{"pageNumber":"268","pageRowStart":"6675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10959,"records":[{"id":1016093,"text":"1016093 - 2000 - Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T17:10:27.303453","indexId":"1016093","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2739,"text":"Microwave Telemetry Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry","docAbstract":"<p>Since 1995 we have trapped and tagged 110 Ospreys (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>) from 12 study sites in 8 states (Fig. 1). This total includes 71 females, 32 males and 7 juveniles. Our study areas encompass the major Osprey population concentrations found in the United States including the Western States, the Great Lakes region and the Eastern Seaboard.</p><div>Tagging of nesting pairs along with three complete family groups revealed that departure times from nesting areas varied by gender; with females leaving before the juveniles and the</div><div>males departing last. Neither nesting pairs, nor families, migrated or wintered together (Fig. 2). Departure dates from the breeding areas ranged from 12 July to 1 October. Migration routes differed between populations but not gender (Fig. 3). Western Ospreys migrated through California and to a lesser degree other western states and then into Mexico. Minnesota</div><div>Ospreys migrated along three routes; 1) through the central U.S. and then along the east coast of Mexico, 2) along the Mississippi River then across the Gulf of Mexico, or 3) through the Southeastern U.S., then across the Caribbean. East Coast birds migrated along the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. through Florida and across the Caribbean.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Microwave Telemetry, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Martell, M.S., Henny, C.J., Nye, P., and Solensky, M.J., 2000, Migration strategies and wintering areas of North American ospreys as revealed by satellite telemetry: Microwave Telemetry Newsletter, v. 1, no. 2, p. 3-4.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405310,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.microwavetelemetry.com/newsletters#2000"}],"country":"Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States, Venezuela","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, 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S.","contributorId":138541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12435,"text":"Audubon Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":35833,"text":"The Raptor Center at the University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":323596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nye, P.","contributorId":50487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solensky, Matthew J. 0000-0003-4376-7765 msolensky@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4376-7765","contributorId":4784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solensky","given":"Matthew","email":"msolensky@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015328,"text":"1015328 - 2000 - Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:27:32","indexId":"1015328","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"<p>We asked whether 3–5 kg N y<sup>−1</sup> atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1–2 kg N y<sup>−1</sup> on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO<sub>3</sub> concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past 50 years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000032","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Rueth, H., Wolfe, A., Nydick, K., Allstott, E., Minear, J., and Moraska, B., 2000, Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 4, p. 352-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Front Range","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6259b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, A.M.","contributorId":106452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minear, J.T.","contributorId":38519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minear","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moraska, B.","contributorId":84713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moraska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1015021,"text":"1015021 - 2000 - Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T16:23:42.363209","indexId":"1015021","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries","docAbstract":"<p>Fish morbidity and mortality events in Chesapeake Bay tributaries have aroused concern over the health of this important aquatic ecosystem. We applied a recently described method for quantifying mRNA of an immunosuppressive cytokine, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), by reverse transcription quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction to a field study of fish health in the Chesapeake Basin, and compared the results to those of a traditional cellular immunoassay macrophage bactericidal activity. We selected the white perch (<i>Morone americana</i>) as the sentinel fish species because of its abundance at all of the collection sites. White perch were sampled from Chesapeake Bay tributaries in June, August, and October 1998. Splenic mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels increased and anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity decreased, particularly in eastern shore tributaries, from June to August and October. The results of the two assays correlated inversely (Kendall's τ&nbsp;b = -0.600; p = 0.0102). The results indicated both temporal and spatial modulation of white perch immune systems in the Chesapeake Basin, and demonstrated the utility of quantitative PCR for TGF-β as a molecular biomarker for field assessment of teleost fish immune status.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Institutes of Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.00108447","usgsCitation":"Harms, C.A., Ottinger, C.A., Blazer, V., Densmore, C.L., Pieper, L.H., and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S., 2000, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for transforming growth factor-β applied to a field study of fish health in Chesapeake Bay tributaries: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 108, no. 5, p. 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108447","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Back River, Chesapeake Bay, Choptank River, Pocomoke River, Wicomico River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.277587890625,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.849853515625,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.849853515625,\n              40.59727063442024\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.277587890625,\n              40.59727063442024\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.277587890625,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64e806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, Craig A.","contributorId":59759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blazer, Vicki S. 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":149414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki S.","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Densmore, Christine L.","contributorId":18316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pieper, Laurence H.","contributorId":44876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieper","given":"Laurence","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne","contributorId":18319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy-Stoskopf","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1000917,"text":"1000917 - 2000 - First record of <i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i> Sars in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:08:12","indexId":"1000917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First record of <i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i> Sars in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Adults of the cladoceran&nbsp;</span><i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i><span>, native to Australia, Africa, and parts of Asia, were first collected in August 1999 in Lake Erie. Individuals were collected near East Harbor State Park, Lakeside, Ohio from vertical plankton net tows. The average number of&nbsp;</span><i>D. lumholtzi</i><span>&nbsp;that were found (0.03/L) indicate that&nbsp;</span><i>D. lumholtzi</i><span>&nbsp;is beginning to establish itself in Lake Erie. The morphology of this&nbsp;</span><i>Daphnia</i><span>&nbsp;differs greatly from native species because of its elongated head and tail spine. This sighting is important because it acknowledges yet another exotic invader into the Great Lakes basin and it also shows that this, normally, warm water species continues to expand its range northward.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8","usgsCitation":"Muzinic, C.J., 2000, First record of <i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i> Sars in the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 352-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muzinic, Christopher J.","contributorId":80628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muzinic","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70182055,"text":"70182055 - 2000 - Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:21:33","indexId":"70182055","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>We conducted genetic analyses of Aleutian Canada Geese (</span><i>Branta canadensis leucopareia</i><span>) from Buldir Island in the western Aleutians and the Semidi Islands in the eastern portion of their breeding range. We compared data from seven microsatellite DNA loci and 143 base pairs of the control region of mitochondrial DNA from the two populations of Aleutian Canada Geese and another small-bodied subspecies, the Cackling Canada Goose (</span><i>B. c. minima</i><span>) which nests in western Alaska. The widely separated island-nesting Aleutian geese were genetically more closely related to each other than to mainland-nesting small-bodied geese. The populations of Aleutian geese were genetically differentiated from one another in terms of mitochondrial DNA haplotype and microsatellite allele frequencies, suggesting limited contemporary gene flow and/or major shifts in gene frequency through genetic drift. The degree of population genetic differentiation suggests that Aleutian Canada Goose populations could be considered separate management units. There was some evidence of population bottlenecks, although we found no significant genetic evidence of non-random mating or inbreeding.