Ground water in many parts of Texas contains nitrate in excess of 20 ppm (parts per million) as NO3. About 3,000 of the 20,000 nitrate determinations made of water from wells in Texas showed more than 20 ppm of nitrate. The public water supplies of 27 Texas towns and cities contained more than 50 ppm of nitrate. Recent medical research indicates that methemoglobinemia or infant cyanosis (“blue babies”) may be caused by nitrate in water used in formula mixtures. Most of the high nitrate in ground water is found in wells less than 200 ft deep and mainly in water from late Tertiary and Quaternary formations; however, high nitrate was found in water from all kinds of rocks of all ages. The presence of high nitrate in ground water appears to be unrelated to rainfall, geography, or cultivation. A hypothesis of bacterial origin of the high nitrate is supported by strong evidence but is weakened by the presence of the correspondingly high content of associated salts. The disappearance of nitrate at depth presents additional problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR032i003p00450","usgsCitation":"George, W., and Hastings, W.W., 1951, Nitrate in the ground water of Texas: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 32, no. 3, p. 450-456, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR032i003p00450.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"456","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -106.50146484374999,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -106.06201171875,\n 31.259769987394286\n ],\n [\n -104.91943359374999,\n 30.543338954230222\n ],\n [\n -104.5458984375,\n 29.668962525992505\n ],\n [\n -103.07373046875,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -102.28271484375,\n 29.935895213372444\n ],\n [\n -101.22802734375,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -99.82177734375,\n 27.761329874505233\n ],\n [\n -98.98681640625,\n 26.37218544169559\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 25.97779895546436\n ],\n [\n -97.3828125,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -94.98779296875,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 29.707139348134145\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 30.92107637538488\n ],\n [\n -93.91113281249999,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -94.06494140625,\n 33.52307880890422\n ],\n [\n -95.07568359375,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -98.06396484375,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -99.90966796875,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -100.01953125,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, William O.","contributorId":106016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"William O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hastings, Warren W.","contributorId":28956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hastings","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221329,"text":"5221329 - 1951 - A study of absorption and retention of lead in wild waterfowl in relation to clinical evidence of lead poisoning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T17:14:56.60205","indexId":"5221329","displayToPublicDate":"1951-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of absorption and retention of lead in wild waterfowl in relation to clinical evidence of lead poisoning","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3796607","usgsCitation":"Coburn, D.R., Metzler, D., and Treichler, R., 1951, A study of absorption and retention of lead in wild waterfowl in relation to clinical evidence of lead poisoning: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 15, no. 2, p. 186-192, https://doi.org/10.2307/3796607.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"186","endPage":"192","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487099,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3796607","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":196760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a621c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coburn, D. R.","contributorId":86060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coburn","given":"D.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metzler, David W.","contributorId":96796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzler","given":"David W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Treichler, R.","contributorId":98410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treichler","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217843,"text":"70217843 - 1951 - Discussion of “pedological relations of infiltration phenomena”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T18:51:23.367092","indexId":"70217843","displayToPublicDate":"1951-04-01T12:48:32","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of “pedological relations of infiltration phenomena”","docAbstract":"Smith provides an illuminating consideration of infiltration through soil in relation to the structure and texture of the soil its moisture content, and the variation of infiltration for A, B, and C soil zones. The organic nature of soil might also be stressed. Rotting rootlets provide passageways for water in addition to physical structure and texture.
The impression is gained that mechanical treatment, such as plowing and harrowing, general decreases the infiltration capacity of soil, through destruction of surface structure, and fragmentation. This appears true of the soil in the physical sense. Equally true, in a plowed soil, may be the formation of puddling colloids after a rain, through the breaking of natural granules into fragments. However, the surface infiltration is increased by plowing and harrowing through the turnover of the sod layer composed of grasses and weeds. Smith does not consider the sod layer as a soil zone, yet it is the first barrier that precipitation must pass before it enters the structural crevices and textural pores of the soil. Although a dense sod layer usually does not increase runoff because of its retentive nature, it increases interception, and hence evaporation, so unless the sod is economic, the water is lost anyway.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR032i002p00282","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, W.C., and Smith, W.O., 1951, Discussion of “pedological relations of infiltration phenomena”: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 32, no. 20, p. 282-283, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR032i002p00282.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"283","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, W. C.","contributorId":62201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, W. O.","contributorId":53015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3858,"text":"cir104 - 1951 - Water resources of southeastern Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T20:10:22.091338","indexId":"cir104","displayToPublicDate":"1951-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"104","title":"Water resources of southeastern Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report has been prepared as a contribution to the development of southeastern Bucks County, Pa. It summarizes available information on the water resources of this 90-square mile area and evaluates current supplies. Future development of the area may change both the available quantity and the quality of the water supply. The effective development of the area demands a continuing knowledge of the water used and the potential quantity and quality of water available from both underground and surface sources. The area is strategically important to a great industrial section of the Bast. Its eastern boundary is a 26-mile segment of the Delaware River along the extreme southeastern border of Bucks County, Pa. (fig. 1). The present.population of the area is about 40,000, including 24,800 in Bristol Borough and Township and 6,770 in Morrisville. The area is traversed by both the Pennsylvania and the Reading Railroads and also by U.S. Highways 1 and 13. These are main transportation routes connecting the great market outlets of Philadelphia and New York. The Delaware River'is navigable from Morrisville to the sea. The area is only a short distance upstream from the Port of Philadelphia, which ranks second only to New York as the most important seaport in the United States. The area is mostly flat, open land 10 to 60 feet above mean sea level. It contains several large Industries, concentrated chiefly in the Bristol area (pi. 1). There are also scattered industries in the Morrisville, Langhorne, and Bensalem areas. However, Bucks County retains some of the characteristics of a farming region. Truck farming and gardening are still carried on to a considerable extent. Along Delaware River below Morrisville the mining of sand and gravel is an Important industry. The facts summarized in this report have been accumulated over a period of 25 years or more by Federal, State, and local agencies in connection with Investigations for other purposes. Most of the data used in this report have been obtained by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs, the Pennsylvania Department of Commerce, and State Planning Board, the City of Philadelphia, the Corps of Engineers, and the Interstate Commission on the Delaware River Basin. This report was prepared in the Water Resources Division of the U.S.Geological Survey by Jack B. Qraham, District Geologist; John W. Mangan, District Engineer; and Walter F. White, Jr., District Chemist, under the general direction of C. G. Paulsen, Chief Hydraulic Engineer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir104","usgsCitation":"Graham, J., Mangan, J., and White, W.F., 1951, Water resources of southeastern Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 104, Report: i, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 19.85 x 11.88 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir104.","productDescription":"Report: i, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 19.85 x 11.88 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420173,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23934.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30938,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0104/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30939,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.667,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.05\n ],\n [\n -74.667,\n 40.05\n ],\n [\n -74.667,\n 40.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Jack B.","contributorId":15182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jack B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, John W.","contributorId":26677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"John W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Walter F.","contributorId":52159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175796,"text":"70175796 - 1951 - Surface-water supplies of the Mesabi Iron Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:54:23","indexId":"70175796","displayToPublicDate":"1951-03-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":105,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Surface-water supplies of the Mesabi Iron Range","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1951, Surface-water supplies of the Mesabi Iron Range: Bulletin 5, 117 p.","productDescription":"117 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Mesabi Iron Range","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82debe4b03fd6b7da3a08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":152492,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":646368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72055,"text":"tem137 - 1951 - Preliminary statement of the analyses of ground water from the Morrison Formation, southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:54:13","indexId":"tem137","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T14:50:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"137","title":"Preliminary statement of the analyses of ground water from the Morrison Formation, southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah","docAbstract":"As part of a study of the carnotite deposits of the Colorado Plateau,, samples of ground water from the Salt Wash sandstone and Brushy Basin shale members of the Morrison formation have been analyzed to determine their chemical character and metal content. The Salt Wash ground water is largely a bicarbonate solution with variable amounts of calcium and magnesium ions; that from the Brushy Basin is either a sulfate or bicarbonate solution with sodium, The ground water from the Salt Wash and Brushy Basin members is generally weakly alkaline In most samples, the metal ions of uranium, vanadium, copper, lead, and selenium are present in amounts of less than 1 part per million. It is concluded that if the ground water responsible for introduction of the uranium and vanadium metals into the Salt Wash was comparable to the recent ground water, it contained very small amounts of the metal ions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem137","usgsCitation":"Phoenix, D.A., 1951, Preliminary statement of the analyses of ground water from the Morrison Formation, southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 137, Report: 12 p.; Plate 1: 22.10 inches x 27.51 inches; Plate 2: 21.48 inches x 25.