Interspecific mutualisms are often vulnerable to instability because low benefit : cost ratios can rapidly lead to extinction or to the conversion of mutualism to parasite–host or predator–prey interactions. We hypothesize that the evolutionary stability of mutualism can depend on how benefits and costs to one mutualist vary with the population density of its partner, and that stability can be maintained if a mutualist can influence demographic rates and regulate the population density of its partner. We test this hypothesis in a model of mutualism with key features of senita cactus (Pachycereus schottii) – senita moth (Upiga virescens) interactions, in which benefits of pollination and costs of larval seed consumption to plant fitness depend on pollinator density. We show that plants can maximize their fitness by allocating resources to the production of excess flowers at the expense of fruit. Fruit abortion resulting from excess flower production reduces pre–adult survival of the pollinating seed–consumer, and maintains its density beneath a threshold that would destabilize the mutualism. Such a strategy of excess flower production and fruit abortion is convergent and evolutionarily stable against invasion by cheater plants that produce few flowers and abort few to no fruit. This novel mechanism of achieving evolutionarily stable mutualism, namely interspecific population regulation, is qualitatively different from other mechanisms invoking partner choice or selective rewards, and may be a general process that helps to preserve mutualistic interactions in nature.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2004.2789","usgsCitation":"Holland, J.N., DeAngelis, D., and Schultz, S.T., 2004, Evolutionary stability of mutualism: interspecific population regulation as an evolutionarily stable strategy: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, v. 271, no. 1550, p. 1807-1814, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2789.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1807","endPage":"1814","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1691799","text":"External Repository"},{"id":313946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"271","issue":"1550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e48ffe4b0e7a44bc4194d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, J. Nathaniel","contributorId":49912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schultz, Stewart T.","contributorId":152080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Stewart","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57730,"text":"fs20043091 - 2004 - Linking selenium sources to ecosystems: San Francisco Bay-Delta Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T16:53:38","indexId":"fs20043091","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3091","title":"Linking selenium sources to ecosystems: San Francisco Bay-Delta Model","docAbstract":"Marine sedimentary rocks of the Coast Ranges contribute selenium to soil, surface water, and ground water in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. Irrigation funnels selenium into a network of subsurface drains and canals. Proposals to build a master drain (i.e., San Luis Drain) to discharge into the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary remain as controversial today as they were in the 1950s, when drainage outside the San Joaquin Valley was first considered. An existing 85-mile portion of the San Luis Drain was closed in 1986 after fish mortality and deformities in ducks, grebes and coots were discovered at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, the temporary terminus of the drain. A 28-mile portion of the drain now conveys drainage from 100,000 acres into the San Joaquin River and eventually into the Bay-Delta. If the San Luis Drain is extended directly to the Bay-Delta, as is now being proposed as an alternative to sustain agriculture, it could receive drainage from an estimated one-million acres of farmland affected by rising water tables and increasing salinity. In addition to agricultural sources, oil refineries also discharge selenium to the Bay-Delta, although those discharges have declined in recent years. To understand the effects of changing selenium inputs, scientists have developed the Bay-Delta Selenium Model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043091","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., and Luoma, S.N., 2004, Linking selenium sources to ecosystems: San Francisco Bay-Delta Model: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3091, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043091.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5981,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3091/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":338509,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3091/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":338426,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3091/pdf/FS2004-3091.