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0172:MGSOAC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pierson, B.J., Pearce, J.M., Talbot, S.L., Shields, G.F., and Scribner, K.T., 2000, Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska: The Condor, v. 102, no. 1, p. 172-180, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0172:MGSOAC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands, Buldir Island, Semidi Islands, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -184.23454284667966,\n              52.282862080335846\n            ],\n            [\n              -183.95233154296875,\n              52.282862080335846\n            ],\n            [\n              -183.95233154296875,\n              52.42964095188324\n            ],\n            [\n              -184.23454284667966,\n              52.42964095188324\n            ],\n            [\n              -184.23454284667966,\n              52.282862080335846\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n     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jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shields, Gerald F.","contributorId":149916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shields","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70159908,"text":"70159908 - 2000 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-17T08:46:26","indexId":"70159908","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark","docAbstract":"<p>Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 4,000 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species&rsquo; nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species&rsquo; response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species&rsquo; breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management is posted at the Web site mentioned below.</p>\n<p>This report has been downloaded from the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center WorldWide Web site, www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/grasbird.htm. Please direct comments and suggestions to Douglas H. Johnson, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8711 37th Street SE, Jamestown, North Dakota 58401; telephone: 701- 253-5539; fax: 701-253-5553; e-mail: Douglas_H_Johnson@usgs.gov.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159908","usgsCitation":"Hull, S.D., 2000, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Eastern Meadowlark (Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002), 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159908.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159908.PNG"},{"id":312410,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159908/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 2000; Revised 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566175c7e4b06a3ea36c5690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hull, Scott D.","contributorId":150199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hull","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022899,"text":"70022899 - 2000 - Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T17:14:29.929745","indexId":"70022899","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region","docAbstract":"<p>Biologists have proposed several environmental factors that might influence production of mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) nesting in the prairie-parkland region of the United States and Canada. These factors include precipitation, cold spring temperatures, wetland abundance, and upland breeding habitat. I used long-term historical data sets of climate, wetland numbers, agricultural land use, and size of breeding mallard populations in multiple regression analyses to model annual indices of mallard production. Models were constructed at 2 scales: a continental scale that encompassed most of the mid-continental breeding range of mallards and a stratum-level scale that included 23 portions of that same breeding range. The production index at the continental scale was the estimated age ratio of mid-continental mallards in early fall; at the stratum scale my production index was the estimated number of broods of all duck species within an aerial survey stratum. Size of breeding mallard populations in May, and pond numbers in May and July, best modeled production at the continental scale. Variables that best modeled production at the stratum scale differed by region. Crop variables tended to appear more in models for western Canadian strata; pond variables predominated in models for United States strata; and spring temperature and pond variables dominated models for eastern Canadian strata. An index of cold spring temperatures appeared in 4 of 6 models for aspen parkland strata, and in only 1 of 11 models for strata dominated by prairie. Stratum-level models suggest that regional factors influencing mallard production are not evident at a larger scale. Testing these potential factors in a manipulative fashion would improve our understanding of mallard population dynamics, improving our ability to manage the mid-continental mallard population.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803254","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., 2000, Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 561-575, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803254.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"575","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, Manitoba, Montana, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.150390625,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0625,\n              42.97250158602597\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.5693359375,\n              42.97250158602597\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.998046875,\n              42.74701217318067\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.3388671875,\n              42.84375132629021\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.45996093749999,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.50390625,\n              42.8115217450979\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.416015625,\n              43.16512263158296\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.416015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.3720703125,\n              45.336701909968134\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6357421875,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5478515625,\n              45.89000815866184\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.591796875,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.0751953125,\n              48.19538740833338\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.0751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.3056640625,\n              50.51342652633956\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.1845703125,\n              51.72702815704774\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.6455078125,\n              52.61639023304539\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0390625,\n              53.904338156274704\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              53.98193516209167\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bdbe4b0c8380cd6f85e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M.W.","contributorId":57012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023224,"text":"70023224 - 2000 - Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:22:05.36156","indexId":"70023224","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"<div id=\"12216409\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>w</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake occurred at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>9:46</i><span>&nbsp;</span>GMT on 16 October 1999. The event caused minimal damage because it was located in a remote, sparsely populated part of the Mojave Desert, approximately 47 miles east-southeast of Barstow, with epicentral coordinates 34.59°N 116.27°W and a hypocentral depth of 5 ± 3 km. Twelve foreshocks,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1.9-3.8, preceded the mainshock during the previous twelve hours. All of these events were located close to the hypocenter of the mainshock.</p></div><div id=\"12216410\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The Hector Mine earthquake occurred within the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). By virtue of its remote location, the societal impact of the Hector Mine earthquake was, fortunately, minimal in spite of the event's appreciable size. The ECSZ is characterized by high seismicity, a high tectonic strain rate, and a broad, distributed zone of north-northwest-trending faults (ECSZ;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-reveal link-table xref-fig\" data-open=\"FIG1\">Figure 1</a>;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF7\">Dokka and Travis, 1990</a>;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF20\">Sauber<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1986</a>;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF21\">Sauber<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1994</a>;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF22\">Sieh<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1993</a>). Data regarding the slip rates of faults within the ECSZ suggest that on the order of 15% of the Pacific-North American plate motion occurs along this zone (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF20\">Sauber<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1986</a>;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF28\">Wesnousky, 1986</a>). Most of the faults in the ECSZ have low slip rates and long repeat times for major earthquakes, on the order of several thousands to tens of thousands of years. The occurrence of the Hector Mine earthquake within seven years and only about 30 km east of the 1992<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>w</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>7.3 Landers earthquake suggests that the closely spaced surface faults in the ECSZ are mechanically related.</p></div><div id=\"12216411\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The Hector Mine event involved rupture on two previously mapped fault zones—the Bullion Fault and an unnamed, more northerly-trending fault that is informally referred to in this paper as the Lavic Lake Fault (Dibblee,<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF4\">1966</a>,<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF5\">1967a</a>,<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF6\">b</a>). Traces of the Bullion Fault exhibit evidence of Holocene displacement and were zoned as active in 1988 under California's Mquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF11\">Hart and Bryant, 1997</a>). The pattern of rupture along more than one named fault was also observed from the 1992 Landers earthquake (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF12\">Hauksson<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1993</a>; Sieh<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1994).