feet at six bridges, and pier-scour depths exceeded 10 feet at 24 bridges. Complex pier-scour computations were made at 10 locations where the computed contraction-scour depths would expose pier footings. Pressure scour was evaluated at three bridges where the modeled flood water-surface elevations intersected the bridge structure.\r\n\r\nSite investigation at the 54 scour-critical bridges was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the preliminary scour analysis. Values for channel-flow angle of attack and approach-channel width were estimated from bridge survey plans for the preliminary study and were measured during a site investigation for this study. These two variables account for changes in scour depths between the preliminary analysis and subsequent reanalysis for most sites. Site investigation is needed for best estimates of scour at bridges with survey plans that indicate a channel-flow angle of attack and for locations where survey plans did not include sufficient channel geometry upstream of the bridge.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045066","usgsCitation":"Conaway, J.S., 2004, Summary and Comparison of Multiphase Streambed Scour Analysis at Selected Bridge Sites in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5066, 34 p.; 10 illus.; 8 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045066.","productDescription":"34 p.; 10 illus.; 8 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5381,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045066","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54270,"text":"sir20045001 - 2004 - Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:20:08","indexId":"sir20045001","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5001","title":"Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02","docAbstract":"To support the development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for water temperature in the Willamette Basin, the laterally averaged, two-dimensional model CE-QUAL-W2 was used to construct a water temperature and streamflow model of the Santiam and North Santiam Rivers. The rivers were simulated from downstream of Detroit and Big Cliff dams to the confluence with the Willamette River. Inputs to the model included bathymetric data, flow and temperature from dam releases, tributary flow and temperature, and meteorologic data. The model was calibrated for the period July 1 through November 21, 2001, and confirmed with data from April 1 through October 31, 2002. Flow calibration made use of data from two streamflow gages and travel-time and river-width data. Temperature calibration used data from 16 temperature monitoring locations in 2001 and 5 locations in 2002. A sensitivity analysis was completed by independently varying input parameters, including point-source flow, air temperature, flow and water temperature from dam releases, and riparian shading. Scenario analyses considered hypothetical river conditions without anthropogenic heat inputs, with restored riparian vegetation, with minimum streamflow from the dams, and with a more-natural seasonal water temperature regime from dam releases.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045001","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A.B., and Roundsk, S.A., 2004, Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5001, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045001.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5382,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611b1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roundsk, Stewart A.","contributorId":55272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roundsk","given":"Stewart","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54262,"text":"sir20045024 - 2004 - Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20045024","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5024","title":"Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado","docAbstract":"Effective management of existing water-storage capacity in the Arkansas River Basin is anticipated to help satisfy the need for water in southeastern Colorado. A strategy to meet these needs has been developed, but implementation could affect the water quality of the Arkansas River and Fountain Creek in the vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado. Because no known methods are available to determine what effects future changes in operations will have on water quality, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Southeastern Colorado Water Activity Enterprise, began a study in 2002 to develop methods that could identify if future water-quality conditions have changed significantly from background (preexisting) water-quality conditions. A method was developed to identify when significant departures from background (preexisting) water-quality conditions occur in the lower Arkansas River and Fountain Creek in the vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado. Additionally, the methods described in this report provide information that can be used by various water-resource agencies for an internet-based decision-support tool. \r\n\r\nEstimated dissolved-solids concentrations at five sites in the study area were evaluated to designate historical background conditions and to calculate tolerance limits used to identify statistical departures from background conditions. This method provided a tool that could be applied with defined statistical probabilities associated with specific tolerance limits. Drought data from 2002 were used to test the method. Dissolved-solids concentrations exceeded the tolerance limits at all four sites on the Arkansas River at some point during 2002. The number of exceedances was particularly evident when streamflow from Pueblo Reservoir was reduced, and return flows and ground-water influences to the river were more prevalent. No exceedances were observed at the site on Fountain Creek. These comparisons illustrated the need to adjust the concentration data to account for varying streamflow. As such, similar comparisons between flow-adjusted data were done. At the site Arkansas River near Avondale, nearly all the 2002 flow-adjusted concentration data were less than the flow-adjusted tolerance limit which illustrated the effects of using flow-adjusted concentrations. Numerous exceedances of the flow-adjusted tolerance limits, however, were observed at the sites Arkansas River above Pueblo and Arkansas River at Pueblo. These results indicated that the method was able to identify a change in the ratio of source waters under drought conditions. Additionally, tolerance limits were calculated for daily dissolved-solids load and evaluated in a similar manner. \r\n\r\nSeveral other mass-load approaches were presented to help identify long-term changes in water quality. These included comparisons of cumulative mass load at selected sites and comparisons of mass load contributed at the Arkansas River near Avondale site by measured and unmeasured sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045024","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., 2004, Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5024, iv, 20 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.; 11 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045024.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.; 11 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5375,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045024","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cdef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54146,"text":"sir20045046 - 2004 - Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:42:11","indexId":"sir20045046","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5046","displayTitle":"Hydrologic and Geochemical Evaluation of Aquifer Storage Recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002","docAbstract":"