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2004-3091"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.211669921875,\n 37.34395908944491\n ],\n [\n -120.73974609374999,\n 37.34395908944491\n ],\n [\n -120.73974609374999,\n 38.40194908237822\n ],\n [\n -123.211669921875,\n 38.40194908237822\n ],\n [\n -123.211669921875,\n 37.34395908944491\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a5082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56827,"text":"sir20045035 - 2004 - Sedimentation Survey of Lago Toa Vaca, Puerto Rico, June-July 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"sir20045035","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5035","title":"Sedimentation Survey of Lago Toa Vaca, Puerto Rico, June-July 2002","docAbstract":"The Lago Toa Vaca dam is located in the municipality of Villalba in southern Puerto Rico, and is owned and operated by the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority. Construction was completed in 1972 as the first phase of a multi-purpose project that contemplated four possible diversions from other basins to mitigate the rapid storage capacity loss of Lago Guayabal, located immediately downstream of the Toa Vaca dam. The latter phases of the intra-basin diversions were cancelled, and currently, the reservoir receives runoff from only 56.8 square kilometers of its drainage area. \r\n\r\nLago Toa Vaca reservoir when constructed was to be used for irrigation of croplands in the southern coastal plain. The reservoir had an original storage capacity of 68.94 million cubic meters. Sedimentation has reduced the storage capacity by only 7 percent between 1972 and 2002 to 64.08 million cubic meters. This represents a long-term sedimentation rate of about 162,000 cubic meters per year. \r\n\r\nBased on the 2002 sedimentation survey, Lago Toa Vaca has a sediment trapping efficiency of about 98 percent and a drainage area-normalized sedimentation rate of about 3,086 cubic meters per square kilometer per year between 1972 and 2002. At the current long-term sedimentation rate the reservoir would lose its storage capacity by the year 2400.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045035","usgsCitation":"Soler-Lopez, L.R., 2004, Sedimentation Survey of Lago Toa Vaca, Puerto Rico, June-July 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5035, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045035.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5672,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045035/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f48ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soler-Lopez, Luis R.","contributorId":27501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soler-Lopez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57775,"text":"sir20045094 - 2004 - Analysis of phosphorus trends and evaluation of sampling designs in the Quinebaug River Basin, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:02","indexId":"sir20045094","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5094","title":"Analysis of phosphorus trends and evaluation of sampling designs in the Quinebaug River Basin, Connecticut","docAbstract":"A time-series analysis approach developed by the U.S. Geological Survey was used to analyze trends in total phosphorus and evaluate optimal sampling designs for future trend detection, using long-term data for two water-quality monitoring stations on the Quinebaug River in eastern Connecticut. Trend-analysis results for selected periods of record during 1971?2001 indicate that concentrations of total phosphorus in the Quinebaug River have varied over time, but have decreased significantly since the 1970s and 1980s. Total phosphorus concentrations at both stations increased in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but were still substantially lower than historical levels. Drainage areas for both stations are primarily forested, but water quality at both stations is affected by point discharges from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities. \r\n\r\nVarious designs with sampling frequencies ranging from 4 to 11 samples per year were compared to the trend-detection power of the monthly (12-sample) design to determine the most efficient configuration of months to sample for a given annual sampling frequency. Results from this evaluation indicate that the current (2004) 8-sample schedule for the two Quinebaug stations, with monthly sampling from May to September and bimonthly sampling for the remainder of the year, is not the most efficient 8-sample design for future detection of trends in total phosphorus. Optimal sampling schedules for the two stations differ, but in both cases, trend-detection power generally is greater among 8-sample designs that include monthly sampling in fall and winter. Sampling designs with fewer than 8 samples per year generally provide a low level of probability for detection of trends in total phosphorus. \r\n\r\nManagers may determine an acceptable level of probability for trend detection within the context of the multiple objectives of the state?s water-quality management program and the scientific understanding of the watersheds in question. Managers may identify a threshold of probability for trend detection that is high enough to justify the agency?s investment in the water-quality sampling program. Results from an analysis of optimal sampling designs can provide an important component of information for the decision-making process in which sampling schedules are periodically reviewed and revised.\r\n\r\nResults from the study described in this report and previous studies indicate that optimal sampling schedules for trend detection may differ substantially for different stations and constituents. A more comprehensive statewide evaluation of sampling schedules for key stations and constituents could provide useful information for any redesign of the schedule for water-quality monitoring in the Quinebaug River Basin and elsewhere in the state.