</p></div><div id=\"12216412\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Much of the fault zone that produced the Hector Mine earthquake had been buried by relatively young stream deposits, and the fault scarps in bedrock have a subdued morphology. It appears that these faults have not experienced significant offset for perhaps 10,000 years or more (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"REF10\">Hart, 1987</a>). Planned future investigations will refine the age of the last event on these faults. The portion of the Lavic Lake Fault that ruptured between the northern end of the Bullion Mountains and Lavic Lake had not previously been mapped. However, our field investigations have identified ancient, subdued fault scarps along portions of the 1999 rupture zone in this area. It thus appears that the entire segment of the Lavic Lake Fault that was involved in the 1999 event had ruptured in the past. As is typical for most faults within the Eastern California Shear Zone, the rate of movement along the Lavic Lake Fault may be quite slow (&lt;1 mm/yr) and should produce earthquakes only infrequently. This event is a reminder that faults that have ruptured in late Quaternary time, but that lack evidence of Holocene displacement, can still produce earthquakes in this low-slip-rate tectonic setting.</p></div><div id=\"12216413\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Additionally, the Hector Mine earthquake is noteworthy for a couple of other reasons. First, it clearly produced triggered seismicity over much of southern California, from the rupture zone toward the south-southwest in particular. Second, as we will discuss, the event may provide new data and insight into recently developed paradigms concerning earthquake interactions and the role of static stress changes.</p></div><div id=\"12216414\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Questions such as these will, of course, be the subject of extensive detailed analyses in years to come. Fortunately, the Hector Mine sequence will provide one of the best data sets obtained to date for a significant earthquake in the United States. Because it occurred when major upgrades to both the regional seismic network (TriNet) and the regional geodetic network (SCIGN) were well underway, the Earth science community will have abundant high-quality data with which to explore the important and interesting questions that have been raised. In this paper, we present and discuss the basic data and preliminary results from the Hector Mine earthquake.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.71.1.11","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Behr, J., Bryant, B., Given, D., Gross, K., Hafner, K., Hardebeck, J., Hauksson, E., Heaton, T., Hough, S., Hudnut, K., Hutton, K., Jones, L., Kanamori, H., Kendrick, K., King, N., Maechling, P., Meltzner, A., Ponti, D., Rockwell, T., Shakal, A., Simons, M., Stark, K., Wald, D., Wald, L., and Zhu, L., 2000, Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, v. 71, no. 1, p. 11-23, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.1.11.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20131120-102150806","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              34.175453097578526\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.631103515625,\n              34.175453097578526\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.631103515625,\n              35.21420969483077\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              35.21420969483077\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              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K.","contributorId":68251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hafner, K.","contributorId":7879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hafner","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hardebeck, J.","contributorId":99738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heaton, T.","contributorId":107862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hough, S.","contributorId":54355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hutton, K.","contributorId":63183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jones, L.","contributorId":26084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kanamori, H.","contributorId":55438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kendrick, K.","contributorId":35907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"King, N.","contributorId":14925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Maechling, P.","contributorId":102666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maechling","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Meltzner, A.","contributorId":94821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzner","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Ponti, D.","contributorId":39549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Rockwell, Thomas","contributorId":58810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Shakal, A.","contributorId":20934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shakal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Simons, M.","contributorId":14610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Stark, K.","contributorId":92000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Wald, D. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":37866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Wald, L.","contributorId":64845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Zhu, L.","contributorId":58055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25}]}}
,{"id":70023207,"text":"70023207 - 2000 - New Lower Mississippian Trilobites from the Chouteau Group of Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70023207","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":790,"text":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New Lower Mississippian Trilobites from the Chouteau Group of Missouri","docAbstract":"Reexamination of existing trilobite collections from the Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) Chouteau Group of central and northeastern Missouri indicates that two different suites of trilobites are present in these two areas of the state. Moreover, the study of these collections has led to the erection of a new genus and four new species. The new genus, Ameropiltonia, is based on a new species, A. lauradanae. This genus and species is commonly confused with Breviphillipsia sampsoni (Vogdes). Elliptophillipsia rotundus, n. sp., differs from the type species of this genus by possessing a rounded frontal lobe to the glabella. The other new species, Perexigupyge chouteauensis and Richterella hessleri, are present in the Compton Limestone of Marion and Ralls counties of northeastern Missouri. Variations in trilobite species found in the Compton Limestone of central Missouri and the northeastern part of the state are interpreted to be environmentally related. It appears that the lime mudstone and wackestone lithologies characteristic of the Compton Limestone of central Missouri were deposited in a low-energy, subtidal shelf setting. The lime packstone-grainstone strata of northeastern Missouri are interpreted to have formed as a tidal sand belt on the eastern margin of the Burlington shelf.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Carnegie Museum","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00974463","usgsCitation":"Brezinski, D., 2000, New Lower Mississippian Trilobites from the Chouteau Group of Missouri: Annals of Carnegie Museum, v. 69, no. 2, p. 135-144.","startPage":"135","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6521e4b0c8380cd72b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brezinski, D. K.","contributorId":39010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezinski","given":"D. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023196,"text":"70023196 - 2000 - A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T16:43:26.557719","indexId":"70023196","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new ichnospecies of <i>Nereites</i> from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the <i>Nereites-Neonereites</i> debate","title":"A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate","docAbstract":"<p>Predominantly horizontal, gently curved to slightly sinuous traces constituting uniserial rows of imbricated, subspherical sediment pads occur in Pennsylvanian tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas. These traces exhibit a complex, actively filled internal structure. The presence of a median tunnel enveloped by overlapping pads of reworked sediment indicates that these biogenic structures should be included in the ichnogenus<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>MacLeay in Murchison, 1839. A new ichnospecies,<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">N. imbricata</span></i>, is erected. Externally,<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites imbricata</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>differs from the other<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>ichnospecies by the large, tightly packed, imbricated pads that commonly result in an annulated appearance on bedding-planes. Internally, obliquely arranged, arcuate laminae envelope the median tunnel and tend to follow the outline of the external semispherical pads. Additionally, the behavioral pattern reflected by<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">N. imbricata</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>is less specialized than that of the other<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>ichnospecies.<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Eione monoliformis</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>Tate, 1859 resembles<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">N. imbricata</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>in general appearence, but lack the diagnostic<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>internal structure, and is invariably preserved as positive epireliefs. Occurrence of<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites imbricata</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>as both median tunnels surrounded by reworked sediment (<i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>preservation) and uniserial rows of imbricated sediment pads (<i><span class=\"italic\">Neonereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>preservation) supports the notion that<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Neonereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>Seilacher, 1960 is a preservational variant of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\"><i>Nereites</i>.