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A number of different satellites such as NASA's Earth-Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Se-viewing Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) acquire daily global-scale data used to produce imagery for monitoring dust storm formation and movement. This global-scale imagery has documented the frequent transmission of dust storm-derived soils through Earth's atmosphere and the magnitude of many of these events. While various research projects have been undertaken to understand this normal planetary process, little has been done to address its impact on ocean and human health. This review will address the ability of dust storms to influence marine microbial population densities and transport of soil-associated toxins and pathogenic microorganisms to marine environments. The implications of dust on ocean and human health in this emerging scientific field will be discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"EcoHealth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10393-004-0120-8","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D.W., and Kellog, C.A., 2004, Dust storms and their impact on ocean and human health: dust in Earth's atmosphere: EcoHealth, v. 1, no. 3, p. 284-295, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-004-0120-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":227,"text":"Earth Surface Dynamics Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292667,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-004-0120-8"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64ee4b09d12e0e8e693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kellog, Christina A.","contributorId":81031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellog","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121253,"text":"70121253 - 2004 - Mapping porewater salinity with electromagnetic and electrical methods in shallow coastal environments: Terra Ceia, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:47:39","indexId":"70121253","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-20T13:38:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Mapping porewater salinity with electromagnetic and electrical methods in shallow coastal environments: Terra Ceia, Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"University of South Florida, Department of Geology","collaboration":"Submitted for a Master's of Science in Geology","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, W., and Advised by Kruse, S., 2004, Mapping porewater salinity with electromagnetic and electrical methods in shallow coastal environments: Terra Ceia, Florida, vii, 86 p.","productDescription":"vii, 86 p.","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292662,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Terra Ceia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.596383,27.569589 ], [ -82.596383,27.58937 ], [ -82.564368,27.58937 ], [ -82.564368,27.569589 ], [ -82.596383,27.569589 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b656e4b09d12e0e8e6f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, W.J.","contributorId":33518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Advised by Kruse, Sarah","contributorId":63329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Advised by Kruse","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206009,"text":"70206009 - 2004 - A bootstrap approach to computing uncertainty in inferred oil and gas reserve estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T15:27:33","indexId":"70206009","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-17T14:23:43","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A bootstrap approach to computing uncertainty in inferred oil and gas reserve estimates","docAbstract":"

This study develops confidence intervals for estimates of inferred oil and gas reserves based on bootstrap procedures. Inferred reserves are expected additions to proved reserves in previously discovered conventional oil and gas fields. Estimates of inferred reserves accounted for 65% of the total oil and 34% of the total gas assessed in the U.S. Geological Survey’s 1995 National Assessment of oil and gas in US onshore and State offshore areas. When the same computational methods used in the 1995 Assessment are applied to more recent data, the 80-year (from 1997 through 2076) inferred reserve estimates for pre-1997 discoveries located in the lower 48 onshore and state offshore areas amounted to a total of 39.7 billion barrels of oil (BBO) and 293 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas. The 90% confidence interval about the oil estimate derived from the bootstrap approach is 22.4 BBO to 69.5 BBO. The comparable 90% confidence interval for the inferred gas reserve estimate is 217 TCF to 413 TCF. The 90% confidence interval describes the uncertainty that should be attached to the estimates. It also provides a basis for developing scenarios to explore the implications for energy policy analysis.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:NARR.0000023306.15215.aa","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Coburn, T.C., 2004, A bootstrap approach to computing uncertainty in inferred oil and gas reserve estimates: Natural Resources Research, v. 13, no. 1, p. 45-52, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NARR.0000023306.15215.aa.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368346,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coburn, Timothy C.","contributorId":26011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coburn","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201101,"text":"70201101 - 2004 - Textures of the soils and rocks at Gusev Crater from Spirit’s Microscopic Imager","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T13:43:36","indexId":"70201101","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-06T15:17:51","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Textures of the soils and rocks at Gusev Crater from Spirit’s Microscopic Imager","docAbstract":"

The Microscopic Imager on the Spirit rover analyzed the textures of the soil and rocks at Gusev crater on Mars at a resolution of 100 micrometers. Weakly bound agglomerates of dust are present in the soil near the Columbia Memorial Station. Some of the brushed or abraded rock surfaces show igneous textures and evidence for alteration rinds, coatings, and veins consistent with secondary mineralization. The rock textures are consistent with a volcanic origin and subsequent alteration and/or weathering by impact events, wind, and possibly water.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.3050824","usgsCitation":"Herkenhoff, K.E., Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R., Bass, D., Bell, J.F., Bertelsen, P., Cabrol, N., Gaddis, L.R., Hayes, A.G., Hviid, S., Johnson, J.R., Kinch, K., Madsen, M., Maki, J., McLennan, S.M., McSween, H., Rice, J.W., Sims, M., Smith, P.H., Soderblom, L.A., Spanovich, N., Sullivan, R., and Wang, A., 2004, Textures of the soils and rocks at Gusev Crater from Spirit’s Microscopic Imager: Science, v. 305, no. 5685, p. 824-826, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3050824.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"824","endPage":"826","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359770,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gusev crater; Mars","volume":"305","issue":"5685","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bffb760e4b0815414ca8e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Squyres, S. 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H.","contributorId":94058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Spanovich, Nicole","contributorId":210520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spanovich","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18954,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Sullivan, R.","contributorId":167408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Wang, A.","contributorId":46735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}} ,{"id":70201099,"text":"70201099 - 2004 - Magnetic properties experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T14:42:52","indexId":"70201099","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-06T14:41:04","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic properties experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater","docAbstract":"