The hydrologic and geochemical effects of aquifer storage recovery were evaluated to determine the potential for supplying the city of Charleston, South Carolina, with large quantities of potable water during emergencies, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or hard freezes. An aquifer storage recovery system, including a production well and three observation wells, was installed at a site located on the Charleston peninsula. The focus of this study was the 23.2-meter thick Tertiary-age carbonate and sand aquifer of the Santee Limestone and the Black Mingo Group, the northernmost equivalent of the Floridan aquifer system. Four cycles of injection, storage, and recovery were conducted between October 1999 and February 2002. Each cycle consisted of injecting between 6.90 and 7.19 million liters of water for storage periods of 1, 3, or 6 months. The volume of recovered water that did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard for chloride (250 milligrams per liter) varied from 1.48 to 2.46 million liters, which is equivalent to 21 and 34 percent of the total volume injected for the individual tests. Aquifer storage recovery testing occurred within two productive zones of the brackish Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. The individual productive zones were determined to be approximately 2 to 4 meters thick, based on borehole geophysical logs, electromagnetic flow-meter testing, and specific-conductance profiles collected within the observation wells. A transmissivity and storage coefficient of 37 meters squared per day and 3 x 10-5, respectively, were determined for the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Water-quality and sediment samples collected during this investigation documented baseline aquifer and injected water quality, aquifer matrix composition, and changes in injected/aquifer water quality during injection, storage, and recovery. A total of 193 water-quality samples were collected and analyzed for physical properties, major and minor ions, and nutrients. The aquifer and treated surface water were sodiumchloride and calcium/sodium-bicarbonate water types, respectively. Forty-five samples were collected and analyzed for total trihalomethane. Total trihalomethane data collected during aquifer storage recovery cycle 4 indicated that this constituent would not restrict the use of recovered water for drinking-water purposes. Analysis of six sediment samples collected from a cored well located near the aquifer storage recovery site showed that quartz and calcite were the dominant minerals in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Estimated cation exchange capacity ranged from 12 to 36 milliequivalents per 100 grams in the lower section of the aquifer. A reactive transport model was developed that included two 2-meter thick layers to describe each of the production zones. The four layers composing the production zones were assigned porosities ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 and hydraulic conductivities ranging from 1 to 8.4 meters per day. Specific storage of the aquifer and confining units was estimated to be 1.5 x 10-5 meter-1. Longitudinal dispersivity of all layers was specified to be 0.5 meter. Leakage through the confining unit was estimated to be minimal and, therefore, not used in the reactive transport modeling. Inverse geochemical modeling indicates that mixing, cation exchange, and calcite dissolution are the dominant reactions that occur during aquifer storage recovery testing in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer. Potable water injected into the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo aquifer evolved chemically by mixing with brackish background water and reaction with calcite and cation exchangers in the sediment. Reactive-transport model simulations indicated that the calcite and exchange reactions could be treated as equilibrium processes. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045046","usgsCitation":"Petkewich, M.D., Parkhurst, D.L., Conlon, K.J., Campbell, B.G., and Mirecki, J.E., 2004, Hydrologic and geochemical evaluation of aquifer storage recovery in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer, Charleston, South Carolina, 1998-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5046, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045046.","productDescription":"92 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5592,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045046/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.6451416015625,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -80.6451416015625,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -79.31579589843749,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -79.31579589843749,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -80.6451416015625,\n 32.41706632846282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce G. 0000-0003-4800-6674 bcampbel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-6674","contributorId":995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"bcampbel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mirecki, June E.","contributorId":93577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"June","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":54029,"text":"wri034047 - 2004 - Development and Application of Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) for Estimating Atrazine Concentration Distributions in Streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:55","indexId":"wri034047","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4047","title":"Development and Application of Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) for Estimating Atrazine Concentration Distributions in Streams","docAbstract":"Regression models were developed for predicting atrazine concentration distributions in rivers and streams, using the Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) methodology. Separate regression equations were derived for each of nine percentiles of the annual distribution of atrazine concentrations and for the annual time-weighted mean atrazine concentration. In addition, seasonal models were developed for two specific periods of the year--the high season, when the highest atrazine concentrations are expected in streams, and the low season, when concentrations are expected to be low or undetectable. Various nationally available watershed parameters were used as explanatory variables, including atrazine use intensity, soil characteristics, hydrologic parameters, climate and weather variables, land use, and agricultural management practices. Concentration data from 112 river and stream stations sampled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment and National Stream Quality Accounting Network Programs were used for computing the concentration percentiles and mean concentrations used as the response variables in regression models. Tobit regression methods, using maximum likelihood estimation, were used for developing the models because some of the concentration values used for the response variables were censored (reported as less than a detection threshold). Data from 26 stations not used for model development were used for model validation.\r\n\r\n The annual models accounted for 62 to 77 percent of the variability in concentrations among the 112 model development stations. Atrazine use intensity (the amount of atrazine used in the watershed divided by watershed area) was the most important explanatory variable in all models, but additional watershed parameters significantly increased the amount of variability explained by the models. Predicted concentrations from all 10 models were within a factor of 10 of the observed concentrations at most model development and model validation stations. Results for the two sets of seasonal models were similar. Concentration distributions derived from the seasonal-model predictions provided additional information compared to distributions derived from the annual models.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034047","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Crawford, C.G., and Gilliom, R.J., 2004, Development and Application of Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) for Estimating Atrazine Concentration Distributions in Streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4047, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034047.","productDescription":"81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5472,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6672d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Steven J.","contributorId":29845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159623,"text":"70159623 - 2004 - The USGS/EROS Data Center produces seamless hydrologic derivatives with GIS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:58:11","indexId":"70159623","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":878,"text":"ArcNews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The USGS/EROS Data Center produces seamless hydrologic derivatives with GIS","docAbstract":"

Increasingly, many local, state, and federal agencies mandated to manage water resources are finding that their needs are not being met by existing digital data sets. Current national coverage of digital data sets, such as drainage basin boundaries and consistent elevation-derived parameters, does not exist or is not of a suitable scale or consistency to allow management of small or midsize watersheds. This problem has become more significant as the management of water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality, is becoming more and more based on the watershed scale.