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>The ichnogenus<span>&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"italic\">Nereites</span></i><span>&nbsp;</span>is an eurybathic form and is a common component of Paleozoic shallow-marine facies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0149:ANIONF>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Mangano, M., Buatois, L., Maples, C., and West, R., 2000, A new ichnospecies of Nereites from carboniferous tidal-flat facies of eastern Kansas, USA: Implications for the Nereites-Neonereites debate: Journal of Paleontology, v. 74, no. 1, p. 149-157, https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0149:ANIONF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.54736328125,\n              39.99395569397331\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.50341796875,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6142578125,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.58129882812499,\n              39.18969082109678\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.779052734375,\n              39.2832938689385\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.042724609375,\n              39.554883059924016\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.866943359375,\n              39.757879992021756\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.910888671875,\n              39.90130858574735\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.33935546875,\n              40.019201307686785\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.54736328125,\n              39.99395569397331\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a3e4b0c8380cd467c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023188,"text":"70023188 - 2000 - Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T11:02:06","indexId":"70023188","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study","docAbstract":"A high resolution (300-400 m grid spacing), process oriented modeling study was undertaken to elucidate the physical processes affecting the characteristics and distribution of sea-floor sedimentary environments in Long Island Sound. Simulations using idealized forcing and high-resolution bathymetry were performed using a three-dimensional circulation model ECOM (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987) and a stationary shallow water wave model HISWA (Holthuijsen et al., 1989). The relative contributions of tide-, density-, wind- and wave-driven bottom currents are assessed and related to observed characteristics of the sea-floor environments, and simple bedload sediment transport simulations are performed. The fine grid spacing allows features with scales of several kilometers to be resolved. The simulations clearly show physical processes that affect the observed sea-floor characteristics at both regional and local scales. Simulations of near-bottom tidal currents reveal a strong gradient in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, which parallels an observed gradient in sedimentary environments from erosion or nondeposition, through bedload transport and sediment sorting, to fine-grained deposition. A simulation of estuarine flow driven by the along-axis gradient in salinity shows generally westward bottom currents of 2-4 cm/s that are locally enhanced to 6-8 cm/s along the axial depression of the Sound. Bottom wind-driven currents flow downwind along the shallow margins of the basin, but flow against the wind in the deeper regions. These bottom flows (in opposition to the wind) are strongest in the axial depression and add to the estuarine flow when winds are from the west. The combination of enhanced bottom currents due to both estuarine circulation and the prevailing westerly winds provide an explanation for the relatively coarse sediments found along parts of the axial depression. Climatological simulations of wave-driven bottom currents show that frequent high-energy events occur along the shallow margins of the Sound, explaining the occurrence of relatively coarse sediments in these regions. Bedload sediment transport calculations show that the estuarine circulation coupled with the oscillatory tidal currents result in a net westward transport of sand in much of the eastern Sound. Local departures from this regional westward trend occur around topographic and shoreline irregularities, and there is strong predicted convergence of bedload transport over most of the large, linear sand ridges in the eastern Sound, providing a mechanism which prevents their decay. The strong correlation between the near-bottom current intensity based on the model results and the sediment response, as indicated by the distribution of sedimentary environments, provides a framework for predicting the long-term effects of anthropogenic activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., List, J.H., and Farris, A., 2000, Bottom currents and sediment transport in Long Island Sound: A modeling study: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 551-566.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"566","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4300070"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":" Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.5,\n              40.51797520038851\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5,\n              40.51797520038851\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5,\n              41.226183305514596\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5,\n              41.226183305514596\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5,\n              40.51797520038851\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f227e4b0c8380cd4b036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farris, A.S.","contributorId":98477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023174,"text":"70023174 - 2000 - Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:30:32.663565","indexId":"70023174","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p>T</p><p>he Coachella Valley area was strongly shaken by the 1992 Joshua Tree (23 April) and Landers (28 June) earthquakes, and both events caused triggered slip on active faults within the area. Triggered slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake was on a newly recognized fault, the East Wide Canyon fault, near the southwestern edge of the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Slip associated with the Landers earthquake formed along the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley.</p><p>Surface fractures formed along the East Wide Canyon fault in association with the Joshua Tree earthquake. The fractures extended discontinuously over a 1.5-km stretch of the fault, near its southern end. Sense of slip was consistently right-oblique, west side down, similar to the long-term style of faulting. Measured offset values were small, with right-lateral and vertical components of slip ranging from 1 to 6 mm and 1 to 4 mm, respectively. This is the first documented historic slip on the East Wide Canyon fault, which was first mapped only months before the Joshua Tree earthquake. Surface slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake most likely developed as triggered slip given its 5 km distance from the Joshua Tree epicenter and aftershocks. As revealed in a trench investigation, slip formed in an area with only a thin (&lt;3 m thick) veneer of alluvium in contrast to earlier documented triggered slip events in this region, all in the deep basins of the Salton Trough.</p><p>A paleoseismic trench study in an area of 1992 surface slip revealed evidence of two and possibly three surface faulting events on the East Wide Canyon fault during the late Quaternary, probably latest Pleistocene (first event) and mid- to late Holocene (second two events).</p><p>About two months after the Joshua Tree earthquake, the Landers earthquake then triggered slip on many faults, including the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley. Surface fractures associated with this event formed discontinuous breaks over a 54-km-long stretch of the fault, from the Indio Hills southeastward to Durmid Hill. Sense of slip was right-lateral; only locally was there a minor (∼1 mm) vertical component of slip. Measured dextral displacement values ranged from 1 to 20 mm, with the largest amounts found in the Mecca Hills where large slip values have been measured following past triggered-slip events.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119980130","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Rymer, M.J., 2000, Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 4, p. 832-848, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119980130.