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem137.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; Plate 1: 22.10 inches x 27.51 inches; Plate 2: 21.48 inches x 25.29 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":279202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":282982,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0137/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":282983,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0137/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":282981,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0137/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.8248,37.5729 ], [ -109.8248,39.1428 ], [ -107.5644,39.1428 ], [ -107.5644,37.5729 ], [ -109.8248,37.5729 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"528c96b9e4b0c629af44ddf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phoenix, David A.","contributorId":79156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phoenix","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221630,"text":"70221630 - 1951 - Ground water in alluvial deposits in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T19:53:30.42827","indexId":"70221630","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T14:46:03","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water in alluvial deposits in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Alluvium along main streams in Oklahoma has long been recognized as a generally dependable aquifer. Pumping tests made in recent years afford a means of comparing one area with another. They indicate coefficients of transmissibility on the order of 70,000 gallons per day per foot in the Arkansas River alluvium near Fort Gibson, and 60,000 in the North Canadian River alluvium near Oklahoma City and El Reno.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soicety of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.46.1.76","usgsCitation":"Schoff, S., and Reed, E., 1951, Ground water in alluvial deposits in Oklahoma: Economic Geology, v. 46, no. 1, p. 76-83, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.46.1.76.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 36.500805317604794\n ],\n [\n -99.97558593749999,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -100.008544921875,\n 34.57895241036948\n ],\n [\n -99.591064453125,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -98.426513671875,\n 34.05265942137599\n ],\n [\n -97.811279296875,\n 33.87953701355924\n ],\n [\n -97.042236328125,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 33.73347670599252\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 33.925129700072\n ],\n [\n -94.482421875,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -94.647216796875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1951-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoff, S.L.","contributorId":107365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoff","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, E.W.","contributorId":260643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70094973,"text":"70094973 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-26T11:57:25","indexId":"70094973","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T09:47:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":136,"text":"Special Report (New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply)","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area","docAbstract":"In the Newark area, ground water is used chiefly for industrial cooling, air-conditioning, general processing, and for sanitary purposes. A small amount is used in the manufacture of beverages. Total ground-water pumpage in Newark is estimated at not less than 20,000,000 gallons daily.
\nThe Newark area is underlain by formations of Recent, Pleistocene and Triassic age, and the geology and hydrologic properties of these formations are discussed. Attention is called to the important influence of a buried valley in the rock floor beneath the Newark area on the yield of wells located within it. Data on the fluctuation of the water levels and the variation in pumpage are presented, and their significance discussed. The results of a pumping test made during the investigation were inconclusive. The beneficial results of artificially recharging the aquifers in one part of the area are described.
\nThe intrusion of salt water into certain parts of the ground-water body is described and graphically portrayed by a map showing the chloride concentration of the ground water in various parts of the City. Insofar as available data permit, the chemical quality of the ground water is discussed and records are given of the ground-water temperatures in various parts of the City.
\nThere has been marked lowering of the water table in the eastern part of the area, accompanied by salt water intrusion, indicating that the safe yield of the formations in this part of Newark has probably been exceeded. It is recommended that the study of the ground-water resources of this area be continued, and that artificial recharging of the aquifers be increased over as wide an area as possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Deptartment of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy and Supply","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Herpers, H., and Barksdale, H.C., 1951, Preliminary report on the geology and ground-water supply of the Newark, New Jersey, area: Special Report (New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply) 10, 52 p.","productDescription":"52 p.","numberOfPages":"53","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70094973.jpg"},{"id":284824,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70094973/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Newark","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.251324,40.673903 ], [ -74.251324,40.788139 ], [ -74.112787,40.788139 ], [ -74.112787,40.673903 ], [ -74.251324,40.673903 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559529e4b0120853e8c156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herpers, Henry","contributorId":8378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herpers","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barksdale, Henry C.","contributorId":11463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barksdale","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70191232,"text":"70191232 - 1951 - Conservation: Where we stand: Review of Water, land, and people","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-01T14:11:08","indexId":"70191232","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5506,"text":"The Living Wilderness","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation: Where we stand: Review of Water, land, and people","docAbstract":"A distinguished conservationist, just returned from more than a year in those Pacific islands held in trust by the United States, reports that representatives of the government there are nearly completely concerned with the maintenance of an administrative organization. Actual advances in matters of land use, of maintaining the material and mental welfare of the native population, and the preservation of the most interesting remnants of untouched habitat, are just never made.
Any such oversimplification is, of course, subject to error in detail, but it nevertheless stands as a touchstone to where we stand in conservation. In much more guarded phrases, and with considerable supporting data, Bernard Frank and Anthony Netboy say much the same thing about governmental conservation in the United States in their recently published Water, Land, and People.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilderness Society","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Conservation: Where we stand: Review of Water, land, and people: The Living Wilderness, v. 36, no. Spring 1951, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":346303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"Spring 1951","publicComments":"Review of Water, Land, and People, by Bernard Frank and Anthony Netboy; New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1950.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d1fe97e4b05fe04cc23528","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000281,"text":"1000281 - 1951 - An aquarium experiment on the American eel as a predator on larval lampreys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T15:56:34","indexId":"1000281","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aquarium experiment on the American eel as a predator on larval lampreys","docAbstract":"The parasitic sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, has in recent years spread throughout Lakes Huron and Michigan and is now firmly established in these waters (Applegate, 1949, Mich. Cons., 18 (4): 13-15). Coincident with their spread, the abundance of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, has declined in both lakes (Hile, 1949, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 76 (1946): 121-147) and the lake trout as well as other species of fishes are showing an increase in scarring from lamprey attacks. For Lake Michigan the analysis of fishermen's questionnaires gave an increase in percentage by weight of lamprey-scarred lake trout from 31 percent in 1947 to 41 percent in 1948. The sea lamprey is now spreading through Lake Superior, the last of the Great Lakes containing a large population of lake trout.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Copeia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.2307/1437556","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Perlmutter, A., 1951, An aquarium experiment on the American eel as a predator on larval lampreys: Copeia, v. 1951, no. 2, p. 173-174, https://doi.org/10.2307/1437556.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266965,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1437556"},{"id":128990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1951","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6852b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perlmutter, Alfred","contributorId":104431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlmutter","given":"Alfred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3905,"text":"cir151 - 1951 - Kansas-Missouri floods of July 1951","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T20:55:50.322038","indexId":"cir151","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"151","title":"Kansas-Missouri floods of July 1951","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir151","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1951, Kansas-Missouri floods of July 1951: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 151, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir151.","productDescription":"69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30992,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1951/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414137,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23854.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -101,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -101,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4863","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176807,"text":"70176807 - 1951 - Ground-water situation in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T13:11:23","indexId":"70176807","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Ground-water situation in Oregon","docAbstract":"The water that occurs beneath the land surface follows definite and well-known rules of hydraulics, the same as water on the surface. However, ground water must be studied by methods, some of which are unique to that type of water occurrence, in order to evaluate the part it plays in the over-all water scheme.
