The Pacific Border Ranges of the southern Alaskan Cordillera are composed of a number of allochthonous tectonostratigraphic terranes. Within these terranes are widespread volcanogenic, massive sulfide deposits in and adjacent to portions of accreted ophiolite complexes, bands and disseminations of chromite in accreted island-arc ultramafic rocks, and epigenetic, gold-bearing quartz veins in metamorphosed turbidite sequences. A geochemical pilot study was undertaken to determine the most efficient exploration strategy for locating these types of mineral deposits within the Pacific Border Ranges and other typical convergent continental margin environments.
High-density sediment sampling was carried out in first- and second-order stream channels surrounding typical gold, chromite and massive sulfide occurrences. At each site, a stream-sediment and a panned-concentrate sample were collected. In the laboratory, the stream sediments were sieved into coarse-sand, fine- to medium-sand, and silt- to clay-size fractions prior to analysis. One split of the panned concentrates was retained for analysis; a second split was further concentrated by gravity separation in heavy liquids and then divided into magnetic, weakly magnetic and nonmagnetic fractions for analysis. A number of different techniques including atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and semi-quantitative emission spectrography were used to analyze the various sample media.
Comparison of the various types of sample media shows that in this tectonic environment it is most efficient to include a silt- to clay-size sediment fraction and a panned-concentrate sample. Even with the relatively low detection limits for many elements by plasma spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, anomalies reflecting the presence of gold veins could not be identified in any of the stream-sediment fractions. Unseparated panned-concentrate samples should be analyzed by emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry for Ag and Au. If, however, magnetic and nonmagnetic concentrate fractions are used in a reconnaissance program, semiquantitative emission spectrography is adequate for all analytical work.
(1) Counts through time were compiled for five sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the north-east Pacific Ocean that were below equilibrium density: Attu Island, south-east Alaska, British Columbia, Washington State, and central California. Similar data were obtained from the equilibrium density population at Amchitka Island in 1971 and 1986.
(2) Shorelines of Attu and Amchitka islands each were divided into forty-five segments, within which lineal (length of shore at mean higher high water) and areal (mean higher high water to the 10-fathom (18.3-m) depth contour) measures were made of the amount of habitat.
(3) Rate of increase for the four northern populations was 17-20% year-1. Density- or size-dependent changes in rate of increase could not be demonstrated for any of these populations. The California population, in contrast, has undergone three apparent growth phases: the early 1900s to the mid-1970s when it increased about 5% year-1; the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s when it declined about 5% year-1; and the mid-1980s to 1988 when it increased about 7% year-1. An exponential growth model accounted for 92-98% of the variation in counts through time in all cases.
(4) Population increase at Attu Island was achieved largely by range expansion as opposed to increased density. Range expansion in lineal and areal habitat occurred at 11% and 13% year-1, respectively; neither rate was lower (P > 0.25) than the observed rate of increase in numbers of animals counted.
(5) Despite similarities in island size and physical environment, the most conservative estimates of population density at Amchitka Island were > 3 X greater than maximum density estimates for Attu Island.
(6) Surveys of Amchitka Island from the mid-1930s through the mid-1980s indicate that the population increased to a peak in the 1940s; declined abruptly thereafter; and subsequently increased to a new and higher equilibrium in the 1960s, where it has since remained.
(7) These population data, together with information on sea otter foraging and benthic community structure at Attu and Amchitka islands, suggest that multiple population equilibria exist in this system, emanating from complex trophic interactions low in the food web. I hypothesize that the lower population equilibrium is achieved largely or exclusively on an invertebrate diet consisting principally of herbivorous sea urchins. When unregulated by sea otter predation, the rocky benthos is deforested by sea urchin grazing. As growing otter populations compete increasingly for food, grazing intensity declines and the system shifts to one dominated by kelp beds, in turn leading to increased production, a shift in habitat structure, and population increases of kelp bed fishes. Apparently this new food resource elevates the sea otter population to a higher and more stable equilibrium.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/4870","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1990, Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 59, p. 385-400, https://doi.org/10.2307/4870.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185087,"text":"70185087 - 1990 - The aggregative response of common murres and Atlantic puffins to schools of capelin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T09:32:21","indexId":"70185087","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5103,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","printIssn":"0197-9922","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"The aggregative response of common murres and Atlantic puffins to schools of capelin","docAbstract":"I studied the aggregative responses of Common Murres and Atlantic Puffins to schools of capelin during three summers (1982-1984) at Witless Bay, Newfoundland, by conducting hydroacoustic surveys for capelin in synchrony with seabird censuses. Murres and puffins foraged offshore prior to the arrival inshore of spawning schools of capelin. Both species were abundant during peak periods of capelin abundance from late June to late July, but only puffins continued to forage inshore after capelin schools dispersed in August. On individual surveys, murre and puffin flocks were significantly correlated with capelin schools at fine and coarse spatial scales. Aggregation intensity and spatial correlations peaked at measurement intervals of 2-6 km. At that scale, murres and puffins exhibited sigmoidal (Type III) aggregative responses to capelin schools. Inflection points (thresholds) in sigmoidal aggregative response curves occurred at higher densities of capelin for murres than for puffins and foraging thresholds for both species varied daily with overall capelin abundance in Witless Bay. Murres probably foraged on denser schools of capelin than puffins because of their larger body size and associated higher food demands. The implications of differing foraging thresholds for population ecology of alcids are discussed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Auks at sea: Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Pacific Seabird Group (Studies in Avian Biology no.14)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceTitle":"An International Symposium of the Pacific Seabird Group","conferenceDate":"December 17, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Pacific Grove, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","isbn":"0935868496","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., 1990, The aggregative response of common murres and Atlantic puffins to schools of capelin, chap. of Auks at sea: Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Pacific Seabird Group (Studies in Avian Biology no.14): Studies in Avian Biology, v. 14, p. 36-51.