In 1988, the Pawcatuck Basin (302.4 square miles) in southern Rhode Island (245.3 square miles) and southeastern Connecticut (57.12 square miles) was defined as a sole-source aquifer for 14 towns in southern Rhode Island and 4 towns in southeastern Connecticut. To determine water use and availability, the six subbasins in the Pawcatuck Basin were delineated on the basis of the surface- and ground-water system drainage areas. From 1995 through 1999, five major water suppliers in the basin withdrew an average of 6.768 million gallons per day from the aquifers. The estimated water withdrawals from minor water suppliers during the study period were 0.099 million gallons per day. Self-supplied domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural withdrawals from the basin averaged 4.386 million gallons per day. Water use in the basin averaged 7.401 million gallons per day. The average return flow in the basin was 7.855 million gallons per day, which included effluent from permitted facilities and self-disposed water users.
The PART program, a computerized hydrographseparation application, was used for five selected index streamgaging stations to determine water availability on the basis of the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow, the base flow minus the 7-day, 10-year flow criteria, and the base flow minus the Aquatic Base Flow criteria at the index stations. The differences in the surface- and ground-water system drainage areas in the summer were applied to the water availability calculated at the index stations and subbasins. The base-flow contributions from sand and gravel deposits at the index stations were computed for June, July, August, and September, and applied to the percentage of surficial deposits at each index station.
The base-flow contributions were converted to a per unit area at the station for the till, and for the sand and gravel deposits, and applied to the subbasins. The statistics used to estimate the gross yield of base flow, as well as subtracting out the two low-flow criteria, resulted in various wateravailability values at each index station, which were present in the subbasin after applying the per unit area rates from the index station. The results from the Chipuxet and Arcadia streamgaging stations were lowest in September at the 75th and 25th percentiles, and August flows were lowest for the summer at the 50th percentile. For the other three index stations, September flows were the lowest for the summer.
Because water withdrawals and use are greater during the summer than other times of the year, water availability in June, July, August, and September was assessed and compared to water withdrawals in the basin and subbasins. The ratios were calculated by using the water-availability flow scenarios at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for the subbasins, which are based on total water available from base-flow contributions from till deposits and sand and gravel deposits in the subbasins. For the study period, the withdrawals in August were higher than the other summer months. The ratios were close to one in August for the estimated gross yield and 7-day, 10-year flow criterion, and were close to one in September for the estimated Aquatic Base Flow criterion water-availability scenarios in the Pawcatuck Basin. The closer the ratio is to one, the closer the withdrawals are to the estimated water available, and the net water available decreases.
To determine the effects of streamflow depletion from continuous water withdrawals, the program STRMDEPL was used to simulate public wells and well fields at a constant pumping rate based on the 1999 summer average for each withdrawal, over a period of 180 days. The streamflow depletion was 86, 95, 93, 96, and 98 percent at 30 days for Kingston wells 1 and 2, Westerly well fields 1 and 2, and well 3, respectively.
A long-term hydrologic budget was calculated for the Pawcatuck Basin to identify and assess the basin and subbasin inflow and outflows. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. For the hydrologic budget, it was assumed that inflow equals outflow, which resulted in 723.1 million gallons per day in the basin. The estimated inflows from precipitation and water return flow were 99 and 1 percent in the basin, respectively. The estimated outflows from evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 43, 56, and 1 percent, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Nimiroski, M.T., 2004, Estimated water use and availability in the Pawcatuck Basin, southern Rhode Island and southeastern Connecticut, 1995-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5020, vii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045020.","productDescription":"vii, 72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20045020.JPG"},{"id":5374,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Pawcatuck Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": 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T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53966,"text":"wri034231 - 2004 - Conjunctive-use optimization model and sustainable-yield estimation for the Sparta aquifer of southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:42","indexId":"wri034231","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4231","title":"Conjunctive-use optimization model and sustainable-yield estimation for the Sparta aquifer of southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana","docAbstract":"Conjunctive-use optimization modeling was done to assist water managers and planners by estimating the maximum amount of ground water that hypothetically could be withdrawn from wells within the Sparta aquifer indefinitely without violating hydraulic-head or stream-discharge constraints. The Sparta aquifer is largely a confined aquifer of regional importance that comprises a sequence of unconsolidated sand units that are contained within the Sparta Sand. In 2000, more than 35.4 million cubic feet per day (Mft3/d) of water were withdrawn from the aquifer by more than 900 wells, primarily for industry, municipal supply, and crop irrigation in Arkansas. Continued, heavy withdrawals from the aquifer have caused several large cones of depression, lowering hydraulic heads below the top of the Sparta Sand in parts of Union and Columbia Counties