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045094","usgsCitation":"Todd Trench, E.C., 2004, Analysis of phosphorus trends and evaluation of sampling designs in the Quinebaug River Basin, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5094, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045094.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5733,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5094/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6802eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd Trench, Elaine C.","contributorId":88031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd Trench","given":"Elaine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54270,"text":"sir20045001 - 2004 - Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:20:08","indexId":"sir20045001","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5001","title":"Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02","docAbstract":"To support the development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for water temperature in the Willamette Basin, the laterally averaged, two-dimensional model CE-QUAL-W2 was used to construct a water temperature and streamflow model of the Santiam and North Santiam Rivers. The rivers were simulated from downstream of Detroit and Big Cliff dams to the confluence with the Willamette River. Inputs to the model included bathymetric data, flow and temperature from dam releases, tributary flow and temperature, and meteorologic data. The model was calibrated for the period July 1 through November 21, 2001, and confirmed with data from April 1 through October 31, 2002. Flow calibration made use of data from two streamflow gages and travel-time and river-width data. Temperature calibration used data from 16 temperature monitoring locations in 2001 and 5 locations in 2002. A sensitivity analysis was completed by independently varying input parameters, including point-source flow, air temperature, flow and water temperature from dam releases, and riparian shading. Scenario analyses considered hypothetical river conditions without anthropogenic heat inputs, with restored riparian vegetation, with minimum streamflow from the dams, and with a more-natural seasonal water temperature regime from dam releases.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045001","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A.B., and Roundsk, S.A., 2004, Modeling Streamflow and Water Temperature in the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers, Oregon, 2001-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5001, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045001.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5382,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611b1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roundsk, Stewart A.","contributorId":55272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roundsk","given":"Stewart","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54154,"text":"sir20045079 - 2004 - Riverbed elevations and water quality of the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa, 2002-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T13:13:42","indexId":"sir20045079","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5079","title":"Riverbed elevations and water quality of the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa, 2002-03","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Sioux City, Iowa, conducted an investigation of the Missouri River, during 2002-2003, to assess changes in riverbed elevations from its confluence with the Big Sioux River, downstream to the area of the Sioux City municipal well field. Water-quality samples also were collected across the Missouri River to provide additional information on the differences between the water quality of the Missouri River and Big Sioux River in the well field area.
\nThe water supply at Sioux City, Iowa, is withdrawn from fourteen vertical wells and one horizontal collector well. Twelve vertical wells and the collector well are completed in the alluvial sand and gravel aquifer adjacent to the Missouri River at Sioux City. The well field is located on the left bank (looking downstream) of the Missouri River about 0.5 mile upstream from USGS streamflow gage 06486000, and approximately 5,000 feet downstream from the confluence with the Big Sioux River.
\nThe Missouri River, adjacent to the Sioux City alluvial well field, consists of the combined streamflows from the Missouri and the Big Sioux Rivers. The streamflows do not appear to be well mixed downstream from the confluence, and the streamflow directly adjacent to the well field could be predominately from the Big Sioux River. The U.S. Geological Survey measures streamflow on the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa (USGS streamflow gage 06486000). The riverbed of the Missouri River at Sioux City consists of a sequence of sands and gravels. The surface of the riverbed is undulatory, with continuously migrating riverbed forms, 5 to 8 feet in relief, of sand and gravel.
\nMeasurements of riverbed elevations from October 1, 2002, to September 30, 2003, showed an annual change of as much as 8 feet with the majority of the riverbed change closer to 5 feet. The largest change occurred near a wing dike on the Nebraska side of the Missouri River. On the Iowa side, the annual change was close to 5 feet. The results showed that channel fill occurred in the winter months and scour occurred during the summer months.