The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars—and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of ∼2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.1100112","usgsCitation":"Bertelsen, P., Goetz, W., Madsen, M., Kinch, K., Hviid, S., Knudsen, J.M., Gunnlaugsson, H., Merrison, J., Nornberg, P., Squyres, S.W., Bell, J.F., Herkenhoff, K.E., Gorevan, S., Yen, A.S., Myrick, T., Klingelhoefer, G., Rieder, R., and Gellert, R., 2004, Magnetic properties experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater: Science, v. 305, no. 5685, p. 827-829, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100112.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"827","endPage":"829","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/129787","text":"External Repository"},{"id":359769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gusev crater, Mars","volume":"305","issue":"5685","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bffb760e4b0815414ca8e5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bertelsen, P.","contributorId":66459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertelsen","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goetz, W.","contributorId":181929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goetz","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madsen, M.B.","contributorId":196208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Madsen","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27198,"text":"Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kinch, K.M.","contributorId":196207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kinch","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27198,"text":"Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hviid, S.F.","contributorId":49670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hviid","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knudsen, J. 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F.","contributorId":173335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12431,"text":"ASU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":752640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Gorevan, S.","contributorId":7886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorevan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Yen, A. S.","contributorId":35860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Myrick, T.","contributorId":25328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myrick","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Klingelhoefer, G.","contributorId":29177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klingelhoefer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Rieder, R.","contributorId":28046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieder","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Gellert, R.","contributorId":167508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gellert","given":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":24733,"text":"Department of Physics, University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":752646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70199578,"text":"70199578 - 2004 - The role of the unsaturated zone in artificial recharge at San Gorgonio Pass, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T21:08:18","indexId":"70199578","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T21:07:49","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of the unsaturated zone in artificial recharge at San Gorgonio Pass, California","docAbstract":"

The hydrogeology of the unsaturated zone plays a critical role in determining the suitability of a site for artificial recharge. Optimally, a suitable site has highly permeable soils, a capacity for horizontal flow at the aquifer boundary, a lack of impeding layers, and a thick unsaturated zone. The suitability of a site is often determined by field and laboratory measurements of soil properties, field experiments, and numerical modeling. An artificial recharge site in the San Gorgonio Pass area in southern California, USA was studied to better understand the role of the unsaturated zone in artificial recharge by surface spreading. Field measurements and observations were used to characterize the site and to develop a conceptual model of the unsaturated zone. A numerical model was developed based on the conceptual model and calibrated using data from a 50-d artificial recharge experiment conducted in 1991 and borehole data collected between 1997 and 2002. Results indicate that an impeding layer exists 70 m below land surface that will cause lateral diversion of artificially recharged water, which would spread out and delay recharge to the water table 185 m below land surface.

","language":"English","doi":"10.2136/vzj2004.0763","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., and Ellett, K.M., 2004, The role of the unsaturated zone in artificial recharge at San Gorgonio Pass, California: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 3, no. 3, p. 763-774, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0763.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"774","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357594,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Gorgonio Pass","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e7e7e4b034bf6a8007f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellett, Kevin M.","contributorId":205955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellett","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37197,"text":"Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169930,"text":"70169930 - 2004 - Pesticide degradates: Monitoring and occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-06T12:03:56.66115","indexId":"70169930","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pesticide degradates: Monitoring and occurrence","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of International symposium on pesticides, their degradates, and adjuvants","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International symposium on pesticides, their degradates, and adjuvants","conferenceDate":"June 4, 2004","conferenceLocation":"Prague, Czech Republic","language":"English","publisher":"Cranfield University","publisherLocation":"Prague, Czech Republic","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Battaglin, W., Meyer, M.T., Schnoebelen, D., and Kalkhoff, S., 2004, Pesticide degradates: Monitoring and occurrence, in Proceedings of International symposium on pesticides, their degradates, and adjuvants, Prague, Czech Republic, June 4, 2004.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fd01a0e4b0a6037df2c93d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schnoebelen, D.J.","contributorId":98352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":56772,"text":"ofr20041195 - 2004 - Assigning boundary conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) model using results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:23:11.877988","indexId":"ofr20041195","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1195","displayTitle":"Assigning Boundary Conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) Model Using Results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM)","title":"Assigning boundary conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) model using results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM)","docAbstract":"

The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) requires the testing and evaluation of different water-management scenarios for southern Florida. As part of CERP, the South Florida Water Management District is using its regional hydrologic model, the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM), to evaluate different hydrologic scenarios. The SFWMM was designed specifically for the inland freshwater areas in southern Florida, and extends only slightly into Florida Bay. Thus, the U.S. Geological Survey developed the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) model, which is an integrated surface-water and ground-water model designed to simulate flows, stages, and salinities in the southern Everglades and Florida Bay. Modifications to the SICS boundary conditions allow the local-scale SICS model to be linked to the regional-scale SFWMM. The linked model will be used to quantify the effects of restoration alternatives on flows, stages, and salinities in the SICS area. This report describes the procedure for linking the SICS model with the SFWMM. The linkage is shown to work by comparing the results of a linked 5-year simulation with the results from a simulation in which the model boundaries are assigned using field data.

The surface-water module of the SICS model is driven by areal influences and lateral boundaries. The areal influences (wind, rainfall, and evapotranspiration) remain the same when the SICS model is modified to link to the SFWMM. Four types of lateral boundaries (discharge, water level, no flow, and salinity) are used in the SICS model. Two of three discharge boundaries (at Taylor Slough Bridge and C-111 Canal) in the current SICS model domain are converted to water-level boundaries to increase accuracy. The only change to the third discharge boundary (at Levee 31W) is that the flow data are derived from SFWMM model output instead of using measured field data flows. Three water-level boundaries are modified only by receiving their data from SFWMM model output data. Additionally, two marine water-level boundaries remain the same because the SFWMM does not include Florida Bay and, therefore, this model cannot provide input data for these boundaries. The SICS no-flow boundaries remain intact because no additional data, provided by the SFWMM, suggest that any significant flow occurs along these boundaries. The Florida Bay salinity boundary is not modified because the SFWMM does not contain any salinity data that can be used to modify the model.

The ground-water module of the SICS model contains a general-head boundary and a no-flow boundary. The general-head boundary, which extends along the edges of the wetland part of the SICS model domain, is modified by acquiring stage values from SFWMM cells that correspond in location to the SICS model cells. Values from the SFWMM cells are bilinearly interpolated and assigned to the appropriate SICS general-head boundary cells in all layers of the ground-water model. The ground-water no-flow boundary in Florida Bay is unaltered because the SFWMM does not include this area.