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337536,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337534,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.americanornithology.org/content/studies-avian-biology","text":"Studies in Avian Biology Homepage"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Newfoundland","otherGeospatial":"Witless Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -52.96783447265625,\n 47.0439255239614\n ],\n [\n -52.625885009765625,\n 47.0439255239614\n ],\n [\n -52.625885009765625,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -52.96783447265625,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -52.96783447265625,\n 47.0439255239614\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90130e4b0849ce97abd63","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sealy, Spencer G.","contributorId":111386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sealy","given":"Spencer","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684303,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184282,"text":"70184282 - 1990 - Effects of visiting black brant nests on egg and nest survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T16:32:23","indexId":"70184282","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of visiting black brant nests on egg and nest survival","docAbstract":"I used 2 methods to evaluate the effect of visiting black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) nests on survival of whole nests and eggs in a single colony on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. The first technique regressed survival of nests or eggs during a time interval against interval length. Departure of the y-intercept from 1.0 estimated the short-term effect of the visit at the beginning of the interval. The y-intercepts (±95% CI) for whole nests and eggs during the egg laying period were 1.11 ± 0.31 and 1.06 ± 0.31, respectively. During incubation the same 2 parameters were 0.66 ± 0.31 and 0.66 ± 0.33. The regression method was, thus, imprecise and failed to discriminate among widely varying potential impacts of visitors. The second method involved visiting nests and then immediately revisiting them after pairs had returned to their territories. This method estimated loss of eggs as a result of displacement of territorial pairs during the first visit. Only 1 of 50 eggs was lost (n = 27 nests) as a result of visits during egg laying, whereas no eggs were lost (n = 225 eggs and 55 nests) owing to visits during the incubation period. I conclude that the regression approach is an imprecise tool for estimating visitor impact, but results from both methods indicate little effect of nest visitation under conditions existing on the colony I studied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809655","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., 1990, Effects of visiting black brant nests on egg and nest survival: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 54, no. 3, p. 437-443, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809655.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"443","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336896,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tutakoke River, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be8341e4b014cc3a3a9a2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186746,"text":"70186746 - 1990 - Shorebirds and herring roe in Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:32:19","indexId":"70186746","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shorebirds and herring roe in Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Birding Association","usgsCitation":"Norton, D.W., Senner, S.E., Gill, R., Martin, P.D., Wright, J., and Fukuyama, A.K., 1990, Shorebirds and herring roe in Prince William Sound, Alaska: American Birds, v. 44, no. 3, p. 367-508.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"508","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://publications.aba.org/north-american-birds/","text":" Homepage: North American Birds (formerly American Birds)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a554e4b09da6799d6420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, David W.","contributorId":190703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norton","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senner, Stanley E.","contributorId":184110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senner","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Philip D.","contributorId":146442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wright, J.M.","contributorId":49950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fukuyama, Allan K.","contributorId":89472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukuyama","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":621,"text":"Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185418,"text":"70185418 - 1990 - Nest-site selection by Emperor Geese and Cackling Canada Geese ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T11:00:04","indexId":"70185418","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest-site selection by Emperor Geese and Cackling Canada Geese ","docAbstract":"Differences were found in habitat structure between nest sites of Emperor Geese (Chen canagicus) and Cackling Canada Geese (Branta canadensis minima) during a 5-year study (1982-1986) at Kokechik Bay, Alaska. Emperor Geese tended to select sites that afforded concealment from avian predators before incubation began. Cackling Canada Geese tended to select sites that enhanced avoidance of mammalian predators. Emperor Geese selected sites in areas away from open water, with tall dead vegetation adjacent to the nest site. Cackling Canada Geese selected sites close to shores of smaller ponds having more islands, and sometimes nested on islands, evidently enhancing avoidance of mammalian predators. During springs with heavy snow cover (>50% of surface covered on 25 May), both species selected sites appreciably different from sites selected during springs with light snow cover (<25% on 18 May). During heavy snow years, both species selected sites with more short, dead vegetation. Emperor Geese differed from Cackling Canada Geese by selecting sites with more shrubs and were farther from ponds. Cackling Canada Geese tended to nest closer together than Emperor Geese. Differences in structural habitat characteristics at nest sites of Cackling Canada Geese were not related to nesting success, but successful Emperor Geese selected nest sites with more and taller dead vegetation than unsuccessful pairs. Although it was possible to identify \"typical\" nest sites of Emperor Geese and Cackling Canada Geese, many sites were used by both species. Factors such as the amount and duration of snow cover, drainage patterns, presence or absence of islands, and type and abundance of egg predators play important roles in influencing nest-site selection and ultimately the distribution and abundance of Emperor Geese and Cackling Canada Geese.