","language":"English","publisher":"ESRI","usgsCitation":"Franken, S.K., 2004, The USGS/EROS Data Center produces seamless hydrologic derivatives with GIS: ArcNews, v. Fall, p. 8-14.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311294,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall04articles/usgs-eros.html"}],"volume":"Fall","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564717e2e4b0e2669b313131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franken, Sandra K. 0000-0002-2846-6836","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-6836","contributorId":149840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Franken","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53296,"text":"ofr20041042 - 2004 - A new streamflow-routing (SFR1) package to simulate stream-aquifer interaction with MODFLOW-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T19:53:30","indexId":"ofr20041042","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1042","title":"A new streamflow-routing (SFR1) package to simulate stream-aquifer interaction with MODFLOW-2000","docAbstract":"The increasing concern for water and its quality require improved methods to evaluate the interaction between streams and aquifers and the strong influence that streams can have on the flow and transport of contaminants through many aquifers. For this reason, a new Streamflow-Routing (SFR1) Package was written for use with the U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW-2000 ground-water flow model. The SFR1 Package is linked to the Lake (LAK3) Package, and both have been integrated with the Ground-Water Transport (GWT) Process of MODFLOW-2000 (MODFLOW-GWT). SFR1 replaces the previous Stream (STR1) Package, with the most important difference being that stream depth is computed at the midpoint of each reach instead of at the beginning of each reach, as was done in the original Stream Package. This approach allows for the addition and subtraction of water from runoff, precipitation, and evapotranspiration within each reach. Because the SFR1 Package computes stream depth differently than that for the original package, a different name was used to distinguish it from the original Stream (STR1) Package.\r\n\r\nThe SFR1 Package has five options for simulating stream depth and four options for computing diversions from a stream. The options for computing stream depth are: a specified value; Manning's equation (using a wide rectangular channel or an eight-point cross section); a power equation; or a table of values that relate flow to depth and width. Each stream segment can have a different option. Outflow from lakes can be computed using the same options. Because the wetted perimeter is computed for the eight-point cross section and width is computed for the power equation and table of values, the streambed conductance term no longer needs to be calculated externally whenever the area of streambed changes as a function of flow. The concentration of solute is computed in a stream network when MODFLOW-GWT is used in conjunction with the SFR1 Package. The concentration of a solute in a stream reach is based on a mass-balance approach and accounts for exchanges with (inputs from or losses to) ground-water systems.\r\n\r\nTwo test examples are used to illustrate some of the capabilities of the SFR1 Package. The first test simulation was designed to illustrate how pumping of ground water from an aquifer connected to streams can affect streamflow, depth, width, and streambed conductance using the different options. The second test simulation was designed to illustrate solute transport through interconnected lakes, streams, and aquifers. Because of the need to examine time series results from the model simulations, the Gage Package first described in the LAK3 documentation was revised to include time series results of selected variables (streamflows, stream depth and width, streambed conductance, solute concentrations, and solute loads) for specified stream reaches.\r\n\r\nThe mass-balance or continuity approach for routing flow and solutes through a stream network may not be applicable for all interactions between streams and aquifers. The SFR1 Package is best suited for modeling long-term changes (months to hundreds of years) in ground-water flow and solute concentrations using averaged flows in streams. The Package is not recommended for modeling the transient exchange of water between streams and aquifers when the objective is to examine short-term (minutes to days) effects caused by rapidly changing streamflows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041042","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., Konikow, L.F., and Banta, E., 2004, A new streamflow-routing (SFR1) package to simulate stream-aquifer interaction with MODFLOW-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1042, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041042.","productDescription":"104 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5024,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1042/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd495ee4b0b290850ef1bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161803,"text":"70161803 - 2004 - Evolutionary stability of mutualism: interspecific population regulation as an evolutionarily stable strategy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T12:47:55","indexId":"70161803","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3173,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolutionary stability of mutualism: interspecific population regulation as an evolutionarily stable strategy","docAbstract":"

Interspecific mutualisms are often vulnerable to instability because low benefit : cost ratios can rapidly lead to extinction or to the conversion of mutualism to parasite–host or predator–prey interactions. We hypothesize that the evolutionary stability of mutualism can depend on how benefits and costs to one mutualist vary with the population density of its partner, and that stability can be maintained if a mutualist can influence demographic rates and regulate the population density of its partner. We test this hypothesis in a model of mutualism with key features of senita cactus (Pachycereus schottii) – senita moth (Upiga virescens) interactions, in which benefits of pollination and costs of larval seed consumption to plant fitness depend on pollinator density. We show that plants can maximize their fitness by allocating resources to the production of excess flowers at the expense of fruit. Fruit abortion resulting from excess flower production reduces pre–adult survival of the pollinating seed–consumer, and maintains its density beneath a threshold that would destabilize the mutualism. Such a strategy of excess flower production and fruit abortion is convergent and evolutionarily stable against invasion by cheater plants that produce few flowers and abort few to no fruit. This novel mechanism of achieving evolutionarily stable mutualism, namely interspecific population regulation, is qualitatively different from other mechanisms invoking partner choice or selective rewards, and may be a general process that helps to preserve mutualistic interactions in nature.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2004.2789","usgsCitation":"Holland, J.N., DeAngelis, D., and Schultz, S.T., 2004, Evolutionary stability of mutualism: interspecific population regulation as an evolutionarily stable strategy: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v. 271, no. 1550, p. 1807-1814, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2789.