and several areas in north-central Louisiana. Problems related to overdraft in the Sparta aquifer can result in increased drilling and pumping costs, reduced well yields, and degraded water quality in areas of large drawdown. \r\n\r\nA finite-difference ground-water flow model was developed for the Sparta aquifer using MODFLOW, primarily in eastern and southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana. Observed aquifer conditions in 1997 supported by numerical simulations of ground-water flow show that continued pumping at withdrawal rates representative of 1990 - 1997 rates cannot be sustained indefinitely without causing hydraulic heads to drop substantially below the top of the Sparta Sand in southern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana. Areas of ground-water levels below the top of the Sparta Sand have been designated as Critical Ground-Water Areas by the State of Arkansas. A steady-state conjunctive-use optimization model was developed to simulate optimized surface-water and ground-water withdrawals while maintaining hydraulic-head and streamflow constraints, thus determining the 'sustainable yield' for the aquifer. \r\n\r\nInitial attempts to estimate sustainable yield using simulated 1997 hydraulic heads as initial heads in Scenario 1 and 100 percent of the baseline 1990-1997 withdrawal rate as the lower specified limit in Scenario 2 led to infeasible results. Sustainable yield was estimated successfully for scenario 3 with three variations on the upper limit of withdrawal rates. Additionally, ground-water withdrawals in Union County were fixed at 35.6 percent of the baseline 1990-1997 withdrawal rate in Scenario 3. These fixed withdrawals are recognized by the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission to be sustainable as determined in a previous study. The optimized solutions maintained hydraulic heads at or above the top of the Sparta Sand (except in the outcrop areas where unconfined conditions occur) and streamflow within the outcrop areas was maintained at or above minimum levels. Scenario 3 used limits of 100, 150, and 200 percent of baseline 1990-1997 withdrawal rates for the upper specified limit on 1,119 withdrawal decision variables (managed wells) resulting in estimated sustainable yields ranging from 11.6 to 13.2 Mft3/d in Arkansas and 0.3 to 0.5 Mft3/d in Louisiana. Assuming the total 2 Conjunctive-Use Optimization Model and Sustainable-Yield Estimation for the Sparta Aquifer of Southeastern Arkansas and North-Central Louisiana water demand is equal to the baseline 1990-1997 withdrawal rates, the sustainable yields estimated from the three scenarios only provide 52 to 59 percent of the total ground-water demand for Arkansas; the remainder is defined as unmet demand that could be obtained from large, sustainable surface-water withdrawals.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034231","usgsCitation":"McKee, P.W., Clark, B.R., and Czarnecki, J.B., 2004, Conjunctive-use optimization model and sustainable-yield estimation for the Sparta aquifer of southeastern Arkansas and north-central Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4231, iv, 30 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034231.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4909,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034231/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4231.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a31f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Paul W.","contributorId":88792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Brian R. 0000-0001-6611-3807 brclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-3807","contributorId":1502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Brian","email":"brclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Czarnecki, John B. jczarnec@usgs.gov","contributorId":2555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"John","email":"jczarnec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55233,"text":"sir20045033 - 2004 - Estimates of flow duration, mean flow, and peak-discharge frequency values for Kansas stream locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T20:05:11.595075","indexId":"sir20045033","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5033","displayTitle":"Estimates of Flow Duration, Mean Flow, and Peak-Discharge Frequency Values for Kansas Stream Locations","title":"Estimates of flow duration, mean flow, and peak-discharge frequency values for Kansas stream locations","docAbstract":"Streamflow statistics of flow duration and peak-discharge frequency were estimated for 4,771 individual locations on streams listed on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register. These statistics included the flow-duration values of 90, 75, 50, 25, and 10 percent, as well as the mean flow value. Peak-discharge frequency values were estimated for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year floods.
Least-squares multiple regression techniques were used, along with Tobit analyses, to develop equations for estimating flow-duration values of 90, 75, 50, 25, and 10 percent and the mean flow for uncontrolled flow stream locations. The contributing-drainage areas of 149 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Kansas and parts of surrounding States that had flow uncontrolled by Federal reservoirs and used in the regression analyses ranged from 2.06 to 12,004 square miles. Logarithmic transformations of climatic and basin data were performed to yield the best linear relation for developing equations to compute flow durations and mean flow.
In the regression analyses, the significant climatic and basin characteristics, in order of importance, were contributing-drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean basin permeability, and mean basin slope. The analyses yielded a model standard error of prediction range of 0.43 logarithmic units for the 90-percent duration analysis to 0.15 logarithmic units for the 10-percent duration analysis. The model standard error of prediction was 0.14 logarithmic units for the mean flow. Regression equations used to estimate peak-discharge frequency values were obtained from a previous report, and estimates for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year floods were determined for this report.
