Summary and Recommendations
\n1. Eklutna Lake and Eklutna Creek lie in a wide, deep, glaciated, trough-like valley. Downstream from the lake, this valley is partially filled with unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits.
\n2. Eklutna Lake dam site, located about 400 feet below the lake outlet, is suitable for a low dam of flexible, earth-embankment type. Adequate control of the stream can be obtained by raising the lake level about 50 feet to altitude 910 feet, which will provide hold-over storage from wet years to dry years. Such a structure will have a crest length of about 1,950 feet.
\nA. Bedrock is probably 200 to 475 feet below stream bed at the proposed axis. The dam will rest on glacial deposits of till, clay, sand and gravel, and on deposits of lake-shore and alluvial fan gravels.
\nB. Geologic conditions in the area of the right abutment, as yet imperfectly known, may make necessary a long, deep cutoff extending for an unknown distance beyond the north end of the dam.
\nC. A foundation exploration program is recommended that includes deepening test pit No. 1 and drill hole No. 2, and drilling 11 new holes. It is suggested that one drill hold near the center of the valley be taken to bedrock to give a complete picture of the fill materials underlying the foundation.
3. Delivery of water from the forebay of the reservoir to the powerhouse eight miles downvalley by means of a conduit is regarded as infeasible because: difficult terrain of the route will require earthwork more extensive than the volume of the dam; the route is subject to land slides, and will require expensive maintenance; it is more or less completely exposed to adverse winter conditions that may engender icing conditions; and it is easily subject to sabotage. It is recommended that the water be taken to the powerhouse through a rock tunnel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Great Falls, MT","doi":"10.3133/ofr4813","usgsCitation":"Bateman, A., 1947, Reconnaissance report on geology of Eklutna Lake dam site and conduit route near Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-13, Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4813.","productDescription":"Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"100","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289627,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-2.pdf"},{"id":289628,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-4.pdf"},{"id":289630,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-3.pdf"},{"id":289631,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-5.pdf"},{"id":289632,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-7.pdf"},{"id":289633,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/report.pdf"},{"id":289634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.3142,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,58.984 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7804e4b0abf75cf2c7ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, A. F. Jr.","contributorId":24411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"A. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23271,"text":"ofr4735 - 1947 - Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T22:00:18.049331","indexId":"ofr4735","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-35","title":"Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4735","usgsCitation":"Halpenny, L., Cushman, R., and Hem, J., 1947, Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-35, Report: 22 p.; 2 Plates: 11.31 x 10.61 inches and 10.93 x 10.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4735.","productDescription":"Report: 22 p.; 2 Plates: 11.31 x 10.61 inches and 10.93 x 10.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110356,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52751.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52751"},{"id":52558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52557,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52556,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.87250637164715\n ],\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.66850780723142\n ],\n [\n -109.65433945991649,\n 32.66850780723142\n ],\n [\n -109.65433945991649,\n 32.87250637164715\n ],\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.87250637164715\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa0e4b07f02db661d60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halpenny, Leonard C.","contributorId":91898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halpenny","given":"Leonard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, Robert L.","contributorId":22751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"Robert L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70164442,"text":"70164442 - 1947 - Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:28:01","indexId":"70164442","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","docAbstract":"The mortality that nearly exterminated the huge stocks of smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942–1943 appears to have originated in central Lake Huron in the Saginaw Bay area in late September or early October 1942. The mortality spread rapidly northward reaching the Drummond Island area about the latter part of October and the St. Ignace region of the Straits of Mackinac near the end of the month. In the latter part of October smelt died also in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron including North Channel and Georgian Bay but exact details as to time and course are lacking. There is some evidence that the epidemic had not reached the Ontario shore of central Lake Huron by late May 1943. Spreading through northern Lake Michigan the mortality had penetrated as far south as Grand Traverse Bay by November 19 and as far west as Point Aux Barques, Michigan, by November 26, 1942. Smelt were reported to be dying in Lake Charlevoix, Michigan, in early February 1943, and in Green Bay toward the middle of that month. The mortality did not reach Crystal Lake where in contrast to Lake Charlevoix a dam barred the passage of fish from Lake Michigan. At the time of the 1943 spring spawning run (April) only a few scattered survivors remained from the vast populations.
\nAfter consideration of possible causes, it was concluded that the mortality could be explained only as resulting from a communicable disease (bacteria or virus). This explanation alone is in harmony with the following facts: the mortality was progressive, spreading from one area into adjacent areas over a period of at least 4 1/2 months and under a great diversity of habitat conditions; only smelt were affected but within the species death overtook fish of all sizes from 2 inches on and all ages of both sexes, mature and immature; the mortality penetrated Lake Charlevoix where the passage of fish to and from Lake Michigan was possible but did not reach Crystal Lake where the passage from Lake Michigan was barred by a dam; the epidemic did not reach other inland lakes where free and easy access from the Great Lakes was impossible nor did it extend to Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.