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1807","endPage":"1814","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1691799","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"271","issue":"1550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e48ffe4b0e7a44bc4194d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, J. Nathaniel","contributorId":49912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schultz, Stewart T.","contributorId":152080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Stewart","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":56947,"text":"sir20045023 - 2004 - Water Quality and Streamflow of the Indian River, Sitka, Alaska, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"sir20045023","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5023","title":"Water Quality and Streamflow of the Indian River, Sitka, Alaska, 2001-02","docAbstract":"The Indian River Basin, located near Sitka Alaska, drains an area of 12.3 square miles. This watershed is an important natural resource of Sitka National Historic Park. At the present time, the watershed faces possible development on large tracts of private land upstream of the park that could affect the water quality of Indian River. Due to this concern, a study was conducted cooperatively with the National Park Service. The approach was to examine the water quality of the Indian River in the upper part of the watershed where no development has occurred and in the lower part of the basin where development has taken place.\r\n\r\nMeasurements of pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentrations of the Indian River were within acceptable ranges for fish survival. The Indian River is calcium bicarbonate type water with a low buffering capacity. Concentrations of dissolved ions and nutrients generally were low and exhibited little variation between the two study sites. Analysis of bed sediment trace element concentrations at both sampling sites indicates the threshold effect concentration was exceeded for arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc; while the probable effect concentration was exceeded by arsenic, chromium and nickel. However, due to relatively large amounts of organic carbon present in the bed sediments, the potential toxicity from trace elements is low.\r\n\r\nDischarge in the Indian River is typical of coastal southeast Alaska streams where low flows generally are in late winter and early spring and greater flows are during the wetter fall months. Alaska Department of Fish and Game has established instream flow reservations on the lower 2.5 miles of the Indian River. Discharge data indicate minimum flow requirements were not achieved during 236 days of the study period. Natural low flows are frequently below the flow reservations, but diversions resulted in flow reservations not being met a total of 140 days.\r\n\r\nThirty-five algae species were identified from the sample collected at Indian River near Sitka while 24 species were identified from the sample collected at Indian River at Sitka. Most species of algae identified in the Indian River samples were diatoms and the majority were pinnate diatoms; however, green algae and (or) blue-green algae accounted for much of the algal biomass at the two sites. The trophic condition of the Indian River is oligotrophic, and algal productivity likely is limited by low concentrations of dissolved nitrogen.\r\n\r\nFew invertebrate taxa were collected relative to many high-quality streams in the contiguous United States, but the number of taxa in Indian River appears to be typical of Alaska streams. Ephemeroptera was the most abundant order sampled followed by Diptera.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045023","usgsCitation":"Neal, E.J., Brabets, T.P., and Frenzel, S.A., 2004, Water Quality and Streamflow of the Indian River, Sitka, Alaska, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5023, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045023.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5707,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, Edward J.","contributorId":45575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":255960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":255959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57979,"text":"ofr20041062 - 2004 - Quaternary stratigraphy and tectonics, and late prehistoric agriculture of the Safford Basin (Gila and San Simon river valleys), Graham County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:12","indexId":"ofr20041062","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1062","title":"Quaternary stratigraphy and tectonics, and late prehistoric agriculture of the Safford Basin (Gila and San Simon river valleys), Graham County, Arizona","docAbstract":"This guidebook accompanied the 46th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Cell of the Friends of the Pleistocene (FOP) and the 2002 Fall Field Trip of the Arizona Geological Society. The meeting and field trip were held in the Safford Basin, southeastern Arizona. The Friends of the Pleistocene is an informal gathering of Quaternary geologists, geomorphologists, and pedologists who meet annually for a field conference. \r\n\r\nThe first part of the guidebook consists of road logs with descriptions of stops covering the three days of the field trip. An overview of the geology of the Safford Basin is given in Stop 1-1. The second part of the guidebook consists of four short papers that discuss adjacent areas or that expand upon the road log descriptions of the field trip stops. The first paper by Reid and Buffler is a summary of upper Cenozoic depositional facies in the Duncan Basin, the first basin to the east of the Safford Basin. The next three papers expand upon (1) the soil study of the gridded field agricultural complex (Stop 2-3, Homburg and Sandor), (2) the vertebrate fossils of the San Simon Valley in the southeastern part of the Safford Basin (Stop 3-1, Thrasher), and (3) paleoIndian irrigation systems and settlements in Lefthand Canyon at the foot of the Pinaleno Mountains (Stop 3-2, Neely and Homburg).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041062","usgsCitation":"Houser, B.B., Pearthree, P.A., Homburg, J.A., and Thrasher, L.C., 2004, Quaternary stratigraphy and tectonics, and late prehistoric agriculture of the Safford Basin (Gila and San Simon river valleys), Graham County, Arizona (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1062, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041062.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5939,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"48","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634f2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, Brenda B.","contributorId":20772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearthree, Phillip A.","contributorId":53469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearthree","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homburg, Jeffry A.","contributorId":102572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homburg","given":"Jeffry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thrasher, Lawrence C.","contributorId":76007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thrasher","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57752,"text":"sir20045121 - 2004 - Evaluation of conceptual models of natural organic matter (humus) from a consideration of the chemical and biochemical processes of humification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:33","indexId":"sir20045121","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5121","title":"Evaluation of conceptual models of natural organic matter (humus) from a consideration of the chemical and biochemical processes of humification","docAbstract":"Natural organic matter (NOM) has been studied for more than 200 years because of its importance in enhancing soil fertility, soil structure, and water-holding capacity and as a carbon sink in the global carbon cycle. Two different types of models have been proposed for NOM: (1) the humic polymer models and (2) the molecular aggregate models. In the humic polymer models, NOM molecules are depicted as large (humic) polymers that have unique chemical structures that are different from those of the precursor plant degradation products. In the molecular aggregate models, NOM is depicted as being composed of molecular aggregates (supramolecular aggregates) of plant degradation products held together by non-covalent bonds. The preponderance of evidence favors the supramolecular aggregate models. These models were developed by studying the properties of NOM extracted from soils and natural waters, and as such, they provide only a very generalized picture of the structure of NOM aggregates in soils and natural waters prior to extraction. A compartmental model, in which the structure of the NOM in each of the compartments is treated separately, should provide a more accurate representation of NOM in soil and sediment systems. The proposed NOM compartments are: (1) partially degraded plant tissue, (2) biomass from microorganisms, (3) organic coatings on mineral grains, (4) pyrolytic carbon, (5) organic precipitates, and (6) dissolved organic matter (DOM) in interstitial water. Within each of these compartments there are NOM supramolecular aggregates that will be dissolved by the solvent systems that are used by researchers for extraction of NOM from soils and sediments. In natural water systems DOM may be considered as existing in two subcompartments: (1) truly dissolved DOM and (2) colloidal DOM.