The regression equations and an interpolation procedure were used to compute flow durations, mean flow, and estimates of peak-discharge frequency for locations along uncontrolled flow streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register. Flow durations, mean flow, and peak-discharge frequency values determined at available gaging stations were used to interpolate the regression-estimated flows for the stream locations where available. Streamflow statistics for locations that had uncontrolled flow were interpolated using data from gaging stations weighted according to the drainage area and the bias between the regression-estimated and gaged flow information. On controlled reaches of Kansas streams, the streamflow statistics were interpolated between gaging stations using only gaged data weighted by drainage area.
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No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041217","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., Peterson, R.L., and Miller, T.L., 2004, Northwestern panhandle of Florida coastal classification maps— St. Andrew Bay entrance channel to Perdido Pass: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1217, HTML Document; 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041217.","productDescription":"HTML Document; 1 CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":391758,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68320.htm"},{"id":5438,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.7333,30.1194 ], [ -87.7333,30.4 ], [ -85.75,30.4 ], [ -85.75,30.1194 ], [ -87.7333,30.1194 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Russell L.","contributorId":55045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Tara L.","contributorId":56302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tara","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55682,"text":"ofr20041067 - 2004 - Digital Database of Selected Aggregate and Related Resources in Ada, Boise, Canyon, Elmore, Gem, and Owyhee Counties, Southwestern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:47","indexId":"ofr20041067","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1067","title":"Digital Database of Selected Aggregate and Related Resources in Ada, Boise, Canyon, Elmore, Gem, and Owyhee Counties, Southwestern Idaho","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) compiled a database of aggregate sites and geotechnical sample data for six counties - Ada, Boise, Canyon, Elmore, Gem, and Owyhee - in southwest Idaho as part of a series of studies in support of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) planning process. Emphasis is placed on sand and gravel sites in deposits of the Boise River, Snake River, and other fluvial systems and in Neogene lacustrine deposits. Data were collected primarily from unpublished Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) records and BLM site descriptions, published Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) records, and USGS sampling data. The results of this study provides important information needed by land-use planners and resource managers, particularly in the BLM, to anticipate and plan for demand and development of sand and gravel and other mineral material resources on public lands in response to the urban growth in southwestern Idaho.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041067","usgsCitation":"Moyle, P.R., Wallis, J., Bliss, J.D., and Bolm, K.D., 2004, Digital Database of Selected Aggregate and Related Resources in Ada, Boise, Canyon, Elmore, Gem, and Owyhee Counties, Southwestern Idaho (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1067, 560 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041067.","productDescription":"560 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5443,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1067/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moyle, Phillip R.","contributorId":100898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallis, John C.","contributorId":45755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallis","given":"John C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bolm, Karen D.","contributorId":56101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolm","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":55675,"text":"ofr20041239 - 2004 - Preliminary Results from Coal-Bed Methane Drilling in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:47","indexId":"ofr20041239","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1239","title":"Preliminary Results from Coal-Bed Methane Drilling in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041239","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Breland, F.C., Clark, A.C., and Willett, J.C., 2004, Preliminary Results from Coal-Bed Methane Drilling in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1239, 4 p.; online only, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041239.","productDescription":"4 p.; online only","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5437,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e453","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":253963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breland, F. Clayton Jr.","contributorId":43842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breland","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Clayton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Arthur C. aclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":2320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Arthur","email":"aclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":253964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willett, Jason C. 0000-0002-7598-3174 jwillett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-3174","contributorId":3516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willett","given":"Jason","email":"jwillett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54122,"text":"cir1259 - 2004 - Shifting shoals and shattered rocks: How man has transformed the floor of west-central San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T19:19:39.305081","indexId":"cir1259","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1259","title":"Shifting shoals and shattered rocks: How man has transformed the floor of west-central San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"San Francisco Bay, one of the world's finest natural harbors and a major center for maritime trade, is referred to as the 'Gateway to the Pacific Rim.' The bay is an urbanized estuary that is considered by many to be the major estuary in the United States most modified by man's activities. The population around the estuary has grown rapidly since the 1850's and now exceeds 7 million people. The San Francisco Bay area's economy ranks as one of the largest in the world, larger even than that of many countries. More than 10 million tourists are estimated to visit the bay region each year. The