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., 1990, Nest-site selection by Emperor Geese and Cackling Canada Geese : The Wilson Bulletin, v. 102, no. 3, p. 413-426.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"426","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337996,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kokechik Bay","volume":"102","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b9ae4b0236b68f829ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016361,"text":"70016361 - 1990 - A geochemical sampling technique for use in areas of active alpine glaciation: an application from the central Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T11:09:50.577055","indexId":"70016361","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical sampling technique for use in areas of active alpine glaciation: an application from the central Alaska Range","docAbstract":"In mountainous regions containing extensive glacier systems there is a lack of suitable material for conventional geochemical sampling. As a result, in most geochemical sampling programs a few stream-sediment samples collected at, or near, the terminus of valley glaciers are used to evaluate the mineral potential of the glaciated area. We have developed and tested a technique which utilizes the medial moraines of valley glaciers for systematic geochemical exploration of the glacial catchment area. Moraine sampling provides geochemical information that is site-specific in that geochemical anomalies can be traced directly up-ice to bedrock sources.
Traverses were made across the Trident and Susitna glaciers in the central Alaska Range where fine-grained (clay to sand size) samples were collected from each medial moraine. These samples were prepared and chemically analyzed to determine the concentration of specific elements. Fifty pebbles were collected at each moraine for archival purposes and for subsequent lithologic identification. Additionally, fifty cobbles and fifty boulders were examined and described at each sample site to determine the nature and abundance of lithologies present in the catchment area, the extent and nature of visible mineralization, the presence and intensity of hydrothermal alteration and the existence of veins, dikes and other minor structural features. Results from the central Alaska Range have delineated four distinct multi-element anomalies which are a response to potential mineralization up-ice from the medial moraine traverse. By integrating the lithologic, mineralogical and geochemical data the probable geological setting of the geochemical anomalies is determined.
Polar bear behavior and biochemistry suggest they may have the ability to hibernate year-round, even though this species is not considered to be a true hibernator. This observation, plus the discovery of a hibernation-induced trigger (HIT) in the blood of black bears, prompted the examination of polar bear blood collected thoughout the year for evidence ofr HIT, and to determine if it displayed opioid activity, as black bear blood does. A bioassay was conducted by injected summer 13-lined ground squirrels with serum collected from polar bears at different seasons. One group of squirrels was previously implanted with osmotic pumps containing naloxone. The rest had pumps containing saline. Squirrels with saline pumps all hibernated significantly more than those with naloxone, except the group receiving blood from a November polar bear, observed to be highly active and hyperphagic. An in vitro study, using guinea pig ileum, showed that 400 nM morphine inhibited induced contractions and 100 nM naloxone reversed the inhibition. Ten mg of winter polar bear serum albumin fraction (to which HIT binds in ground squirrels and woodchucks) had a similar inhibiting effect, but naloxone, even at 4,000 nM, didn't reverse it. It is concluded that polar bear contains HIT, that it has an opioid effct, but may not itself be an opioid.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0091-3057(90)90311-5","usgsCitation":"Bruce, D.S., Darling, N.K., Seeland, K.J., Oeltgen, P.R., Nilekani, S.P., and Amstrup, S.C., 1990, Is the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) a hibernator? Continued studies on opioids and hibernation: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, v. 35, no. 3, p. 705-711, https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(90)90311-5.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"711","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c951e4b0f37a93ee9b88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruce, David S.","contributorId":188228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruce","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darling, Nancy K.","contributorId":188229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Darling","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seeland, Katheleen J.","contributorId":188230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seeland","given":"Katheleen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oeltgen, Peter R.","contributorId":188231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oeltgen","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nilekani, Sita P.","contributorId":188232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nilekani","given":"Sita","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":682455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015913,"text":"70015913 - 1990 - Kilbuck terrane: Oldest known rocks in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:24:40.898038","indexId":"70015913","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kilbuck terrane: Oldest known rocks in Alaska","docAbstract":"The Kilbuck terrane in southwestern Alaska is a narrow, thin crustal sliver or flake of amphibolite facies orthogneiss. The igneous protolith of this gneiss was a suite of subduction-related platonic