A 5-year simulation was developed to test the linkage of the SICS model with the SFWMM. Results from the linked model are similar to those obtained from the original SICS model in which boundaries are assigned using field data. The simulated discharges at the coastal creeks along Florida Bay are about 5 percent lower than the field data simulation; water levels in the wetlands are about 4 percent lower, and salinities at the various coastal creeks are slightly higher.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041195","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Priority Ecosystem Science Program and the National Park Service Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative","usgsCitation":"Wolfert, M.A., Langevin, C.D., and Swain, E.D., 2004, Assigning Boundary Conditions to the Southern Inland and Coastal Systems (SICS) Model Using Results from the South Florida Water Management Model (SFWMM): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004–1195, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041195.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5658,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1195/ofr20041195.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2004-1195"},{"id":174732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1195/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.9892816941955,\n 28.487641299054857\n ],\n [\n -82.9892816941955,\n 24.445600274225853\n ],\n [\n -79.75370447011599,\n 24.445600274225853\n ],\n [\n -79.75370447011599,\n 28.487641299054857\n ],\n [\n -82.9892816941955,\n 28.487641299054857\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314

Contact Pubs Warehouse

","tableOfContents":"","publishedDate":"2004-08-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667215","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfert, Melinda A.","contributorId":86033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfert","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54260,"text":"sir20045019 - 2004 - Generalized estimates from streamflow data of annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge rates for drainage basins in New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20045019","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5019","title":"Generalized estimates from streamflow data of annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge rates for drainage basins in New Hampshire","docAbstract":"This report presents regression equations to estimate generalized annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge rates in drainage basins in New Hampshire. The ultimate source of water for a ground-water withdrawal is aquifer recharge from a combination of precipitation on the aquifer, ground-water flow from upland basin areas, and infiltration from streambeds to the aquifer. An assessment of ground-water availability in a basin requires that recharge rates be estimated under `normal' conditions and under assumed drought conditions.\r\n\r\nRecharge equations were developed by analyzing streamflow, basin characteristics, and precipitation at 55 unregulated continuous record stream-gaging stations in New Hampshire and in adjacent states. In the initial step, streamflow records were analyzed to estimate a series of annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge components of streamflow in each drainage basin evaluated in this study. Regression equations were then developed relating the series of annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge values to the corresponding series of annual and seasonal precipitation values as determined at the centroid of each drainage basin. This resulted in one equation for each of the 55 basins for each of the four seasonal periods and the annual period, or a total of 275 regression equations. Average annual and seasonal precipitation data for 1961-90 were then used to compute a set of normalized ground-water-recharge values that reflected the long-term average annual and seasonal variations (normalized) and mean recharge characteristics of each drainage basin. Ordinary-least-squares regression was applied in the process of selecting 10 out of 93 possible basin and climatic characteristics for further testing in the development of the equations for computing the generalized estimate of annual and seasonal ground-water recharge based on the set of normalized recharge values. Generalized-least-squares regression was used for the final parameter estimation and error evaluation. The following basin and climatic characteristics were found to be statistically significant predictors for at least one of the dependent variables: average annual, summer, and spring precipitation as determined at U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging stations; average annual basin-centroid precipitation; average mean annual basin temperature; average minimum winter basin temperature; percent coniferous forest in a basin; percent mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in a basin; average fall basin-centroid precipitation; and average annual snowcover. These 10 basin and climatic characteristics were selected because they were statistically significant based on several statistical parameters that evaluated which combination of characteristics contributed the most to the predictive accuracy of the regression-equation models. A geographic information system is required to measure the values of the predictor variables for the equations developed in the study. \r\n\r\nThe average annual normalized ground-water recharge was 21.0 in. This value was determined by generalized-least-squares (GLS) regression analysis for all of the basins used in the normalized ground-water recharge analysis for precipitation from 1961-90. The average winter (January 1-March 15) ground-water recharge was 4.3 in., average spring (March 16-May 31) ground-water recharge was 9.0 in., average summer (June 1-October 31) ground-water recharge was 4.0 in., and average fall (November 1-December 31) ground-water recharge was 3.6 in. Normalized ground-water recharge ranged annually from 12.3 to 31.8 in., for winter from 2.30 to 7.82 in., for spring from 5.16 to 13.7 in., for summer from 1.45 to 10.2 in., and for fall from 2.21 to 6.06 in.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045019","usgsCitation":"Flynn, R.H., and Tasker, G.D., 2004, Generalized estimates from streamflow data of annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge rates for drainage basins in New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5019, vi, 61 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045019.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5373,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5019/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Robert H. rflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Robert","email":"rflynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57973,"text":"ofr20041253 - 2004 - A dataset of magnetic susceptibility, metalization, and alteration for samples from the Stinkingwater Mining District, Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T21:43:12.793879","indexId":"ofr20041253","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1253","title":"A dataset of magnetic susceptibility, metalization, and alteration for samples from the Stinkingwater Mining District, Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Magnetic susceptibility was measured for 700 samples of drill core from thirteen drill holes in the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit of the Stinkingwater mining district in the Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming. Measurements were performed on splits from 3 m (10 ft) sections of pulverized core. The measurements constitute a useful dataset because the same samples were studied to identify their alteration state and have been subjected to chemical analysis. Tables of the data are included in this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041253","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., 2004, A dataset of magnetic susceptibility, metalization, and alteration for samples from the Stinkingwater Mining District, Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1253, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041253.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404171,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68249.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5934,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1253/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"48","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Stinkingwater Mining district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.6461,\n 44.0231\n ],\n [\n -109.6236,\n 44.0231\n ],\n [\n -109.6236,\n 44.0414\n ],\n [\n -109.6461,\n 44.0414\n ],\n [\n -109.6461,\n 44.0231\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af17b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, Mark E. 0000-0002-2910-2321 mgetting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2321","contributorId":602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark","email":"mgetting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57969,"text":"ofr20041287 - 2004 - Coastal circulation and sediment dynamics along West Maui, Hawaii: Part III: Flow and particulate dynamics during the 2003 summer coral spawning season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T17:47:56.893691","indexId":"ofr20041287","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1287","title":"Coastal circulation and sediment dynamics along West Maui, Hawaii: Part III: Flow and particulate dynamics during the 2003 summer coral spawning season","docAbstract":"