bay area's population and associated development have increasingly changed the estuary and its environment. \r\n\r\nSan Francisco Bay and the contiguous Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta encompass roughly 1,600 square miles (4,100 km2) and are the outlet of a major watershed that drains more than 40 percent of the land area of the State of California. This watershed provides drinking water for 20 million people (two thirds of the State's population) and irrigates 4.5 million acres of farmland and ranchland. \r\n\r\nDuring the past several decades, much has been done to clean up the environment and waters of San Francisco Bay. Conservationist groups have even bought many areas on the margins of the bay with the intention of restoring them to a condition more like the natural marshes they once were. However, many of the major manmade changes to the bay's environment occurred so long ago that the nature of them has been forgotten. In addition, many changes continue to occur today, such as the introduction of exotic species and the loss of commercial and sport fisheries because of declining fish populations. The economy and population of the nine counties that surround the bay continue to grow and put increasing pressure on the bay, both direct and indirect. Therefore, there are mixed signals for the future health and welfare of San Francisco Bay. \r\n\r\nThe San Francisco Bay estuary consists of three subembayments--north bay (San Pablo and Suisun Bays), central bay, and south bay--each characterized by a central area of open water surrounded by intertidal mudflats and marshes. Central bay includes Alcatraz and Angel Islands and also a number of submerged bedrock knobs that protrude through the sediment of the bay floor and rise to within about 40 feet (12 m) of the water surface. The most prominent of these are Harding, Shag, Arch, and Blossom Rocks. These rocks have been lowered by blasting several times in the past, but they remain a potential hazard to shipping because newer cargo vessels are designed with increasingly deeper drafts. Central bay's location adjacent to two major population and commerce centers, San Francisco and Oakland, subjects it to greater human influences than less developed parts of the estuary. The western part of central San Francisco Bay is adjacent to the Golden Gate, the estuary's outlet to the Pacific Ocean. The changing submarine topography of the west-central bay, as well as its geology, form the main focus of this book.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1259","collaboration":"See also OFR 01-90","usgsCitation":"Chin, J., Wong, F.L., and Carlson, P.R., 2004, Shifting shoals and shattered rocks: How man has transformed the floor of west-central San Francisco Bay (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1259, Report: vi, 30 p.; 1 Plate: 25.50 × 35.36 inches; Spatial Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1259.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; 1 Plate: 25.50 × 35.36 inches; Spatial Data","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408818,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_66120.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7756,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1259/illustrations/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5569,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/c1259/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.48677786805541,\n 37.88512559004853\n ],\n [\n -122.48677786805541,\n 37.81215264640532\n ],\n [\n -122.382990293902,\n 37.81215264640532\n ],\n [\n -122.382990293902,\n 37.88512559004853\n ],\n [\n -122.48677786805541,\n 37.88512559004853\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698174","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, Florence L. 0000-0002-3918-5896 fwong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-5896","contributorId":1990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Florence","email":"fwong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, Paul R.","contributorId":81469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53846,"text":"cir1252 - 2004 - Urban growth in American cities : glimpses of U.S. urbanization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:18:00","indexId":"cir1252","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1252","title":"Urban growth in American cities : glimpses of U.S. urbanization","docAbstract":"The Earth's surface is changing rapidly. Changes are local, regional, national, and even global in scope. Some changes have natural causes, such as earthquakes or drought. Other changes, such as urban expansion, agricultural intensification, resource extraction, and water resources development, are examples of human-induced change that have significant impact upon people, the economy, and resources. The consequences that result from these changes are often dramatic and widespread (Buchanan, Acevedo, and Zirbes, 2002)
It is the role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to provide useful and relevant scientific information both to the agencies within the Department of the Interior and to the Nation in general. In an effort to comply with this task, USGS scientists are assessing the status of, and the trends in, the Nation's land surface. This assessment provides useful information for regional and national land use decisionmaking. This knowledge can be used to deal with issues of significance to the Nation, such as quality-of-life, ecology of urban environments, ecosystem health, ecological integrity, water quality and quantity concerns, resource availability, vulnerability to natural hazards, safeguards to human health, air and land quality, and accessibility to scientific information. Results of these assessments can also be analyzed to reveal rates and trends in land use change. Results from urban growth studies provide a firm foundation for continuing research that explores the consequences of human modification of the landscape.
The USGS seeks to illustrate and explain the spatial history of urban growth and corresponding land use change. Scientists are studying urban environments from a regional perspective and a time scale of decades to measure the changes that have occurred in order to help understand the impact of anticipated changes in the future.
Within this booklet are pairs of images of selected urbanized regions from across the Nation. These image pairs illustrate the transformation that these areas have undergone over two decades. Specifically, they depict changes in the extent of urban land. Each change pair is composed of one image from the 1970s and one image from the 1990s. Accompanying each image pair is a brief historical geography of factors that helped facilitate major changes that have occurred since the founding of the main city and the consequences and challenges of regional urban growth. The goal of this publication is to provide an illustration of urban change that is easily understood by a broad audience.