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"832","endPage":"848","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.0980224609375,\n              33.410809551114305\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0211181640625,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.04034423828125,\n              33.458942753687644\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.05682373046875,\n              33.47727218776036\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.026611328125,\n              33.50475906922609\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.95794677734375,\n              33.51391942394942\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.83160400390626,\n              33.44060944370356\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.87554931640624,\n              33.5459730276919\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.894775390625,\n              33.612331963363935\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.97167968750001,\n              33.69006708322201\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0980224609375,\n              33.80197351806589\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.21063232421875,\n              33.884097379274905\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.34246826171874,\n              33.93652406150093\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.45507812500001,\n              33.98664113654014\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.58416748046875,\n              34.016241889667015\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.64184570312501,\n              33.957030069982316\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.68579101562499,\n              33.957030069982316\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.69677734375,\n              33.91373381431625\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.60888671874999,\n              33.87269600798948\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.57592773437499,\n              33.8362013852728\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.54022216796875,\n              33.758598560812004\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51550292968749,\n              33.78371305547283\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4715576171875,\n              33.770015152780125\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4111328125,\n              33.71977077483141\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4111328125,\n              33.678639851675555\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.34796142578125,\n              33.715201644740844\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.32049560546875,\n              33.71291698851023\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.31500244140626,\n              33.660353121928814\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.28753662109375,\n              33.65806700735442\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.290283203125,\n              33.5963189611327\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2298583984375,\n              33.56199537293026\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.1968994140625,\n              33.48185394054361\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0980224609375,\n              33.410809551114305\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb852e4b08c986b3277cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023152,"text":"70023152 - 2000 - Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T13:51:00.268735","indexId":"70023152","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano","docAbstract":"<p> Glassy bubble-wall fragments, morphologically similar to littoral limu o Pele, have been found in volcanic sands erupted on Lō'ihi Seamount and along the submarine east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano. The limu o Pele fragments are undegassed with respect to H<sub>2</sub>O and S and formed by mild steam explosions. Angular glass sand fragments apparently form at similar, and greater, depths by cooling-contraction granulation. The limu o Pele fragments from Lō'ihi Seamount are dominantly tholeiitic basalt containing 6.25–7.25% MgO. None of the limu o Pele samples from Lō'ihi Seamount contains less than 5.57% MgO, suggesting that higher viscosity magmas do not form lava bubbles. The dissolved CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and H<sub>2</sub>O contents of 7 of the limu o Pele fragments indicate eruption at 1200±300 m depth (120±30 bar). These pressures exceed that generally thought to limit steam explosions. We conclude that hydrovolcanic eruptions are possible, with appropriate pre-mixing conditions, at pressures as great as 120 bar.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00008910","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Davis, A.S., Bischoff, J.L., Dixon, J., and Geyer, R., 2000, Lava bubble-wall fragments formed by submarine hydrovolcanic explosions on Lō'ihi Seamount and Kīlauea Volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 7, p. 437-449, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008910.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"449","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano, Lō'ihi Seamount","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.2749252319336,\n              19.393420210896526\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2665138244629,\n              19.402163734150218\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2587890625,\n              19.407021044033193\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.25466918945312,\n              19.409449644577496\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.25054931640625,\n              19.410421074639856\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24780273437497,\n              19.408963927370102\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24110794067383,\n              19.409449644577496\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23921966552734,\n              19.41139249889879\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23956298828125,\n              19.413497231549684\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24127960205078,\n              19.41414483611448\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24351119995117,\n              19.41900178811697\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24831771850586,\n              19.42321102911835\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.25535583496094,\n              19.428715256672362\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26016235351562,\n              19.43049599624706\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2690887451172,\n              19.43049599624706\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.27320861816406,\n              19.43195295046888\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.27990341186523,\n              19.4303341116379\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28745651245117,\n              19.421915889653373\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29518127441403,\n              19.41673522857577\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29552459716797,\n              19.41317342829992\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29809951782227,\n              19.411716305695418\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29294967651367,\n              19.39860161472401\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28470993041992,\n              19.397306279233554\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2749252319336,\n              19.393420210896526\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.3631591796875,\n              18.872503842809966\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2045440673828,\n              18.872503842809966\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2045440673828,\n              19.0082426940534\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.3631591796875,\n              19.0082426940534\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.3631591796875,\n              18.872503842809966\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a458be4b0c8380cd673ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geyer, R.","contributorId":10960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023117,"text":"70023117 - 2000 - Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound sediments: An urban sedimentary record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T13:39:15","indexId":"70023117","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound sediments: An urban sedimentary record","docAbstract":"Clostridium perfringens is a conservative tracer and an indicator of sewage-derived pollution in the marine environment. The distribution of Clostridium perfringens spores was measured in sediments from Long Island Sound, USA, as part of a regional study designed to: (1) map the distribution of contaminated sediments; (2) determine transport and dispersal paths; (3) identify the locations of sediment and contaminant focusing; and (4) constrain predictive models. In 1996, sediment cores were collected at 58 stations, and surface sediments were collected at 219 locations throughout the Sound. Elevated concentrations of Clostridium perfringens in the sediments indicate that sewage pollution is present throughout Long Island Sound and has persisted for more than a century. Concentrations range from undetectable amounts to 15,000 spores/g dry sediment and are above background levels in the upper 30 cm at nearly all core locations. Sediment focusing strongly impacts the accumulation of Clostridium perfringens spores. Inventories in the cores range from 28 to 70,000 spores/cm2, and elevated concentrations can extend to depths of 50 cm. The steep gradients in Clostridium perfringens profiles in muddier cores contrast with concentrations that are generally constant with depth in sandier cores. Clostridium perfringens concentrations rarely decrease in the uppermost sediment, unlike those reported for metal contaminants. Concentrations in surface sediments are highest in the western end of the Sound, very low in the eastern region, and intermediate in the central part. This pattern reflects winnowing and focusing of Clostridium perfringens spores and fine-grained sediment by the hydrodynamic regime; however, the proximity of sewage sources to the westernmost Sound locally enhances the Clostridium perfringens signals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Mecray, E., and Galvin, E., 2000, Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound sediments: An urban sedimentary record: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 591-612.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"612","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70023115,"text":"70023115 - 2000 - Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:37:06","indexId":"70023115","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content n/a main\"><p>An annual water budget for Florida Bay, the large, seasonally hypersaline estuary in the Everglades National Park, was constructed using physically based models and long‐term (31 years) data on salinity, hydrology, and climate. Effects of seasonal and interannual variations of the net freshwater supply (runoff plus rainfall minus evaporation) on salinity variation within the bay were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the effects of runoff, which are the focus of ambitious plans to restore and conserve the Florida Bay ecosystem. From 1965 to 1995 the annual runoff from the Everglades into the bay was less than one tenth of the annual direct rainfall onto the bay, while estimated annual evaporation slightly exceeded annual rainfall. The average net freshwater supply to the bay over a year was thus approximately zero, and interannual variations in salinity appeared to be affected primarily by interannual fluctuations in rainfall. At the annual scale, runoff apparently had little effect on the bay as a whole during this period. On a seasonal basis, variations in rainfall, evaporation, and runoff were not in phase, and the net freshwater supply to the bay varied between positive and negative values, contributing to a strong seasonal pattern in salinity, especially in regions of the bay relatively isolated from exchanges with the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. Changes in runoff could have a greater effect on salinity in the bay if the seasonal patterns of rainfall and evaporation and the timing of the runoff are considered. One model was also used to simulate spatial and temporal patterns of salinity responses expected to result from changes in net freshwater supply. Simulations in which runoff was increased by a factor of 2 (but with no change in spatial pattern) indicated that increased runoff will lower salinity values in eastern Florida Bay, increase the variability of salinity in the South Region, but have little effect on salinity in the Central and West Regions.