High-resolution measurements of currents, temperature, salinity and turbidity were made over the course of three months off West Maui in the summer and early fall of 2003 to better understand coastal dynamics in coral reef habitats. Measurements were made through the emplacement of a series of bottom-mounted instruments in water depths less than 11 m. The studies were conducted in support of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program's Coral Reef Project. The purpose of these measurements was to collect hydrographic data to better constrain the variability in currents and water column properties such as water temperature, salinity and turbidity in the vicinity of nearshore coral reef systems over the course of a summer and early fall when coral larvae spawn. These measurements support the ongoing process studies being conducted under the Coral Reef Project; the ultimate goal is to better understand the transport mechanisms of sediment, larvae, pollutants and other particles in coral reef settings. This report, the third in a series of three, describes data acquisition, processing and analysis. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041287","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Field, M.E., Ogston, A.S., Logan, J., Presto, M.K., and Gonzales, D.G., 2004, Coastal circulation and sediment dynamics along West Maui, Hawaii: Part III: Flow and particulate dynamics during the 2003 summer coral spawning season: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1287, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041287.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5930,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1287/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405922,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68732.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.75018310546875,\n 20.86651131245835\n ],\n [\n -156.5771484375,\n 20.86651131245835\n ],\n [\n -156.5771484375,\n 21.046054602088628\n ],\n [\n -156.75018310546875,\n 21.046054602088628\n ],\n [\n -156.75018310546875,\n 20.86651131245835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogston, Andrea S.","contributorId":12119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogston","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Logan, Joshua B.","contributorId":34470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Joshua B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Presto, M. Kathy","contributorId":54292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presto","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kathy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gonzales, Dave G.","contributorId":68824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzales","given":"Dave","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":57971,"text":"ofr20041268 - 2004 - A formulation of directivity for earthquake sources using isochrone theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:12","indexId":"ofr20041268","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1268","title":"A formulation of directivity for earthquake sources using isochrone theory","docAbstract":"A functional form for directivity effects can be derived from isochrone theory, in which the measure of the directivity-induced amplification of an S body wave is c, the isochrone velocity. Ground displacement of the near-, intermediate-, and far-field terms of P and S waves is linear in isochrone velocity for a finite source in a whole space. We have developed an approximation c-tilde-prime of isochrone velocity that can easily be implemented as a predictor of directivity effects in empirical ground motion prediction relations. Typically, for a given fault surface, hypocenter, and site geometry, c-tilde-prime is a simple function of the hypocentral distance, the rupture distance, the crustal shear wave speed in the seismogenic zone, and the rupture velocity. c-tilde-prime typically ranges in the interval 0.44, for rupture away from the station, to about 4, for rupture toward the station. In this version of the theory directivity is independent of period. Additionally, we have created another functional form which is c-tilde-prime modified to include the approximate radiation pattern of a finite fault having a given rake. This functional form can be used to model the spatial variations of fault-parallel and fault-normal horizontal ground motions. The strengths of this formulation are 1) the proposed functional form is based on theory, 2) the predictor is unambiguously defined for all possible site locations and source rakes, and 3) it can easily be implemented for well-studied important previous earthquakes. We compare predictions of our functional form with synthetic ground motions calculated for finite strike-slip and dip-slip faults in the magnitude range 6.5 - 7.5. In general our functional form correlates best with computed fault-normal and fault-parallel motions in the synthetic motions calculated for events with M6.5. Correlation degrades but is still useful for larger events and for the geometric average horizontal motions. We have had limited success applying it to geometrically complicated faults.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041268","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P., Chiou, B.S., Graves, R., Collins, N., and Somerville, P., 2004, A formulation of directivity for earthquake sources using isochrone theory (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1268, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041268.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5932,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1268/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"48","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spudich, Paul","contributorId":54579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chiou, Brian S.J.","contributorId":83203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiou","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graves, Robert","contributorId":78406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collins, Nancy","contributorId":37010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Nancy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Somerville, Paul","contributorId":11698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somerville","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":57763,"text":"pp1695 - 2004 - The effects of urbanization on the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of coastal New England streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-31T11:25:24.376779","indexId":"pp1695","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1695","title":"The effects of urbanization on the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of coastal New England streams","docAbstract":"

During August 2000, responses of biological communities (invertebrates, fish, and algae), physical habitat, and water chemistry to urban intensity were compared among 30 streams within 80 miles of Boston, Massachusetts. Sites chosen for sampling represented a gradient of the intensity of urban development (urban intensity) among drainage basins that had minimal natural variability. In this study, spatial differences were used as surrogates for temporal changes to represent the effects of urbanization over time. The degree of urban intensity for each drainage basin was characterized with a standardized urban index (0-100, lowest to highest) derived from land cover, infrastructure, and socioeconomic variables. Multivariate and multimetric analyses were used to compare urban index values with biological, physical, and chemical data to determine how the data indicated responses to urbanization. Multivariate ordinations were derived for the invertebrate-, fish-, and algae-community data by use of correspondence analysis, and ordinations were derived for the chemical and physical data by use of principal-component analysis. Site scores from each of the ordinations were plotted in relation to the urban index to test for a response. In all cases, the primary axis scores showed the strongest response to the urban index, indicating that urbanization was a primary factor affecting the data ordination.