The images used throughout this booklet were generated from land cover data developed by the USGS. The data sources include the Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) for the 1970s images and the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) for the 1990s images. GIRAS digital maps are based on photointerpretations completed in the mid-1970s. The NLCD is a land cover dataset for the conterminous United States based on 1992 Landsat thematic mapper (TM) satellite imagery and supplemental data (fig. 1a and fig. 1b). The USGS distributes both of these land use and land cover digital datasets.
The images were developed by using a geographic information system (GIS). The GIRAS and NLCD datasets were used to identify urban land within each region. In the final images all urban areas are shown in red. A shaded-relief map of each region was used to display the topographic context of the red polygon coverage. For all of these images, urban land is defined as areas transformed into a built-up environment for human use. It includes residential areas, commercial and industrial developments, transportation features, and institutions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1252","usgsCitation":"Auch, R., Taylor, J., and Acevedo, W., 2004, Urban growth in American cities : glimpses of U.S. urbanization: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1252, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1252.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1252.jpg"},{"id":5277,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1252/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":338406,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1252/pdf/circ1252.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6052b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auch, Roger 0000-0002-5382-5044","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-5044","contributorId":59868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auch","given":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Janis 0000-0002-9418-5215 jltaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-5215","contributorId":3869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Janis ","email":"jltaylor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54042,"text":"ofr20041205 - 2004 - Preliminary Report on the Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Atlanta Hill Area, Elmore County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:55","indexId":"ofr20041205","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1205","title":"Preliminary Report on the Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Atlanta Hill Area, Elmore County, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041205","usgsCitation":"Kiilsgaard, T.H., and Bacon, L., 2004, Preliminary Report on the Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Atlanta Hill Area, Elmore County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1205, 57 p.; 3 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041205.","productDescription":"57 p.; 3 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5484,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1205/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e468","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiilsgaard, T. H.","contributorId":102043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiilsgaard","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, L.D.","contributorId":94732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55623,"text":"sir20045071 - 2004 - Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:56","indexId":"sir20045071","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5071","title":"Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03","docAbstract":"A 2-year study of streamflow and water-quality characteristics in Wind Cave National Park was performed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service. During this study, streamflow and water-quality data were collected for three of the park's perennial streams (Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks) from January 2002 through November 2003. The potential influence of parking lot runoff on cave drip within Wind Cave also was investigated by collecting and analyzing several time-dependent samples from a drainage culvert downstream from the parking lot and from Upper Minnehaha Falls inside the cave following a series of simulated runoff events. The primary focus of the report is on data collected during the 2-year study from January 2002 to November 2003; however, data collected previously also are summarized.\r\n\r\nLosing reaches occur on both Beaver and Highland Creeks as these streams flow across outcrops of bedrock aquifers within the park. No streamflow losses occur along Cold Spring Creek because its confluence with Beaver Creek is located upstream from the outcrop of the Madison aquifer, where most streamflow losses occur.\r\n\r\nPhysical properties, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, bacteria, benthic macroinvertebrates, organic (wastewater) compounds, bottom sediment, and suspended sediment are summarized for samples collected from 2 sites on Cold Spring Creek, 2 sites on Beaver Creek, and 1 site on Highland Creek. None of the constituent concentrations for any of the samples collected during 2002-03 exceeded any of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards, with the exception of the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for pH, which was exceeded in numerous samples from Beaver Creek and Highland Creek. Additionally, the pH values in several of these same samples also exceeded beneficial-use criteria for coldwater permanent fisheries and coldwater marginal fisheries. Water temperature exceeded the coldwater permanent fisheries criterion in numerous samples from all three streams. Two samples from Highland Creek also exceeded the coldwater marginal fisheries criterion for water temperature.\r\n\r\nMean concentrations of ammonia, orthophosphate, and phosphorous were higher for the upstream site on Beaver Creek than for other water-quality sampling sites. Concentrations of E. coli, fecal coliform, and total coliform bacteria also were higher at the upstream site on Beaver Creek than for any other site.\r\n\r\nSamples for the analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from one site on each of the three streams during July 2002 and May 2003. The benthic macroinvertebrate data showed that Beaver Creek had lower species diversity and a higher percentage of tolerant species than the other two streams during 2002, but just the opposite was found during 2003. However, examination of the complete data set indicates that the quality of water at the upstream site was generally poorer than the quality of water at the downstream site. Furthermore, the quality of water at the upstream site on Beaver Creek is somewhat degraded when compared to the quality of water from Highland and Cold Spring Creeks, indicating that anthropogenic activities outside the park probably are affecting the quality of water in Beaver Creek.