Water that falls on the land surface as rain or snow and water that rests upon the surface may in places pass laterally or downward through the pores of the earth materials. There it may take one or more of a variety of paths before again flowing out on the surface or being expelled to the atmosphere by evaporation and by the transpiration of plants. Water so diverted underground is delayed or diverted from its course toward the sea and that digression results in many services of prime importance to mankind. Underground, the water generally exceeds in total quantity the water present on the land surface at any one time.
The discussion of ground water can be clarified somewhat by a description of the major parts or phases of the normal path of water underground.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70176807","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Engineer of Oregon","usgsCitation":"Newcomb, R.C., 1951, Ground-water situation in Oregon, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70176807.","productDescription":"19 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329384,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70176807.jpg"},{"id":330318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70176807/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-121.922236,45.649083],[-121.908267,45.654399],[-121.900858,45.662009],[-121.901855,45.670716],[-121.867167,45.693277],[-121.811304,45.706761],[-121.735104,45.694039],[-121.707358,45.694809],[-121.668362,45.705082],[-121.631167,45.704657],[-121.533106,45.726541],[-121.499153,45.720846],[-121.462849,45.701367],[-121.423592,45.69399],[-121.401739,45.692887],[-121.372574,45.703111],[-121.33777,45.704949],[-121.312198,45.699925],[-121.287323,45.687019],[-121.251183,45.67839],[-121.215779,45.671238],[-121.200367,45.649829],[-121.195233,45.629513],[-121.196556,45.616689],[-121.183841,45.606441],[-121.167852,45.606098],[-121.145534,45.607886],[-121.139483,45.611962],[-121.131953,45.609762],[-121.1222,45.616067],[-121.117052,45.618117],[-121.120064,45.623134],[-121.084933,45.647893],[-121.06437,45.652549],[-121.033582,45.650998],[-121.007449,45.653217],[-120.983478,45.648344],[-120.977978,45.649345],[-120.953077,45.656745],[-120.943977,45.656445],[-120.913476,45.640045],[-120.895575,45.642945],[-120.855674,45.671545],[-120.788872,45.686246],[-120.724171,45.706446],[-120.68937,45.715847],[-120.668869,45.730147],[-120.634968,45.745847],[-120.591166,45.746547],[-120.559465,45.738348],[-120.521964,45.709848],[-120.505863,45.700048],[-120.482362,45.694449],[-120.40396,45.699249],[-120.329057,45.71105],[-120.282156,45.72125],[-120.210754,45.725951],[-120.170453,45.761951],[-120.141352,45.773152],[-120.07015,45.785152],[-120.001148,45.811902],[-119.965744,45.824365],[-119.907461,45.828135],[-119.876144,45.834718],[-119.802655,45.84753],[-119.772927,45.845578],[-119.669877,45.856867],[-119.623393,45.905639],[-119.600549,45.919581],[-119.571584,45.925456],[-119.524632,45.908605],[-119.487829,45.906307],[-119.450256,45.917354],[-119.364396,45.921605],[-119.322509,45.933183],[-119.25715,45.939926],[-119.225745,45.932725],[-119.19553,45.92787],[-119.169496,45.927603],[-119.12612,45.932859],[-119.093221,45.942745],[-119.061462,45.958527],[-119.027056,45.969134],[-119.008558,45.97927],[-118.987129,45.999855],[-118.941242,46.000574],[-118.639332,46.000994],[-118.146028,46.000701],[-118.131019,46.00028],[-117.996911,46.000787],[-117.717852,45.999866],[-117.48013,45.99787],[-117.439943,45.998633],[-117.390738,45.998598],[-117.353928,45.996349],[-117.337668,45.998662],[-117.216731,45.998356],[-117.070047,45.99751],[-117.051304,45.996849],[-116.985882,45.996974],[-116.915989,45.995413],[-116.911409,45.988912],[-116.892935,45.974396],[-116.886843,45.958617],[-116.875706,45.945008],[-116.869655,45.923799],[-116.866544,45.916958],[-116.859795,45.907264],[-116.857254,45.904159],[-116.84355,45.892273],[-116.830003,45.886405],[-116.819182,45.880938],[-116.814142,45.877551],[-116.796051,45.858473],[-116.790151,45.849851],[-116.787792,45.844267],[-116.78752,45.840204],[-116.788923,45.836741],[-116.789066,45.833471],[-116.782676,45.825376],[-116.7634,45.81658],[-116.759787,45.816167],[-116.750978,45.818537],[-116.740486,45.82446],[-116.736268,45.826179],[-116.715527,45.826773],[-116.711822,45.826267],[-116.697192,45.820135],[-116.687007,45.806319],[-116.680139,45.79359],[-116.665344,45.781998],[-116.659629,45.780016],[-116.646342,45.779815],[-116.639641,45.781274],[-116.635814,45.783642],[-116.632032,45.784979],[-116.60504,45.781018],[-116.593004,45.778541],[-116.559444,45.755189],[-116.553548,45.753388],[-116.549085,45.752735],[-116.546643,45.750972],[-116.537173,45.737288],[-116.535698,45.734231],[-116.538014,45.714929],[-116.536395,45.69665],[-116.535396,45.691734],[-116.528272,45.681473],[-116.523961,45.677639],[-116.512326,45.670224],[-116.487894,45.649769],[-116.477452,45.631267],[-116.469813,45.620604],[-116.46517,45.617986],[-116.463504,45.615785],[-116.463635,45.602785],[-116.481943,45.577898],[-116.48297,45.577008],[-116.490279,45.574499],[-116.502756,45.566608],[-116.523638,45.54661],[-116.535482,45.525079],[-116.543837,45.514193],[-116.548676,45.510385],[-116.553473,45.499107],[-116.558804,45.481188],[-116.558803,45.480076],[-116.55498,45.472801],[-116.554829,45.46293],[-116.563985,45.460169],[-116.581382,45.448984],[-116.588195,45.44292],[-116.592416,45.427356],[-116.597447,45.41277],[-116.619057,45.39821],[-116.653252,45.351084],[-116.673793,45.321511],[-116.674648,45.314342],[-116.672594,45.298023],[-116.672163,45.288938],[-116.672733,45.283183],[-116.674493,45.276349],[-116.675587,45.274867],[-116.681013,45.27072],[-116.687027,45.267857],[-116.691388,45.263739],[-116.703607,45.239757],[-116.70975,45.217243],[-116.708546,45.207356],[-116.709536,45.203015],[-116.724205,45.171501],[-116.724188,45.162924],[-116.729607,45.142091],[-116.754643,45.113972],[-116.774847,45.105536],[-116.782492,45.09579],[-116.783537,45.093605],[-116.784244,45.088128],[-116.78371,45.076972],[-116.797329,45.060267],[-116.808576,45.050652],[-116.825133,45.03784],[-116.841314,45.030907],[-116.847944,45.022602],[-116.848037,45.021728],[-116.845847,45.01847],[-116.844796,45.015312],[-116.