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900352","usgsCitation":"Nuttle, W.K., Fourqurean, J.W., Cosby, B.J., Zieman, J.C., and Robblee, M.B., 2000, Influence of net freshwater supply on salinity in Florida Bay: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1805-1822, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900352.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1805","endPage":"1822","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900352","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.232666015625,\n              24.206889622398023\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.04089355468749,\n              24.206889622398023\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.04089355468749,\n              26.13571361317392\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.232666015625,\n              26.13571361317392\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.232666015625,\n              24.206889622398023\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b5ee4b0c8380cd6247d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuttle, William K.","contributorId":189603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nuttle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fourqurean, James W.","contributorId":84491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fourqurean","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cosby, Bernard J.","contributorId":107578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosby","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zieman, Joseph C.","contributorId":20806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zieman","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robblee, Michael B. mike_robblee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"Michael","email":"mike_robblee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023107,"text":"70023107 - 2000 - Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70023107","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States","docAbstract":"Palynological analyses of two sediment cores, one 2.4 m long from northern Delaware, dated about 16,300 to 14,700 14C yr B.P., and one 1.8 m long from New Jersey just south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine and dated about 13,600 to 12,500 14C yr B.P., give the first detailed evidence of vegetation in this area during these periods. The overall assemblages are similar to each other, with Picea and Pinus dominating the arboreal pollen and Poaceae and Cyperaceae the herbaceous flora. Nonarboreal pollen contributes about 30-50% of the total, indicating a very open vegetation or a mix of forest patches and open areas. Especially in Delaware, there is a diversity of other herbaceous pollen, including members of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Ranunculaceae. The assemblages do not resemble current North American tundra or boreal forest assemblages; rather, they resemble assemblages characteristic of tundra on recently exposed land surfaces north of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine. The persistence of the assemblages for 1500-2000 years in late-glacial time suggests stable and cold climate during this time of glacier retreat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2103","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Russell, E., and Stanford, S., 2000, Late-glacial environmental changes south of the Wisconsinan terminal moraine in the Eastern United States: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 1, p. 105-113, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2103.","startPage":"105","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2103"},{"id":233696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4568e4b0c8380cd672be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, E.W.B.","contributorId":26849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"E.W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanford, S.D.","contributorId":79932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023105,"text":"70023105 - 2000 - Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T17:50:07.927071","indexId":"70023105","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","docAbstract":"<p>At the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.2307/2694809","issn":"00027316","usgsCitation":"Emerson, T., and Hughes, R., 2000, Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition: American Antiquity, v. 65, no. 1, p. 79-101, https://doi.org/10.2307/2694809.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Cahokia, Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.07973670959473,\n              38.64503125499879\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.05450248718262,\n              38.647913759372194\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.04729270935059,\n              38.64777969197263\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.04703521728516,\n              38.66560845398337\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.05484580993652,\n              38.66580950493899\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.06617546081543,\n              38.662726661586646\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.08025169372559,\n              38.662592621908466\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.07973670959473,\n              38.64503125499879\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1005e4b0c8380cd53ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, T.E.","contributorId":30785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, R.E.","contributorId":84497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022922,"text":"70022922 - 2000 - Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin:  Amissions, deposition and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:44:04","indexId":"70022922","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin:  Amissions, deposition and transport","docAbstract":"<p>Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has been cited as a major factor in the nitrogen saturation of forests in the north-eastern United States and as a contributor to the eutrophication of coastal waters, including the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Sources of nitrogen emissions and the resulting spatial patterns of nitrogen deposition within the Mississippi River Basin, however, have not been fully documented. An assessment of atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin was therefore conducted in 1998-1999 to: (1) evaluate the forms in which nitrogen is deposited from the atmosphere; (2) quantify the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition throughout the basin; and (3) relate locations of emission sources to spatial deposition patterns to evaluate atmospheric transport. Deposition data collected through the NADP/NTN (National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network) and CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) were used for this analysis. NO(x) Tier 1 emission data by county was obtained for 1992 from the US Environmental Protection Agency (Emissions Trends Viewer CD, 1985-1995, version 1.0, September 1996) and NH3 emissions data was derived from the 1992 Census of Agriculture (US Department of Commerce. Census of Agriculture, US Summary and County Level Data, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Geographic Area series, 1995:1b) or the National Agricultural Statistics Service (US Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service Historical Data. Accessed 7/98 at URL, 1998. http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/hisdata.htm). The highest rates of wet deposition of NO3- were in the north-eastern part of the basin, downwind of electric utility plants and urban areas, whereas the highest rates of wet deposition of NH4+ were in Iowa, near the center of intensive agricultural activities in the Midwest. The lowest rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were on the western (windward) side of the basin, which suggests that most of the nitrogen deposited within the basin is derived from internal sources. Atmospheric transport eastward across the basin boundary is greater for NO3- than NH4+, but a significant amount of NH4+ is likely to be transported out of the basin through the formation of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 particles - a process that greatly increases the atmospheric residence time of NH4+. This process is also a likely factor in the atmospheric transport of nitrogen from the Midwest to upland forest regions in the North-East, such as the western Adirondack region of New York, where NH4+ constitutes 38% of the total wet deposition of N.