\r\n\r\nSamples for the analysis of wastewater compounds were collected at least twice from four of the five water-quality sampling sites. Bromoform, phenol, caffeine, and cholesterol were detected in samples from Cold Spring Creek, but only phenol was detected at concentrations greater than the minimum reporting level. Concentrations of several wastewater compounds were estimated in samples collected from sites on Beaver Creek, including phenol, para-cresol, and para-nonylphenol-total. Phenol was detected at both sites on Beaver Creek at concentrations greater than the minimum reporting level. Bromoform; para-cresol; ethanol,2-butoxy-phosphate; and cholesterol were detected","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045071","usgsCitation":"Heakin, A.J., 2004, Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5071, 68 p. w/CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045071.","productDescription":"68 p. w/CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5413,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5071/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heakin, Allen J.","contributorId":20366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heakin","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57869,"text":"ds69C - 2004 - Total petroleum system and assessment of coalbed gas in the Powder River Basin Province, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:21","indexId":"ds69C","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69","chapter":"C","title":"Total petroleum system and assessment of coalbed gas in the Powder River Basin Province, Wyoming and Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds69C","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Powder River Basin Province Assessment Team, 2004, Total petroleum system and assessment of coalbed gas in the Powder River Basin Province, Wyoming and Montana (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69, 1 CD-ROM : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69C.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":8076,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62821e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Powder River Basin Province Assessment Team","contributorId":128001,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Powder River Basin Province Assessment Team","id":533184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176657,"text":"70176657 - 2004 - Parasites of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in southern California, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-23T13:42:24","indexId":"70176657","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1298,"text":"Comparative Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parasites of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in southern California, U.S.A","docAbstract":"A total of 230 feral African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis, from 3 localities in southern California were examined for parasites. The following species were found: 3 species of Protozoa, Nyctotherussp., Balantidium xenopodis, Protoopalina xenopodus; 2 species of Monogenea, Protopolystoma xenopodis, Gyrdicotylus gallieni; 1 species of Digenea, Clinostomum sp. (as metacercariae); 1 species of Cestoda, Cephalochlamys namaquensis; 2 species of Nematoda, Contracaecum sp. (as larvae), Eustrongylides sp. (as larvae); and 1 species of Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus sp. (as cystacanth). Of these, the protozoans P. xenopodus and B. xenopodis, both monogeneans, and the cestode have an African origin. Contracaecum sp., Eustrongylides sp., and Acanthocephalus sp. have not been previously reported from X. laevis.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Helminthological Society of Washington","doi":"10.1654/4112","usgsCitation":"Kuperman, B.I., Matey, V.E., Fisher, R.N., Ervin, E.L., Warburton, M.L., Bakhireva, L., and Lehman, C.A., 2004, Parasites of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in southern California, U.S.A: Comparative Parasitology, v. 71, no. 2, p. 229-232, https://doi.org/10.1654/4112.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe932ee4b0824b2d14c984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuperman, Boris I.","contributorId":174873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuperman","given":"Boris","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matey, Victoria E.","contributorId":174874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matey","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Richard N.","contributorId":146879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ervin, Edward L.","contributorId":7640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ervin","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warburton, Manna L.","contributorId":174875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warburton","given":"Manna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bakhireva, Ludmila","contributorId":174876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bakhireva","given":"Ludmila","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lehman, Cynthia A.","contributorId":174877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lehman","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70194868,"text":"70194868 - 2004 - Book review: Parasites and diseases of wild birds in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T11:17:37","indexId":"70194868","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Parasites and diseases of wild birds in Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.612","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.A., 2004, Book review: Parasites and diseases of wild birds in Florida: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, no. 3, p. 613-614, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.612.