\nConsidered at first as a nuisance and a threat to the native fishes of the Great Lakes, the smelt ultimately became a fish of primary importance to commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and others. In Green Bay, the center of the commercial fishery, smelt became the dominant commercial species, yielding more than 4 million pounds in some years. Almost all of the commercial production was from nets set under the ice. The take by amateurs and others who dipped smelt from streams during the spawning run was even greater, amounting to as much as 5 1/2 million pounds in a single year in the State of Michigan alone (the yield in Wisconsin may have been nearly as great).
\nThe mortality of smelt was a severe blow to the nation's war-time food-production program. It is estimated that in 1943, in which year elaborate preparations had been made for the efficient utilization of the spawning-run production, the mortality reduced the output of smelt by about 13 million pounds. The total loss through the present (1946) season can be set in the neighborhood of 50 million pounds.
\nThe first indication of a recovery of the smelt came in 1945 when a small amount was produced commercially in Green Bay and numerous light runs occurred in streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Michigan. The general level of abundance in 1945, however, is believed to have been less than 10 per cent of that of “pre-mortality” years. Such information as is available for 1946 suggests considerable further improvement in this year. Given good survival of young, it is anticipated that a large rise in the abundance of smelt can occur in 1947 and that by 1948 or 1949 the size of the populations should no longer be influenced by the number of spawners available in preceding years.
\nThe smelt from the Escanaba area of Green Bay were without exception significantly longer and heavier in 1944 and 1945 than were fish of corresponding age captured in the same region in 1941. Furthermore, three of four comparisons indicated significantly greater size in 1945 than in 1944. This improvement in growth rate is believed to have been associated with the reduction in the smelt population brought about by the 1942–1943 mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1947, Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 310-337, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48454e4b0cc799980531b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000175,"text":"1000175 - 1947 - Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:29:44","indexId":"1000175","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"From May to November, inclusive, the kiyis of southern Lake Michigan (north to and including localities off Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and Frankfort, Michigan) characteristically inhabit depths of more than 50 fathoms, although small numbers commonly are taken in shallower water (as shallow as 20 29 fathoms). There is evidence that the occasional penetration of relatively large numbers of kiyis into depths of less than 50 fathoms in this area is the result of exceptional hydrographic conditions involving the disturbance of considerable masses of water.
\nIn northern Lake Michigan the scattered lifts made in the region south of Manistique, Michigan, from June to September indicated kiyis to be abundant at depths from 40 to 69 fathoms (no lifts from shallower or deeper water). In northeastern Lake Michigan (Manitou, Fox, and Beaver Islands and the region between these islands and the east shore) kiyis were lacking in all lifts from 20–39 fathoms and were scarce at greater depths (three to four times as abundant, however, at 50–69 fathoms as at 40–49 fathoms).
\nThe consistency with which kiyis remain in water deeper than 40 or 50 fathoms is difficult to explain on the basis of a preference for cold water (about 4°C.). Water of temperatures only a fraction of a degree warmer than that in the region occupied by most kiyis extended up to depths of less than 30 fathoms. Possibly the bathymetric distribution of the kiyi is related to that of its principal food organisms. It was suggested also that the deeper-water habitat may enable the kiyi to avoid strong currents and that an aversion for currents may account for the scarcity of the species in the hydro-graphically complex northeastern area. Other possible factors are chemical conditions of the water or a preference of kiyis for great pressure and darkness.
\nThe abundance of kiyis appeared to be more or less uniform throughout the great central basins of Lake Michigan, except as related to depths of water. The scarcity of this species in the island region of northeastern Lake Michigan provided the only certain example of a regional difference in abundance.
\nThe survey of 1930–1932 yielded 89 new locality records for the kiyi in Lake Michigan. These localities, together with those reported previously by Koelz (1929), have been charted in Figure 1.
\nAlthough the gonads of certain apparently aberrant individuals may ripen as early as mid-July and considerable pre-spawning development of the organs may occur in August, there is no evidence of significant spawning activities of kiyis in southern Lake Michigan before the latter part of September. Spawning continues through at least the first week or two in November and possibly longer. The peak of spawning activity seems to occur in the latter half of October and in early November.