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G., Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W., and Stensland, G., 2000, Atmospheric nitrogen in the Mississippi River Basin:  Amissions, deposition and transport: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 87-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00533-1"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec4e4b0c8380cd49f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stensland, G.J.","contributorId":62096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stensland","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022903,"text":"70022903 - 2000 - Sequence stratigraphy of the Aux Vases Sandstone: A major oil producer in the Illinois basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T18:04:28.477411","indexId":"70022903","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence stratigraphy of the Aux Vases Sandstone: A major oil producer in the Illinois basin","docAbstract":"The Aux Vases Sandstone (Mississippian) has contributed between 10 and 25% of all the oil produced in Illinois. The Aux Vases is not only an important oil reservoir but is also an important source of groundwater, quarrying stone, and fluorspar. Using sequence stratigraphy, a more accurate stratigraphic interpretation of this economically important formation can be discerned and thereby enable more effective exploration for the resources contained therein. Previous studies have assumed that the underlying Spar Mountain, Karnak, and Joppa formations interfingered with the Aux Vases, as did the overlying Renault Limestone. This study demonstrates that these formations instead are separated by sequence boundaries; therefore, they are not genetically related to each other. A result of this sequence stratigraphic approach is the identification of incised valleys, paleotopography, and potential new hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Spar Mountain and Aux Vases. In eastern Illinois, the Aux Vases is bounded by sequence boundaries with 20 ft (6 m) of relief. The Aux Vases oil reservoir facies was deposited as a tidally influenced siliciclastic wedge that prograded over underlying carbonate-rich sediments. The Aux Vases sedimentary succession consists of offshore sediment overlain by intertidal and supratidal sediments. Low-permeability shales and carbonates typically surround the Aux Vases reservoir sandstone and thereby form numerous bypassed compartments from which additional oil can be recovered. The potential for new significant oil fields within the Aux Vases is great, as is the potential for undrained reservoir compartments within existing Aux Vases fields.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/C9EBCE05-1735-11D7-8645000102C1865D","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Leetaru, H., 2000, Sequence stratigraphy of the Aux Vases Sandstone: A major oil producer in the Illinois basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 84, no. 3, p. 399-422, https://doi.org/10.1306/C9EBCE05-1735-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"422","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      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,{"id":70022892,"text":"70022892 - 2000 - Geology in the 1996 USGS seismic-hazard maps, central and eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:15:12.275696","indexId":"70022892","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology in the 1996 USGS seismic-hazard maps, central and eastern United States","docAbstract":"The current (1996) national probabilistic seismic-hazard maps utilize information about geologic structure and tectonics of the central and eastern U.S. to compensate for uncertainty that arises from the short seismicity record. Geology was incorporated into the maps mainly as seven source zones that are delineated in three distinct ways. The North American stable continental region is divided into two large zones, the sparsely seismic Precambrian craton and the more active Phanerozoic rim. Five other source zones are much smaller - the Wabash Valley source zone is within the craton, whereas the Reelfoot Rift, eastern Tennessee, Charleston, and Charlevoix source zones are in the Phanerozoic rim of the continent. We document these zones and explain and justify their use. The seven zones provide a foundation from which we suggest a criterion for including more geology in future maps.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.71.2.273","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Frankel, A., 2000, Geology in the 1996 USGS seismic-hazard maps, central and eastern United States: Seismological Research Letters, v. 71, no. 2, p. 273-282, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.2.273.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"282","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.587890625,\n              50.12057809796008\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.08203125,\n              48.86471476180277\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.26953125,\n              45.02695045318546\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.138671875,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.58984375,\n              32.10118973232094\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.77734374999999,\n              29.152161283318915\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.01953125,\n              26.980828590472107\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.87695312499999,\n              25.799891182088334\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.591796875,\n              25.403584973186703\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.240234375,\n              27.527758206861886\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.00976562499999,\n              28.536274512989916\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.373046875,\n              28.92163128242129\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.12109375,\n              28.536274512989916\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.572265625,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.935546875,\n              29.075375179558346\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.44140625,\n              25.403584973186703\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.15625,\n              24.44714958973082\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.27734374999999,\n              26.588527147308614\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.419921875,\n              31.57853542647338\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.41015624999999,\n              34.95799531086792\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.70703125,\n              37.09023980307208\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.212890625,\n              39.977120098439634\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              41.50857729743935\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.60937499999999,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              43.70759350405294\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.21484375,\n              43.26120612479979\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.45703124999999,\n              44.08758502824516\n            ],\n            [\n              -64.248046875,\n              49.66762782262194\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.587890625,\n              50.12057809796008\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a247fe4b0c8380cd5813f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. 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,{"id":70022879,"text":"70022879 - 2000 - Seasonal movements and pelagic habitat use of Murres and Puffins determined by satellite telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T16:03:26.91306","indexId":"70022879","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal movements and pelagic habitat use of Murres and Puffins determined by satellite telemetry","docAbstract":"<p><span>We tracked the movements of Common Murres (</span><i>Uria aalge</i><span>), Thick-billed Murres (</span><i>U. lomvia</i><span>), and Tufted Puffins (</span><i>Fratercula cirrhata</i><span>) using surgically implanted satellite transmitters. From 1994–1996, we tagged 53 birds from two colonies in the Gulf of Alaska (Middleton Island and Barren Islands) and two colonies in the Chukchi Sea (Cape Thompson and Cape Lisburne). Murres and puffins ranged 100 km or farther from all colonies in summer, but most instrumented birds had abandoned breeding attempts and their movements likely differed from those of actively breeding birds. However, murres whose movements in the breeding period suggested they still had chicks to feed foraged repeatedly at distances of 50–80 km from the Chukchi colonies in 1995. We detected no differences in the foraging patterns of males and females during the breeding season, nor between Thick-billed and Common Murres from mixed colonies. Upon chick departure from the northern colonies, male murres—some believed to be tending their flightless young—drifted with prevailing currents toward Siberia, whereas most females flew directly south toward the Bering Sea. Murres from Cape Thompson and Cape Lisburne shared a common wintering area in the southeastern Bering Sea in 1995, and birds from Cape Lisburne returned to the same area in the winter of 1996. We conclude that differences in foraging conditions during summer rather than differential mortality rates in winter account for contrasting population trends previously documented in those two colonies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/condor/102.1.145","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., Meyers, P., Mulcahy, D., and Douglas, D., 2000, Seasonal movements and pelagic habitat use of Murres and Puffins determined by satellite telemetry: Condor, v. 102, no. 1, p. 145-154, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.145.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.145","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SOW6V2","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking data for Common murres (Uria aalge)"},{"id":438896,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9L9EIUI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) "},{"id":438895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P983BSVQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":" Tracking data for Thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia)"},{"id":233577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Barren Islands, Cape Lisburne, Cape Thompson, Cook Inlet, East Amatuli Island, Gulf of Alaska, Ikijaktusak Creek, Middleton Island, West Amatuli Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      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D.M.","contributorId":43302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022840,"text":"70022840 - 2000 - Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T16:01:46.749771","indexId":"70022840","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens","docAbstract":"<p>Capture-related mortality has been a notable risk in the handling of eastern wild turkey (<i>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</i>). Our objective was to evaluate how environmental factors influence risk and identify physiological correlates that could be used to identify susceptible birds. During winter (January–March) 1995–97, 130 eastern wild turkey hens were captured in southeastern Oklahoma and radiocollared. Of those, 20 hens died ≤14 days of capture. Serum creatine kinase activity (CK;<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01), body temperature (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01), processing time (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.02), and ambient temperature (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01) showed a positive relationship with mortality that occurred within 14 days of capture. Plasma corticosterone concentration (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.08) and relative humidity (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01) showed a negative relationship with mortalities that occurred within 14 days post-capture. Stepwise logistic regression selected CK activity, relative humidity, and ambient temperature as the best predictors of mortality within 14 days post-capture. Our data suggest that susceptible individuals may be identified from CK activity and that capture-related mortality may be minimized by establishing guidelines of when to curtail capture operations based on various weather conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, D., Lochmiller, R., Stewart, M., Masters, R., and Leslie, D., 2000, Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 308-315, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahhoma","county":"Pushmataha County","otherGeospatial":"Pushmataha Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.38003921508788,\n              34.587008201641936\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.34579277038574,\n              34.587008201641936\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.34579277038574,\n              34.60467167644892\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.38003921508788,\n              34.60467167644892\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.38003921508788,\n              34.587008201641936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad95e4b0c8380cd86f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, D.S.","contributorId":48356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lochmiller, R.L.","contributorId":68061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lochmiller","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, M.D.","contributorId":30612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Masters, R.E.","contributorId":49146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022779,"text":"70022779 - 2000 - Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T13:33:21","indexId":"70022779","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska","docAbstract":"The changes of the solid Earth in south central Alaska in response to two major glacial fluctuations on different temporal and spatial scales have been estimated and we evaluated their influence on the stress state and ongoing tectonic deformation of the region. During the recent (1993–1995) Bering Glacier surge, a large transfer of ice from the Bagley Ice Field to the Bering Glacier terminus region occurred. We estimated the elastic displacement of the solid Earth due to ice mass redistribution from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at sites near the surging glacier. We can account for these displacements by transfer of an ice volume of about 14 km<sup>3</sup> from the surge reservoir area to the terminus region. We examined the background seismicity (M<sub>L</sub> ≥ 2.5) before, during, and after the surge. We found that the occurrence of small earthquakes (M<sub>L</sub> ≤ 4.0) in the surge reservoir region increased during the surge time interval possibly in response to a decrease in ice mass. This suggests that a small decrease in the vertical stress, σ<sub>3</sub>, could be enough to modulate the occurrence of small, shallow earthquakes in this dominantly thrust fault setting. During this century the southern Alaska coastal glaciers have been undergoing an overall decrease in volume. Based on our compilation of changes in the extent and thickness of the coastal glaciers between the Malaspina and Bering, we calculated surface displacements due to the Earth's viscoelastic response to annual thinning and to the cumulative retreat over the last 100 years. The uplift of the region due to an average annual thinning rate of 1–6 m/yr in the ablation region is 1–12 mm/yr. For our reference model with a viscosity of 5×10<sup>19</sup> Pa s for depths between ≈ 40 and 200 km the total viscoelastic response due to the retreat over the last century may be as much as a couple of meters within the coastal ablation zone near Icy Bay. The maximum decrease in σv between 0 and 10 km was ≈ 1.0 MPa, which is significant in relation to the stress drops in recent earthquakes (≈ 2 to 10 MPa) but small in relation to the estimated tectonic stress magnitude. Therefore the occurrence of an earthquake such as the St. Elias (1979, M<sub>S</sub> = 7.2) may have been advanced in time; however, most of the ongoing stress accumulation would be primarily due to tectonic forces.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900433","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sauber, J., Plafker, G., Molnia, B.F., and Bryant, M., 2000, Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B4, p. 8055-8077, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900433.","startPage":"8055","endPage":"8077","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280155,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900433"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdbe4b0c8380cd4e484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauber, Jeanne","contributorId":71734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauber","given":"Jeanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Molnia, Bruce F. bmolnia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"Bruce","email":"bmolnia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryant, Mark A.","contributorId":30406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022771,"text":"70022771 - 2000 - A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T16:26:35.337864","indexId":"70022771","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","docAbstract":"Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation-runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation-runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically downscaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Wilby, R., and Leavesley, G., 2000, A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 387-397, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Nevada, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Animas River, Carson River, Cle Elum River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.874755859375,\n              37.21064411993447\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85690307617188,\n              37.200253129999126\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.83355712890625,\n              37.210097261395795\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85415649414062,\n              37.2456348218214\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84591674804688,\n              37.290442925478196\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.80677795410156,\n              37.40725549559874\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84934997558594,\n              37.40998258803303\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.90290832519531,\n              37.27241360211579\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.874755859375,\n              37.21064411993447\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.78619384765624,\n              47.455951443369926\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.05560302734376,\n              47.16170753357782\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.99517822265625,\n              47.2549998709802\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              47.3704545156932\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25885009765625,\n              47.42622912485741\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74224853515625,\n              47.48565697095909\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78619384765624,\n              47.455951443369926\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62738037109375,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62738037109375,\n              39.35553794109382\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              39.35553794109382\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e359e4b0c8380cd45faf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022647,"text":"70022647 - 2000 - Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T14:15:24.941221","indexId":"70022647","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane","docAbstract":"<p>Magnetotelluric traverses across the southern Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) reveal the presence of a thick conductive layer (or layers) beneath Paleozoic crystalline rocks. These rocks have been interpreted to be flysch of probable Mesozoic age, on the basis of the occurrence of Jurassic-Cretaceous flysch in the Kahiltna assemblage and Gravina-Nutzotin belt flanking the YTT to the southwest and southeast, respectively. The Pb, Nd, Sr, and O isotopes in Cretaceous and Tertiary granitic rocks that crop out throughout the YTT were measured to determine if these rocks do in fact contain a component of flysch. Previous limited analyses indicated that the Pb isotopes of the granitic rocks could be a mixture of radiogenic Pb derived from Paleozoic crystalline rocks of the YTT with an increasing component of relatively nonradiogenic Pb with decreasing age. Our Nd, Sr, and O data, along with additional Pb isotope data, eliminate flysch as a likely source and strongly suggest that the nonradiogenic end-member was derived from mafic rocks, either directly from mantle magma or by melting of mafic crust. The lack of a sedimentary component in the granitic plutons suggests either that the plutons did not incorporate significant amounts of flysch during intrusion or that the conductive layer beneath the YTT crystalline rocks is not flysch.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e00-006","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Farmer, G.L., Rye, R.O., and Nokleberg, W., 2000, Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, no. 6, p. 945-956, https://doi.org/10.1139/e00-006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"956","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.830078125,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.2548828125,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.2548828125,\n              67.01600934917997\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.830078125,\n              67.01600934917997\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.830078125,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fafe4b0c8380cd64727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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