rocks. U-Pb data on zircons from trondhjemitic and granitic samples yield upper-intercept (igneous) ages of 2070 ±16 and 2040 ±74 Ma, respectively. Nd isotope data from these rocks suggest that a diorite-tonalite-trondhjemite suite (εNd [T] = +2.1 to +2.7; T is time of crystallization) evolved from partial melts of depleted mantle with no discernible contamination by older crust, whereas a coeval granitic pluton (εNd [T] = -5.7) contains a significant component derived from Archean crust. Orthogneisses with similar age and Nd isotope characteristics are found in the Idono complex 250 km to the north. Early Proterozoic rocks are unknown elsewhere in Alaska. However, Phanerozoic plutons cutting several \"continental\" terranes in Alaska (southern Brooks Range and Ruby, Seward, and Yukon-Tanana terranes) have Nd isotope compositions indicative of Early Proterozoic (or older) crustal components that could be correlative with rocks of the Kilbuck terrane. Rocks with similar igneous ages in cratonal North America are rare, and those few that are known have Nd isotope compositions distinct from those of the Kilbuck terrane. Conversely, provinces with Nd model ages off 2.0-2.1 Ga are characterized by extensive 1.8 Ga or younger plutonism, which is unknown in the Kilbuck terrane. At present the case for a North American parentage of the Kilbuck terrane is not compelling. The possibility that the Kilbuck terrane was displaced from provinces off similar age in other cratons (e.g., Australian, Baltic, Guiana, and west African shields), or from the poorly dated Siberian craton, cannot be excluded.
We estimated components of annual breeding productivity for eight species of marine birds on the Semidi Islands in the western Gulf of Alaska. Mortality of eggs and young, caused primarily by avian predators, accounted for most of the annual variation in productivity. Failure to produce eggs, clutch size variation, and the hatchability of eggs were generally less important. The stage of breeding at which annual productivity was most strongly regulated differed among species. In murres, chick-rearing success accounted for the largest share of annual variation in overall productivity, whereas incubation success was the key factor in fulmars, kittiwakes, and puffins. Although avian predators were the dominant proximate cause of egg and chick losses in some species, food supply seemed ultimately responsible for variation in all the major components of productivity. Concordance of productivity among species was low for the marine bird community as a whole, but selected pairs of species exhibited a greater tendency for high and low productivities to occur in the same years. Compared with the same or similar species outside Alaska, Semidi Islands birds were in one of three categories: (i) species whose productivity was about the same as reported from other areas (fulmars and gulls), (ii) species with comparatively low productivity (murres, puffins, kittiwakes), and (iii) species with similar mean productivity but greater annual variation (cormorants). These patterns suggest that specialized consumers of forage fish experienced food shortages at the Semidi Islands and that surface feeders were more severely affected than divers.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z90-248","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., and Hatch, M.A., 1990, Components of breeding productivity in a marine bird community: key factors and concordance: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 68, no. 8, p. 1680-1690, https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-248.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1680","endPage":"1690","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska, Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.00836181640625,\n 55.91535151540654\n ],\n [\n -156.4617919921875,\n 55.91535151540654\n ],\n [\n -156.4617919921875,\n 56.315013425566924\n ],\n [\n -157.00836181640625,\n 56.315013425566924\n ],\n [\n -157.00836181640625,\n 55.91535151540654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42549e4b0c825128ad4d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Martha A.","contributorId":181576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatch","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182642,"text":"70182642 - 1990 - Incubation rhythm in the Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis: Annual variation and sex roles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:57:02","indexId":"70182642","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incubation rhythm in the Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis: Annual variation and sex roles","docAbstract":"I monitored the incubation schedules of Fulmars Fulmarus glacialis in an Alaskan colony by observing nests where the male and female were of different colour phases. Complete shifts of up to 16 days were recorded; the average shift in mid-incubation was 4–6 days. Mean shift length was inversely correlated with hatching success in 5 years, suggesting that Fulmars adjusted their foraging patterns to annual differences in food availability. Males assumed the larger share (55%) of incubation on average, and a larger share in years with lower hatching success. Serial correlation in the length of incubation shifts had two components - the influence of prior shift lengths on time spent foraging and individual variation. Failure of the male to relieve the female soon after laying resulted in a few breeding failures and egg losses were associated with exceptionally long shifts throughout incubation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb00275.x","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1990, Incubation rhythm in the Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis: Annual variation and sex roles: Ibis, v. 132, no. 4, p. 515-524, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb00275.