\nThe depth of water on known spawning grounds (all in southern Lake Michigan) was 57.5 to 84 fathoms. There is evidence that the kiyi may spawn in more than 90 fathoms. Spawning appears to be widespread throughout waters of suitable depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., and Deason, H.J., 1947, Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, p. 143-165, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"165","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d9d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70195897,"text":"70195897 - 1947 - Geology and ground water conditions at Minot, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T13:32:09","indexId":"70195897","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5646,"text":"North Dakota Ground Water Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"6","title":"Geology and ground water conditions at Minot, North Dakota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota State Water Conservation Commission","usgsCitation":"Akin, P., 1947, Geology and ground water conditions at Minot, North Dakota: North Dakota Ground Water Studies 6, 99 p.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff6d57e4b0da30c1bfe563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Akin, P.D.","contributorId":104471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akin","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160869,"text":"70160869 - 1947 - Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T08:57:58","indexId":"70160869","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, G., 1947, Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii: Bulletin 10, 191 p.","productDescription":"191 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":221,"text":"Division of Hydrography","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","city":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.55679321289062,\n 20.128155311797183\n ],\n [\n -155.58425903320312,\n 20.117839630491634\n ],\n [\n -155.64056396484375,\n 20.153941536577403\n ],\n [\n -155.65841674804688,\n 20.168122145270342\n ],\n [\n -155.68862915039062,\n 20.179723502765153\n ],\n [\n -155.73394775390625,\n 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568ba5c5e4b0e7594ee77656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, Gordon A.","contributorId":52273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"Gordon A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198516,"text":"70198516 - 1946 - Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T14:57:30","indexId":"70198516","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T14:56:29","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","docAbstract":"In classifying the lower Middle Ordovician of the Shenandoah Valley, the formation names Stones River, Mosheim, Lenoir, Holston, Whitesburg, and Athens have been used without adequate evidence. Detailed study shows that the so-called Athens and Whitesburg, as developed near Harrisonburg, are laterally continuous with the greater part of the Chambersburg limestone, which is supposed to be younger than the Athens. The newly discovered relations of these formations affect the classification of the Middle Ordovician in much of the northern Appalachian region. The present study has been high-lighted by the discovery that Cryptophragmus antiquatus, widely regarded as a valid guide to the lower Black River, ranges through several hundred feet of beds, possibly as high as lower Trenton. In the Shenandoah Valley, this fossil is most abundant near the top of the Chambersburg, which is supposed to be late Black River or early Trenton.
In the proposed reclassification, the lower Middle Ordovician is divided into six time-stratigraphic units, in ascending order: the New Market limestone, Whistle Creek limestone, Lincolnshire limestone, Edinburg formation, Oranda formation, and Collierstown limestone. The Edinburg embraces two equivalent facies: one of cobbly limestone (Lantz Mills facies) which is mainly developed in the northern and western parts of the Shenandoah Valley; and a relatively thicker body of black limestone and shale (Liberty Hall facies) which is typically developed in the Harrison-burg-Staunton area. In the western part of Shenandoah County, the topmost division of the Edinburg formation is composed of light-gray calcilutite and calcarenite, named the St. Luke limestone member. The rusty-brown granular limestones just below Butts' Athens in the Harrisonburg-Staunton-Lexington area are here named the Botetourt limestone member of the Edinburg formation.
At least part of the New Market limestone is linked with a part of the New York Chazy and type Lenoir, but the Lincolnshire seems to be post-Chazy. All the succeeding beds, comprising the greater part of the lower Middle Ordovician succession, are Black River or Trenton.
","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, B., and Cooper, G., 1946, Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 57, no. 1, p. 35-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"79 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, B.N.","contributorId":206781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, G.A.","contributorId":31807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180156,"text":"70180156 - 1946 - Ground-water level fluctuations in Utah, 1936-45","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T16:00:32.855529","indexId":"70180156","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5276,"text":"Utah State Engineer Biennial Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"25","title":"Ground-water level fluctuations in Utah, 1936-45","docAbstract":"Ground-water investigations in Utah by the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior have been in progress since 1935, in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer. This cooperative work includes (1) determination of the fluctuations of water level in most of the developed ground-water areas in the state, based upon measurements which are tabulated and published annually by the Geological Survey; and (2) detailed investigations of specific ground-water areas to determine source, movement, disposal, quantity and quality of the ground water, and to show the relation of present development to the maximum economic development of which those areas are capable. Such detailed investigations have been completed during the past decade for areas in Iron, Millard, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Weber Counties, and are referred to in discussion subsequently. Similar investigations are now in progress in other areas in Davis, Iron, and Weber Counties.
Tooele Valley is a typical basin of the Basin and Range Province located about 30 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. It is roughly 15 miles long and 10 miles wide and has a population of about 7,000. Bordered on the west by the Stansbury Range, on the east by the Oquirrh Range, and on the south by South Mountain, it opens northward to Great Salt Lake. The bordering mountain ranges are formed by Paleozoic rocks ranging in age from Lower Cambrian to Pennsylvanian but with the Ordovician and Silurian periods unrepresented. There is no sedimentary record of the interval between Pennsylvanian and Tertiary times, and the Tertiary, Quaternary, and Recent sediments are of continental origin. These continental deposits play the dominant role in the ground-water hydrology of the basin, and were mapped and studied in detail. Pleistocene sediments are of major importance because they form the surface rock over most of the area, and give rise to conditions which yield water by artesian flow in the lower part of the valley.