For the multimetric analyses, each of the biological data sets was used to calculate a series of community metrics. For the sets of chemical and physical data, the individual variables and various combinations of individual variables were used as measured and derived metrics, respectively. Metrics that were generally most responsive to the urban index for each data set included: EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) taxa for invertebrates; cyprinid taxa for fish; diatom taxa for algae; bicarbonate, conductivity, and nitrogen for chemistry; and water depth and temperature for physical habitat. The slopes of the responses generally were higher between the urban index values of 0 to 35, indicating that the greatest change in aquatic health may occur between low and moderate levels of urban intensity. Additionally, many of the responses showed that at urban index values greater than 35, there was a threshold effect where the response variable no longer changed with respect to urban intensity. Recognizing and understanding this type of response is important in management and monitoring programs that rely on decisive interpretations of variable responses. Any biological, physical, or chemical variable that is used to characterize stream health over a gradient of disturbance would not be a reliable indicator when a level of disturbance is reached where the variable does not respond in a predictable manner.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1695","usgsCitation":"Coles, J.F., Cuffney, T.F., McMahon, G., and Beaulieu, K., 2004, The effects of urbanization on the biological, physical, and chemical characteristics of coastal New England streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1695, vii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1695.","productDescription":"vii, 47 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124935,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1695.jpg"},{"id":5727,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1695/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.91758951607262,\n 42.20320177141741\n ],\n [\n -70.84071820105021,\n 42.33322480150602\n ],\n [\n -70.86268143391374,\n 42.495376353813555\n ],\n [\n -70.97249759823153,\n 42.60863293931595\n ],\n [\n -70.98347921466329,\n 42.770071476068296\n ],\n [\n -70.8846446667773,\n 43.04355371981177\n ],\n [\n -70.7638468860283,\n 43.28385366796252\n ],\n [\n -70.56617779025687,\n 43.54709159477281\n ],\n [\n -70.39047192734847,\n 43.80918494222726\n ],\n [\n -70.67599395457408,\n 43.87255029681518\n ],\n [\n -70.9944608310951,\n 43.729883615787855\n ],\n [\n -71.44470710479682,\n 43.47541292221965\n ],\n [\n -71.63139458413647,\n 43.28385366796252\n ],\n [\n -71.69728428272711,\n 42.83452938968105\n ],\n [\n -71.45568872122858,\n 42.45487777166119\n ],\n [\n -71.36783578977436,\n 42.12994597851869\n ],\n [\n -70.98347921466329,\n 42.02398232301081\n ],\n [\n -70.91758951607262,\n 42.20320177141741\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coles, James F. 0000-0002-1953-012X jcoles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1953-012X","contributorId":2239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coles","given":"James","email":"jcoles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Gerard 0000-0001-7675-777X gmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-777X","contributorId":191488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Gerard","email":"gmcmahon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beaulieu, Karen M. kmbeauli@usgs.gov","contributorId":2241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaulieu","given":"Karen M.","email":"kmbeauli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57972,"text":"ofr20041266 - 2004 - Alaska resource data file: Mount Hayes quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T19:38:32.598705","indexId":"ofr20041266","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1266","title":"Alaska resource data file: Mount Hayes quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041266","usgsCitation":"Ellis, W., Hawley, C.C., and Dashevsky, S., 2004, Alaska resource data file: Mount Hayes quadrangle, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1266, 742 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041266.","productDescription":"742 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486436,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1266/of20041266.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2004-1266 PDF"},{"id":484031,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68656.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5933,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":484032,"rank":4,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Hayes quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68869e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, William","contributorId":61511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawley, Charles C.","contributorId":97570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawley","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dashevsky, Samuel","contributorId":6531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dashevsky","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55231,"text":"sir20045043 - 2004 - Hydrology and ground-water quality in the mine workings within the Picher Mining District, Northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-27T06:15:00","indexId":"sir20045043","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5043","displayTitle":"Hydrology and Ground-Water Quality in the Mine Workings within the Picher Mining District, Northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-03","title":"Hydrology and ground-water quality in the mine workings within the Picher Mining District, Northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-03","docAbstract":"