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.612","text":"External Repository"},{"id":350575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a69a95ee4b06e28e9c81a8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622 rcole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":2873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"rcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53800,"text":"wri034333 - 2004 - Microbiological Water Quality in Relation to Water-Contact Recreation, Cuyahoga River, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, 2000 and 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:45","indexId":"wri034333","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4333","title":"Microbiological Water Quality in Relation to Water-Contact Recreation, Cuyahoga River, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, 2000 and 2002","docAbstract":"The microbiological water quality of a 23-mile segment of the Cuyahoga River within the Cuyahoga Valley National Park was examined in this study. This segment of the river receives discharges of contaminated water from stormwater, combined-sewer overflows, and incompletely disinfected wastewater. Frequent exceedances of Ohio microbiological water-quality standards result in a health risk to the public who use the river for water-contact recreation. \r\n\r\nWater samples were collected during the recreational season of May through October at four sites on the Cuyahoga River in 2000, at three sites on the river in 2002, and from the effluent of the Akron Water Pollution Control Station (WPCS) both years. The samples were collected over a similar range in streamflow in 2000 and 2002. Samples were analyzed for physical and chemical constituents, as well as the following microbiological indicators and pathogenic organisms: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, F-specific and somatic coliphage, enterovirus, infectious enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. The relations of the microorganisms to each other and to selected water-quality measures were examined. \r\n\r\nAll microorganisms analyzed for, except Cryptosporidium, were detected at least once at each sampling site. Concentrations of E. coli exceeded the Ohio primary-contact recreational standard (298 colonies per 100 milliliters) in approximately 87 percent of the river samples and generally were higher in the river samples than in the effluent samples. C. perfringens concentrations were positively and significantly correlated with E. coli concentrations in the river samples and generally were higher in the effluent samples than in the river samples. \r\n\r\nSeveral of the river samples that met the Ohio E. coli secondary-contact recreational standard (576 colonies per 100 milliliters) had detections of enterovirus, infectious enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, and Salmonella, indicating that there are still risks even when the E. coli standard is not exceeded. River samples in which the secondary-contact recreational standard for E. coli was exceeded showed a higher percentage of the co-occurrence of pathogenic organisms than samples that met the standard. This indicates that in this study area, E. coli is a useful indicator of human health risk. \r\n\r\nDetections of hepatitis A virus tended to be associated with higher median concentrations of somatic coliphage, F-specific coliphage, and infectious enterovirus. In addition, geometric mean C. perfringens concentrations tended to be higher in samples where hepatitis A virus was present than in samples where hepatitis A virus was absent. Hepatitis A virus was not detected in samples collected upstream from the Akron WPCS; all downstream detections had coincident detections in the Akron WPCS effluent, suggesting that Akron WPCS was a principal source of hepatitis A virus at the downstream sites. \r\n\r\nGeometric mean concentrations of E. coli were calculated on the basis of analytical results from at least five samples collected at each river site during May, July, and September of 2000. In each case, the Ohio geometric-mean primary-contact recreational standard of 126 col/100 mL was exceeded. \r\n\r\nE. coli concentrations were significantly correlated with streamflow and increased with streamflow at sites upstream and downstream from the Akron WPCS. This indicates that E. coli loads from sources upstream from the Akron WPCS have the potential to appreciably influence the frequency of attainment of recreational water-quality standards at downstream locations.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034333","usgsCitation":"Bushon, R.N., and Koltun, G., 2004, Microbiological Water Quality in Relation to Water-Contact Recreation, Cuyahoga River, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, 2000 and 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4333, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034333.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5184,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034333/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4333.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e11a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bushon, Rebecca N. rnbushon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bushon","given":"Rebecca","email":"rnbushon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55824,"text":"ofr20041243 - 2004 - Seismic reflection and refraction data acquired in Canada Basin, Northwind Ridge and Northwind Basin, Arctic Ocean in 1988, 1992 and 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:22","indexId":"ofr20041243","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1243","title":"Seismic reflection and refraction data acquired in Canada Basin, Northwind Ridge and Northwind Basin, Arctic Ocean in 1988, 1992 and 1993","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection and refraction data were collected in generally ice-covered waters of the Canada Basin and the eastern part of the Chukchi Continental Borderland of the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, during the late summers of 1988, 1992, and 1993. The data were acquired from a Polar class icebreaker, the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Polar Star, using a seismic reflection system designed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The northernmost data extend to 78? 48' N latitude. \r\n\r\nIn 1988, 155 km of reflection data were acquired with a prototype system consisting of a single 195 cubic inch air gun seismic source and a two-channel hydrophone streamer with a 150-m active section. In 1992 and 1993, 500 and 1,900 km, respectively, of seismic reflection profile data were acquired with an improved six air gun, 674 to 1303 cubic inch tuned seismic source array and the same two-channel streamer. In 1993, a 12-channel streamer with a 150-m active section was used to record five of the reflection lines and one line was acquired using a three air gun, 3,000 cubic inch source. All data were recorded with a DFS-V digital seismic recorder. Processed sections feature high quality vertical incidence images to more than 6 km of sub-bottom penetration in the Canada Basin. \r\n\r\nRefraction data were acquired with U.S. Navy sonobuoys recorded simultaneously with the seismic reflection profiles. In 1988 eight refraction profiles were recorded with the single air gun, and in 1992 and 1993 a total of 47 refraction profiles were recorded with the six air gun array. The sonobuoy refraction records, with offsets up to 35 km, provide acoustic velocity information to complement the short-offset reflection data. \r\n\r\nThe report includes trackline maps showing the location of the data, as well as both digital data files (SEG-Y) and images of all of the profiles.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041243","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., Hart, P.E., and May, S., 2004, Seismic reflection and refraction data acquired in Canada Basin, Northwind Ridge and Northwind Basin, Arctic Ocean in 1988, 1992 and 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1243, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041243.