844625,45.001435],[-116.856754,44.984298],[-116.858313,44.978761],[-116.850737,44.958113],[-116.846461,44.951521],[-116.835702,44.940633],[-116.83199,44.933007],[-116.832176,44.931373],[-116.833632,44.928976],[-116.838467,44.923601],[-116.846061,44.905249],[-116.852427,44.887577],[-116.857038,44.880769],[-116.865338,44.870599],[-116.883598,44.858268],[-116.896249,44.84833],[-116.920498,44.81438],[-116.928099,44.808381],[-116.931099,44.804781],[-116.933699,44.798781],[-116.933799,44.796781],[-116.9307,44.789881],[-116.9318,44.787181],[-116.9347,44.783881],[-116.949001,44.777981],[-116.966801,44.775181],[-116.970902,44.773881],[-116.977802,44.767981],[-116.986502,44.762381],[-116.992003,44.759182],[-116.998903,44.756382],[-117.006045,44.756024],[-117.013802,44.756841],[-117.03827,44.748179],[-117.044217,44.74514],[-117.062273,44.727143],[-117.060454,44.721668],[-117.061799,44.706654],[-117.063824,44.703623],[-117.072221,44.700517],[-117.07912,44.692175],[-117.080772,44.684161],[-117.091223,44.668807],[-117.095868,44.664737],[-117.096791,44.657385],[-117.094968,44.652011],[-117.098221,44.640689],[-117.108231,44.62711],[-117.114754,44.624883],[-117.120522,44.614658],[-117.125267,44.593818],[-117.124754,44.583834],[-117.126009,44.581553],[-117.133963,44.57524],[-117.14248,44.57143],[-117.146032,44.568603],[-117.148255,44.564371],[-117.147934,44.562143],[-117.14293,44.557236],[-117.144161,44.545647],[-117.149242,44.536151],[-117.152406,44.531802],[-117.161033,44.525166],[-117.167187,44.523431],[-117.181583,44.52296],[-117.185386,44.519261],[-117.189759,44.513385],[-117.19163,44.509886],[-117.191329,44.506784],[-117.192494,44.503272],[-117.194317,44.499884],[-117.200237,44.492027],[-117.208936,44.485661],[-117.211148,44.485359],[-117.216372,44.48616],[-117.224104,44.483734],[-117.225076,44.482346],[-117.225932,44.479389],[-117.225758,44.477223],[-117.224445,44.473884],[-117.221548,44.470146],[-117.217015,44.459042],[-117.215573,44.453746],[-117.214637,44.44803],[-117.215072,44.427162],[-117.22698,44.405583],[-117.234835,44.399669],[-117.242675,44.396548],[-117.243027,44.390974],[-117.235117,44.373853],[-117.216911,44.360163],[-117.210587,44.357703],[-117.206962,44.355206],[-117.197339,44.347406],[-117.189769,44.336585],[-117.191546,44.329621],[-117.203323,44.313024],[-117.2055,44.311789],[-117.216795,44.308236],[-117.217843,44.30718],[-117.220069,44.301382],[-117.222451,44.298963],[-117.222647,44.297578],[-117.216974,44.288357],[-117.198147,44.273828],[-117.170342,44.25889],[-117.15706,44.25749],[-117.143394,44.258262],[-117.138523,44.25937],[-117.133984,44.262972],[-117.133104,44.264236],[-117.13253,44.267045],[-117.130904,44.269453],[-117.121037,44.277585],[-117.111617,44.280667],[-117.107673,44.280763],[-117.104208,44.27994],[-117.098531,44.275533],[-117.09457,44.270978],[-117.093578,44.269383],[-117.090933,44.260311],[-117.089503,44.258234],[-117.07835,44.249885],[-117.067284,44.24401],[-117.059352,44.237244],[-117.05651,44.230874],[-117.05303,44.229076],[-117.050057,44.22883],[-117.047062,44.229742],[-117.045513,44.232005],[-117.042283,44.242775],[-117.031862,44.248635],[-117.025277,44.248505],[-117.020231,44.246063],[-117.016921,44.245391],[-116.98687,44.245477],[-116.975905,44.242844],[-116.973542,44.23998],[-116.971958,44.235677],[-116.973945,44.225932],[-116.973701,44.208017],[-116.971675,44.197256],[-116.967259,44.194581],[-116.965498,44.194126],[-116.947591,44.191264],[-116.940534,44.19371],[-116.935443,44.193962],[-116.925392,44.191544],[-116.902752,44.179467],[-116.900103,44.176851],[-116.895757,44.171267],[-116.894083,44.160191],[-116.894309,44.158114],[-116.895931,44.154295],[-116.927688,44.109438],[-116.928306,44.107326],[-116.933704,44.100039],[-116.937835,44.096943],[-116.943132,44.09406],[-116.957009,44.091743],[-116.967203,44.090936],[-116.974253,44.088295],[-116.977351,44.085364],[-116.973185,44.049425],[-116.956246,44.042888],[-116.943361,44.035645],[-116.937342,44.029376],[-116.934727,44.023806],[-116.934485,44.021249],[-116.942944,43.987512],[-116.957527,43.972443],[-116.969842,43.967588],[-116.971436,43.964998],[-116.971835,43.962806],[-116.970241,43.958622],[-116.969245,43.957426],[-116.966256,43.955832],[-116.963666,43.952644],[-116.96247,43.928336],[-116.963666,43.921363],[-116.977332,43.905812],[-116.976024,43.895548],[-116.982347,43.86884],[-116.98294,43.86771],[-116.991415,43.863864],[-116.997391,43.864874],[-117.01077,43.862269],[-117.013954,43.859358],[-117.026871,43.832479],[-117.026222,42.000252],[-117.040906,41.99989],[-117.04891,41.998983],[-117.055402,41.99989],[-117.068613,42.000035],[-117.197798,42.00038],[-117.403613,41.99929],[-117.443062,41.999659],[-117.625973,41.998102],[-117.873467,41.998335],[-118.197189,41.996995],[-118.501002,41.995446],[-118.696409,41.991794],[-119.001022,41.993793],[-119.20828,41.993177],[-119.231876,41.994212],[-119.251033,41.993843],[-119.444598,41.995478],[-119.72573,41.996296],[-119.790087,41.997544],[-119.872929,41.997641],[-119.876054,41.997199],[-119.986678,41.995842],[-119.999168,41.99454],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-120.181563,41.994588],[-120.286424,41.993058],[-120.501069,41.993785],[-120.647173,41.993084],[-120.812279,41.994183],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-121.094926,41.994658],[-121.126093,41.99601],[-121.247616,41.997054],[-121.251099,41.99757],[-121.309981,41.997612],[-121.340517,41.99622],[-121.376101,41.997026],[-121.434977,41.997022],[-121.580865,41.998668],[-121.846712,42.00307],[-122.000319,42.003967],[-122.101922,42.005766],[-122.160438,42.007637],[-122.261127,42.007364],[-122.378193,42.009518],[-122.397984,42.008758],[-122.501135,42.00846],[-122.634739,42.004858],[-122.80008,42.004071],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-123.045254,42.003049],[-123.065655,42.004948],[-123.083956,42.005448],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-123.154908,42.008036],[-123.192361,42.005446],[-123.347562,41.999108],[-123.381776,41.999268],[-123.43477,42.001641],[-123.49883,42.000525],[-123.525245,42.001047],[-123.55256,42.000246],[-123.624554,41.999837],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.728156,41.997007],[-123.789295,41.996111],[-123.813992,41.995096],[-123.834208,41.