\nResults of analyses of water samples collected at five locations across the Missouri River, near the municipal well field, were similar for most samples. Higher values of specific conductance and turbidity were recorded on the Iowa side of the Missouri River, the side from which the Big Sioux River enters upstream. Higher concentrations of chloride, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and atrazine also were detected on the Iowa side of the Missouri River. Based on these results, there does not appear to be complete mixing of water from the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers near the municipal well field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045079","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Sioux City","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, D.E., 2004, Riverbed elevations and water quality of the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5079, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045079.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":183966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Woodbury","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.8585,42.5611],[-95.7402,42.5609],[-95.7414,42.5223],[-95.7399,42.475],[-95.6696,42.4744],[-95.6693,42.384],[-95.6706,42.3658],[-95.6696,42.2962],[-95.6701,42.2099],[-95.7872,42.2102],[-95.9055,42.2108],[-95.9849,42.212],[-96.0214,42.2122],[-96.138,42.214],[-96.2539,42.2147],[-96.3128,42.2148],[-96.358,42.2147],[-96.3576,42.2154],[-96.3368,42.2178],[-96.3224,42.2324],[-96.3287,42.24],[-96.328,42.2478],[-96.3307,42.2587],[-96.3389,42.2679],[-96.3534,42.2743],[-96.3574,42.277],[-96.3674,42.2899],[-96.3703,42.3065],[-96.3715,42.3142],[-96.3735,42.3171],[-96.3737,42.3185],[-96.3829,42.3256],[-96.4085,42.3374],[-96.4186,42.352],[-96.4162,42.3629],[-96.4077,42.3739],[-96.4158,42.3923],[-96.4149,42.4088],[-96.3987,42.4227],[-96.3964,42.4243],[-96.3909,42.4288],[-96.3869,42.4327],[-96.3834,42.4383],[-96.382,42.4445],[-96.381,42.4526],[-96.3807,42.4642],[-96.3831,42.4722],[-96.3863,42.4787],[-96.3915,42.484],[-96.3997,42.4877],[-96.4079,42.4896],[-96.4192,42.4916],[-96.4328,42.4908],[-96.4483,42.4893],[-96.45,42.4895],[-96.4589,42.4907],[-96.4687,42.493],[-96.473,42.4945],[-96.4754,42.4962],[-96.4763,42.5014],[-96.4749,42.5037],[-96.4746,42.5071],[-96.4764,42.5101],[-96.4838,42.5121],[-96.4888,42.5123],[-96.4918,42.5137],[-96.4926,42.5215],[-96.4798,42.5261],[-96.4774,42.5294],[-96.477,42.5335],[-96.4776,42.5494],[-96.4792,42.557],[-96.4862,42.5601],[-96.4954,42.5589],[-96.4982,42.562],[-96.4514,42.5622],[-96.3711,42.5622],[-96.2166,42.5614],[-96.0995,42.5615],[-95.8585,42.5611]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Woodbury\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Description of Study Area
Acknowledgments
Data-Collection Methods
Riverbed-Elevation Data
Water-Quality Data
Quality Assurance
Riverbed Elevation
Water Quality
Summary
References
The Double Eagle Refining Superfund site and the Fourth Street Abandoned Refinery Superfund site are in northeast Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, adjacent to one another. The Double Eagle facility became a Superfund site on the basis of contamination from lead and volatile organic compounds; the Fourth Street facility on the basis of volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and acid-base neutral compounds. The study documented in this report was done to investigate whether reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes under oxidation-reduction conditions is occurring in two zones of the Garber-Wellington aquifer (shallow zone 30–60 to 75 feet below land surface, deep zone 75 to 160 feet below land surface) at the sites; and to construct potentiometric surfaces of the two water-yielding zones to determine the directions of groundwater flow at the sites. The presence in some wells of intermediate products of reductive dechlorination, dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, is an indication that reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene is occurring. Dissolved oxygen concentrations (less than 0.5 milligram per liter) indicate that consumption of dissolved oxygen likely had occurred in the oxygen-reducing microbial process associated with reductive dechlorination. Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (generally less than 2.0 and 0.06 milligrams per liter, respectively) indicate that nitrate reduction probably is not a key process in either aquifer zone. Concentrations of ferrous iron greater than 1.00 milligram per liter in the majority of wells sampled indicate that iron reduction is probable. Concentrations of sulfide less than 0.05 milligram per liter in all wells indicate that sulfate reduction probably is not a key process in either zone. The presence of methane in ground water is an indication of strongly reducing conditions that facilitate reductive dechlorination. Methane was detected in all but one well. In the shallow zone in the eastern part of the study area, ground water flowing from the northwest and south coalesces in a potentiometric trough, then moves westward and ultimately northwestward. In the western part of the study area, ground water in the shallow zone flows northwest. In the deep zone in the eastern part of the study area, ground water generally flows northwestward; and in the western part of the study area, ground water in the deep zone generally flows northward.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045050","collaboration":"Prepared under interagency agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., 2004, Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes under oxidation-reduction conditions and potentiometric surfaces in two trichloroethene-contaminated zones at the Double Eagle and Fourth Street Superfund sites in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5050, HTML Document; Report: iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045050.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335650,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5050/pdf/2004-5050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"713 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":4693,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5050/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Oklahoma City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.48602390289307,\n 35.462662370157865\n ],\n [\n -97.46696949005127,\n 35.462662370157865\n ],\n [\n -97.46696949005127,\n 35.473427568038844\n ],\n [\n -97.48602390289307,\n 35.473427568038844\n ],\n [\n -97.48602390289307,\n 35.462662370157865\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bfac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54144,"text":"wri034300 - 2004 - Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T11:32:04","indexId":"wri034300","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4300","title":"Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002","docAbstract":"Ground-water budgets were developed for 32 small basin-based zones in the Greenwich area of southwestern Connecticut, where crystalline-bedrock aquifers supply private wells, to determine the status of residential ground-water consumption relative to rates of ground-water recharge and discharge. Estimated residential ground-water withdrawals for small basins (averaging 1.7 square miles (mi2)) ranged from 0 to 0.16 million gallons per day per square mile (Mgal/d/mi2). To develop these budgets, residential ground-water withdrawals were estimated using multiple-linear regression models that relate water use from public water supply to data on residential property characteristics. Average daily water use of households with public water supply ranged from 219 to 1,082 gallons per day (gal/d).