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045121","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R.L., 2004, Evaluation of conceptual models of natural organic matter (humus) from a consideration of the chemical and biochemical processes of humification: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5121, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045121.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5995,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, Robert L. rwershaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":4856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"Robert","email":"rwershaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":257696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57764,"text":"sir20045037 - 2004 - Mercury and Methylmercury concentrations and loads in Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:02","indexId":"sir20045037","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5037","title":"Mercury and Methylmercury concentrations and loads in Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001","docAbstract":"Concentrations and mass loads of total mercury and methylmercury in streams draining abandoned mercury mines and near geothermal discharge in Cache Creek Basin, California, were measured during a 17-month period from January 2000 through May 2001. Rainfall and runoff averages during the study period were lower than long-term averages. Mass loads of mercury and methylmercury from upstream sources to downstream receiving waters, such as San Francisco Bay, were generally the highest during or after winter rainfall events. During the study period, mass loads of mercury and methylmercury from geothermal sources tended to be greater than those from abandoned mining areas because of a lack of large precipitation events capable of mobilizing significant amounts of either mercury-laden sediment or dissolved mercury and methylmercury from mine waste. Streambed sediments of Cache Creek are a source of mercury and methylmercury to downstream receiving bodies of water such as the Delta of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers. Much of the mercury in these sediments was deposited over the last 150 years by erosion and stream discharge from abandoned mines or by continuous discharges from geothermal areas. Several geochemical constituents were useful as natural tracers for mining and geothermal areas. These constituents included aqueous concentrations of boron, chloride, lithium, and sulfate, and the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water. Stable isotopes of water in areas draining geothermal discharges were enriched with more oxygen-18 relative to oxygen-16 than meteoric waters, whereas the enrichment by stable isotopes of water from much of the runoff from abandoned mines was similar to that of meteoric water. Geochemical signatures from stable isotopes and trace-element concentrations may be useful as tracers of total mercury or methylmercury from specific locations; however, mercury and methylmercury are not conservatively transported. A distinct mixing trend of trace elements and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen from geothermal waters was apparent in Sulphur Creek and lower Bear Creek (tributaries to Cache Creek), but the signals are lost upon mixing with Cache Creek because of dilution.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045037","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., Alpers, C.N., Slotton, D., Suchanek, T.H., and Ayers, S.M., 2004, Mercury and Methylmercury concentrations and loads in Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5037, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045037.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5728,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6248fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slotton, Darrell G.","contributorId":103361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slotton","given":"Darrell G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suchanek, Thomas H.","contributorId":69235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suchanek","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ayers, Shaun M.","contributorId":104144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Shaun","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":69799,"text":"sim2819 - 2004 - World heritage site - Bien du Patrimoine Mondial - Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:45:30","indexId":"sim2819","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2819","title":"World heritage site - Bien du Patrimoine Mondial - Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek","docAbstract":"The four parks depicted on this map make up a single World Heritage Site that covers 24.3 million acres. Together, they comprise the largest internationally protected land-based ecosystem on the planet. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established the World Heritage Program in 1972 for the identification and protection of the world?s irreplaceable natural and cultural resources. World Heritage Sites are important as storehouses of memory and evolution, as anchors for sustainable tourism and community, and as laboratories for the study and understanding of the earth and culture. This World Heritage Site protects the prominent mountain ranges of Kluane, Wrangell, Saint Elias, and Chugach. It includes many of the tallest peaks on the continent, the world's largest non-polar icefield, extensive glaciers, vital watersheds, and expanses of dramatic wilderness. [Les quatre parcs figurant sur cette carte ne constituent qu?un seul site du patrimoine mondial recouvrant plus de 99 millions de km2, ce qui en fait le plus grand ecosysteme terrestre protege par loi internationale. En 1972, L?UNESCO (l?organisation des Nations Unies pour les sciences, l'education et la culture) a etabli le programme du patrimoine mondial afin d?identifier et de proteger les ressources naturelles et culturelles irremplacables de notre plan?te. Si les sites du patrimoine mondial sont si importants c'est parce qu'ils representent a la fois des livres ouverts sur l?histoire de la Terre, le point de depart du tourisme durable et du developpement des collectivites, des laboratoires pour etudier et comprendre la nature et la culture. Ce site du patrimoine mondial assure la protection des chaines de montagnes de Kluane, Wrangell, Saint Elias, et Chugach. On y trouve plusieurs des plus hauts sommets du continent, le plus grand champ de glace non-polaire du monde, d?immenses glaciers, des bassins hydrologiques essentiels, et de la nature sauvage a perte de vue. ]","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2819","usgsCitation":"Labay, K., and Wilson, F.H., 2004, World heritage site - Bien du Patrimoine Mondial - Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2819, 1 sheet, 42 by 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2819.","productDescription":"1 sheet, 42 by 36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2819/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"750000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c9e4b07f02db5d6e2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Labay, Keith A. 0000-0002-6763-3190 klabay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-3190","contributorId":2097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labay","given":"Keith A.","email":"klabay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":281277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69796,"text":"sim2849 - 2004 - Correlation of middle jurassic San Rafael Group and related rocks from Bridgeport to Ouray in Western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:36","indexId":"sim2849","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2849","title":"Correlation of middle jurassic San Rafael Group and related rocks from Bridgeport to Ouray in Western Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2849","usgsCitation":"O’Sullivan, R.B., 2004, Correlation of middle jurassic San Rafael Group and related rocks from Bridgeport to Ouray in Western Colorado (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2849, 1 sheet; 42 by 30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2849.","productDescription":"1 sheet; 42 by 30 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110509,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68728.