996116],[-124.001188,41.996146],[-124.126194,41.996992],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-124.214213,42.005939],[-124.270464,42.045553],[-124.287374,42.046016],[-124.299649,42.051736],[-124.314289,42.067864],[-124.34101,42.092929],[-124.356229,42.114952],[-124.357122,42.118016],[-124.351535,42.129796],[-124.351784,42.134965],[-124.355696,42.141964],[-124.361563,42.143767],[-124.366028,42.152343],[-124.366832,42.15845],[-124.363389,42.158588],[-124.360318,42.162272],[-124.361009,42.180752],[-124.367751,42.188321],[-124.373175,42.190218],[-124.374949,42.193129],[-124.376215,42.196381],[-124.375553,42.20882],[-124.377762,42.218809],[-124.383633,42.22716],[-124.410982,42.250547],[-124.411534,42.254115],[-124.408514,42.260588],[-124.405148,42.278107],[-124.410556,42.307431],[-124.429288,42.331746],[-124.427222,42.33488],[-124.425554,42.351874],[-124.424066,42.377242],[-124.424863,42.395426],[-124.428068,42.420333],[-124.434882,42.434916],[-124.435105,42.440163],[-124.422038,42.461226],[-124.423084,42.478952],[-124.421381,42.491737],[-124.399065,42.539928],[-124.390664,42.566593],[-124.389977,42.574758],[-124.400918,42.597518],[-124.399421,42.618079],[-124.401177,42.627192],[-124.413119,42.657934],[-124.416774,42.661594],[-124.45074,42.675798],[-124.451484,42.677787],[-124.447487,42.68474],[-124.448418,42.689909],[-124.473864,42.732671],[-124.491679,42.741789],[-124.498473,42.741077],[-124.499122,42.738606],[-124.510017,42.734746],[-124.513368,42.735068],[-124.514669,42.736806],[-124.516236,42.753632],[-124.524439,42.789793],[-124.536073,42.814175],[-124.544179,42.822958],[-124.552441,42.840568],[-124.500141,42.917502],[-124.480938,42.951495],[-124.462619,42.99143],[-124.456918,43.000315],[-124.436198,43.071312],[-124.432236,43.097383],[-124.434451,43.115986],[-124.424113,43.126859],[-124.401726,43.184896],[-124.395302,43.211101],[-124.395607,43.223908],[-124.38246,43.270167],[-124.388891,43.290523],[-124.393988,43.29926],[-124.400404,43.302121],[-124.402814,43.305872],[-124.387642,43.325968],[-124.373037,43.338953],[-124.353332,43.342667],[-124.341587,43.351337],[-124.315012,43.388389],[-124.286896,43.436296],[-124.255609,43.502172],[-124.233534,43.55713],[-124.203028,43.667825],[-124.204888,43.673976],[-124.198275,43.689481],[-124.193455,43.706085],[-124.168392,43.808903],[-124.150267,43.91085],[-124.142704,43.958182],[-124.133547,44.035845],[-124.122406,44.104442],[-124.125824,44.12613],[-124.117006,44.171913],[-124.114424,44.198164],[-124.115671,44.206554],[-124.111054,44.235071],[-124.108945,44.265475],[-124.109744,44.270597],[-124.114869,44.272721],[-124.115953,44.274641],[-124.1152,44.286486],[-124.10907,44.303707],[-124.108088,44.309926],[-124.109556,44.314545],[-124.100587,44.331926],[-124.092101,44.370388],[-124.084401,44.415611],[-124.080989,44.419728],[-124.071706,44.423662],[-124.067569,44.428582],[-124.073941,44.434481],[-124.079301,44.430863],[-124.082113,44.441518],[-124.082061,44.478171],[-124.084429,44.486927],[-124.083601,44.501123],[-124.076387,44.531214],[-124.067251,44.60804],[-124.06914,44.612979],[-124.082326,44.608861],[-124.084476,44.611056],[-124.065202,44.622445],[-124.065008,44.632504],[-124.058281,44.658866],[-124.060043,44.669361],[-124.070394,44.683514],[-124.063406,44.703177],[-124.059077,44.737656],[-124.066325,44.762671],[-124.075473,44.771403],[-124.074066,44.798107],[-124.066746,44.831191],[-124.063155,44.835333],[-124.054151,44.838233],[-124.048814,44.850007],[-124.032296,44.900809],[-124.025136,44.928175],[-124.025678,44.936542],[-124.023834,44.949825],[-124.015243,44.982904],[-124.004386,45.046197],[-124.004668,45.048167],[-124.00977,45.047266],[-124.017991,45.049808],[-124.015851,45.064759],[-124.012163,45.076921],[-124.006057,45.084736],[-124.004863,45.084232],[-123.989529,45.094045],[-123.975425,45.145476],[-123.968187,45.201217],[-123.972919,45.216784],[-123.962887,45.280218],[-123.964169,45.317026],[-123.972899,45.33689],[-123.978671,45.338854],[-124.007756,45.336813],[-124.007494,45.33974],[-123.979715,45.347724],[-123.973398,45.354791],[-123.965728,45.386242],[-123.960557,45.430778],[-123.964074,45.449112],[-123.972953,45.467513],[-123.976544,45.489733],[-123.970794,45.493507],[-123.96634,45.493417],[-123.957568,45.510399],[-123.947556,45.564878],[-123.956711,45.571303],[-123.951246,45.585775],[-123.939005,45.661923],[-123.939448,45.708795],[-123.943121,45.727031],[-123.946027,45.733249],[-123.968563,45.757019],[-123.982578,45.761815],[-123.981864,45.768285],[-123.969459,45.782371],[-123.961544,45.837101],[-123.962736,45.869974],[-123.96763,45.907807],[-123.979501,45.930389],[-123.99304,45.938842],[-123.993703,45.946431],[-123.969991,45.969139],[-123.957438,45.974469],[-123.941831,45.97566],[-123.937471,45.977306],[-123.927891,46.009564],[-123.92933,46.041978],[-123.933366,46.071672],[-123.947531,46.116131],[-123.95919,46.141675],[-123.974124,46.168798],[-123.996766,46.20399],[-124.010344,46.223514],[-124.024305,46.229256],[-124.011355,46.236223],[-124.001998,46.237316],[-123.998052,46.235327],[-123.988429,46.224132],[-123.990117,46.21763],[-123.987196,46.211521],[-123.982149,46.209662],[-123.961739,46.207916],[-123.950148,46.204097],[-123.927038,46.191617],[-123.912405,46.17945],[-123.9042,46.169293],[-123.891186,46.164778],[-123.854801,46.157342],[-123.842849,46.160529],[-123.841521,46.169824],[-123.863347,46.18235],[-123.866643,46.187674],[-123.864209,46.189527],[-123.838801,46.192211],[-123.821834,46.190293],[-123.793936,46.196283],[-123.759976,46.2073],[-123.736747,46.200687],[-123.71278,46.198751],[-123.706667,46.199665],[-123.67538,46.212401],[-123.673831,46.215418],[-123.666751,46.218228],[-123.65539,46.217974],[-123.636474,46.214359],[-123.6325,46.216681],[-123.626247,46.226434],[-123.625219,46.233868],[-123.622812,46.23664],[-123.613459,46.239228],[-123.605487,46.2393],[-123.60019,46.234814],[-123.586205,46.228654],[-123.548194,46.248245],[-123.547659,46.259109],[-123.538092,46.26061],[-123.526391,46.263404],[-123.501245,46.271004],[-123.479644,46.269131],[-123.474844,46.267831],[-123.468743,46.264531],[-123.447592,46.249832],[-123.427629,46.229348],[-123.430847,46.181827],[-123.371433,46.146372],[-123.332335,46.146132],[-123.301034,46.144632],[-123.280166,46.144