A steady-state finite-difference ground-water- flow model was developed to track water budgets, and to estimate optimal values for hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock (0.05 feet per day) and recharge to the overlying till deposits (6.9 inches) using nonlinear regression. Estimated recharge rates to the small basins ranged from 3.6 to 7.5 inches per year (in/yr) and relate to the percentage of the basin underlain by coarse- grained glacial stratified deposits. Recharge was not applied to impervious areas to account for the effects of urbanization. Net residential ground-water consumption was estimated as ground-water withdrawals increased during the growing season, and ranged from 0 to 0.9 in/yr.
Long-term average stream base flows simulated by the ground-water-flow model were compared to calculated values of average base flow and low flow to determine if base flow was substantially reduced in any of the basins studied. Three of the 32 basins studied had simulated base flows less than 3 in/yr, as a result of either ground-water withdrawals or reduced recharge due to urbanization. A water-availability criteria of the difference between the 30-day 2-year low flow and the recharge rate for each basin was explored as a method to rate the status of water consumption in each basin. Water consumption ranged from 0 to 14.3 percent of available water based on this criteria for the 32 basins studied.
Base-flow water quality was related to the amount of urbanized area in each basin sampled. Concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus, chloride, indicator bacteria, and the number of pesticide detections increased with basin urbanization, which ranged from 18 to 63 percent of basin area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034300","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the town of Greenwich, Connecticut","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., 2004, Water use, ground-water recharge and availability, and quality of water in the Greenwich area, Fairfield County, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York, 2000-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4300, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034300.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/GreenwichCT03-4300.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.68 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5590,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034300/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, New York","county":"Fairfield County, Westchester County","otherGeospatial":"Greenwich area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.75,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 40.9\n ],\n [\n -73.5,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 41.2\n ],\n [\n -73.75,\n 40.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a1e4b07f02db5be166","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54269,"text":"sir20045066 - 2004 - Summary and Comparison of Multiphase Streambed Scour Analysis at Selected Bridge Sites in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-21T13:44:04","indexId":"sir20045066","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5066","title":"Summary and Comparison of Multiphase Streambed Scour Analysis at Selected Bridge Sites in Alaska","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities undertook a cooperative multiphase study of streambed scour at selected bridges in Alaska beginning in 1994. Of the 325 bridges analyzed for susceptibility to scour in the preliminary phase, 54 bridges were selected for a more intensive analysis that included site investigations. Cross-section geometry and hydraulic properties for each site in this study were determined from field surveys and bridge plans. Water-surface profiles were calculated for the 100- and 500-year floods using the Hydrologic Engineering Center?s River Analysis System and scour depths were calculated using methods recommended by the Federal Highway Administration.\r\n\r\nComputed contraction-scour depths for the 100- and 500-year recurrence-interval discharges exceeded 5 feet at six bridges, and pier-scour depths exceeded 10 feet at 24 bridges. Complex pier-scour computations were made at 10 locations where the computed contraction-scour depths would expose pier footings. Pressure scour was evaluated at three bridges where the modeled flood water-surface elevations intersected the bridge structure.