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68728"},{"id":187631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2849/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68461e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Sullivan, Robert B. rosull@usgs.gov","contributorId":3797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"Robert","email":"rosull@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":281272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69797,"text":"sim2847 - 2004 - Geologic map of the Hasty Quadrangle, Boone and Newton Counties, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:25","indexId":"sim2847","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2847","title":"Geologic map of the Hasty Quadrangle, Boone and Newton Counties, Arkansas","docAbstract":"This digital geologic map compilation presents new polygon (for example, geologic map unit contacts), line (for example, fault, fold axis, and structure contour), and point (for example, structural attitude, contact elevations) vector data for the Hasty 7.5-minute quadrangle in northern Arkansas. The map database, which is at 1:24,000-scale resolution, provides geologic coverage of an area of current hydrogeologic, tectonic, and stratigraphic interest. The Hasty quadrangle is located in northern Newton and southern Boone Counties about 20 km south of the town of Harrison. The map area is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Ordovician, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian age that were mildly deformed by a series of normal and strike-slip faults and folds. The area is representative of the stratigraphic and structural setting of the southern Ozark Dome. The Hasty quadrangle map provides new geologic information for better understanding groundwater flow paths in and adjacent to the Buffalo River watershed.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2847","usgsCitation":"Hudson, M., and Murray, K., 2004, Geologic map of the Hasty Quadrangle, Boone and Newton Counties, Arkansas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2847, 1 sheet, 44 by 34 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2847.","productDescription":"1 sheet, 44 by 34 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110508,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68727.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68727"},{"id":187632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6421,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2847/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.11749999999999,36 ], [ -93.11749999999999,36.1175 ], [ -93,36.1175 ], [ -93,36 ], [ -93.11749999999999,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69786a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Mark R. 0000-0003-0338-6079 mhudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-6079","contributorId":1236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Mark R.","email":"mhudson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Kyle E.","contributorId":31825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Kyle E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57809,"text":"ofr20041227 - 2004 - Site-specific soil-carbon (S3C) database for mineral soils of the Mississippi River Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:18","indexId":"ofr20041227","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1227","title":"Site-specific soil-carbon (S3C) database for mineral soils of the Mississippi River Basin, USA","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041227","usgsCitation":"Buell, G.R., Markewich, H.W., Kulisek, R., Pollard, S., and Cook, T., 2004, Site-specific soil-carbon (S3C) database for mineral soils of the Mississippi River Basin, USA (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1227, database files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041227.","productDescription":"database files","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5787,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1227/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buell, Gary R. grbuell@usgs.gov","contributorId":3107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buell","given":"Gary","email":"grbuell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markewich, H. W.","contributorId":31426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markewich","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kulisek, R.","contributorId":48250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulisek","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pollard, S.","contributorId":32242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollard","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cook, T.T.","contributorId":22852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"T.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176639,"text":"70176639 - 2004 - The rising tide of ocean diseases: Unsolved problems and research priorities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T11:29:13","indexId":"70176639","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The rising tide of ocean diseases: Unsolved problems and research priorities","docAbstract":"

New studies have detected a rising number of reports of diseases in marine organisms such as corals, molluscs, turtles, mammals, and echinoderms over the past three decades. Despite the increasing disease load, microbiological, molecular, and theoretical tools for managing disease in the world's oceans are under-developed. Review of the new developments in the study of these diseases identifies five major unsolved problems and priorities for future research: (1) detecting origins and reservoirs for marine diseases and tracing the flow of some new pathogens from land to sea; (2) documenting the longevity and host range of infectious stages; (3) evaluating the effect of greater taxonomic diversity of marine relative to terrestrial hosts and pathogens; (4) pinpointing the facilitating role of anthropogenic agents as incubators and conveyors of marine pathogens; (5) adapting epidemiological models to analysis of marine disease.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0375:TRTOOD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Harvell, D., Aronson, R., Baron, N., Connell, J., Dobson, A.P., Ellner, S., Gerber, L.R., Kim, K., Kuris, A.M., McCallum, H., Lafferty, K.D., McKay, B., Porter, J., Pascual, M., Smith, G., Sutherland, K., and Ward, J., 2004, The rising tide of ocean diseases: Unsolved problems and research priorities: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 2, no. 7, p. 375-382, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0375:TRTOOD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/117033","text":"External Repository"},{"id":328901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvell, Drew","contributorId":149982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harvell","given":"Drew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17869,"text":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":649444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aronson, Richard","contributorId":174847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aronson","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Nancy","contributorId":174848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baron","given":"Nancy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Connell, Joseph","contributorId":174849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connell","given":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dobson, Andrew