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"524","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336236,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.94793701171872,\n 55.94304778489654\n ],\n [\n -156.544189453125,\n 55.94304778489654\n ],\n [\n -156.544189453125,\n 56.28148552616123\n ],\n [\n -156.94793701171872,\n 56.28148552616123\n ],\n [\n -156.94793701171872,\n 55.94304778489654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b15446e4b01ccd54fc5eeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":672556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188994,"text":"70188994 - 1990 - Identification of a herpes-like virus in sea otters during rehabilitation after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:12:45","indexId":"70188994","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5441,"text":"Biological Report","printIssn":"0895-1926","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"seriesNumber":"90(12)","displayTitle":"Identification of a herpes-like virus in sea otters during rehabilitation after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill","title":"Identification of a herpes-like virus in sea otters during rehabilitation after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill","docAbstract":"During implantation of radiotelemetry devices in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) at the Seward Otter Rehabilitation Center, surgical team members noted ulcers in the oral cavity of each of five animals examined. Oral lesions were identified in 25 of 27 otters examined at the center. Histological evaluation of the lesions revealed focal areas of mucosal epithelial necrosis with associated intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. A herpes-like virus was subsequently identified ultrastructurally. The concern of releasing a virus of unknown origin and virulence into a naive wild otter population prompted management decisions restricting the movement of otters and jeopardizing the scheduled release of the otters on 27 July 1989. A team of veterinarians and otter capture personnel captured and examined 12 free-living adult otters off the coast of the southern Kenai Peninsula. Viral-induced oral lesions were identified in many of these animals establishing that the virus was indigenous to sea otters living in Alaskan waters; rehabilitated otters were released back into the wild.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sea otter symposium: Proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound (Biological Reports 90[12])","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Sea Otter Symposium: Symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound","conferenceDate":"April 17-19, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.5962/bhl.title.45854","issn":"0895-1926","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., Moeller, R., Lipscomb, T., Pletcher, J., Haebler, R., Tuomi, P., McCormick, C., DeGange, A.R., Mulcahy, D.M., and Williams, T., 1990, Identification of a herpes-like virus in sea otters during rehabilitation after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill, in Sea otter symposium: Proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound (Biological Reports 90[12]), Anchorage, AK, April 17-19, 1990, p. 366-368, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45854.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.45854","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965f9c4e4b0d1f9f05cae6a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bayha, Keith","contributorId":30270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayha","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":702309,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kormendy, Jennifer","contributorId":190781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kormendy","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.K.","contributorId":189492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moeller, R.B.","contributorId":189498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moeller","given":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipscomb, T.P.","contributorId":174540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipscomb","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pletcher, J.M.","contributorId":189499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pletcher","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haebler, R.J.","contributorId":189500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haebler","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tuomi, P.A.","contributorId":58070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuomi","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCormick, C.R.","contributorId":127684,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCormick","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":702318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":702319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Williams, T.D.","contributorId":53968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":702320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70015819,"text":"70015819 - 1990 - Rhyolitic calderas of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: volcanic remnants of a mid-Cretaceous magmatic arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T12:27:10","indexId":"70015819","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rhyolitic calderas of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: volcanic remnants of a mid-Cretaceous magmatic arc","docAbstract":"Four large but poorly exposed rhyolitic calderas are present in the Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) in east central Alaska. At least two are mid-Cretaceous in age (~93 Ma). Similar volcanic rocks, the South Fork Volcanics, occur northeast of the Tintina fault in Yukon Territory. Evidence for the calderas consists of thick deposits of devitrified crystal- and lithic-rich densely welded tuff, interpreted as caldera fill, associated with lava domes or shallow intrusive rocks. Coeval outflow sheets have been largely stripped by erosion. The calderas are preserved within a northeast trending depression extending across the axis of the elongate mid-Cretaceous plutonic province. Trace element abundances in andesites and rhyolites associated with the caldera structures are similar to those of volcanic and plutonic rocks of subduction-related magmatic arcs developed on continental crust and thus are suggestive of formation in such an environment. Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary igneous rocks in the YTT near the calderas are interpreted to have been emplaced in a more extensional setting when the subduction-related magmatic front was farther oceanward.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB13p21451","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Foster, H., and Smith, J., 1990, Rhyolitic calderas of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: volcanic remnants of a mid-Cretaceous magmatic arc: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B13, p. 21451-21461, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB13p21451.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"21451","endPage":"21461","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"95","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad4ee4b0c8380cd86e9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, H.L.","contributorId":34894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187454,"text":"70187454 - 1990 - Monitoring St. Lawrence Island and Cape Thompson seabird populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T17:25:23","indexId":"70187454","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Monitoring St. Lawrence Island and Cape Thompson seabird populations","docAbstract":"About 1.8 million seabirds of 12 species breed on St. Lawrence Island (Figure 1) - one of the largest aggregations of breeding seabirds in the subarctic Pacific. Colonies of least and crested auklets alone, totaling 1.5 million birds, contain a substantial proportion (perhaps 20%) of these species’ world populations. Large seabird colonies occur also at Cape Thompson (Figure 2), where thick-billed and common murres (ea. 360,000) and black-legged kittiwakes (ea. 26,000) are the numerically dominant species. Although critical nesting and foraging habitats of Cape Thompson and St, Lawrence Island seabirds have so far remained mostly free from disturbance or alteration, there is a possibility of adverse effects on either or both components of the birds’ environment from the exploration, production, or transport of oil and gas in the region.