The Picher mining district of northeastern Ottawa County, Oklahoma, was a major site of mining for lead and zinc ores in the first half of the 20th century. The primary source of lead and zinc were sulfide minerals disseminated in the cherty limestones and dolomites of the Boone Formation of Mississippian age, which comprises the Boone aquifer. Ground water in the aquifer and seeping to surface water in the district has been contaminated by sulfate, iron, lead, zinc, and several other metals. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, investigated hydrology and ground-water quality in the mine workings in the mining district, as part of the process to aid water managers and planners in designing remediation measures that may restore the environmental quality of the district to pre-mining conditions. Most ground-water levels underlying the mining district had similar altitudes, indicating a large degree of hydraulic connection in the mine workings and overlying aquifer materials. Recharge-age dates derived from concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and other dissolved gases indicated that water in the Boone aquifer may flow slowly from the northeast and southeast portions of the mining district. However, recharge-age dates may have been affected by the types of sites sampled, with more recent recharge-age dates being associated with mine-shafts, which are more prone to atmospheric interactions and surface runoff than the sampled airshafts. Water levels in streams upstream from the confluence of Tar and Lytle Creeks were several feet higher than those in adjacent portions of the Boone aquifer, perhaps due to low-permeability streambed sediments and indicating the streams may be losing water to the aquifer in this area. From just upstream to downstream from the confluence of Tar and Lytle Creeks, surface-water elevations in these streams were less than those in the surrounding Boone aquifer, indicating that seepage from the aquifer to downstream portions of Tar Creek was much more likely. Water properties and major-ion concentrations indicate that water in the mining area was very hard, with large concentrations of dissolved solids that increased from areas of presumed recharge toward areas with older ground water. Most of the ground-water samples, particularly those from the airshafts, had dissolved-oxygen concentrations less than 1.0 milligram per liter. Small concentrations of dissolved oxygen may have been introduced during the sampling process. The small dissolved-oxygen concentrations were associated with samples containing large iron concentrations that indicates possible anoxic conditions in much of the aquifer. Ground water in the mining district was dominated by calcium, magnesium, and sulfate. Sodium concentrations tended to increase relative to calcium and magnesium concentrations. Ground-water samples collected in 2002-03 had large concentrations of many trace elements. Larger concentrations of metals and sulfate occurred in ground water with smaller pHs and dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Iron was the metal with the largest concentrations in the ground-water samples, occurring at concentrations up to 115,000 micrograms per liter. Cadmium, lead, manganese, zinc, and the other analyzed metals occurred in smaller concentrations in ground water than iron. However, larger cadmium concentrations appeared to be associated with sites that have small iron concentrations and more oxygenated waters. This is noteworthy because the small sulfate and iron concentrations in these waters could lead to conclusions that the waters are less contaminated than waters with large sulfate and iron concentrations. Ground-water quality in the mining district was compared with subsets of samples collected in 1983-85 and in 2002. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045043","usgsCitation":"DeHay, K.L., Andrews, W.J., and Sughru, M.P., 2004, Hydrology and ground-water quality in the mine workings within the Picher Mining District, Northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5043, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045043.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5409,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5043/pdf/sir045043_new.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Picher Mining District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.96788024902344,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -94.69562530517578,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -94.69562530517578,\n 36.99679466285577\n ],\n [\n -94.96788024902344,\n 36.99679466285577\n ],\n [\n -94.96788024902344,\n 36.86204269508728\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeHay, Kelli L.","contributorId":70832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeHay","given":"Kelli","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":252970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sughru, Michael P.","contributorId":78396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sughru","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53735,"text":"cir1268 - 2004 - Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:25","indexId":"cir1268","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1268","title":"Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000","docAbstract":"Estimates of water use in the United States indicate that about 408 billion gallons per day (one thousand million gallons per day, abbreviated Bgal/d) were withdrawn for all uses during 2000. This total has varied less than 3 percent since 1985 as withdrawals have stabilized for the two largest uses?thermoelectric power and irrigation. Fresh ground-water withdrawals (83.3 Bgal/d) during 2000 were 14 percent more than during 1985. Fresh surface-water withdrawals for 2000 were 262 Bgal/d, varying less than 2 percent since 1985.\r\n\r\nAbout 195 Bgal/d, or 48 percent of all freshwater and saline-water withdrawals for 2000, were used for thermoelectric power. Most of this water was derived from surface water and used for once-through cooling at power plants. About 52 percent of fresh surface-water withdrawals and about 96 percent of saline-water withdrawals were for thermoelectric-power use. Withdrawals for thermoelectric power have been relatively stable since 1985.\r\n\r\nIrrigation remained the largest use of freshwater in the United States and totaled 137 Bgal/d for 2000. Since 1950, irrigation has accounted for about 65 percent of total water withdrawals, excluding those for thermoelectric power. Historically, more surface water than ground water has been used for irrigation. However, the percentage of total irrigation withdrawals from ground water has continued to increase, from 23 percent in 1950 to 42 percent in 2000. Total irrigation withdrawals were 2 percent more for 2000 than for 1995, because of a 16-percent increase in ground-water withdrawals and a small decrease in surface-water withdrawals. Irrigated acreage more than doubled between 1950 and 1980, then remained constant before increasing nearly 7 percent between 1995 and 2000. The number of acres irrigated with sprinkler and microirrigation systems has continued to increase and now comprises more than one-half the total irrigated acreage.\r\n\r\nPublic-supply withdrawals were more than 43 Bgal/d for 2000. Public-supply withdrawals during 1950 were 14 Bgal/d. During 2000, about 85 percent of the population in the United States obtained drinking water from public suppliers, compared to 62 percent during 1950. Surface water provided 63 percent of the total during 2000, whereas surface water provided 74 percent during 1950. \r\n\r\nSelf-supplied industrial withdrawals totaled nearly 20 Bgal/d in 2000, or 12 percent less than in 1995. Compared to 1985, industrial self-supplied withdrawals declined by 24 percent. Estimates of industrial water use in the United States were largest during the years from 1965 to 1980, but during 2000, estimates were at the lowest level since reporting began in 1950. Combined withdrawals for self-supplied domestic, livestock, aquaculture, and mining were less than 13 Bgal/d for 2000, and represented about 3 percent of total withdrawals.\r\n\r\nCalifornia, Texas, and Florida accounted for one-fourth of all water withdrawals for 2000. States with the largest surface-water withdrawals were California, which had large withdrawals for irrigation and thermoelectric power, and Texas, which had large withdrawals for thermoelectric power. States with the largest ground-water withdrawals were California, Texas, and Nebraska, all of which had large withdrawals for irrigation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/cir1268","isbn":"060797818X","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., Barber, N.L., Kenny, J., Linsey, K.S., Lumia, D.S., and Maupin, M.A., 2004, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000 (Revised Feb 2005): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1268.