P.","contributorId":63693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellner, Steve","contributorId":174850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellner","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gerber, Leah R.","contributorId":147236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerber","given":"Leah","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kim, Kiho","contributorId":174851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kim","given":"Kiho","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kuris, Armand M.","contributorId":54332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"Armand","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McCallum, Hamish","contributorId":174852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCallum","given":"Hamish","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McKay, Bruce","contributorId":174853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKay","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Porter, James","contributorId":152399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porter","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Pascual, Mercedes","contributorId":81239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascual","given":"Mercedes","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Smith, Garriett","contributorId":174854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Garriett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Sutherland, Katherine","contributorId":174855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sutherland","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Ward, Jessica","contributorId":174856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":57160,"text":"sir20045053 - 2004 - Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T06:29:28","indexId":"sir20045053","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5053","displayTitle":"Vertical Gradients in Water Chemistry and Age in the Southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002","title":"Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002","docAbstract":"The southern High Plains aquifer is the primary source of water used for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes in parts of New Mexico and Texas. Despite the aquifer's importance to the overall economy of the southern High Plains, fundamental ground-water characteristics, such as vertical gradients in water chemistry and age, remain poorly defined. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, water samples from nested, short-screen monitoring wells installed in the southern High Plains aquifer at two locations (Castro and Hale Counties, Texas) were analyzed for field parameters, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon, pesticides, stable and radioactive isotopes, and dissolved gases to evaluate vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the aquifer. Tritium measurements indicate that recent (post-1953) recharge was present near the water table and that deeper water was recharged before 1953. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were largest (2.6 to 5.6 milligrams per liter) at the water table and decreased with depth below the water table. The smallest concentrations were less than 0.5 milligram per liter. The largest major-ion concentrations generally were detected at the water table because of the effects of overlying agricultural activities, as indicated by postbomb tritium concentrations and elevated nitrate and pesticide concentrations at the water table. Below the zone of agricultural influence, major-ion concentrations exhibited small increases with depth and distance along flow paths because of rock/water interactions and mixing with water from the underlying aquifer in rocks of Cretaceous age. The concentration increases primarily were accounted for by dissolved sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. \r\n\r\nNitrite plus nitrate concentrations at the water table were 2.0 to 6.1 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, and concentrations substantially decreased with depth in the aquifer to a maximum concentration of 0.55 milligram per liter as nitrogen. Dissolved-gas and nitrogen-isotope data from the deep wells in Castro County indicate that denitrification occurred in the aquifer, removing 74 to more than 97 percent of the nitrate originally present in recharge. There was no evidence of denitrification in the deep part of the aquifer in Hale County. After correcting for denitrification effects, the background concentration of nitrate in water recharged before 1953 ranged from 0.4 to 3.2 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, with an average of 1.6 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. The d15N composition of background nitrate at the time of recharge was estimated to range from 9.6 to 12.3 per mil. \r\n\r\nMass-balance models indicate that the decreases in dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations and small increases in major-ion concentrations along flow paths can be accounted for by small amounts of silicate-mineral and calcite dissolution; SiO2, goethite, and clay-mineral precipitation; organic-carbon and pyrite oxidation; denitrification; and cation exchange. Mass-balance models for some wells also required mixing with water from the underlying aquifer in rocks of Cretaceous age to achieve mole and isotope balances. Carbon mass transfers identified in the models were used to adjust radiocarbon ages of water samples recharged before 1953. Adjusted radiocarbon ages ranged from less than 1,000 to 9,000 carbon-14 years before present. Radiocarbon ages were more sensitive to uncertainties in the carbon-14 content of recharge than uncertainties in carbon mass transfers, leading to 1-sigma uncertainties of about ?2,000 years in the adjusted ages. Despite these relatively large uncertainties in adjusted radiocarbon ages, it appears that deep water in the aquifer was considerably older (at least 1,000 years) than water near the water table.\r\n\r\nThere was essentially no change in ground-water age with depth in deeper parts of the aquifer, indicating that water in that ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045053","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Böhlke, J., and Lehman, T., 2004, Vertical gradients in water chemistry and age in the southern High Plains Aquifer, Texas, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5053, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045053.","productDescription":"53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5638,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Southern High Plains Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.040771484375,\n 36.18665862660454\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 31.970803930433096\n ],\n [\n -102.974853515625,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -100.8984375,\n 31.531726144517158\n ],\n [\n -100.78857421875,\n 31.886886525780806\n ],\n [\n -100.75561523437499,\n 32.61161640317033\n ],\n [\n -100.81054687499999,\n 33.128351191631566\n ],\n [\n -100.777587890625,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -100.6787109375,\n 34.1890858311724\n ],\n [\n -100.557861328125,\n 34.69646117272349\n ],\n [\n -100.601806640625,\n 35.03899204678081\n ],\n [\n -100.75561523437499,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -100.8544921875,\n 35.567980458012094\n ],\n [\n -101.00830078125,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -101.173095703125,\n 36.12900165569652\n ],\n [\n -101.370849609375,\n 36.36822190085111\n ],\n [\n -101.72241210937499,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -102.3046875,\n 36.47872381162464\n ],\n [\n -102.469482421875,\n 36.48314061639213\n ],\n [\n -102.6397705078125,\n 36.47872381162464\n ],\n [\n -102.74414062499999,\n 36.43454191900892\n ],\n [\n -102.9364013671875,\n 36.29741818650811\n ],\n [\n -103.040771484375,\n 36.18665862660454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lehman, T.M.","contributorId":87621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55717,"text":"sir20045095 - 2004 - Evaluation of Streamflow Losses Along the Gunnison River from Whitewater Downstream to the Redlands Canal Diversion Dam, near Grand