843],[-123.251233,46.156452],[-123.231196,46.16615],[-123.166414,46.188973],[-123.115904,46.185268],[-123.105021,46.177676],[-123.051064,46.153599],[-123.041297,46.146351],[-123.03382,46.144336],[-123.022147,46.13911],[-123.009436,46.136043],[-123.004233,46.133823],[-122.962681,46.104817],[-122.904119,46.083734],[-122.884478,46.06028],[-122.878092,46.031281],[-122.856158,46.014469],[-122.837638,45.98082],[-122.813998,45.960984],[-122.806193,45.932416],[-122.81151,45.912725],[-122.798091,45.884333],[-122.785026,45.867699],[-122.785696,45.844216],[-122.795963,45.825024],[-122.795605,45.81],[-122.769532,45.780583],[-122.761451,45.759163],[-122.760108,45.734413],[-122.772511,45.699637],[-122.774511,45.680437],[-122.76381,45.657138],[-122.738109,45.644138],[-122.713309,45.637438],[-122.691008,45.624739],[-122.675008,45.618039],[-122.643907,45.609739],[-122.602606,45.607639],[-122.581406,45.60394],[-122.548149,45.596768],[-122.523668,45.589632],[-122.492259,45.583281],[-122.479315,45.579761],[-122.474659,45.578305],[-122.453891,45.567313],[-122.438674,45.563585],[-122.410706,45.567633],[-122.391802,45.574541],[-122.380302,45.575941],[-122.352802,45.569441],[-122.331502,45.548241],[-122.294901,45.543541],[-122.266701,45.543841],[-122.262625,45.544321],[-122.248993,45.547745],[-122.2017,45.564141],[-122.183695,45.577696],[-122.14075,45.584508],[-122.112356,45.581409],[-122.101675,45.583516],[-122.044374,45.609516],[-122.022571,45.615151],[-122.00369,45.61593],[-121.983038,45.622812],[-121.963547,45.632784],[-121.955734,45.643559],[-121.951838,45.644951],[-121.935149,45.644169],[-121.922236,45.649083]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oregon\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7c08be4b0bc0bec09c7ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newcomb, R. C.","contributorId":77907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184456,"text":"70184456 - 1951 - Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T11:52:07","indexId":"70184456","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1772,"text":"Geographical Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century","docAbstract":"The recollections of many old-timers who tell of grass “stirrup high” have given rise to the idea that vegetation in the Southwest was uniformly better in the middle of the last century than it is at present. The change is usually attributed to overgrazing, which timed if it did not cause extensive gullying of the alluvial valleys,I lowering the water table and decreasing the availability of water for plant use. This idea of an originally verdant vegetation, deteriorated as a result of man’s activities, has led to overoptimism concerning the possible results of reduced grazing. Obviously, any decrease in grazing pressure is a step in the right direction, but it is no exaggeration to say that recovery fo vegetation density on depleted ranges, even after protection for years, has been spotty and, in many places, disappointing. We may have allowed ourselves to be deluded by hopes of ‘restoring’ over large areas a level of vegetation density that was originally attained only in selected localities.
This conclusion is supported by the published diaries and field notes of members of early American exploring parties. They show that in certain places, particularly in south-central Arizona where grass is now meager, the alluvial valleys formerly supported large expanses of grassland. However, there were also many areas, even alluvial valleys, where grass was so poor that forage for a string of horses could hardly be obtained. Other areas, such as the Rio Puerco Valley, supported good grass in some places but only scattered shrubs, furnishing poor forage, in others, though until well past the middle of the nineteenth century extensive grazing had been prevented by frequent raids of hostile Indians.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geographical Society","doi":"10.2307/211025","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1951, Vegetation of Southwestern watersheds in the nineteenth century: Geographical Review, v. 41, no. 2, p. 295-316, https://doi.org/10.2307/211025.","productDescription":"22","startPage":"295","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Southwest","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277fbe4b014cc3a3e771e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000228,"text":"1000228 - 1951 - Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T16:23:41.920026","indexId":"1000228","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of the lake trout fishery in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The production of lake trout in the United States waters of Lake Superior was low (only 1,465,000 pounds) in 1879, the first year for which there is a record. Expansion of the fishery must have started soon thereafter, for the take was 3,488,000 pounds in 1885, the next year for which we have statistics, and averaged 3,416,000 pounds in 1885–1892. The years after 1892 can be divided readily into three general periods with average yields as follows: 1893–1907–4,599,000 pounds; 1908–1925–2,168,000 pounds; 1926–1949–3,049,000 pounds. A take of 3 million pounds can be held as “normal” in the modern fishery. During the three periods just listed the percentage contributions of the individual states to the United States total (as computed from the averages for individual periods) ranged from 65.1 to 71.5 for Michigan, 17.5 to 25.6 for Wisconsin, and from 9.3 to 11.0 for Minnesota.
In the Canadian (Province of Ontario) waters of Lake Superior the average annual output of lake trout rose from 309,000 pounds in 1871–1882 to 900,000 pounds in 1883–1893, 1,567,000 pounds in 1894–1903, and 2,189,000 pounds in 1904–1918. This last period of relatively high yield was followed by two intervals of successively lower average catches–1,691,000 pounds in 1919–1929 and 1,395,000 pounds in 1930–1949.
For the combined United States and Canadian waters of Lake Superior the general trends in the production of lake trout can be described by the following averages: 1879–1,653,000 pounds: 1885–1892–4,325,000 pounds; 1893–1907–6,236,000 pounds; 1908–1949–4,403,000 pounds.