\r\n\r\nSite investigation at the 54 scour-critical bridges was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the preliminary scour analysis. Values for channel-flow angle of attack and approach-channel width were estimated from bridge survey plans for the preliminary study and were measured during a site investigation for this study. These two variables account for changes in scour depths between the preliminary analysis and subsequent reanalysis for most sites. Site investigation is needed for best estimates of scour at bridges with survey plans that indicate a channel-flow angle of attack and for locations where survey plans did not include sufficient channel geometry upstream of the bridge.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045066","usgsCitation":"Conaway, J.S., 2004, Summary and Comparison of Multiphase Streambed Scour Analysis at Selected Bridge Sites in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5066, 34 p.; 10 illus.; 8 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045066.","productDescription":"34 p.; 10 illus.; 8 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5381,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045066","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54262,"text":"sir20045024 - 2004 - Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20045024","displayToPublicDate":"2004-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5024","title":"Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado","docAbstract":"Effective management of existing water-storage capacity in the Arkansas River Basin is anticipated to help satisfy the need for water in southeastern Colorado. A strategy to meet these needs has been developed, but implementation could affect the water quality of the Arkansas River and Fountain Creek in the vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado. Because no known methods are available to determine what effects future changes in operations will have on water quality, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Southeastern Colorado Water Activity Enterprise, began a study in 2002 to develop methods that could identify if future water-quality conditions have changed significantly from background (preexisting) water-quality conditions. A method was developed to identify when significant departures from background (preexisting) water-quality conditions occur in the lower Arkansas River and Fountain Creek in the vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado. Additionally, the methods described in this report provide information that can be used by various water-resource agencies for an internet-based decision-support tool. \r\n\r\nEstimated dissolved-solids concentrations at five sites in the study area were evaluated to designate historical background conditions and to calculate tolerance limits used to identify statistical departures from background conditions. This method provided a tool that could be applied with defined statistical probabilities associated with specific tolerance limits. Drought data from 2002 were used to test the method. Dissolved-solids concentrations exceeded the tolerance limits at all four sites on the Arkansas River at some point during 2002. The number of exceedances was particularly evident when streamflow from Pueblo Reservoir was reduced, and return flows and ground-water influences to the river were more prevalent. No exceedances were observed at the site on Fountain Creek. These comparisons illustrated the need to adjust the concentration data to account for varying streamflow. As such, similar comparisons between flow-adjusted data were done. At the site Arkansas River near Avondale, nearly all the 2002 flow-adjusted concentration data were less than the flow-adjusted tolerance limit which illustrated the effects of using flow-adjusted concentrations. Numerous exceedances of the flow-adjusted tolerance limits, however, were observed at the sites Arkansas River above Pueblo and Arkansas River at Pueblo. These results indicated that the method was able to identify a change in the ratio of source waters under drought conditions. Additionally, tolerance limits were calculated for daily dissolved-solids load and evaluated in a similar manner. \r\n\r\nSeveral other mass-load approaches were presented to help identify long-term changes in water quality. These included comparisons of cumulative mass load at selected sites and comparisons of mass load contributed at the Arkansas River near Avondale site by measured and unmeasured sources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045024","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., 2004, Methods to Identify Changes in Background Water-Quality Conditions Using Dissolved-Solids Concentrations and Loads as Indicators, Arkansas River and Fountain Creek, in the Vicinity of Pueblo, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5024, iv, 20 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.; 11 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045024.