The development of the present land forms in this area began with the folding of Paleozoic and probably Mesozoic sediments during the Laramide revolution. The cycle of highland erosion and lowland deposition thus initiated has continued through recurrent uplift along Basin-Range faults to the present day. The principal physiographic subdivisions of the valley were developed as a result of the Basin-Range faulting, which began early in the Tertiary and has continued to Recent times.
There are about 1,100 wells in Tooele Valley, about 90 per cent of which yield or have yielded water by artesian flow. Most of them are located in the lower part of the valley below an altitude of 4,400 feet. These wells and many of the springs derive their water from the unconsolidated Quaternary sediments, which include discontinuous, lenticular and commonly elongated bodies of sand, clay, gravel, and boulders of alluvial origin alternating and inter-fingered with lacustrine beds of the same materials which are more regularly stratified and better assorted. The larger springs are intimately related to the bedding planes and faults in the bedrock and alluvial formations. The well assorted sands and gravels deposited along the shore lines of Lake Bonneville are important as recharge areas for the artesian reservoir.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Twenty-fifth biennial report of the State Engineer to the Governor of Utah: 1944-1946","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1946, Ground water in Tooele Valley, Tooele County, Utah: Technical Publication 4, 148 p.","productDescription":"148 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"148","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333875,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-369","text":"Utah State Engineer's 25th Biennial Report (larger work)"},{"id":331484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200083.pdf"},{"id":331483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-100"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Tooele County","otherGeospatial":"Tooele Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 40.37584377696013\n ],\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 40.94048973170136\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.94048973170136\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.37584377696013\n ],\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 40.37584377696013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468aefe4b04fc80e5236df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178708,"text":"70178708 - 1946 - Ground water in Pavant Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T11:30:25","indexId":"70178708","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"Ground water in Pavant Valley","docAbstract":"The users of wells for irrigation in Pavant Valley, particularly in the Flowell district, have long been cognizant of their utter dependency upon ground water for livelihood, and were among the first in the State to make an organized effort to conserve supplies by prevention of waste. Since passage of the State ground-water law in 1935, the State Engineer has not approved applications for new wells in the areas of most concentrated development, and has deferred adjudication of existing water rights until adequate data concerning the ground-water resources become available. The investigation of ground-water resources in Pavant Valley was suggested by the State Engineer and constitutes one of a series that are being made in the important groundwater basins of Utah by the Federal Geological Survey in cooperation with the State Engineer. The investigation was under the general supervision of Oscar E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the ground-water division of the Federal Geological Survey. H. E. Thomas, in charge of groundwater investigations in Utah, returned from military service overseas in time to assist in the completion of the manuscript, and edited the report.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Dennis, P., Maxey, G.B., and Thomas, H.E., 1946, Ground water in Pavant Valley: Technical Publication 3, 96 p. .","productDescription":"96 p. ","numberOfPages":"102","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-080"},{"id":331481,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200082.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Millard County","otherGeospatial":"Pavant Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468aefe4b04fc80e5236e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennis, P. E.","contributorId":118921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennis","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maxey, G. B.","contributorId":76458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006554,"text":"70006554 - 1946 - The whitefish fishery of Lakes Huron and Michigan with special reference to the deep-trap-net fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:06:34","indexId":"70006554","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T19:47:40","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1664,"text":"Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The whitefish fishery of Lakes Huron and Michigan with special reference to the deep-trap-net fishery","docAbstract":"This study of the whitefish fishery of Lakes Huron and Michigan includes: (1) a review of the available statistics of production, 1879-1942; (2) a detailed analysis of the annual fluctuations in the production and abundance of whitefish and in the intensity of the whitefish fishery in the State of Michigan waters of the lakes, 1929-1942, with special reference to the effects of fishing with deep trap nets; (3) an account of the bathymetric distribution and vertical movements of whitefish and certain other species; and (4) a report of field observations made in 1931 and 1932, as related particularly to the destruction of undersized whitefish by pound nets and deep trap nets. The main body of the manuscript and appendices A, B, and C, completed in March 1942, contain statistics through the year 1939. Since that time, records for the years 1940-1942 have become available. Because these additional data did not alter any of the conclusions of the manuscript but actually strengthened them, it was not deemed justifiable to expend the considerable amount of time and money that would be required to revise the study. The 1940-1942 records are therefore presented in appendix D. From a relatively high production in the earlier years of the period, 1879 to 1942, the yield of whitefish declined to a lower level about which the catch fluctuated until the late 1920's and early 1930's when a general increase in production occurred. 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