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1268/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revised Feb 2005","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b41aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, Nancy L. 0000-0002-2952-5017 nlbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-5017","contributorId":3679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Nancy","email":"nlbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenny, Joan F.","contributorId":69132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenny","given":"Joan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linsey, Kristin S. 0000-0001-6492-7639 kslinsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6492-7639","contributorId":3678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linsey","given":"Kristin","email":"kslinsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lumia, Deborah S.","contributorId":19627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":56834,"text":"ofr20041248 - 2004 - Geochemical Characterization of Mine Waste at the Ely Copper Mine Superfund Site, Orange County, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:00:37","indexId":"ofr20041248","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1248","title":"Geochemical Characterization of Mine Waste at the Ely Copper Mine Superfund Site, Orange County, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041248","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N., Hammarstrom, J.M., Seal, R., Briggs, P.H., Meier, A.L., Muzik, T.L., and Jackson, J.C., 2004, Geochemical Characterization of Mine Waste at the Ely Copper Mine Superfund Site, Orange County, Vermont (Version 1.0, Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1248, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041248.","productDescription":"56 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5682,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1248/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0, Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2b2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M.","contributorId":23621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":30973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Muzik, Timothy L.","contributorId":49446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muzik","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jackson, John C. jjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"John","email":"jjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":69771,"text":"sim2826 - 2004 - Geologic Map of the Ariel Quadrangle, Clark and Cowlitz Counties, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:51","indexId":"sim2826","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2826","title":"Geologic Map of the Ariel Quadrangle, Clark and Cowlitz Counties, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sim2826","usgsCitation":"Evarts, R.C., 2004, Geologic Map of the Ariel Quadrangle, Clark and Cowlitz Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2826, 35 p. pamphlet, database, map sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2826.","productDescription":"35 p. pamphlet, database, map sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110491,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67706.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"67706"},{"id":191750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6403,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2004/2826/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a85ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evarts, Russell C. revarts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evarts","given":"Russell","email":"revarts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56767,"text":"ofr20041236 - 2004 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 1. Depth to bedrock determinations using shallow seismic data acquired in the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T19:23:26.411193","indexId":"ofr20041236","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1236","displayTitle":"Questa Baseline and Pre-Mining Ground-Water Quality Investigation. 1. Depth to Bedrock Determinations Using Shallow Seismic Data Acquired in the Straight Creek Drainage Near Red River, New Mexico","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 1. Depth to bedrock determinations using shallow seismic data acquired in the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico","docAbstract":"In late May and early June of 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acquired four P-wave seismic profiles across the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico. The data were acquired to support a larger effort to investigate baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality in the Red River basin (Nordstrom and others, 2002). For ground-water flow modeling, knowledge of the thickness of the valley fill material above the bedrock is required. When curved-ray refraction tomography was used with the seismic first arrival times, the resulting images of interval velocity versus depth clearly show a sharp velocity contrast where the bedrock interface is expected. The images show that the interpreted buried bedrock surface is neither smooth nor sharp, but it is clearly defined across the valley along the seismic line profiles. The bedrock models defined by the seismic refraction images are consistent with the well data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041236","usgsCitation":"Powers, M.H., and Burton, B., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 1. Depth to bedrock determinations using shallow seismic data acquired in the Straight Creek drainage near Red River, New Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1236, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041236.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401799,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68292.htm"},{"id":5649,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.58333333333333,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.63333333333333 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.63333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":1341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany L.","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":255735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56773,"text":"sir20045028 - 2004 - Application of Acoustic and Optic Methods for Estimating Suspended-Solids Concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20045028","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5028","title":"Application of Acoustic and Optic Methods for Estimating Suspended-Solids Concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida","docAbstract":"Acoustic and optic methods were applied to estimate suspended-solids concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, southeastern Florida. Acoustic Doppler velocity meters were installed at the North Fork, Speedy Point, and Steele Point sites within the estuary. These sites provide varying flow, salinity, water-quality, and channel cross-sectional characteristics. The monitoring site at Steele Point was not used in the analyses because repeated instrument relocations (due to bridge construction) prevented a sufficient number of samples from being collected at the various locations. Acoustic and optic instruments were installed to collect water velocity, acoustic backscatter strength (ABS), and turbidity data that were used to assess the feasibility of estimating suspended-solids concentrations in the estuary. Other data collected at the monitoring sites include tidal stage, salinity, temperature, and periodic discharge measurements. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nRegression analyses were used to determine the relations of suspended-solids concentration to ABS and suspended-solids concentration to turbidity at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites. For samples used in regression analyses, measured suspended-solids concentrations at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites ranged from 3 to 37 milligrams per liter, and organic content ranged from 50 to 83 percent. Corresponding salinity for these samples ranged from 0.12 to 22.7 parts per thousand, and corresponding temperature ranged from 19.4 to 31.8 ?C. Relations determined using this technique are site specific and only describe suspended-solids concentrations at locations where data were collected. The suspended-solids concentration to ABS relation resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.63 at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites, respectively. The suspended-solids concentration to turbidity relation resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.73 and 0.89 at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites, respectively. The adequacy of the empirical equations seems to be limited by the number and distribution of suspended-solids samples collected throughout the expected concentration range at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites. Additionally, the ABS relations for both sites seem to overestimate at the low end and underestimate at the high end of the concentration range. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBased on the sensitivity analysis, temperature had a greater effect than salinity on estimated suspended-solids concentrations. Temperature also appeared to affect ABS data, perhaps by changing the absorptive and reflective characteristics of the suspended material. Salinity and temperature had no observed effects on the turbidity relation at the North Fork and Speedy Point sites. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nEstimates of suspended-solids concentrations using ABS data were less 'erratic' than estimates using turbidity data. Combining ABS and turbidity data into one equation did not improve the accuracy of results, and therefore, was not considered.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045028","usgsCitation":"Patino, E., and Byrne, M., 2004, Application of Acoustic and Optic Methods for Estimating Suspended-Solids Concentrations in the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5028, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045028.","productDescription":"23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5659,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, Eduardo 0000-0003-1016-3658 epatino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-3658","contributorId":1743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Eduardo","email":"epatino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrne, Michael J.","contributorId":8550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56836,"text":"ofr20041272 - 2004 - Assessment of Appalachian Basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56836,"text":"ofr20041272 - 2004 - Assessment of Appalachian Basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System","indexId":"ofr20041272","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of Appalachian Basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70055628,"text":"pp1708G.1 - 2014 - Assessment of Appalachian basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System","indexId":"pp1708G.1","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"G.1","title":"Assessment of Appalachian basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70055628,"text":"pp1708G.1 - 2014 - Assessment of Appalachian basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System","indexId":"pp1708G.1","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of Appalachian basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-06T21:21:08.987043","indexId":"ofr20041272","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1272","title":"Assessment of Appalachian Basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System","docAbstract":"

The Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System, lies within the central and northern parts of the Appalachian coal field. It consists of five assessment units (AU): the Pocahontas Basin in southwestern Virginia, southern West Virginia, and eastern Kentucky, the Central Appalachian Shelf in Tennessee, eastern Kentucky and southern West Virginia, East Dunkard (Folded) in western Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia, West Dunkard (Unfolded) in Ohio and adjacent parts of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the Appalachian Anthracite and Semi-Anthracite AU in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Of these, only the Pocahontas Basin and West Dunkard (Folded) AU were assessed quantitatively by the U.S. Geological survey in 2002 as containing about 3.6 and 4.8 Tcf of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas, respectively (Milici and others, 2003).

In general, the coal beds of this Total Petroleum System, which are both the source rock and reservoir, were deposited together with their associated sedimentary strata in Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) time. The generation of biogenic (microbial) gas probably began almost immediately as the peat deposits were first formed. Microbial gas generation is probably occurring at present to some degree throughout the basin, where the coal beds are relatively shallow and wet. With sufficient depth of burial, compaction, and coalification during the late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic, the coal beds were heated sufficiently to generate thermogenic gas in the eastern part of the Appalachian basin.

Trap formation began initially with the deposition of the paleopeat deposits during the Mississippian, and continued into the Late Pennsylvanian and Permian as the Appalachian Plateau strata were deformed during the Alleghanian orogeny. Seals are the connate waters that occupy fractures and larger pore spaces within the coal beds as well as the fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary strata that are intercalated with the coal. The critical moment for the petroleum system occurred during this orogeny, when deformation created geologic structures in the eastern part of the basin that enhanced fracture porosity within the coal beds. In places, burial by thrust sheets (thrust loading) within the Appalachian fold-and-thrust belt may have resulted in additional generation of thermogenic CBM in the anthracite district of Pennsylvania and in the semianthracite deposits of Virginia and West Virginia.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041272","usgsCitation":"Milici, R.C., 2004, Assessment of Appalachian Basin oil and gas resources: Carboniferous Coal-bed Gas Total Petroleum System (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1272, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041272.","productDescription":"98 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403105,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68324.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5684,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1272/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":361983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1272/2004-1272.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -85,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -85,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milici, Robert C. rmilici@usgs.gov","contributorId":563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"Robert","email":"rmilici@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56838,"text":"sir20045042 - 2004 - Hydraulic-Geometry Relations for Rivers in Coastal and Central Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:02","indexId":"sir20045042","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5042","title":"Hydraulic-Geometry Relations for Rivers in Coastal and Central Maine","docAbstract":"Hydraulic-geometry relations (curves) were derived for 15 sites on 12 rivers in coastal and central Maine on the basis of site-specific (at-a-station) hydraulic-geometry relations and hydraulic models. At-a-station hydraulic-geometry curves, expressed as well-established power functions, describe the relations between channel geometry, velocity, and flow at a given point on a river. The derived at-a-station hydraulic-geometry curves indicate that, on average, a given increase in flow at a given river cross section in the study area will be nearly equally conveyed by increases in velocity and channel cross-sectional area.\r\n\r\nRegional curves describing the bankfull streamflow and associated channel geometry as functions of drainage area were derived for use in stream-channel assessment and restoration projects specific to coastal and central Maine. Regional hydraulic-geometry curves were derived by combining hydraulic-geometry information for 15 river cross sections using bankfull flow as the common reference streamflow. The exponents of the derived regional hydraulic-geometry relations indicate that, in the downstream direction, most of the conveyance of increasing contribution of flow is accommodated by an increase in cross-sectional area?with about 50 percent of the increase in flow accommodated by an increase in channel width, and 32 percent by an increase in depth. The remaining 18 percent is accommodated by an increase in streamflow velocity.\r\n\r\nOn an annual-peak-series basis, results of this study indicate that the occurrence of bankfull streamflow for rivers in Maine is more frequent than the 1.5-year streamflow. On a flow-duration basis, bankfull streamflow for rivers in coastal and central Maine is equaled or exceeded approximately 8.1 percent of the time on mean?or about 30 days a year. Bankfull streamflow is roughly three times that of the mean annual streamflow for the sites investigated in this study. Regional climate, snowmelt hydrology, and glacial geology may play important roles in dictating the magnitude and frequency of occurrence of bankfull streamflows observed for rivers in coastal and central Maine.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045042","usgsCitation":"Dudley, R.W., 2004, Hydraulic-Geometry Relations for Rivers in Coastal and Central Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5042, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045042.","productDescription":"37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5686,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5042/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e482be4b07f02db4e816e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dudley, Robert W. 0000-0002-0934-0568 rwdudley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-0568","contributorId":2223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Robert","email":"rwdudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56835,"text":"ofr20041258 - 2004 - New England states aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-30T20:11:57.500942","indexId":"ofr20041258","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1258","title":"New England states aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041258","usgsCitation":"Daniels, D.L., and Snyder, S.L., 2004, New England states aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: A web site for distribution of data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1258, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041258.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402787,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68323.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5683,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1258/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.7529296875,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -67.32421875,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -67.4560546875,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -68.115234375,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -68.90625,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -69.169921875,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -70.751953125,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 45.30580259943578\n ],\n [\n -71.630859375,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -73.2568359375,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -73.6083984375,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -73.7841796875,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -67.32421875,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -66.7529296875,\n 44.809121700077355\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daniels, David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Stephen L. ssnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":4753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Stephen","email":"ssnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56766,"text":"fs20043061 - 2004 - Availability Of Ground-Water Data For California, Water Year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"fs20043061","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3061","title":"Availability Of Ground-Water Data For California, Water Year 2003","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources, in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the groundwater resources of California each water year (October 1?September 30). These data constitute a valuable database for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. Beginning with the 1985 water year and continuing through 1993, these data were published in a report series entitled ?Water Resources Data for California, Volume 5. Ground-Water Data.? Prior to the introduction of this series, historical ground-water information was published in U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20043061","usgsCitation":"Huff, J., 2004, Availability Of Ground-Water Data For California, Water Year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3061, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043061.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5648,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs2004-3061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3061.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, Julia A.","contributorId":23130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Julia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56823,"text":"sir20045098 - 2004 - Periphyton and Macroinvertebrate Communities at Five Sites in the San Joaquin River Basin, California, during June and September, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"sir20045098","displayToPublicDate":"2004-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5098","title":"Periphyton and Macroinvertebrate Communities at Five Sites in the San Joaquin River Basin, California, during June and September, 2001","docAbstract":"The effects of agriculture, particularly from the use of pesticides, on aquatic ecosystems in the San Joaquin River Basin concern many aquatic resource managers, water quality managers, and water users. A total of five sites were sampled once in June 2001 and once in September 2001 to document the periphyton (attached algae) community, the benthic macroinvertebrate (insects and non-insects) community, and stream habitat conditions. The purposes of the study were to document existing conditions and, to the extent possible, relate the periphyton and macroinvertebrate community condition to environmental conditions.\r\n A total of 161 taxa of algae were collected during the study. Samples from the richest targeted habitat, woody debris, included 109 taxa. In both the June and September samples, greater than 95 percent of the taxa collected were diatoms. Cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis of sample data showed that Orestimba Creek had a very different periphyton community than the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers. Salt Slough and the San Joaquin River had community compositions that were intermediate between the two extremes. A total of 126 taxa of macroinvertebrates were collected during the study. Samples from woody debris included 59 taxa. The samples included a variety of both insect and non-insect taxa. Cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis of sample data showed that Orestimba Creek was very different from the Merced River and Tuolumne River, similar to the results for periphyton. Orestimba Creek was dominated by non-insects, while the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers were dominated by insects. Salt Slough was more similar to Orestimba Creek because of the abundance of non-insects. The San Joaquin River was more similar to the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers.\r\n There was no evidence of major differences between June and September samples for either the periphyton or macroinvertebrate communities. Specific conductance (a surrogate for salinity) and several habitat measures were associated with differences in the periphyton and macroinvertebrate communities at the five sites. Additional sampling at more sites over a longer period of time will likely be necessary before the effects of water quality and habitat conditions on aquatic communities are fully understood in the San Joaquin River Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045098","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., and May, J., 2004, Periphyton and Macroinvertebrate Communities at Five Sites in the San Joaquin River Basin, California, during June and September, 2001 (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5098, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045098.","productDescription":"47 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5669,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":14791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}