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm.; 11 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5375,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045024","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cdef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70239788,"text":"70239788 - 2004 - Tidal triggering caught in the act","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T23:03:11.001149","indexId":"70239788","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-27T16:54:39","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal triggering caught in the act","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1100726","usgsCitation":"Stein, R.S., 2004, Tidal triggering caught in the act: Science, v. 305, no. 5688, p. 1248-1249, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100726.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1248","endPage":"1249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 130.2624851665547,\n 31.016871377471873\n ],\n [\n 130.71817693176672,\n 30.699870581802756\n ],\n [\n 131.63798556370062,\n 31.074572502104203\n ],\n [\n 132.01336556340834,\n 32.42818275824477\n ],\n [\n 133.09956670096972,\n 32.74251368186246\n ],\n [\n 133.68461664218614,\n 33.18133000228731\n ],\n [\n 134.18927526112088,\n 32.87109601976043\n ],\n [\n 134.82291564737739,\n 33.63760238777\n ],\n [\n 135.79453504209698,\n 33.17286185982147\n ],\n [\n 136.4828866150138,\n 33.95690494591088\n ],\n [\n 137.4511150279037,\n 34.41585542715093\n ],\n [\n 138.33459839459954,\n 34.5010811858958\n ],\n [\n 138.84670709116222,\n 34.30113709932945\n ],\n [\n 140.08638161434158,\n 34.74797174284441\n ],\n [\n 141.0528724815705,\n 35.604542101944304\n ],\n [\n 140.8380882861378,\n 36.51917178956609\n ],\n [\n 141.26952252748367,\n 37.11197578573092\n ],\n [\n 141.28634806986616,\n 38.13085194234418\n ],\n [\n 142.0139963478921,\n 38.86018094340187\n ],\n [\n 142.2458872298888,\n 39.66143474742185\n ],\n [\n 142.03932021884395,\n 40.431395794744844\n ],\n [\n 141.64243607228627,\n 41.11513804842622\n ],\n [\n 141.67312377683345,\n 42.29192810081187\n ],\n [\n 143.46310603185202,\n 41.76344012601626\n ],\n [\n 143.974726299983,\n 42.779156919376874\n ],\n [\n 145.1265780469928,\n 42.84571080895492\n ],\n [\n 147.28655519725805,\n 43.67894563102763\n ],\n [\n 147.47135653056807,\n 44.33910252764221\n ],\n [\n 151.11350154740433,\n 45.95672315112944\n ],\n [\n 151.053311733211,\n 46.49357301179384\n ],\n [\n 149.99592082829497,\n 46.501078671174554\n ],\n [\n 145.5963933670855,\n 44.64870169360202\n ],\n [\n 144.08053718416392,\n 44.23508517806425\n ],\n [\n 142.3939680131508,\n 45.45655334121881\n ],\n [\n 141.26260313462342,\n 45.89030808231607\n ],\n [\n 140.59900272926228,\n 45.656855806710695\n ],\n [\n 140.8220119232053,\n 44.946505128909365\n ],\n [\n 141.42190844148098,\n 44.84704324753227\n ],\n [\n 141.18820072230108,\n 44.09863930904385\n ],\n [\n 139.49131354983678,\n 42.82411195793037\n ],\n [\n 139.0458318594919,\n 42.159440876191724\n ],\n [\n 139.5280155515166,\n 40.7876932492637\n ],\n [\n 139.02343865877253,\n 38.80350709701864\n ],\n [\n 136.34380336918662,\n 37.44239781244775\n ],\n [\n 136.2768928465655,\n 36.849769748818986\n ],\n [\n 135.54339553700947,\n 35.87697807520169\n ],\n [\n 132.81550277219378,\n 35.67221086071889\n ],\n [\n 130.69238901644565,\n 34.55391936686223\n ],\n [\n 130.42502452716815,\n 34.04903766840482\n ],\n [\n 129.20068464979715,\n 33.54248634098316\n ],\n [\n 129.6580862526473,\n 31.709728103540897\n ],\n [\n 130.2624851665547,\n 31.016871377471873\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"305","issue":"5688","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":861959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121930,"text":"70121930 - 2004 - New seafloor map of the Puerto Rico Trench helps assess earthquake and tsunami hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T13:40:50","indexId":"70121930","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-25T13:43:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New seafloor map of the Puerto Rico Trench helps assess earthquake and tsunami hazards","docAbstract":"The Puerto Rico Trench, the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean, is located where the North American (NOAM) plate is subducting under the Caribbean plate (Figure l). The trench region may pose significant seismic and tsunami hazards to Puerto Rico and the U.S.Virgin Islands, where 4 million U.S. citizens reside. Widespread damage in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola from an earthquake in 1787 was estimated to be the result of a magnitude 8 earthquake north of the islands [McCann et al., 2004]. A tsunami killed 40 people in NW Puerto Rico following a magnitude 7.3 earthquake in 1918 [Mercado and McCann, 1998]. 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