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5694,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1243","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":254327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":254328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Steven D.","contributorId":56194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Steven D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55687,"text":"ofr20041049 - 2004 - Geologic and bathymetric reconnaissance overview of the San Pedro shelf region, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T20:26:54.891902","indexId":"ofr20041049","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1049","title":"Geologic and bathymetric reconnaissance overview of the San Pedro shelf region, southern California","docAbstract":"This report presents a series of maps that describe the bathymetry and late Quaternary geology of the San Pedro shelf area as interpreted from seismic-reflection profiles and 3.5-kHz and multibeam bathymetric data. Some of the seismic-reflection profiles were collected with Uniboom and 120-kJ sparker during surveys conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1973 (K-2-73-SC), 1978 (S-2-78-SC), and 1979 (S-2a-79-SC). The remaining seismic-reflection profiles were collected in 2000 using Geopulse boomer and minisparker during USGS cruise A-1-00-SC. The report consists of seven oversized sheets:\n 1. Map of 1978 and 1979 uniboom seismic-reflection and 3.5-kHz tracklines used to map faults and folds on San Pedro Shelf.\n 2. Maps of multibeam shaded bathymetric relief with faults and folds, and bathymetric contours.\n 3. Isopach map of unconsolidated sediment, seismic-reflection profile across the San Pedro shelf, seismic-reflection profile across San Gabriel paleo-valley.\n 4. Seismic-reflection profiles across the Palos Verdes Fault Zone.\n 5. Geologic map and samples of Uniboom and 120-kJ sparker seismic-reflection profiles used to make the map.\n 6. Map showing thickness of uppermost (Holocene?) sediment layer.\n 7. Map of San Gabriel Canyon paleo-valley and associated drainage basins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041049","usgsCitation":"Wolf, S.C., and Gutmacher, C.E., 2004, Geologic and bathymetric reconnaissance overview of the San Pedro shelf region, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1049, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041049.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389504,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_67748.htm"},{"id":5645,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.333333,33.466667 ], [ -118.333333,33.783333 ], [ -117.833333,33.783333 ], [ -117.833333,33.466667 ], [ -118.333333,33.466667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a64a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Stephen C.","contributorId":38148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutmacher, Christina E.","contributorId":28272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutmacher","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55686,"text":"ofr20041052 - 2004 - Lifelines and Earthquake Hazards in the Interstate 5 Urban Corridor: Cottage Grove to Woodburn, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:08","indexId":"ofr20041052","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1052","title":"Lifelines and Earthquake Hazards in the Interstate 5 Urban Corridor: Cottage Grove to Woodburn, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Interstate 5 highway corridor, stretching from Mexico to Canada, is not only the economic artery of the Pacific Northwest, but is also home to the majority of Oregonians and Washingtonians. Accordingly, most regional utility and transportation systems, such as railroads and electrical transmission lines, have major components in the I-5 corridor. The section of I-5 from Cottage Grove, Oregon, to Blaine, Washington, is rapidly urbanizing, with population growth and economic development centered around the cities of Eugene, Salem, Portland, Olympia, Tacoma, Seattle, Everett, and Bellingham. For the purposes of this map, we refer to this area as the I-5 Urban Corridor. \r\n\r\nThis publicaton consists of two large sheets: A map and a text-and-figures poster.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041052","usgsCitation":"Barnett, E.A., Weaver, C., Meagher, K., Wang, Z., Madin, I.P., Wang, M., Haugerud, R., Wells, R., Ballantyne, D.B., Darienzo, M., and Southern Willamette Valley Working Group, 2004, Lifelines and Earthquake Hazards in the Interstate 5 Urban Corridor: Cottage Grove to Woodburn, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1052, poster (36 by 48 inches) and map (36 by 55 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041052.","productDescription":"poster (36 by 48 inches) and map (36 by 55 inches)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5644,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a51fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnett, E. A.","contributorId":16081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meagher, K.L.","contributorId":65067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meagher","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Madin, I. 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Data, descriptions, and photos from nine sites are included in this report. The mean susceptibility for Quaternary materials in this region is approximately 2.5 x 10-3 SI units. This is sufficiently magnetic to produce subtle aeromagnetic anomalies such as those observed to correlate with topographic features in the region of the measurements. The highest susceptibilities measured (greater than 20 x 10-3 SI units) may help, at least in part, to explain moderate amplitude aeromagnetic anomalies observed elsewhere in Cook Inlet, particularly those relating to structures showing Quaternary movement. Comparison of measured beach cliff susceptibility and susceptibility predicted from idealized formulas and two-dimensional cliff models suggests that measured susceptibilies underestimate true bulk susceptibility by 20 percent to 50 percent in this region.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041202","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Haeussler, P.J., 2004, Magnetic Properties of Quaternary Deposits, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska -- Implications for Aeromagnetic Anomalies of Upper Cook Inlet: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1202, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041202.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5692,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db649289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":254320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}