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska OCS region third information transfer meeting: Conference proceedings (OCS Study MMS 90-0041)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska OCS Region Third Information Transfer Meeting","conferenceDate":"January 30 to February 1, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Department of the Interior: Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., Piatt, J.F., Fadely, B.S., and Roberts, B.D., 1990, Monitoring St. Lawrence Island and Cape Thompson seabird populations, in Alaska OCS region third information transfer meeting: Conference proceedings (OCS Study MMS 90-0041), Anchorage, AK, January 30 to February 1, 1990, p. 105-111.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340782,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/ESPIS/2/2752.pdf#page=116"}],"publicComments":"OCS Study MMS 90-0041, Contract No. 14-12-0001-30297","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590aec4de4b0fc4e4492abb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fadely, Brian S.","contributorId":184042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fadely","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, Bay D.","contributorId":181868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Bay","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":694059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013076,"text":"1013076 - 1990 - Flexible time budgets in breeding Common Murres: Buffers against variable prey availability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:27:32","indexId":"1013076","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flexible time budgets in breeding Common Murres: Buffers against variable prey availability","docAbstract":"Mortality rates of canvasbacks were estimated from band-recovery records. The annual rate of mortality of immatures during the first year was 77 per cent. Annual mortality rates of adults ranged from 35 to 50 per cent. Mortality rates of females were higher than those of males. Relatively larger numbers of immatures and adult females were shot early in the hunting season, and relatively larger numbers of males were shot late in the hunting season. Hunting was estimated to account each year for more than one-half the deaths of canvasbacks of flying age. 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This climatic change resulted from interaction of the Yakutat terrane with southern Alaska beginning in late Oligocene time. The ensuing extreme uplift of the coastal Chugach and St. Elias Mountains resulted in progressive regional cooling that culminated in coastal marine glaciation beginning in the early middle Miocene (15-16 Ma) and continuing to the present. The counterclockwise flow of surface water from the frigid northeastern Gulf of Alaska resulted in a cold-temperate shallow-marine environment in the western Gulf of Alaska, as it does today. Ironically, dating of Gulf of Alaska marine glaciation as early middle Miocene is strongly reinforced by the presence of a few tropical and subtropical mollusks in western Gulf of Alaska faunas. Shallow-marine waters throughout the Gulf of Alaska were cold-temperate to cold in the early middle Miocene, when the world ocean was undergoing peak Neogene warming.
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4.","title":"Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest)--ghost and blue mud shrimp","docAbstract":"Geographic range: The ghost shrimp is found in intertidal areas along the west coast of North America from Mutiny Bay, Alaska, to the mouth of the Tijuana River, San Diego County, California; MacGinitie (1934) and Ricketts and Calvin (1968) reported finding specimens as far south as El Estuario de Punto Banda, Baja California Norte, Mexico. The blue mud shrimp is found from southeastern Alaska to San Quentin Bay (Bahia de San Quentin) in Baja California Norte. The general distribution of the two species in the Pacific Northwest is identical (Figure 3).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hornig, S., Sterling, A., and Smith, S., 1989, Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest)--ghost and blue mud shrimp: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report Biological Report 82(11.93). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4., vi, 14 p.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314144,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/species_profiles/82_11-093.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Northwest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.17822265625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -125.3759765625,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 39.926588421909436\n ],\n [\n -123.837890625,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -123.37646484374999,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -125.17822265625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e052e4b039675d005e6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornig, S.","contributorId":152153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hornig","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sterling, A.","contributorId":152154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sterling","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Styles","contributorId":152155,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Styles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162014,"text":"70162014 - 1989 - Tundra ponds of the Yukon Delta, Alaska, and their macroinvertebrate communities. ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T15:07:16","indexId":"70162014","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tundra ponds of the Yukon Delta, Alaska, and their macroinvertebrate communities. ","docAbstract":"The Yukon Delta, a low alluvial tundra in western Alaska, has more than 105 thaw-basin ponds within its 70000 km2 area. In 1984 and 1985, 68 ponds in three interior areas of the Delta were surveyed to determine limnological features, macroinvertebrate fauna, and trophic character. Ponds ranged up to 90 ha in area, 2 m in depth, and 17 m in elevation, and occurred in various temporal stages of growth and senescence. Among the 18 major invertebrate taxa collected, in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence, Trichoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Pelecypoda, Isopoda, Coleoptera, Gastropoda, and Oligochaeta were found in over 50% of the ponds. Trichoptera, the only taxon occurring in all ponds, was represented by 22 species of 6 families. The average Delta pond had 6.6 of the nine more common taxa. This measure of faunal richness was similar among study areas but was higher in low-tundra (sea level) ponds and in older ponds on raised tundra. In comparison, lentic invertebrate communities in five other areas of Alaskan and Canadian tundra had fewer taxa and also lower average richness based on occurrence of the same nine taxa.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00031622","usgsCitation":"Maciolek, J.A., 1989, Tundra ponds of the Yukon Delta, Alaska, and their macroinvertebrate communities. : Hydrobiologia, v. 172, no. 1, p. 193-206, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00031622.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.20068359375,\n 59.37239142233717\n ],\n [\n -168.20068359375,\n 61.53316997618228\n ],\n [\n -160.93872070312497,\n 61.53316997618228\n ],\n [\n -160.93872070312497,\n 59.37239142233717\n ],\n [\n -168.20068359375,\n 59.37239142233717\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"172","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e068e4b039675d005eac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maciolek, J. A.","contributorId":62655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maciolek","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015702,"text":"70015702 - 1989 - The evolution of forearc structures along an oblique convergent margin, central Aleutian Arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-10T13:26:57.486223","indexId":"70015702","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The evolution of forearc structures along an oblique convergent margin, central Aleutian Arc","docAbstract":"Multichannel seismic reflection data were used to determine the evolutionary history of the forearc region of the central Aleutian Ridge. Since at least late Miocene time this sector of the ridge has been obliquely underthrust 30° west of orthogonal convergence by the northwestward converging Pacific plate at a rate of 80–90 km/m.y. Our data indicate that prior to late Eocene time the forearc region was composed of rocks of the arc massif thinly mantled by slope deposits; the forearc region probably lacked both major depositional basins and a tectonically attached accretionary prism of offscraped oceanic deposits. Beginning in latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene time, a zone of outer-arc structural highs and a forearc basin began to form. Formation of these companion intraarc structures may be linked to the late Neogene growth of an accretionary wedge that formed as the result of the deposition of a thick turbidite wedge in the Aleutian Trench. Initial structures of the zone of outer-arc highs formed as the thickening wedge underran, compressively deformed, and uplifted the seaward edge of the arc massif above a landward dipping backstop thrust. Forearc basin strata ponded arcward of the elevating zone of outer-arc highs. However, most younger structures of the zone of outer-arc highs cannot be ascribed simply to the orthogonal effects of an underrunning wedge. Oblique convergence created a major right-lateral shear zone (the Hawley Ridge shear zone) that longitudinally disrupted the zone of outer-arc highs, truncating the seaward flank of the forearc basin and shearing the southern limb of Hawley Ridge, an exceptionally large antiformal outer-arc high structure. Slivers of forearc basement rocks and overlying strata have been transported along the shear zone that is flanked by differentially elevated structures attributed to localized transpressive and transtensional processes. Uplift of Hawley Ridge may be related to the thickening of the arc massif by westward directed basement duplexes. In addition, the forearc is disrupted by structures transverse to the margin that occur where unusually high-stress accumulations have resulted in the rupture of repeated great earthquakes. It is likely that many ancient active margins evolved in tectonic and depositional settings similar to those of the central Aleutian Ridge. Great structural complexity, including the close juxtaposition of coeval structures recording compression, extension, differential vertical movements, and strike-slip displacement, should be expected, even within areas of generally kindred tectonostratigraphic terranes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC008i003p00497","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Ryan, H.F., and Scholl, D., 1989, The evolution of forearc structures along an oblique convergent margin, central Aleutian Arc: Tectonics, v. 8, no. 3, p. 497-516, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC008i003p00497.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"516","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495390,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/tc008i003p00497","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n 53.28396300065731\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50.09237054645587\n ],\n [\n -160.61013623538676,\n 53.00211067963562\n ],\n [\n -161.41508406588736,\n 56.05163141469592\n ],\n [\n -172.31933986344927,\n 53.957306119546615\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 53.28396300065731\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babe2e4b08c986b323143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, Holly F. hryan@usgs.gov","contributorId":187559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly","email":"hryan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015357,"text":"70015357 - 1989 - United States National seismograph network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-20T16:41:46.165523","indexId":"70015357","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"United States National seismograph network","docAbstract":"The USGS National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) has planned and is developing a broadband digital seismograph network for the United States. The network will consist of approximately 150 seismograph stations distributed across the contiguous 48 states and across Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Data transmission will be via two-way satellite telemetry from the network sites to a central recording facility at the NEIC in Golden, Colorado. The design goal for the network is the on-scale recording by at least five well-distributed stations of any seismic event of magnitude 2.5 or greater in all areas of the United States except possibly part of Alaska. All event data from the network will be distributed to the scientific community on compact disc with read-only memory (CD-ROM).