Junction, Colorado, Water Years 1995-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20045095","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5095","title":"Evaluation of Streamflow Losses Along the Gunnison River from Whitewater Downstream to the Redlands Canal Diversion Dam, near Grand Junction, Colorado, Water Years 1995-2003","docAbstract":"In 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board, Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Colorado River Water Conservation District, Colorado Division of Water Resources, and Bureau of Reclamation, initiated a study to characterize streamflow losses along a reach of the Gunnison River from the town of Whitewater downstream to the Redlands Canal diversion dam. This describes the methods and results of the study that include: (1) a detailed mass-balance analysis of historical discharge records that were available for the three streamflow-gaging stations along the study reach; and (2) two sets of discharge measurements that were made at the three stations and at four additional locations. \r\n\r\nData for these existing streamflow-gaging stations were compiled and analyzed: (1) Gunnison River near Grand Junction (Whitewater station); (2) Gunnison River below Redlands Canal diversion dam (below-Redlands-dam station); and (3) Redlands Canal near Grand Junction (Redlands-Canal station). Data for water years 1995-2003 were used for the mass-balance analysis. Four intermediate sites (M1, M2, M3, and M4) were selected for discharge measurements in addition to the existing stations. The study reach is the approximate 12-mile reach of the Gunnison River from the Whitewater station downstream to the Redlands Canal diversion dam, which is about 3 miles upstream from the confluence with the Colorado River. \r\n\r\nFor the mass-balance analysis, differences between the sum of the annual cumulative daily mean discharge at the two downstream stations and the annual cumulative daily mean discharges at the upstream station ranged from about -8,700 to -69,800 acre-feet (about -.8 to -1.1 percent), indicating that the downstream discharges generally were less than the upstream discharges. Moving 3-day daily mean discharge averages also were computed for each of the three stations to smooth out some of the abrupt differences between the downstream and upstream daily mean discharges. During water years 1995-2002, differences between the downstream and upstream moving 3-day daily mean discharges ranged from about -200 to +100 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) during one-half of each year, but the differences had absolute values as large as about 500 to 1,000 ft3/s during the other one-half of the year. The differences as a percentage of the upstream discharge ranged from 0 to -10 percent within the interquartile range and were as small or large as about -60 to +50. \r\n\r\nTwo sets of discharge measurements were obtained during water year 2003. For measurement set 1 (February 5-6), discharge was measured 5-8 times over a 24-hour period at sites M1-M4, where measured discharges ranged from 527 to 608 ft3/s. Discharge was measured once each day at the Whitewater and below-Redlands-dam stations to verify discharge rating shifts; the Redlands Canal was not in operation at this time, so measurements were not needed at the Redlands-Canal station. Recorded 15-minute (unit) discharges ranged from about 575 to 615 ft3/s at the Whitewater station and from about 560 to 600 ft3/s at the below-Redlands-dam station during the February 5-6 period. Because of the inherent error in discharge measurements (5 percent for measurements rated good), and because the mean discharge at the below-Redlands-dam station, about 580 ft3/s, was only about 2.5 percent smaller than the mean discharge at the Whitewater station, about 595 ft3/s, it is concluded that there was no measurable streamflow loss along the study reach during measurement set 1. \r\n\r\nFor measurement set 2 (May 14-15), discharge in the Gunnison River was about 2,000 ft3/s and increasing because of high-elevation snowmelt. Five discharge measurements were made at site M2 and discharge ranged from 1,668 to 2,117 ft3/s. Measured discharges at the gaging stations were 2,730 ft3/s at the Whitewater station, 1,268 ft3/s at the below-Redlands-dam station, and 819 ft3/s at the","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045095","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, G., and Williams, C.A., 2004, Evaluation of Streamflow Losses Along the Gunnison River from Whitewater Downstream to the Redlands Canal Diversion Dam, near Grand Junction, Colorado, Water Years 1995-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5095, 22 p., 12 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045095.","productDescription":"22 p., 12 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5654,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f79ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":254104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57072,"text":"sir20045106 - 2004 - Water budget for Lake Auburn, Maine, May 1, 2000 through April 30, 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T20:37:46.072246","indexId":"sir20045106","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5106","title":"Water budget for Lake Auburn, Maine, May 1, 2000 through April 30, 2003","docAbstract":"Annual water budgets were developed for Lake Auburn in southwestern Maine for three water-budget years, May 1, 2000 through April 30, 2003. The measured inflow components of the water budget are direct precipitation to the surface of the lake and surface-water inflow. Mean annual inflow (precipitation\r\nand surface water) to Lake Auburn during water-budget years 2001-03 was 816 million cubic feet. The measured outflow components of the water budget are evaporation from the surface of the lake, municipal water-supply withdrawals by the Auburn and Lewiston Water Districts, and surface-water outflow. Mean annual outflow (evaporation, withdrawals, and surface water) during water-budget years 2001-03 was 834 million cubic feet. The two largest components of the water budget are the surface-water inflow and municipal withdrawals. Surface-water inflow was about 62 percent of the mean annual inflow budget and municipal withdrawals were about 47 percent of the mean annual outflow budget. Changes in lake storage also were included in the water budget. \r\n\r\nDry conditions were present in Maine from 1999 to 2002, with a severe drought occurring in 2001 and 2002. On February 20, 2002, Auburn Water District recorded Lake Auburn?s lowest recorded water level, 256.7 ft, during the period of record from April 1, 1940 to June 20, 2003. \r\n\r\nThe total inflow and outflow volumes, adjusted for changes in lake storage, nearly balance for each water year. Any non-zero remainder volume for a given water-budget year is the residual. The mean annual residual for the three water-budget years is -1.06 million cubic feet (-7.93 million gallons). The changing sign of the computed residual from water-budget year to water-budget year during the 3-year study period indicates that no systematic errors were made in estimating inflows to or outflows from Lake Auburn. Because ground-water flow is unaccounted for in this water budget, any net ground-water flow is assumed to be contained in the residual term.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045106","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., 2004, Water budget for Lake Auburn, Maine, May 1, 2000 through April 30, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5106, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045106.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5630,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":183964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408290,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68874.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Lake Auburn","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.3739,\n 44.1056\n ],\n [\n -70.1967,\n 44.1056\n ],\n [\n -70.1967,\n 44.2486\n ],\n [\n -70.3739,\n 44.2486\n ],\n [\n -70.3739,\n 44.1056\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489f59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":256219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}