The short‐term fluctuations of production during the more recent years give evidence of periodicity in the output of lake trout in Michigan, Ontario, and in the entire lake. Furthermore, these periodic fluctuations tended to be similar in Michigan and Ontario waters. The coefficient of correlation (r) between production in Michigan and Ontario in 1920–1949 (after elimination of trend in the statistics for both areas) had the significant value of 0.456. This correlation suggests that Michigan and Ontario fishermen exploit a common stock or stocks subject to similar fluctuations.
Statistics on the production of lake trout in 5 of the 6 statistical districts of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior (see Fig. 2 for boundaries of the districts) in 1885 suggest that in most areas the fishery was then in the process of development. Even in 1891–1908 when the general level of production was high, there is evidence that during certain periods the catch in some areas was influenced strongly by factors (such as accessibility to market) other than the natural productivity of the waters. Comparisons of the average annual output of lake trout in the individual districts in 1891–1908 and 1929–1943 (the base period for our modern statistical analysis) reveal an enormous decrease in the Whitefish Bay region (S‐6) from 916,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to only 177,000 pounds in 1929–1943, a substantial drop (from 655,000 pounds to 385,000 pounds) in the Marquette‐Munising area (S‐4), and a small decrease (from 141,000 pounds to 138,000 pounds) in the Black River‐Ontonagon district (S‐2). Among the remaining districts the average yearly take increased from 322,000 pounds in 1891–1908 to 354,000 pounds in 1929–1943 at Isle Royal (S‐1), from 428,000 pounds to 501,000 pounds in the Grand Marais district (S‐5), and from 422,000 pounds to 506,000 pounds in the Keweenaw area (S‐3). These changes in the catch resulted in a westward shifting of production centers. Districts S‐1, S‐2, and S‐3 which together contributed only 30.7 percent of the 1891–1908 catch accounted for 48.4 percent of the take in 1929–1943.
The 1929–1949 production in all districts exhibited periodic fluctuations that were characterized by peaks in the middle 1930ˈs and middle 1940ˈs.
The indices of abundance or availability as computed from records of the catch of lake trout per unit of fishing effort showed periodic fluctuations in all districts of the State of Michigan waters similar to those of production (the peaks and the intervening minima fell a little earlier in the curves of abundance than in the production curves). For the combined districts the abundance of lake trout, expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean, stood at 108 in 1929, dropped to 100 in 1931, rose to a 21‐year high of 137 in 1934, decreased to 80 in 1940, increased again to 107 in 1944 and then fell to the 21‐year low of 65 in 1949 (this last decline was interrupted by a small increase in 1947).
The 1929–1949 fluctuations in abundance were similar in the 5 mainland districts (S‐2 through S‐6). The coefficients of correlation (r) were significant for all 10 pairings and those for the 4 easterly districts (S‐3 through S‐6) were extremely high (p < 0.001 for all 6 values). Thus we have evidence that the fishermen along the mainland exploit common stocks or stocks in which the factors controlling availability are the same or subject to closely similar fluctuations. The fluctuations in abundance in S‐1 were correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with those in S‐2 but otherwise appeared to be independent of conditions along the mainland.
The distinctly cyclic fluctuations that characterized the statistics on production and abundance were much less apparent in the 1929–1949 data on fishing intensity in the State of Michigan districts. In districts S‐3, S‐4, and S‐5 a possible tendency toward a cyclic fluctuation seems to have been obscured by a long‐term upward trend that was becoming stronger toward the end of the 21‐year period. For the combined districts the level of fishing pressure was consistently high after 1943. Over the 6‐year period, 1944–1949, fishing intensity expressed as a percentage of the 1929–1943 mean averaged 142; for the most recent 4 years, 1946–1949 the average intensity index was 151.
On the whole, the 1929–1949 production of lake trout in the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior was unreliable as an indicator of changes in abundance. The coefficient of correlation between the fluctuations of catch and abundance was, to be sure, positive and significant in S‐1 (p < 0.05) and S‐6 (p < 0.01), but in the remaining districts and for the combined districts the values of the coefficient were far below the level of significance.
The failure of production to serve better as an indicator of changes in abundance can be attributed to the negative correlation that existed between abundance and fishing intensity (values of r highly significant in every district but S‐6 and for the combined districts). The relationship suggests that fishermen have increased their fishing pressure in order to maintain their production during the recent years of declining abundance.
The condition of the lake trout fishery of the State of Michigan waters of Lake Superior must be termed unhealthy and the outlook for the future is not good. Production in 1949 stood at 106 percent of the 1929–1943 mean, but this level of yield was made possible only by fishing intensity that was 162 percent of average; the abundance index in 1949 was only 65. Certainly the stocks of lake trout are in a poor state to withstand the threatened inroads of sea lampreys which have been taken from all parts of Lake Superior and are known to have established spawning runs at least as far west as the Keweenaw Peninsula.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1000","usgsCitation":"Worts, G., and Thomasson, H.G., 1951, Geology and ground-water resources of the Santa Maria Valley area, California, with a section on surface-water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1000, Report: vi, 169 p.; 6 Plates: 34.50 x 56.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1000.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 169 p.; 6 Plates: 34.50 x 56.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415583,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24193.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":29848,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29847,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29846,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29845,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29844,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29843,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1000/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Maria Valley area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.667,\n 35.047\n ],\n [\n -120.667,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -120.167,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -120.167,\n 35.047\n ],\n [\n -120.667,\n 35.047\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worts, George Frank","contributorId":100830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worts","given":"George Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomasson, H. G. Jr.","contributorId":84343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomasson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011170,"text":"70011170 - 1951 - Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011170","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals","docAbstract":"The increasing use of zirconium in alloys and in the ceramics industry has created renewed interest in methods for its determination. It is a common constituent of many minerals, but is usually present in very small amounts. Published methods tend to be tedious, time-consuming, and uncertain as to accuracy. A new fluorometric procedure, which overcomes these objections to a large extent, is based on the blue fluorescence given by zirconium and flavonol in sulfuric acid solution. Hafnium is the only element that interferes. The sample is fused with borax glass and sodium carbonate and extracted with water. The residue is dissolved in sulfuric acid, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide to separate aluminum, and filtered. The precipitate is dissolved in sulfuric acid and electrolysed in a Melaven cell to remove iron. Flavonol is then added and the fluorescence intensity is measured with a photo-fluorometer. Analysis of seven standard mineral samples shows excellent results. The method is especially useful for minerals containing less than 0.25% zirconium oxide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Alford, W., Shapiro, L., and White, C.E., 1951, Fluorometric determination of zirconium in minerals: Analytical Chemistry, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1149-1152.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1152","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1290e4b0c8380cd54363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alford, W.C.","contributorId":86487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alford","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, L.","contributorId":103408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, C. E.","contributorId":24915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000069,"text":"1000069 - 1951 - Downstream movement of recently transformed sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, in Carp Lake River, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T10:43:59","indexId":"1000069","displayToPublicDate":"1951-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downstream movement of recently transformed sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, in Carp Lake River, Michigan","docAbstract":"The precipitation in Nebraska has been considerably less than normal in the last four years, and in consequence the ground‐water level in many parts of the State has declined to a marked extent. Moreover, in some parts of Nebraska the ground‐water level has declined as the result of land‐drainage, and in other parts it has risen as the result of irrigation with water diverted from streams. These changes in ground‐water level produced by drainage, irrigation, and decreased precipitation have caused wells to fail, streams to cease flowing, lakes to become dry, and land to become water‐logged. Consequently, interest in fluctuations of ground‐water level has greatly increased, and the need of a systematic collection of base‐data for the future study of ground‐water problems has been recognized.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR016i002p00495","usgsCitation":"Wenzel, L., 1951, A state‐wide program of periodic measurements of ground‐water level In Nebraska: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 16, no. 2, p. 495-498, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR016i002p00495.