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A.","contributorId":8229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52680,"text":"b1857G - 1989 - Gold in placer deposits","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52680,"text":"b1857G - 1989 - Gold in placer deposits","indexId":"b1857G","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Gold in placer deposits"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33277,"text":"b1857 - 1988 - Geology and resources of gold in the United States","indexId":"b1857","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and resources of gold in the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33277,"text":"b1857 - 1988 - Geology and resources of gold in the United States","indexId":"b1857","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and resources of gold in the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-09T09:55:58","indexId":"b1857G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1857","chapter":"G","title":"Gold in placer deposits","docAbstract":"Man most likely first obtained gold from placer deposits, more than 6,000 years ago. Placers account for more than two-thirds of the total world gold supply, and roughly half of that mined in the States of California, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.
Placer deposits result from weathering and release of gold from lode deposits, transportation of the gold, and concentration of the gold dominantly in stream gravels. Unless preserved by burial, a placer subsequently may be eroded, and either dispersed or reconcentrated.
California has produced more than 40 million troy ounces of gold from placers, both modern and fossil (Tertiary). The source of the great bulk of the gold is numerous quartz veins and mineralized zones of the Mother Lode and related systems in the western Sierra Nevada region. The gold-bearing lodes were emplaced in Carboniferous and Jurassic metamorphic rocks intruded by small bodies of Jurassic and Cretaceous igneous rocks. Mineralization occurred probably in Late Cretaceous time. Significant amounts of placer gold also were mined along the Salmon and Trinity Rivers in northern California. Source of the gold is lode deposits in Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks that were intruded by Mesozoic igneous rocks.
Alaska has produced roughly 21 million ounces of gold from placer deposits. Most (about 13 million ounces) has come from the interior region, including 7,600,000 ounces from the Fairbanks district and 1,300,000 ounces from the Iditarod district. Lode sources are believed to be mostly quartz veins in Precambrian or Paleozoic metamorphic rocks intruded by small igneous bodies near Fairbanks, and shear zones in Tertiary(?) quartz monzonite stocks at Iditarod. The Seward Peninsula has produced more than 6 million ounces of placer gold, including about 4,000,000 ounces from the Nome district. Most of the gold was derived from raised beach deposits. Source of the gold probably is Tertiary-mineralized faults and joints in metamorphic rocks of late Precambrian age.
The Helena-Last Chance district, Montana, produced nearly 1 million ounces of gold from placers that were derived from lode deposits in the contact zones of the Cretaceous Boulder batholith granitic rocks intruded into upper Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The Virginia City-Alder Gulch district, Montana, produced more than 2,600,000 ounces of gold, nearly all from placer deposits derived from quartz veins of uncertain age in Archean gneisses and schists. The Boise basin district, Idaho, produced about 2,300,000 ounces of gold, mostly derived from quartz veins in quartz monzonite of the Cretaceous Idaho batholith.
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1989 - Summary and interpretation of geochemical maps for stream sediment and heavy mineral concentrate samples, Mount Hayes Quadrangle, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:40:05","indexId":"mf1996B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1996","chapter":"B","title":"Summary and interpretation of geochemical maps for stream sediment and heavy mineral concentrate samples, Mount Hayes Quadrangle, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"This report and accompanying maps summarize the results of geochemical exploration studies in the Mount Hayes quadrangle, Alaska. This is one of a series of maps and reports on the geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of the quadrangle prepared as part of the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) of the U.S. Geological Survey. These maps are part of the Mount Hayes l:250,000-scale folio.
The geochemical studies were made in order to identify and define mineralized areas in the quadrangle and to aid in characterizing the nature of the mineral occurrences within these areas. The studies included the collection of composite samples of stream sediment or glacial debris and preparation of these samples, as described by O'Leary and others (1982), to yield a minus-80-mesh (0.2-mm) fraction and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate fraction consisting of mineral grains having a specific gravity greater than 2.85. Samples were collected at 911 sites either from tributary streams or tributary glaciers with drainage basins ranging from 1 to 5 sq mi in area. The samples were analyzed for 30 elements by semiquantitative emission spectrography (O'Leary and others, 1982). The stream-sediment and glacial-debris samples also were analyzed for zinc by an atomic absorption method (Ward and others, 1969), and those results were used in preparing map A.
The maps in this report show drainage basins in which the stream sediment or glacial debris contained anomalously high amounts of selected metals. The geologic base map aids in showing the geologic terranes of the quadrangle. The accompanying tables give frequencies and cumulative percents of the selected metals for all major geologic terranes within the quadrangle.
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