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"498","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -98.37158203125,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -102.01904296874999,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -102.0849609375,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -95.38330078125,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -95.91064453125,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 42.74701217318067\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenzel, L.K.","contributorId":18733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenzel","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178711,"text":"70178711 - 1950 - Ground water in the Escalante Valley, Beaver, Iron, and Washington Counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T16:42:09","indexId":"70178711","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Ground water in the Escalante Valley, Beaver, Iron, and Washington Counties, Utah","docAbstract":"Escalante Valley in southwestern Utah is one of the largest and most important ground-water areas of the State, with 1,300 square miles of arid land and an additional 1,500 square miles in its tributary drainage basin. Ground water is obtained from gravel and sand beds in the unconsolidated valley fill. In 1950 more irrigation wells were pumped than in any other basin of Utah, and their total pumpage exceeded 80,000 acre-feet. Farming is done chiefly in the Beryl-Enterprise district at the south (upper) end of the valley, where it depends almost entirely upon ground water, and in the Milford and Minersville districts in the northeast-central part of the valley. This progress report concerns chiefly the Beryl-Enterprise and Milford districts.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Twenty-seventh biennial report of the State Engineer to the Governor of Utah: 1948-1950","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Fix, P., Nelson, W., Lofgren, B.E., and Butler, R., 1950, Ground water in the Escalante Valley, Beaver, Iron, and Washington Counties, Utah: Technical Publication 6, 102 p.","productDescription":"102 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"210","numberOfPages":"122","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333873,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-401","text":"Utah State Engineer's 27th Biennial Report (larger work)"},{"id":331490,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200085.pdf"},{"id":331489,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-150"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Beaver County, Iron County, Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Escalante Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -112.9998779296875,\n 37.80544394934271\n ],\n [\n -112.7197265625,\n 38.40194908237822\n ],\n [\n -112.8570556640625,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -113.30749511718749,\n 38.67264490154078\n ],\n [\n -113.88427734374999,\n 38.23386541556985\n ],\n [\n -114.0985107421875,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 37.43997405227057\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468aefe4b04fc80e5236db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fix, Philip F.","contributorId":21649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fix","given":"Philip F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, W.B.","contributorId":30282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lofgren, B. E.","contributorId":42579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lofgren","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, R.G.","contributorId":60706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70175888,"text":"70175888 - 1950 - Subsurface reconnaissance of glacial deposits in northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T14:09:06","indexId":"70175888","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface reconnaissance of glacial deposits in northeastern Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Frye, J., and Walters, K., 1950, Subsurface reconnaissance of glacial deposits in northeastern Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 86, no. 6, p. 141-158.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327085,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"86","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82deae4b03fd6b7da3a03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frye, J.C.","contributorId":35067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frye","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, K.L.","contributorId":105765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160630,"text":"70160630 - 1950 - Pollution in the lower Columbia Basin in 1948 with particular reference to the Willamette River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-28T10:19:13","indexId":"70160630","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":84,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Fisheries","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"30","title":"Pollution in the lower Columbia Basin in 1948 with particular reference to the Willamette River","docAbstract":"Development of the salmon resources of the lower Columbia River Basin appears as sound insurance against the threat of a serious reduction in the runs to the upper river areas through the multiple-purpose programs of water development now under way by the Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and private interests. Any comprehensive plan for the full development of the fisheries resources in the lower Columbia Basin must be predicated upon accurate knowledge of the waters therein polluted to a degree affecting fish life. Pollution surveys have been made in the lower Columbia Basin at various times in the past -- the most intensive studies having been made in the Willamette Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., and Rucker, R., 1950, Pollution in the lower Columbia Basin in 1948 with particular reference to the Willamette River: Special Scientific Report - Fisheries 30, 32 p.","productDescription":"32 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/SSRF/SSRF30.pdf","text":"pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 46.2102496001872\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 45.47554027158593\n ],\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 43.46886761482925\n ],\n [\n -124.56298828125001,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -124.43115234375,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -123.72802734375,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -122.25585937500001,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -118.828125,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 42.114523952464246\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -116.82861328125001,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 45.96642454131025\n ],\n [\n -118.828125,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -120.25634765624999,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 45.69083283645816\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -122.93701171874999,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 46.392411189814645\n ],\n [\n -123.68408203124999,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 46.2102496001872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b47e4b0a04ef4925b90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rucker, R.R.","contributorId":104000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175889,"text":"70175889 - 1950 - Geology and ground-water resources of Rice County, Kansas:","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T14:12:11","indexId":"70175889","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Rice County, Kansas:","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Fent, O.S., 1950, Geology and ground-water resources of Rice County, Kansas:: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 85, 142.","productDescription":"142","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"85","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dbde4b03fd6b7da3703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fent, O. S.","contributorId":173880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fent","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175887,"text":"70175887 - 1950 - Subsurface reconnaissance of glacial deposits in northeastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T14:09:31","indexId":"70175887","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2579,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface reconnaissance of glacial deposits in northeastern Kansas","language":"English","publisher":"University of Kansas","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Frye, J., and Walters, K., 1950, Subsurface reconnaissance of glacial deposits in northeastern Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 86, no. 6, p. 141-158.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327084,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/geologyBulls.html"}],"volume":"86","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82deae4b03fd6b7da39fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frye, J.C.","contributorId":35067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frye","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, K.L.","contributorId":105765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047775,"text":"70047775 - 1950 - Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70047775,"text":"70047775 - 1950 - Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington","indexId":"70047775","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":51045,"text":"ofr5136 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington","indexId":"ofr5136","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":51045,"text":"ofr5136 - 1951 - Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington","indexId":"ofr5136","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-22T16:19:57","indexId":"70047775","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T16:12:39","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":116,"text":"Ground-water Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington","language":"English","publisher":"Washington Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Olympia, WA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with State of Washington, Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Hydraulics","usgsCitation":"Sceva, J.E., 1950, Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of southwestern Skagit County, Washington: Ground-water Report 1, ii, 40 p.; Maps: 2 Sheets.","productDescription":"ii, 40 p.; Maps: 2 Sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276924,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Skagit County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.7596,48.2951 ], [ -122.7596,48.6598 ], [ -120.6854,48.6598 ], [ -120.6854,48.2951 ], [ -122.7596,48.2951 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521732e7e4b043bae8d2e607","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sceva, Jack E.","contributorId":79086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sceva","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040288,"text":"70040288 - 1950 - The ground-water resources of Montgomery County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-12T17:16:08","indexId":"70040288","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:19:43","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-23","title":"The ground-water resources of Montgomery County, New York","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Jeffords, R., 1950, The ground-water resources of Montgomery County, New York: Bulletin GW-23, 63 p., 2 Plates.","productDescription":"63 p., 2 Plates","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e50731e4b0e8fec6ce9f03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jeffords, R.M.","contributorId":70233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffords","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}